SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (DO-DOES)

Do you write an e-mail every day?No, I do not write an e-mail every day. No, I don´t.Yes, I write an e-mail every day. Yes, I do.

Do you do the homework at home?No, I do not do the homework at home. No, I don´t.Yes, I do the homework at home. Yes, I do.

Does Marcela write on the board?No, she does not write on the board. No, she doesn’t.Yes, she writes on the board. Yes, she does.

USE: Taken from the web.

The simple present tense in English is used to describe an action that is regular, true or normal.

We use the present tense:

1. For repeated or regular actions in the present time period. I take the train to the office. John sleeps eight hours every night during the week.

2. For facts. The President of The USA lives in The White House. We come from Switzerland.

3. For habits. I get up early every day. Carol brushes her teeth twice a day.

4. For things that are always / generally true. It rains a lot in winter. The Queen of England lives in Buckingham Palace.

Subject Pronoun Auxiliary for Simple Present Tense

I/WE/YOU/THEY DO

HE/SHE/IT DOES

Verb Conjugation & Spelling

We form the present tense using the base form of the infinitive (without the TO). In general, in the third person we add 'S'.

Subject Verb The Rest of the sentence I / you / we / they speak / learn English at home

he / she / it speaks / learnsEnglish at home

The spelling for the verb in the third person differs depending on the ending of that verb:

1. For verbs that end in -O, -CH, -SH, -SS, -X, or -Z we add -ES in the third person. go – goes catch – catches wash – washes kiss – kisses fix – fixes buzz – buzzes

2. For verbs that end in a consonant + Y, we remove the Y and add -IES. marry – marries study – studies carry – carries worry – worries

NOTE: For verbs that end in a vowel + Y, we just add -S. play – plays enjoy – enjoys say – says

SIMPLE PAST TENSE (DID)Did Manuela work in Italy three years ago?No, she did not work in Italy three years ago. No, she didn’t.Yes, she worked in Italy three years ago. Yes, she did.

Did Marcela write on the board yesterday?No, she did not write on the board yesterday. No, she didn’t.Yes, she wrote on the board yesterday. Yes, she did.

Did you do the homework last night?No, I did not do the homework last night. No, I didn’t.Yes, I did the homework last night. Yes, I did.

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past.

The spelling of the simple past form (-ed forms)

Taken from the web.

You will learn the spelling of the simple past form (-ed form.) But before you continue the lesson study the following examples and try to see how the verbs are spelled.

Subject Pronoun Auxiliary for Simple Past Tense

I/WE/YOU/THEY/HE/SHE/IT DID

VERBS

REGULAR VERBS ≠ IRREGULAR VERBS

PRESENT PAST PRESENT PAST

Help Helped Write WroteStudy Studied Run RanEnjoy Enjoyed Take TookTest Tested See SawMiss MissedDecide Decided

Come Came

Verbs ending in a...

1. silent “e” 2. vowel + y 3. consonant + y 4. other forms

close = closed die = died phone = phoned

play = played destroy = destroyed show = showed

marry = marriedcarry = carriedstudy = studied

visit = visitedmiss = missedwatch = watched finish = finished fix = fixed buzz = buzzed

The rules of the simple past tense forms:

Here are the rules:

1. Regular verbs ending in a silent e take /-d/ in the simple past and past participle: Example:close=closed

2. Regular verbs ending in a vowel + y take /-ed/ in the simple past and past participle:Example:play=played

3. Regular verbs ending in a consonant + y take /-ied/ in the simple past and past participle (the y becomes an i followed by /-ed/)Example:marry=married

4. All the other regular vebs take /-ed/ in the simple past and past participle.Example:visit=visited

Special cases of the -ed forms:

Follow these rules when there is a consonant after a vowel (stop, ban, open, offer...)

If there is a consonant after a stressed vowel at the end of the word, double the consonantstop – stoppedban - banned swap – swapped

If the vowel is not stressed, we do not double it:open - opened (Here the stress is on'o', not the 'e'.)offer - offered ( Here the stress is on 'o', not the 'e'.)

In British English we double the last l even though the last vowel is not stressed. Here are some examples:

travel - travelled cancel - cancelled level - levelled marvel - marvelled

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE (WILL)

Will you do the homework at home?No, I will not do the homework at home. No, I won’t.Yes, I will do the homework at home. Yes, I will.

Will Marcela write on the board?No, she will not write on the board. No, she won’t.Yes, she will write on the board. Yes, she will.

Subject Pronoun Auxiliary for Simple Future Tense

I/WE/YOU/THEY/HE/SHE/IT WILL

Subject Pronoun + WILL Contractions with: S.P. + WILL

I WILL I’LLHE WILL HE’LLSHE WILL SHE’LLIT WILL IT’LLWE WILL WE’LLYOU WILL YOU’LLTHEY WILL THEY’LL

FUTURE WITH: BE GOING TO (future for definite plans)

Are you going to do the homework at home?No, I am not going to do the homework at home. No, I’m not.Yes, I am going to do the homework at home. Yes, I am.

Is Marcela going to write on the board?No, she is not going to write on the board. No, she isn’t.Yes, she is going to write on the board. Yes, she is.

Subject Pronoun Auxiliary: VERB TO BE (In Present)

I AM

HE/SHE/IT IS

WE/YOU/THEY ARE

VERB TO BE – Present - (Am-Is-Are)

Are you a chemist?No, I am not a chemist. No, I’m not.Yes, I am a chemist. Yes, I am.

Is Nicole an engineer?No, she is not an engineer. No, she isn’t.Yes, she is an engineer. Yes, she is.

Are you in France?No, I am not in France. No, I’m not.Yes, I am in France. Yes, I am.

Subject Pronoun Auxiliary: VERB TO BE (Present)

I AM

HE/SHE/IT IS

WE/YOU/THEY ARE

Subject Pronoun + VERB TO BE Contractions with: S.P. + BE (Affirmative) S.P. + BE (Negative)

I AM I’M I AM NOTHE IS HE’S HE ISN’TSHE IS SHE’S SHE ISN’TIT IS IT’S IT ISN’TWE ARE WE’RE WE AREN’TYOU ARE YOU’RE YOU AREN’TTHEY ARE THEY’RE THEY AREN’T

VERB TO BE – Past - (Was-Were)

Were you a chemist 10 years ago?No, I was not a chemist 10 years ago. No, I wasn’t.Yes, I was a chemist 10 years ago. Yes, I was.

Was Nicole an engineer 20 years ago?No, she was not an engineer 20 years ago. No, she wasn’t.Yes. She was an engineer 20 years ago. Yes, she was.

Were Pablo and Michael in Europe last year?No, they were not in Europe last year. No, they weren’t.Yes, they were in Europe last year. Yes, they were.

EXPRESSIONS USED WITH SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Last nightYesterdayLast weekLast monthLast yearFive minutes agoTwo days agoFour weeks agoEight months agoThe day before yesterday

Subject Pronoun Auxiliary: VERB TO BE (Past)

I/HE/SHE/IT WAS

WE/YOU/THEY WERE

Contractions with: S.P. + BE (Affirmative) S.P. + BE (Negative)

I WAS I WASN’THE WAS HE WASN’TSHE WAS SHE WASN’TIT WAS IT WASN’TWE WERE WE WEREN’TYOU WERE YOU WEREN’TTHEY WERE THEY WEREN’T

VERB TO BE – Future - (Will Be)

Will you be a chemist next year?No, I will not be a chemist next year. No, I won’t.Yes, I will be a chemist next year. Yes, I will.

Will Nicole be an engineer tomorrow?No, she will not be an engineer tomorrow. No, she won’t.Yes. She will be an engineer tomorrow. Yes, she will.

Will Pablo and Michael be in Europe in a couple of years?No, they will not be in Europe in a couple of years. No, they won’t.Yes, they will be in Europe in a couple of years. Yes, they will.

Subject Pronoun Auxiliary: VERB TO BE (Future)

I/HE/SHE/IT/WE/YOU/THEY WILL

PRESENT CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVETENSE (ING)

Are you reading the science book now?No, I am not reading the science book now. No, I’m not.Yes, I am reading the science book now. Yes, I am.

Is ugly Betty driving her car?No, she is not driving her car. No, she isn’t.Yes, she is driving her car. Yes, she is.

RULES:

1. Drive drivingTake Taking

2. Run RunningDig Digging

3. Die DyingLie LyingTie Tying

SPELLING OF ING FORMS

1. Verbs that end in:Consonant +E.

Dance-Dancing.Erase-Erasing.Close-Closing.Come-ComingTake-Taking

Write-WritingErase-ErasingGive-Giving.

Raise-Raising.Paste-Pasting.

Live-Living.

If the word ends in -e, drop the -e and add -ing.

Exception 1: If a verb ends in -EE, the final -E is not dropped: See-Seeing Free-Freeing.Agree-Agreeing

Exception 2: Ski-Skiing. Shoe-Shoeing. Canoe-Canoeing.Singe-Singeing. Dye-Dyeing.

2, Verbs that end in:-IE

Tie=Tying.Lie=Lying.Die=Dying.

Change -IE to -Y, add -ING.

3, Verbs that end in: Consonant+Vowel+Consonant

One

-syl

labl

e ve

rbs: Sit-Sitting.

Put-Putting.Get-Getting.

Plan-Planning.Cut-CuttingLet-Letting

Beg-Begging.Drop-Dropping.

If a word ends in: Consonant+Vowel+Consonantdouble the last consonant.

Exception: -W and -X are not doubled:Plow-Plowing.Fix-Fixing.

Two-

sylla

ble

verb

s:

Listen-Listening.Offer-Offering.Open-Opening

Suffer-Suffering.

When the 1st syllable is stressed do not add the consonant at the end ot the word.

Begin-Beginning.Prefer-Preferring.

Control-Controlling.Forget-Forgetting

When the 2nd syllable is stressed add the consonant at the end of the word.

OTHER CASES:Panic-Panicking.

Mimic-Mimicking.Picnic-Picnicking.

For word ended in -IC add -K+ING ending. There are not too many of this kind.

NOTE: Do not be deceived by the following verbs:

Call-Calling.Comb-Combing.

Dream-Dreaming.Loot-Looting.Rain-Raining. Raid-Raiding.Bury-Burying

Destroy-destroying

All you have to do is to add the ING ending at the end of the word and that's it.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE (Have-Has)

Have you taken an orange?No, I have not taken an orange. No, I haven’t.Yes, I have taken an orange. Yes, I have.

Has Paula planted a new tree?No, she has not planted a new tree. No, she hasn’t.Yes, she has planted a new tree. Yes, she has.

Present Perfect with: YET, ALREADY

Have you finished yet?No, I have not finished yet.Yes, I have already finished.

Subject Pronoun Auxiliary for Present Perfect Tense:

HE/SHE/IT HAS

I/WE/YOU/THEY HAVE

VERBS

REGULAR VERBS ≠ IRREGULAR VERBS

PRESENT PAST PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT PAST PAST PARTICIPLE

Help Helped Helped Write Wrote WrittenStudy Studied Studied Run Ran RunEnjoy Enjoyed Enjoyed Take Took TakenTest Tested Tested See Saw SeenDecide Decided Decided

INFORMATION QUESTIONS (WH WORDS)

WHAT DO YOU DO EVERY DAY?WHEN IS YOUR BIRTHDAY?WHERE DO YOU LIVE?WHERE ARE YOU FROM?HOW DO YOU DO THAT?WHAT IS THE WEATHER LIKE?HOW OLD ARE YOU?HOW MANY SIBLINGS DO YOU HAVE?HOW MUCH MONEY DO YOU HAVE IN YOUR WALLET?WHO ARE YOU?WHO DO YOU LIVE WITH?WHICH COURSE WILL YOU TAKE?WHOSE MARKER IS THAT?WHY DO YOU WANT TO KNOW THAT?WHAT IS THAT MONEY LOAN FOR?WHOM DID YOU GO TO THE CINEMA WITH? / WITH WHOM DID YOU GO TO THE CINEMA?

MODALSCOULD COULD YOU GO TO THE AMUSEMENT PARK WITH LUISA? NO, I COULD NOT GO TO THE AMUSEMENT PARK WITH LUISA. NO, I COULDN’T. YES, I COULD GO TO THE AMUSEMENT PARK WITH LUISA. YES, I COULD.

CAN CAN YOU EXPLAIN TO ME THE ACTIVITY? NO, I CANNOT EXPLAIN TO YOU THE ACTIVITY. NO, I CAN’T. YES, I CAN EXPLAIN TO YOU THE ACTIVITY. YES, I CAN.

WOULD WOULD YOU LISTEN TO MUSIC IN THE AFTERNOON? NO, I WOULD NOT LISTEN TO MUSIC IN THE AFTERNOON. NO, I WOULDN’T.YES, I’D (I WOULD) LISTEN TO MUSIC IN THE AFTERNOON. YES, I WOULD.

WILLWILL YOU LISTEN TO MUSIC IN THE AFTERNOON? NO, I WILL NOT LISTEN TO MUSIC IN THE AFTERNOON. NO, I WON’T. YES, I’II (WILL) LISTEN TO MUSIC IN THE AFTERNOON. YES, I WILL.

SHOULD SHOULD I GO TO THE MEETING? NO, YOU SHOULD NOT GO TO THE MEETING. NO, YOU SHOULDN’T. YES, YOU SHOULD GO TO THE MEETING. YES, YOU SHOULD.

USED TO DID YOU USE TO VISIT GERMANY ON VACATION? NO, I DID NOT USE TO VISIT GERMANY ON VACATION. YES, I USED TO VISIT GERMANY ON VACATION.

HAVE TODOES PETER HAVE TO DO THE HOMEWORK?NO, HE DOES NOT HAVE TO DO THE HOMEWORK.YES, HE HAS TO DO THE HOMEWORK.

THERE IS / THERE AREIs there a waste basket in the classroom?No, there is not a waste basket in the classroom. No, there isn´t.Yes, there is a waste basket in the classroom. Yes, there is.

Are there (any) outlets in the classroom?No, there are not (any) outlets in the classroom. No, there aren’t.Yes, there are (some) outlets in the classroom. Yes, there are.

THERE WAS / THERE WEREWas there a stapler in the stationary store?No, there was not a stapler in the stationary store. No, there wasn´t.Yes, there was a stapler in the stationary store. Yes, there was.

Were there (any) hammers in the warehouse?No, there were not (any) hammers in the warehouse. No, there weren’t.Yes, there were (some) hammers in the warehouse. Yes, there were.

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES

Singular PluralWHAT IS THIS? (NEAR) WHAT ARE THESE? (NEAR)THIS IS A BOARD. THESE ARE PAY PHONES.

WHAT IS THAT? (FAR) WHAT ARE THOSE? (FAR)THAT IS A LAPTOP. THOSE ARE MARKERS.

CONJUNCTIONS (BUT, SO, AND, BECAUSE):A part of the speech that connects sentences (connectors)

I broke up a cup, but I fixed it with glue (CONTRAST).I broke up a cup, so I bought another one (CONSEQUENSE).I broke up a cup and I broke a plate (ADD INFORMATION).I broke up a cup because I dropped it (CAUSE).

Taken from: AMERICAN HEADWAY

2. I felt sick, so I went to bed.3. I made a sandwich because I was hungry.4. I took a shower and (I) washed my hair.5. I lost my passport, but I found it in the back of the drawer.6. I called the police because I heard a strange noise.7. I ran out of coffee, so I bought some more.8. I forgot her birthday, so I said (that) I was sorry.9. The phone rang, so I answered it.10. I told a joke, but nobody laughed.

PERSONAL PRONOUNSSUBJECT PRONOUN OBJECT PRONOUN POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNI AM A DOCTOR TELL ME MY CELL PHONE IS BROKEN THAT JACKET IS MINEHE IS A VET HELP HIM HIS CAR IS BEAUTIFUL THAT BACKPACK IS HISSHE IS NICE HE TOLD HER THE TRUTH HER BOOK IS MISSING THE DOG IS HERSIT'S SO EASY JUST DO IT ITS COLOR IS GREEN THE DESK IS ITSWE ARE HAPPY THEY TOOK US HOME OUR PARTY IS FUN THE MONEY IS OURSYOU ARE A MANAGER I LOVE YOU YOUR GIRLFRIEND IS CRAZY THE HOUSE IS YOURSTHEY ARE HERE SHE INVITED THEM THEIR SON IS VERY ANNOYING THE MEDICINE IS THEIRS

EXAMPLES: look how the pronouns replace the nouns.

subject+verb+object subjects + verb + object

Sarah helps John Brent and Tom love mathematics She helps him They love them

SAXON POSSESSIVE

Juliana’s car.Mateo’s pencil.Brian’s mom.Carlos’ friend/Carlos’s friend.The dogs’ collars.Nutresa’s employees.Peter’s and George’s project.

COMPARISON OF SUPERIORITY

ER-MOREADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE

OLD OLDER Jack is older than Tom.CHEAP CHEAPER My car is cheaper than yours.NICE NICER John is nicer than Peter.BIG BIGGER This country house is bigger than that one.PRETTY PRETTIER Nicole is prettier than Sindy.MODERN MORE MODERN Your laptop is more modern than mine.SIMPLE SIMPLER-MORE SIMPLE That task is simpler/more simple than this one.BEAUTIFUL MORE BEATIFUL That real estate agent is more beautiful than yours.GOOD BETTER This stereo is better than that one.BAD WORSE Camilo's family is worse than Peter's.FAR FURTHER/FARTHER China is further/farther than Ecuador.

COMPARISON OF INFERIORITY

LESSADJECTIVE EXAMPLE

OLD Jack is less old than Tom.CHEAP My car is less cheap than yours.NICE John is less nice than Peter.BIG This country house is less big than that one.PRETTY Nicole is less pretty than Sindy.BEAUTIFUL That real estate agent is less beautiful than yours.

COMPARISON OF EQUALITY

AS/SO…(Adjective)…ASADJECTIVE EXAMPLE

OLD Jack is as old as Tom.CHEAP My car is as cheap as yours.NICE John is as nice as Peter.BIG This country house is so big as that one.PRETTY Nicole is so pretty as Sindy.BEAUTIFUL That real estate agent is as beautiful as yours.

COMPARISON OF EQUALITY (Negative)

NOT AS/SO…(Adjective)…ASADJECTIVE EXAMPLE

OLD Jack is not as old as Tom.CHEAP My car is not as cheap as yours.NICE John is not as nice as Peter.BIG This country house is not so big as that one.PRETTY Nicole is not so pretty as Sindy.BEAUTIFUL That real estate agent is not as beautiful as yours.

SUPERLATIVES

EST - THE MOST

ADJECTIVE SUPERLATIVE EXAMPLE

OLD the oldest Jack is the oldest in the town.CHEAP the cheapest My car is the cheapest in the neighborhood.NICE the nicest John is the nicest teacher of all.BIG the biggest This country house is the biggest in the countryside.PRETTY the prettiest Nicole is the prettiest girl in college.MODERN the most modern Your computer is the most modern in high school.SIMPLE the simplest/the most simple That book is the simplest/most simple in the library.BEAUTIFUL the most beautiful That real estate agent is the most beautiful in the agency.GOOD the best You are the best friend around here.BAD the worst Tom is the worst basketball player in the team.FAR the furthest/the farthest Your house is the furthest/the farthest in the city.

Tenses: ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICESIMPLE PRESENT TENSE I buy a car A car is bought by meSIMPLE PAST TENSE I bought a car A car was bought by meSIMPLE FUTURE TENSE I will buy a car A car will be bought by meFUTURE WITH: BE GOING TO I am going to buy a car A car is going to be bought by mePRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE I am buying a car A car is being bought by mePRESENT PERFECT TENSE I have bought a car A car has been bought by mePAST PERFECT TENSE I had bought a car A car had been bought by me

Tenses: ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICESIMPLE PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE PAST TENSESIMPLE FUTURE TENSEFUTURE WITH: BE GOING TOPRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSEPRESENT PERFECT TENSEPAST PERFECT TENSE

CONDITIONALS

1st CONDITIONAL: DESIRE

If I get the scholarship, I will celebrate

Or

I will celebrate if I get the scholarship.

2nd CONDITIONAL: ASSUMPTION

If I got the scholarship, I would celebrate

Or

I would celebrate if I got the scholarship.

3rd CONDITIONAL: REGRET

If I had got the scholarship, I would have celebrated

Or

I would have celebrated if I had got the scholarship.