ingredients for home care applications
TRANSCRIPT
Ingredients for Home Care Applications
Ingredients for Home Care Applications
2 3
The application fields of DEQUEST® phosphonates are
derived from the following physical and chemical
properties:
• Strong sequestration of heavy transition metal ions
• Strong scale inhibition of phosphate, carbonate and
sulphate scales
• Dispersion and deflocculation of solids and lipids soils
DEQUEST® PB Inulin derivatives demonstrate their
benefits owing to:
• Excellent calcium tolerance
• Scale inhibition and dispersion properties
• Attractive environmental profile
The excellent cost effectiveness of DEQUEST®
phosphonates with these properties has led to their
widespread use in detergents or cleaners, DEQUEST®
phosphonates can be formulated to promote:
• Scale inhibition of insoluble salts (Anti-incrustation)
• Stabilization of bleaching agents, in particular peracids
and activators
• Deflocculation
• Specific stain removal
DEQUEST® PB Inulin derivatives find their use as:
• Co-builder
• Synergetic boosters for stain removal in combination
with DEQUEST® phosphonates
• Anti-incrustation additives
• glass corrosion inhibitor
• dispersant (anti-redeposition)
When the formulation must comply with some
environmental standard typically not met by regular
detergents raw materials.
DEQUEST® products can be easily formulated in liquid,
powder, granulated and tablet types of detergents. They
can be incorporated by spray-drying, spray-mixing, dry-
blending or straight mixing of liquids.
Their solubility in water is high and they show excellent
compatibility with other detergent ingredients.
The high purity of the DEQUEST® phosphonates means
that customers obtain maximum performance. Performance
is shown to be directly related to purity.
Italmatch Chemicals S.p.A.’s DEQUEST® range has been
the world’s leader in phosphonates for more than 40 years
and it is recognized as setting the quality standard in the
market. Our long manufacturing experience and stringent
process controls ensure our customers receive a consistent
quality product that does not vary from shipment to
shipment.
As a major supplier of material to the detergent industry,
Italmatch Chemicals S.p.A. can provide technical service
and assistance to customers on formulation and processing
of phosphonates and Inulin derivatives in detergents and
cleaners.
1 Introduction
2 Nomenclature
3 Chemical and physical properties of DEQUEST® phosphonates and DEQUEST® PB products
3.1 Summary tables
3.2 Sequestration
3.2.1 Stability constant
3.2.2 Peroxide and bleach stabilization
3.2.3 Enzyme compatibility
3.3 Scale inhibition
3.4 Dispersion / Deflocculation
3.5 Solubility
3.6 Hydrolitic and thermal stability
4 DEQUEST® in Home Care applications
4.1 Laundry
4.1.1. Powder detergent
4.1.2. Liquid detergent
4.1.3. Laundry additives
4.2. Dishwashing
4.3. Hard surface cleaning
5 Formulation
6 Environmental data
6.1. Environmental profile of DEQUEST® phosphonates
6.2. Environmental profile of DEQUEST® PB
6.2.1. Eco-toxicity of DEQUEST® PB
6.2.2. Biodegradability of DEQUEST® PB
6.2.3. Other environmental aspects
7 Handling
8 Quality of DEQUEST® products
1 Introduction
The Italmatch Chemicals S.p.A. DEQUEST® products
offer a unique set of ingredients for household care
products. DEQUEST® range includes phosphonates
and carboxymetyl inulin derivatives.
More than 40 years ago, DEQUEST® pioneered the
development of phosphonate based antiscalants.
DEQUEST® phosphonates have been the product of
choice for scale prevention, dispersion, bleach
stabilization, chelation and metal corrosion
inhibition in various applications for many years.
Recently, carboxymethyl inulin has been added to
the DEQUEST® line up in order to offer a
biodegradable scale inhibitor/dispersant derived
from natural source (chicory root).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Ingredients for Home Care Applications
4 5
3 Chemical and physical properties of DEQUEST® phosphonates and carboxymethyl Inulin based products
3.1 - Summary tablesDEQUEST® 2010/2016/2016D/2016DG phosphonates
Chemical name:
1-Hydroxymethylene (1.1 diphosphonic acid) (HEDP)
Chemical structure:
HO
OH
OHP
O
OH
P
O CH3
C
OH
TABLE 4: DEQUEST® 2010 SERIES
PrOduCTdEQuEST® 2010 dEQuEST® 2016 dEQuEST® 2016d dEQuEST® 2016 dG
HEdP NA4HEdP NA4HEdP NA4HEdP
PHyS
ICA
L Pr
OPE
rTIE
S
Product form Acid solution Tetrasodium salt solu-tion
Tetrasodium salt powder
Tetrasodium salt granule
Appearance Clear to pale yellow aqueous solution
Clear to pale yellow aqueous solution
White free flowing powder
White free flowing granule
Molecular weight 206 294 294 294
Mean particle size [µ] N.A. N.A. 100 min 400-800
Specific gravity @ 20ºC 1.45 1.31 0.65-0.95 g/cm³ (bulk
density)0.65-1.0 g/cm³ (bulk density)
Freezing point [ºC] -25DEQUEST® 2016 should be maintained above
+5ºC at all timeN.A. N.A.
CH
EMIC
AL
PrO
PErT
IES
Active content 60 % as acid 21% as acid30% as salt
59% as acid84% as salt 59% as acid
pH (1% @ 25ºC) 2.0 max 10-12 11-12 11-12
Chloride [%] <0.1 - - -
Iron [ppm Fe] <20 <20 <20 <35
Moisture [%] N.A. N.A. 6-10 13 max
2 Nomenclature
2.1 – PhosphonatesDEQUEST® phosphonates are divided into amino-
phosphonates and non-amino phosphonates.
Table 1 shows the various grades of amino phosphonates;
table 2 shows the various grades of non-amino
phosphonates. They are sold as liquid or free-flowing
powders and/or granules. These liquids or solid grades can
be obtained as acids or salts, which offer application in
liquid and powder detergents and cleaners.
TABLE 1: DEQUEST® AMINO-PHOSPHONATES
AMINO BACkBONE dEQuEST® SErIES
Ammonia DEQUEST® 2000
Ethylenediamine DEQUEST® 2040
Hexamethylenediamine DEQUEST® 2050
Diethylenediamine DEQUEST® 2060
TABLE 2: DEQUEST® NON-AMINO PHOSPHONATES
CHEMICAL TyPE dEQuEST® SErIES
1-Hydroxyethylene (1,1-diphosphonic acid) DEQUEST® 2010
2-Phosphono 1,2,4-butanetricarboxylic acid DEQUEST® 7000
2.2 – Carboxymethyl InulinDEQUEST® PB are derived from Inulin, a natural substance
extracted from chicory. Each fructose and the terminal
glucose unit carry 3 reactive groups, which can be
substituted into carboxymethyl groups; practically, 3
degrees of substitution are produced: 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5
TABLE 3: DEQUEST® CARBOXYMETHYL INULINAvErAGE SuBSTITuTION
DEgrEE pEr fruCtoSE unit (DS) dEQuEST® PB SErIES
1.5 DEQUEST® PB 11615
2 DEQUEST® PB 11620
2.5 DEQUEST® PB 11625
Ingredients for Home Care Applications
6 7
DEQUEST® 2060S / 2066 / 2066A / 2066C2 / 4066 phosphonates
Chemical name:
Diethylenediaminepenta (methyl phosphonic acid)
(DTPMPA)
Chemical structure:
HO
HO
PCH2
PCH2
CH2
P
O
O
NCH2CH2NCH2CH2N
CH2P
CH2P
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
O
HO
HO
HO OH
TABLE 6: DEQUEST® 2060 SERIES
PrOduCT
dEQuEST® 2060S
dEQuEST® 2066A
dEQuEST® 2066 dEQuEST® 2066C2 dEQuEST®
4066
dTPMPA dTPMPA.PN Na7dTPMPA Na7dTPMPA Na7dTPMPA
PHyS
ICA
L Pr
OPE
rTIE
S
Product form Acid solution Partly neutralized sodium salt solution
Heptasodium salt solution
Concentrated heptasodium salt solution
Heptasodium salt proprietary granule
AppearanceClear, brown
aqueous solution
Clear, dark amber aqueous solution
Clear amber aqueous solution
Clear amber aqueous solution
Off-white granule
Molecular weight 573 ~617 727 727 727
Mean particle size [µ] N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 150 min
Specific gravity @ 20ºC 1.42 1.41 1.29 1.40 600-800 kg/m³
(bulk density)
Freezing point [ºC] -25 -20 -14 <-15 N.A.
CH
EMIC
AL
PrO
PErT
IES
Active content 50% as acid 47% as acid 25% as acid32% as salt 32% as acid 22% as acid
pH (1% @ 25ºC) <2 2-3 6-8 6-8 6-8
Chloride [%] <5 <5 <5 <5 <5
Iron [ppm Fe] <20 <20 <20 <20 <20
Moisture [%] N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 4-6
DEQUEST® 2046 / 2047 phosphonates
Chemical name:
ethylenediaminetetra (methylphosphonic acid)
(EDTMPA)
Chemical structure:
HO
HO
PCH2
PCH2
O
O
N(CH2)2N
CH2P
CH2P
O
O
OH
OH
OH
OHHO
HO
TABLE 5: DEQUEST® 2040 SERIES
PrOduCTdEQuEST® 2046 dEQuEST® 2047
Na5EdTMPA Na3Ca2,5EdTMPA
PHyS
ICA
L Pr
OPE
rTIE
S
Product form Pentasodium salt solution Sodium/Calcium salt powder
Appearance Clear to pale yellow aqueous solution Off-white free flowing powder
Molecular weight 546 597
Mean particle size [µ] N.A. 100 min
Specific gravity @ 20ºC 1.32 475-900 kg/m³ (bulk density)
Freezing point [ºC] -14 NA
CH
EMIC
AL
PrO
PErT
IES
Active content 25% as acid31% as salt 32-36% as acid
pH (1% @ 25ºC) 6-8 11-13
Chloride [%] <5 17-20
Iron [ppm Fe] <20 <20
Moisture [%] N.A. 14-17.5
DEQUEST® 2047 can also be supplied as granule
Ingredients for Home Care Applications
8 9
3.2 – Sequestration
3.2.1 – Stability constantsThey are presented as indicative, since these data come
from different sources and are not obtained under the
same experimental conditions.
In practical situations, these values can possibly be helpful
to rationalize observations, but are of limited use when it
comes to quantitative prediction of actual effects.
TABLE 8: STABILITY CONSTANT LOGARITHM OF SELECTED DEQUEST® PHOSPHONATES, DEQUEST® PB AND OTHER
CHELANTS.
Ca++ Mg++ Fe++ Cu++ Zn++
HEdP (dEQuEST® 2010) 7.1 4.8 16.21 12.6 10.6
EdTMPA (dEQuEST® 2040) 10.2 9.3 21.7 18.3
dTPMPA (dEQuEST® 2060) 10.7 10.8 25.3 20.1
CMI (dEQuEST® pB) 5.0 – 6.0
NTA 6.4 5.5 15.8 12.7 10.4
STPP 5.2 5.5 9.8 9.7
Citric Acid 3.5 2.8 11.8 6.1 4.5
EdTA 10.7 8.8 25.0 18.8 16.5
DEQUEST® phosphonates show on average high chelation
power for transition metals and higher values than STPP,
NTA or citric acid when it comes to Alkaline Earth ion
chelation.
The high chelation constants for transition metals make
DEQUEST® phosphonates ideal for peroxide bleach
stabilization. Moreover, phosphonates are stable in
oxygenated bleach environment, unlike the
aminocarboxylates, EDTA and NTA which loose their
chelation power under these conditions (see the section
peroxide and bleach stabilization).
DEQUEST® PB Carboxymethyl Inulin
Three DEQUEST® PB grades are commercially available as
carboxymethyl inulin solutions with carboxymethylation
degree ranging from 1.5 to 2.5. Additional grades are
available upon request.
Chemical name: sodium carboxymethyl inulin (NaCMI)
Chemical structure:
HO
CH2OH
CH2
O
O
OH
HO
OH
OCH2CO2Na+
OH
HOCH2
CH2OCH2CO2Na+
CH2OH
O
O
n
OH
O
TABLE 7: DEQUEST® PB SERIES
PrOduCTdEQuEST® pB 11615 dEQuEST® PB 11620 dEQuEST® pB 11625
NaCMI NaCMI NaCMI
PHyS
ICA
L Pr
OPE
rTIE
S
Product form Sodium salt solution Sodium salt solution Sodium salt solution
Appearance Brown liquid Brown liquid Brown liquid
Molecular weight ~2000 ~2000 ~2000
Specific gravity @ 20ºC 1.2-1.3 1.2-1.3 1.2-1.3
Dynamic viscosity (mp.s @ 20°C) ~25 ~10 ~7
CH
EMIC
AL
PrO
PErT
IES
Active content 25 % min as sodium salt 20 % min as sodium salt 15 % min as sodium salt
Carboxymethylation degree 1.5 2 2.5
pH @ 25ºC 7-10 7-10 7-10
Chloride [%] 8 max 8 max 10 max
Three “light colour” grades of DEQUEST® PB are also available for formulations where dark colour is not suited. These are DEQUEST® PB 11615D, 11620D and 11625D.
Ingredients for Home Care Applications
10 11
On the other hand, DEQUEST® PB exhibits good
effectiveness at molar ratio between 0.005 and 0.015
depending on the degree of substitution.
3.4 – Deflocculation / DispersionDEQUEST® Products are excellent deflocculation agents of
colloidal suspensions. In detergent applications, they
stabilize particulate soil in the wash liquor and combined
with other anti-redeposition agents contribute to the anti-
greying effect, or the build-up of dingy soil.
Figure 5 illustrates this effect by measuring the rate of
sedimentation of kaolin clay (a major soil ingredient) in a
graduated Imhoff cone. In the experiments, 1 g/l of kaolin
was dispersed in tap water with a calcium hardness of 150
ppm adjusted at pH 10 with NaOH and in the presence of
0.15 % of the dispersant “as is”.
FIGURE 5: EFFECT OF DEQUEST® PRODUCTS ON KAOLIN
DISPERSION AT pH 10.
Kaolin dispersion - 1 % Kaolin Dispersed with 0.15 % dispersant "as is" at pH 10
0102030405060708090
100
NaOH D. 2016 D. 2066 D. PB 11620 D. PB 11625 AA/MACopolymer
Susp
end
ed m
ater
ial [
%]
3.5 - SolubilityDEQUEST® phosphonic acids and their salts are usually
soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents. Dry
DEQUEST® grades such as DEQUEST® 2016D and the
DEQUEST® 4000 series are quickly dissolved in water.
They can also form oversaturated solutions which can be
stable for years. For this reason, it can be difficult to
establish thermodynamic solubility.
3.5.1 - AcidsThe solubility of the acid form of HEDP
(DEQUEST® 2010) in water or acids is very high. The active
acid of DEQUEST® 2060S is soluble at 50% concentration
in very strong acids only, e.g. 15% HCl. More dilute
solutions can be formed in aqueous systems.
3.5.2 - Sodium saltsIn general, solubility constants of DEQUEST® 2046 and
2066 sodium salts diminish with increasing pH and
neutralization degree. The commercial 25% solutions – as
active acid – at pH 7 come very close to this solubility
limit. The solubility of these salts can be significantly
reduced in the presence of anions such as sulphates,
phosphates, chlorides, etc.
3.5.3 - Dry gradesDry DEQUEST® grades such as DEQUEST® 2016D and
2016DG are readily dissolved in water.
3.6 – Hydrolytic and Thermal stabilityDEQUEST® phosphonates have excellent hydrolytic
stability compared with inorganic polyphosphates. This
property is linked to the extraordinary stability of the C-P
bond. Phosphonates can be used in hot or cold water at
very high or very low pH for many hours without any trace
of decomposition.
DEQUEST® PB grades exhibit good thermal stability and do
not undergo hydrolysis in pH ranging from slightly acidic
to strongly alkaline. DEQUEST® PB is not suitable for acidic
formulation.
3.2.2 – Peroxide and bleach stabilizationHeavy metal compounds of elements such as iron,
manganese and copper catalyze the decomposition of
hydrogen peroxide and bleach system. To prevent this
decomposition, the control of heavy metals is required.
DEQUEST® phosphonates are excellent chelants which
offer excellent stabilization of bleach systems during the
bleaching process itself in the wash liquid as well as in the
packaging, during the shelf life of the product itself.
FIGURE 1: SHELF LIFE STABILIZATION OF PERBORATE/TAED
SYSTEM -ACTIVATED P.FREE DETERGENT RT – STABILIZER
DEQUEST® 2066 AT 0.5% AS ACTIVE ACID.
Days
Blank
Shel
f lif
e (%
)
0 1050
100
90
80
70
60
20 30 40 50
DEQUEST® 2066
FIGURE 2: PERBORATE/TAED STABILISATION 700 ppm
PERBORATE, 300 ppm TAED, 35 ppm STABILISER, 2 ppm
FE, pH 10, 40 C
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60
Time [min]
Rem
ain
ing
Per
oxi
de
[%]
BlankEDTAD. 2066D. 2010
Figure 2 demonstrates the relative peracetate stabilization
effect under alkaline conditions for various sequestrants at
two temperatures. The peracetate species formed by
reaction of sodium perborate or sodium percarbonate and
TAED in water are very sensitive to the presence of low
levels of transition or heavy metals. DEQUEST® 2066 is
clearly superior to the other sequestrants, it keeps its
sequestration power at both temperatures 40°C and 60°C.
Aminocarboxylates such as EDTA and DTPA are more
susceptible to N-oxydation than are aminophosphonates,
which is the probable reason of their poor performance.
3.2.3 – Enzyme compatibilityAlthough chelant might have a detrimental effect on the
efficiency of enzyme contained in detergent, the DEQUEST®
2060 and DEQUEST® PB series do not affect enzymatic
efficiency. Furthermore, none of the standard DEQUEST®
grades have shown a negative influence on the new generation
of amylase (Stainzyme 121).
FIGURE 3: ENZYME STABILITY - INFLUENCE OF THE
CHELANT ON THE ENZYMATIC STAIN REMOVAL
PERFORMANCE AFTER 22 WEEKS OF STORAGE AT RT
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Initials After 22 weeks
Stai
n R
emo
val
No Enzyme
No chelant
PB 12625D
DQ 2016
DQ 2066C2
3.3 – Scale inhibitionDEQUEST® phosphonates and DEQUEST® PB are effective
scale inhibitors. Unlike other chelants, DEQUEST® products
have the ability to inhibit scale formation at
sub-stoechiometric level (Figure 4). Accordingly, they are
cost effective scale inhibitor. The scale inhibition at sub-
stoechiometric level, known as threshold scale inhibition,
is due to the capability of the threshold agent to hinder
crystal growth by adsorbing on crystal under formation.”
FIGURE 4: CaCO3 SCALE INHIBITION AT pH 10 38° FH 60° C
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
Log (Chelant/Ca++) molar ratio)
Scal
e in
hib
itio
n (
%) Citric acid
Gluconic acid
NTA
DQ PB 11620
DQ PB 11625
DQ 2060S
DQ 2010
With DEQUEST® phosphonates, the scale inhibition
obtained at very low molar ratio (0.005 and less) is
excellent. Between the threshold and stoechiometric area
lies an area of lower solubility of calcium phosphonates
known as the turbidity region (see DEQUEST® 2010 curve).
Ingredients for Home Care Applications
12 13
FIGURE 8: BLEACH STABILIZATION WITH DEQUEST®
PHOSPHONATES - STANDARD P FREE DETERGENT 40°C,
20°GH - STABILIZER DEQUEST® 2066 AT 0.5 % AS ACTIVE
ACID
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Stai
n r
emo
val (
%)
WFK Tea
Blank DEQUEST® 2066
EMPA Wine
FIGURE 9: DEQUEST® PB ADDDED TO THE WASH LIQUOR
(ppm ACTIVE) SOIL REMOVAL - BASE POWDER 6 G/L - 40°C
50 ppm DEQUEST® 2010 IN THE WASH LIQUOR -
INCREASING AMOUNT OF DEQUEST® PB
Soil removal - Base powder 6 g/l - 40°C50 ppm DEQUEST® 2010 in the wash liquor
- Increasing amount of DEQUEST® PB
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
0 50 100 150 200
DEQUEST® PB addded to the wash liquor (ppm active)
Stai
n r
emo
val (
%)
DEQUEST® PB 11615
DEQUEST® PB 11620
(3) Heavy Duty Powder:
Sodium LABS 9.7Ethoxylated fatty Alcohol 4.8Zeolite 4A 34.4Na2CO3 12.1Sodium Silicate 3.2Na2SO4 7.9Sodium Perborate Tetrahydrate 24.3TAED 3.6
4.1.2 – Bleachable stains removal in absence of bleach (HDL)
The high stability constants of metal-phosphonate
complexes are the basis for removing colour stains such
as wine, tea, coffee, etc… This well known property of
DEQUEST® Phosphonates is particularly useful in
peroxygen-free formulations such as powders for
colours or liquid detergents. This effect is less
pronounced with DEQUEST® PB although stain removal
improvement is also observed (Figure 10).
FIGURE 10: DEQUEST® IN HDL DETERGENT. REMOVAL OF
TEA AND WINE STAINS ON COTTON SWATCHES.”
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
BASE DQ 2066 DQ 2016 PB 11625 PB 11620 PB 11615
Stai
n r
emo
val (
%)
tea
wine
FIGURE 11: TEA STAIN REMOVAL - BASE HDL 10 G/L -
40°C40ºC – 30 MIN. 50 PPM DEQUEST® 2010 IN THE
WASH LIQUOR – INCREASING AMOUNT OF DEQUEST® PB.
DEQUEST® PB addded to the wash liquor (ppm active)
Stai
n r
emo
val (
%)
DEQUEST® PB 11615
DEQUEST® PB 11620
15
17
19
21
23
25
0 20 40 60 80 100
4.1.3. Laundry additivesDEQUEST® products are ingredients of choice in laundry
additives. On one hand, chlorine and oxygen bleach are
effectively stabilized by DEQUEST® 2060 and DEQUEST®
6004. On the other hand, fabric conditioner benefits from
the fragrances stabilization and preservative efficiency
enhancement brought by the DEQUEST® phosphonate.
4.2. DishwashingDEQUEST® products provide anti-filming, glass corrosion
inhibition, heating elements protection, stain removal and
bleach stabilization in automatic dishwashing detergents
(ADD).
4 DEQUEST® in home care applicationsDEQUEST® properties make them ingredients of choice for
Home Care products. Indeed, they prevent scale formation,
disperse dirt, participate to the soil removal, and hinder
bleach decomposition as well as metal corrosion. It
translates in multiple benefits in the primary and
secondary cleaning of Home Care formulations.
4.1 LaundryBecause of their ability to inhibit scale formation arising
from water hardness, DEQUEST® products prevent
incrustation of the linen and protect washing machine
heating elements. The combined dispersing and anti-
scaling actions of DEQUEST® prevent inorganic salts and
particulate soil deposition that would otherwise result in
greying of the linen (Figure 6). Of special interest is the
combined action of DEQUEST® 2010 and DEQUEST® PB
that results in very low fibre incrustation (Figure 7). On the
other hand, the DEQUEST® PB series exhibit very good
performance as anti-redeposition agent.
FIGURE 7: FIBRE INCRUSTATION PROTECTION WITH
DEQUEST® PRODUCTS (AA/MA: POLYACRYLIC/MALEIC
COPOLYMER)
Phosphate-free Powder detergent - 7.75 g/l - 25 washes at 60 °C
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
Base
Detergent
+ 2%
AA/MA
+ 4%
AA/MA
+ 0.1%
HEDP
+ 2% PB
11620
+ 4% PB
11620
+ 2% PB
11620 + 0.1%
HEDP
Ash
res
idu
e [%
]
(1) Laundry powder formulation LABS : 10Ethoxylated fatty alcohol : 5Zeolite 4A : 36Na2CO3 : 13Sodium silicate : 3.5Na2SO4 : 8.5Sodium Perborate Tetrahydrate : 20TAED : 4Fibre incrustation stabilizer : 0.1 – 4 %
FIGURE 6: COTTON FIBRES AFTER 25 WASHES WITHOUT
DEQUEST® (a) AND WITH DEQUEST® (b).
a
b
4.1.1. Powder detergentDEQUEST® products deliver enhanced cleaning and fibre
protection to powder laundry detergents. In bleach
containing detergents, the stabilization of oxygen bleach
by DEQUEST® phosphonates results in both enhanced
bleachable stain removal (Figure 8) and fibre protection.
Laundry powder detergents in general benefit from an
enhanced stain removal when formulated with DEQUEST®
products. Indeed, DEQUEST® products contribute to the
cleaning by loosening and dispersing the dirt through
chelation of metals and adsorption on particulate soil
respectively. Particulate soil removal can be improved by
the use of a an adequate combination of DEQUEST®
phosphonate and DEQUEST® PB (Figure 8).
Ingredients for Home Care Applications
14 15
Stain removal enhancement resulting from the use of
DEQUEST® phosphonates originates from their dispersing
action on particulate soil, bleach stabilization and
loosening of dirt by metal chelation (Figure 12 and 13).
FIGURE 12: VISUAL GRADING OF CLEANING EFFICIENCY
OF NORMAL WASH PROGRAM (55°C, 8-10° DH, FRESENIUS
FEBRUARY 2006)
8,8 9,0
9,0
8,6
6,9
8,5
2,7
8,7
8,4
6,9
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
Oat Flakes MincedMeat 120°C
MincedMeat 200°C
Milk Tea
Cle
anin
g S
core
(10
= m
ax.)
P-free with DEQUEST® PB Reference (IEC - B)
FIGURE 13: GRAVIMETRIC EVALUATION OF CLEANING
EFFICIENCY OF NORMAL WASH PROGRAM (55°C, 8-10°
DH, FRESENIUS FEBRUARY) 2006
99
82
99
8 11
98
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Egg/Milk Egg Yolk Starch - mix
% C
lean
ing
(10
0% =
max
.)
PF-free with DEQUEST® BP Reference (IEC-B)
Carbonates and silicates present in automatic dishwashing
product (ADD) stimulate the precipitation of water
hardness forming insoluble silicates and carbonates with
calcium and magnesium. Although Sodium
Tripolyphosphate (STPP) is still the most widely used
builder in these formulations, there is more and more R&D
effort devoted to the development of “P-Free” or “Low-P”
builder systems.
DEQUEST® phosphonates and DEQUEST® PB, owing to
their threshold scale inhibition properties, are particularly
useful to prevent the formation of large crystals of calcium
and magnesium salts which would otherwise be
responsible for filming and spotting on glass and china.
(See Figure 14 for DEQUEST® PB).
Standard ADD product :
1. With 40 % STPP
2. With 40 % Citrate
3. With 40% DEQUEST® PB 11620
4. With 50% DEQUEST® PB 11620
5. With 25% Citrate + 25% DEQUEST® PB 11620
During the dishwashing process, the glass tends to be
progressively “dissolved” in water based media. This
phenomenon is much more pronounced in soft water and
is catalyzed by pH above 9. This results in scuffed glass.
Lab experiments demonstrate that DEQUEST® PB has a
protective effect against glass corrosion occurring in the
course of the dishwashing process (Figure 15)
FIGURE 15: GLASS WEIGHT LOSS AFTER 7 HOURS
IMMERSION IN WATER
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
11°FH
22°FH
33°FH
Brand Leader from Market Base + DQ PB12625
Wei
gh
t lo
ss (
%)
Glass immersion during 7 hours with products dosed
@ 4.5 g/l in water @ 60°C Chelants are added as
6.5 %w of the Base
4.3. - Hard surface cleaningThe combined dispersion and chelating properties of
DEQUEST® phosphonates make them valuable grease
cleaning booster. The DEQUEST® phosphonates and
DEQUEST® PB ability to prevent spotting and filming is of
special interest for glass and metal cleaning. For the latter,
DEQUEST® 2000 and DEQUEST® 2010 provides mild
stainless corrosion inhibition. Bleach containing cleaners
benefit from the presence of DEQUEST® 2060 or
DEQUEST® 6004 for oxygen and chlorine bleach
stabilization respectively. Bleach free cleaners take
advantage of DEQUEST® phosphonates that bring
additional cleaning power especially on coloured stains
such as tea, coffee, wine…
5 Formulations
5.1 - LiquidsWhen DEQUEST® phosphonates or DEQUEST® PB
carboxymethyl Inulin are used in liquid detergent
formulations, they are most easily formulated by mixing a
liquid grade DEQUEST® or DEQUEST® PB into the detergent.
The pH can be adjusted with caustic or triethanolamine
after mixing. Italmatch Chemicals S.p.A. supply
concentrated DEQUEST® grades, DEQUEST® 2060S (50%
active) and DEQUEST® 2010 (60% active), which provide a
better flexibility in liquid applications than do the
conventional phosphonate salt solutions.
5.2 - Powders, granules and tabletsDEQUEST® phosphonates and DEQUEST® PB
carboxymethyl Inulin can be applied in granulated or
powder detergents by direct mixing of a solution in the
crutcher or by spray-drying the neutral or alkaline solution
on a granular detergent base. Some precautions should be
taken in these processes. When phosphonates or
carboxymethyl Inulin are sprayed on a granulate detergent
base, the perborate or percarbonate should be added
after the spraying of DEQUEST® or DEQUEST® PB. The
thermal stability of DEQUEST® and DEQUEST® PB are high
enough to allow spray-drying in any type of equipment
without adverse effects.
DEQUEST® phosphonates can also be incorporated by
post-addition of powders or granules. In this case, no
special precautions other than the standard product safety
handling procedures have to be taken. Italmatch Chemicals
S.p.A. can supply DEQUEST® phosphonate powders or
granules with a granulometry typical for detergent
powders.
The following solid grades of DEQUEST® phosphonates
are available for detergent applications:
DEQUEST® 2016D: powder form of DEQUEST® 2016
DEQUEST® 2016DG: granular form of DEQUEST® 2016
Ingredients for Home Care Applications
16 17
FIG 16: DAPHNIA IMMOBILISATION TEST (OECD 202).
EFFECT CONCENTRATION (EC) AFTER 48 H.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
EC 0 EC 50 EC 100
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
mg
/l)
PB 11620PB 11615PB 11610
6.2.2.Biodegradability of DEQUEST® PBSubstances that qualify as inherently biodegradable are
assumed to be degradable in the natural environment. The
Semi-Continuous Activated Sludge (SCAS) test (OECD
302A) is used to determine inherent biodegradability.
All DEQUEST® PB products satisfy the criteria (daily
degrading >20%) for inherently biodegradable
substances.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
% B
iod
egra
dat
ion
PB 11610 PB 11615 PB 11620
FIG.17 DAILY DEGRADATION IN OECD 302 SCAS TEST
The inherent biodegradability gives the product a certain
amount of microbiological stability. This is especially
important in systems in which the product stays in the
system over a period of time because it is recirculated. Far
fewer preservatives are used then with readily
biodegradable products, and lower doses are sufficient.
The results in the simulation test correspond with the
findings for carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), which has
proved to be completely mineralised in sewage water
treatment systems (1).
A study conducted by Sieger and others (2) showed that
during the degrading of carboxymethyl cellulose,
intermediaries released up to a concentration of 1 g/l had
no toxic effects on Daphnia. Given the similarity of the
structures, it can be reasonably anticipated that DEQUEST®
PB degradation products exhibit a similar low toxicity
profile.
AKZO NOBEL – Environmental fate of CMC Sieger, C.H.N., Kroon, A.G.M., Batelaan, J.G. & van Ginkel, C.G. in Biodegradation of carboxymethyl cellulose by Agrobacterium CM-1. Carbohydrate Polymers, 27, 137-143, (1995)
6 Environmental Data
6.1 - Environmental profile of DEQUEST® phosphonatesPhosphonates are not readily biodegradable in laboratory
semi-continuous activated sludge tests, but in more realistic
die away rivers tests they are rapidly degraded in sunlight
in the presence of ferric ions.
They are also degraded in soil, species of Pseudomonas
have been shown to be able to feed on phosphonates.
They do not bio-accumulate in aquatic species and are
rapidly eliminated by fish.
They can be eliminated from waters by classical water
treatment with aluminium sulphate or lime; treatment of
drinking water by chlorine or ozone also destroys
phosphonates.
Mobilization of heavy metals from sediments is extremely
low and phosphonates partition rapidly to sediments from
water.
6.2. Environmental profile of DEQUEST® PBThe good environmental profile of DEQUEST® PB makes
carboxymethyl Inulin an excellent formulation ingredient
for detergents designed to meet the requirements of the
European Eco-label or other special industry or national
environmental standards.
6.2.1. Eco-toxicity of DEQUEST® PBTable 9 provides an overview of the aquatic toxicity of
DEQUEST® PB products for bacteria, daphnia and fish. The
tests were conducted in accordance with OECD standard
guidelines.
TABLE 9: ECO-TOXICITY OF DEQUEST® PB 11620 FOR AQUATIC ORGANISMS
OrGANISM TOxICITy TEST
Effect mg.l-1
Bacteria EC10 > 10000 DIN 38412
daphnia EC0 (t 48h) 2000 OECD 202
EC50 (t 24h) 5500 OECD 202
EC50 (t 48h) 2900 OECD 202
Fish LC0 (t 96h) > 10000 OECD 203
No toxicity was found for either bacteria (Pseudomonas
Putida) or for the zebra fish, using the maximum applied
concentration of 10 g/l.
Given that daphnia is the most sensitive organism, the
influence of the derivation level (DS) on the toxicity for
this organism was studied. The results are shown in fig. 9.
It can be concluded that the toxicity (indicated by the
immobilisation) increases with an increase in the
derivation level. However, the aquatic toxicity of the highly
substituted DEQUEST® PB 11620 is extremely low (factor
10-20) compared to that of polyacrylates.
Ingredients for Home Care Applications
18 19
8 Quality of DEQUEST® productsDEQUEST® products are covered by certification to quality
standard ISO 9002.
In addition, the Newport (UK) Dequest manufac-turing site
is certified to the Environment Management System
Standard ISO 14001. It also participates in the European
Community EMAS regulation (Eco Management Audit
Scheme) which requires independent verification of
environmental performance.
6.2.3 - Other environmental aspectsIn a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), products with comparable
functions are evaluated “from cradle to grave” for a broad
range of possible environmental effects (including the
greenhouse effect, acidification, etc.). In addition to
extremely low (eco) toxicity and the (inherent)
biodegradability, the agricultural origin of the raw material
(biopolymer) has more advantages for the environment
than petrochemical-based products such as fewer CO2
emissions and less contribution to the depletion of fossil
fuels. Furthermore, the DEQUEST® PB products contain no
nitrogen or phosphorous, which means that when released
in the environment, they do not contribute to acidification,
fertilisation (enrichment of soil and water with mineral
nutrients that increase productivity) or eutrophication.
7 HandlingDEQUEST® phosphonates and DEQUEST® PB
carboxymethyl Inulin appear to possess no acute
toxicological properties which could require special
handling other than good hygienic practices used with any
industrial chemical. Special attention should be paid to
avoid eye and skin contacts.
DEQUEST® 2060S contains free HCl in solution and should
be handled accordingly, in well ventilated areas.
In case of skin contact with DEQUEST® phosphonates or
DEQUEST® PB, wash thoroughly with soap and water. In case
of eye contact, flush immediately with large volumes of
water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation persists, consult a
physician. Over and above the points already mentioned,
particular care should be taken when handling members of
the DEQUEST® 2040 series: wear gloves, eye protection and
avoid breathing dust from solid products. Provide local
exhaust ventilation. If dust is a problem, wear suitable
respiratory protection. Wash thoroughly after handling.
More detailed information on safety and environmental
aspects of phosphonates can be provided by Italmatch
Chemicals S.p.A. upon request.
Before using DEQUEST® phosphonates or DEQUEST® PB
carboxymethyl Inulin, please also consult the relevant
Material Safety Data Sheets and carefully observe the
statements concerning toxicity, safe handling and first aid
procedures.
ITALMATCH USA
NORTH AMERICAN HEADQUARTERS
21 East Front Street
Red Bank, NJ 07701
USA
Tel: (732) 383-8500
Fax: (732) 383-8407
CHINA OFFICE
ITALMATCH INTERNATIONAL TRADING
(SHANGHAI) CO., LTD
Room 703, Pine City,
8 Dong`an Road, Xuhui District,
Shanghai 200032
P.R. China
Tel: +86 21 3469 1871
Fax: +86 21 3469 1872
BELGIUM (MARKETING AND INNOvATION CENTER)
ITALMATCH BELGIUM SPRL
Parc Scientifique Fleming
Rue Laid Burniat 3
1348 Louvain-La-Neuve
Belgium
Tel: +32 (0) 10 48 12 11
Fax: +32 (0) 10 48 14 95
JAPAN OFFICE
ITALMATCH JAPAN LTD
Burex Kojimachi 5F,
3-5-2 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 102-0083
Japan
Tel: +81 3 5210 3811
Fax: +81 3 5210 3830
SINGAPORE OFFICE
ITALMATCH SINGAPORE PTE LTD
No. 1 Kim Seng Promenade
#17-02 Great World City East Tower
Singapore 237994
Tel: +65 6235 6483
Fax: +65 6836 4534
ITALy (EUROPE/AFRICA/MIDDLE EAST CUSTOMER
SERvICE CENTER)
ITALMATCH CHEMICALS S.P.A.
via vismara 114
20020 Arese
Italy
Tel: +39 02 93525237
Fax: +39 02 93525496
More informationIf you would like to obtain more detailed information about DEQUEST® products or are interested in obtaining a
sample for evaluation in your system, please contact your nearest Italmatch Chemicals S.p.A. representative or visit
our website: http://www.dequest.com
Ingredients for Home Care Applications
The information in this bulletin is to the best of our knowledge true and accurate but all instructions, recommendations or suggestions are made without guarantee. Since the conditions of use are beyond their control, Italmatch Chemicals S.p.A. and its subsidiaries disclaim any liability for loss or damage suffered from use of these data and suggestions. Furthermore, no liability is accepted if use of any product in accordance with these data or suggestions infringes any patent.