inhalational history of anesthesiology 3

8/6/2019 Inhalational History of Anesthesiology 3

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INHALATIONAL AGENTS

Dr. Vishal



Humphry Davy and Nitrous Oxide

� Began experiments at the

Pneumatic Institute in

Bristol in 1799.

� Discovered that nitrous

oxide could relieve

headaches and

toothaches.

Image Courtesy of the Wood Library-Museum

Copyright © 2003 American Society of Anesthesiologists. All rights reserved.



Henry Hill Hickman(1800-1830)

� 1st ever research directed

towards pain free surgery.

� Discovered that animals

could be rendered

insensible for an

operation.

� Unfortunately used wronggas ! CO2




Horace Wells(1815-1848)

� Dentist in Hartford,

Connecticut.

� Needed a way to stop pain

to install dentures.

� Attended an exhibition

Of chemist COLTON in

10th dec. 1844 featuring

inhalations of nitrous

Horace Wells in 1844




Eureka!

� There he saw a gentlemen

cut his leg on a table

painlessly.� Tried it out on himself for

the removal of a molar.

� ³Painless´ dentistry was

born!




Horace Wells at Harvard...The famous failure !!!

� Tried to publicly

demonstrate nitrous oxide

anesthesia at Harvard inlate 1844.

� The patient groaned.

� The crowd laughed,

yelled ³humbug´ anddrove Wells out of

Boston.




Charles Jackson and Ether

� Charles T. Jackson,

professor of chemistry at

Harvard, suggested thatether might have

anesthetic properties.




W.T.G. Morton and Anesthesia

� Took Jackson¶s

suggestion and began to

use ether.

� Anesthetized bugs,

worms, his dog, Nig, and

even attempted a fish.




The First Successful Public

Demonstration of AnesthesiaOctober 16, 1846 � Triumph !!!

� Morton brought

³Letheon´ to theoperating theater at

Harvard.

� Named ether as ³letheon´




The Ether Controversy

� Morton tried to patent

³Letheon´ to make

money.

� Wells claimed that he had

invented anesthesia, as

did Jackson.




The Death of Wells (1848)

� Frustrated with morton¶s

success.

� Became increasingly

psychotic.

� Lacerated his femoral

artery under anesthesia in

1848.




The Death of Morton

� Spent the next 22 years

seeking compensation for

his discovery.

� Died of ³brain

congestion´ on July 15,

1868 in New York City.




The Death of Jackson

� Continued to fight

Morton for years.

� Committed to an insane

asylum where he died in

1880.




FLOURINATED ANAESTHETICS

� Fluorination offered stable, volatile hydrocarbons

� These agents were foundto be less inflammable



The 1st ever Flourinated agent-

FLUROXENE !!

� In early 1930 John Krantz took ethyl vinyl ether n

produced tri flouro ethyl vinyl ether-----

FLUROXENE

� Was eventually withdrawn because of concerns of

toxicity



FLOURINATED ANAESTHETICS

� Halothane was invented

by Charles Suckling in1951 while attempting

to prepare the

ideal anesthetic gas.



� METHOXYFLOURANE, ENFLURANE AND

ISOFLURANE---were introduced later about 30

years ago

� DESFLURANE--One of the last anaesthetic gas

synthesized



SEVOFLURANE

� Was synthesized more than 40 years ago

� As it is unstable with sodalime was notintroduced until late 1980

� Since sevoflurane,

no additional anaesthetic

agents have been added

� Also used in animals



Future anesthetics-XENON

� Under investigation for several years

� Is expensive

� Like N2O requires high concentration for

anaesthesia



INVENTION OF MAC

� Near about 1960s Edmund Eger correlated

end tidal (alveolar) concentration with themovement response to supramaximal

nociceptive stimulus and in this way concept

of MAC was born.



Thanks

inhalational history of anesthesiology 3

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