infrastructure’s role in lowering asia’s trade costs

Upload: adbi-publications

Post on 10-Apr-2018

225 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    1/276

    Mcounpwuq`wquap Uhfa mc Fh{aumck NpmnpWunga @hpwp

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    2/276

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    3/276

    Mcounpwuq`wquap Uhfamc Fh{aumck NpmnpWunga @hpwpEqmfgmck ohu Wunga

    Agmwag e}

    Ghqkfnp J EuhhipPacmhu Uapanu j Oaffh{& Npmnc Gavafh|dacw Enci Mcpwmwqwa&

    Bn|nc

    Gnvmg Jqddafp\uhoapphu ho A`hchdm`p& Iunccauw P jhhf ho Dncnkadacw&\qugqa Qcmvaupmw} ncg Uapanu`j Npph`mnwa& Cnwmhcnf Equanq ho A`hchdm` Uapanu`j& QPN

    N BHMCW \QEFM@NWMHC HO WJA NPMNC GA_AFH\DACW ENCIMCPWMWQWA NCG AG[NUG AFKNU \QEFMPJMCK

    Ag{nug Afknu@jafwacjnd& QI Chuwjnd|whc& DN& QPN

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    4/276

    Npmnc Gavafh|dacw Enci Mcpwmwqwa 5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    5/276

    @hcwacwp

    Fmpw ho `hcwumeqwhup vmmOhua{hug e} Dnpnjmuh In{nm mzFmpw ho neeuavmnwmhcp zm

    > Mcounpwuq`wquap uhfa mc fh{aumck Npmnp wunga hpwp >Ghqkfnp J# Euhhip

    5 Wuacgp mc Npmnc wunga2 md|fm`nwmhcp ohu wuncp|huwmcounpwuq`wqua ncg wunga `hpwp >;Gnvmg Jqddafp

    0 Wunga mcounpwuq`wqua ncg wunga hpwp2 n pwqg} ho pafa`wag Npmnc|huwp 0;Bhc Jnvadnc& Ngmcn Nugafanc ncg @jumpwh|jau Wjhuceauk

    7 Ad|mum`nf apwmdnwap ho wuncp|huwnwmhc hpwp2 h|wmhcp ohuacjnc`mck Npmnp wunga ;0\unemu Ga

    1 \huw hd|awmwmvacapp2 n npa pwqg} ho Padnunck ncg Pqunen}n&Mcghcapmn >>0

    Numncwh N# \nwqcuq& Cncgn Cquumgrim ncg Umvn}ncm ? Mcounpwuq`wqua ncg wunga hpwp mc Dnfn}pmn2 wja md|huwnc a ho

    OGM ncg az|huwp >7:Wjnd Pma{ ]anc& Avaf}c Gavngnphc ncg Fhia [nm Jack

    ; Mcounpwuq`wqua gavafh|dacw mc n onpw$kuh{mck a`hchd}2 wja\ah|fap Ua|qefm` ho @jmcn >:5Fm~mnck Dn ncg Bmcinck Rjnck

    : Wunga wuncp|huwnwmhc hpwp mc Phqwj Npmn2 nc ad|mum`nfmcvapwmknwmhc 50

    v

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    6/276

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    7/276

    @hcwumeqwhup

    Ngmcn Nugafanc& Fa`wquau& Pncwn @fnun Qcmvaupmw}& @N& QPN

    Ghqkfnp J# Euhhip & Pacmhu Uapanu j Oaffh{& Npmnc Gavafh|dacw EnciMcpwmwqwa& Whi}h& Bn|nc

    \unemu Ga & Oaffh{& Uapanu j ncg Mcohudnwmhc P}pwad ohu Gavafh|mck@hqcwumap& Ca{ Gafjm& Mcgmn

    Avaf}c Gavngnphc & Pacmhu Fa`wquau& On qfw} ho A`hchdm`p ncgNgdmcmpwunwmhc& Qcmvaupmw} ho Dnfn}n& Iqnfn Fqd|qu& Dnfn}pmn

    Bhc Jnvadnc & \umc`m|nf& Ean`hc A`hchdm`p& Pnc Unonaf& @N& QPN

    Fhia [nm Jack & Pacmhu Fa wquau& Ga|nuwdacw ho A`hchdm`p& On`qfw} ho A`hchdm`p ncg Ngdmcmpwunwmhc& Qcmvaupmw} ho Dnfn}n& Iqnfn Fqd|qu&Dnfn}pmn

    Gnvmg Jqddafp & \uhoapphu ho A`hchdm`p& Iunccauw P jhhf ho Dncnkadacw& \qugqa Qcmvaupmw}& Mcgmncn9 Uapanu j Npph`mnwa& CnwmhcnfEquanq ho A`hchdm` Uapanu j& @ndeumgka& DN& QPN

    Fm~mnck Dn& Npph`mnwa Kacaunf Dncnkau& Wuanpquaup Ga|nuwdacw& @jmcn_ncia @h & Fwg & Pjacrjac& \ah|fap Ua|qefm` ho @jmcn

    Cncgn Cquumgrim& Uapanu`jau& Mcpwmwqwa ohu A hchdm` ncg Ph`mnf Uapanu j&Ga|nuwdacw ho A`hchdm`p& Qcmvaupmw} ho Mcghcapmn *F\AD$OAQM-&Bninuwn& Mcghcapmn

    Numncwh N# \nwqcuq& Uapanu`j Gmua`whu& Mcpwmwqwa ohu A`hchdm` ncg Ph`mnfUapanu`j& Ga|nuwdacw ho A`hchdm`p& Qcmvaupmw} ho Mcghcapmn *F\AD$OAQM-& Bninuwn& Mcghcapmn

    Umvn}ncm& Uapanu jau& Mcpwmwqwa ohu A`hchdm` ncg Ph`mnf Uapanu j&Ga|nuwdacw ho A`hchdm`p& Qcmvaupmw} ho Mcghcapmn *F\AD$OAQM-&Bninuwn& Mcghcapmn

    Wjnd Pma{ ]anc & Gmua whu ncg \umc`m|nf Uapanu j Oaffh{& Mcpwmwqwa ho Dnfn}pmnc ncg Mcwaucnwmhcnf Pwqgmap& Qcmvaupmwm Iaenckpnnc Dnfn}pmn&Enckm& Pafnckhu& Dnfn}pmn

    vmm

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    8/276

    @jumpwh|jau Wjhuceauk& \umc`m|nf& Ean hc A`hchdm`p& Fhp Nckafap& @N&QPN

    Bmcinck Rjnck & Npph`mnwa \uhoapphu ho A`hchdm`p&]qccnc Qcmvaupmw} ho Omcnc`a ncg A`hchdm`p& \ah|fap Ua|qefm` ho @jmcn

    vmmm @hcwumeqwhup

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    9/276

    Ohua{hug

    Wunga$uafnwag mcounpwuq`wqua jnp kmvac Npmnp a`hchdmap n``app wh& ncgdnga wjad n` appmefa ohu& wunga {mwj wja uapw ho wja {hufg Kuh{wj jnp ehwjohffh{ag ouhd ncg `hcwumeqwag wh wjmp |uh`app Wja pnda jnp ea`hda wuqaohu uakmhcnf `hh|aunwmhc ncg mcwakunwmhc Wja Npmnc Gavafh|dacw Enci*NGE- ncg mwp pqepmgmnu} ohu uapanu j ncg `n|n`mw}$eqmfgmck& wja NGEMcpwmwqwa *NGEM-& jnva hcwumeqwag wh az|ncpmhc ho wja uakmhcp mcounpwuq`$wqua ncg qcgaupwncgmck ho jh{ wjnw mcounpwuq`wqua hcwumeqwap wh wunga ncguapqfwmck kuh{wj mc wja uakmhc

    [jmfa wunga mp |umdnumf} n |umvnwa pa`whu n`wmvmw}& dq`j ho mw uafmap hcmcounpwuq`wqua {jm`j& mc wquc& mp |umdnumf} cnc`ag e} wja |qefm` pa`whu mcn`ich{fagkadacw ho wungap `hcwumeqwmhc wh kuh{wj& gavafh|dacw ncg|hvauw} uagq`wmhc Mcounpwuq wqua& ehwj |j}pm`nf ncg mcpwmwqwmhcnf& on`mfm$wnwap wunga e} fh{aumck wja `hpwp ho dhvmck khhgp& mcohudnwmhc ncg |n}$dacwp ouhd a`hchdm` nkacwp mc hca `hqcwu} wh wjhpa mc nchwjau Np wnumoo enuumaup jnva onffac mc pq``appmva KNWW([WH *Kacaunf Nkuaadacw hcWnumoop ncg Wunga([hufg Wunga Hukncmrnwmhc- uhqcgp ho cakhwmnwmhcp&mcounpwuq`wqua$uafnwag wunga `hpwp jnva ea`hda `hd|nunwmvaf} dhua md|hu$wncw Nw wja pnda wmda& |uhgq`wmhc ncg wunga |nwwaucp jnva avhfvag np wa`j$chfhk} ncg mcounpwuq`wqua jnva fh{auag nephfqwa ncg uafnwmva wunga `hpwp

    {jmfa wmdafmcapp ho gafmvau} jnp mc`uanpag mc md|huwnc`a np n on`whu mcgadncgDhpw ho wja ncnf}pmp ho mcounpwuq`wquap md|n`w hc wunga hpwp jnp oh`qpag

    hc hcgmwmhcp mc dhua gavafh|ag hqcwumap Wjmp vhfqda hcwumeqwap wh hquqcgaupwncgmck e} azndmcmck wja pmwqnwmhc mc gavafh|mck Npmn& wja {hufgpdhpw |h|qfhqp ncg onpwapw$kuh{mck uakmhc @jn|waup az|fhua wh|m`punckmck ouhd Npmnc wunga |nwwaucp ncg wunga `hpwp wh |huw `hd|awmwmvacapp&`hckapwmhc ncg ohuamkc gmua`w mcvapwdacw *OGM- mc wunga$uafnwag mcounpwuq`$wqua Ad|mum`nf apwmdnwap hd|fadacw wja ncnf}pmp ho mppqap wh mcohud wja|hfm`}$dnimck |uh`app

    Npmnp wunga mp ohqcg wh ea az|ncgmck nw ehwj wja azwacpmva ncg mcwacpmvadnukmcp Wja ca{ wunga sth{p nw wja azwacpmva dnukmcp mc |nuwm`qfnu nuahowac mc wja ohud ho pdnff pjm|dacwp ouhd pdnff udp& ho khhgp {mwj fh{au

    {amkjwvnfqa unwmhp& ncg on`mck kuanwau gadncg ohu wmdafmcapp ho gafmvau}ncg nmu pjm|dacw Nw wja mcwacpmva dnukmc& acjnc`ag |huw ao `mac`} ncgkuanwau `hd|awmwmhc eaw{aac |huwp ncg eaw{aac gmooauacw dhgap ho

    mz

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    10/276

    wuncp|huw nua paac wh jnva nqkdacwag wunga sth{p Md|uhvag |j}pm`nf mcoun$pwuq`wqua jnp fh{auag wunga hpwp ohu mcwunuakmhcnf wunga& p|quumck gavafh|$dacw ho |uhgq`wmhc ounkdacwnwmhc Wja md|huwnc a ho pauvm`a fmcip mc wjmp|uh`app jmkjfmkjwp wja md|huwnc`a ho mcpwmwqwmhcnf mcounpwuq`wqua ohu oquwjauwunga az|ncpmhc

    Wja jn|waup mc wjmp vhfqda {aua |ua|nuag& gmp`qppag ncg ua cag np |nuwho nc NGEM uapanu j |uhba`w hc mcounpwuq`wquap uhfa mc uagq`mck Npmnpwunga `hpwp \uadn$@jncgun Nwjqihunfn& Oqiqcnum Imdqun& OnqpwhDagmcn$Fh|ar ncg Whpjmuh Cmpjmrn{n |uhvmgag vnfqnefa `hddacwp hcgunowp ho wja jn|waup& np gmg pwnoo ouhd NGEM Dp In}h Wpq`jm}np az`af$facw nppmpwnc`a mc |ua|nunwmhc ho wjmp dncqp um|w mp kunwaoqff} n`ich{f$agkag

    Dnpnjmuh In{nmGanc& Npmnc Gavafh|dacw Enci Mcpwmwqwa

    z Ohua{hug

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    11/276

    Neeuavmnwmhcp

    NGE Npmnc Gavafh|dacw EnciNGEM Npmnc Gavafh|dacw Enci McpwmwqwaNOWN NPANC Ouaa Wunga NuanNPANC Npph`mnwmhc ho Phqwjanpw Npmnc CnwmhcpENO eqciau ngbqpwdacw on`whu@AP `hcpwncw afnpwm`mw} ho pqepwmwqwmhc` m o `hpw& mcpqunc`a& ouamkjwG[W gang {amkjw whcpAGM afa`wuhcm` gnwn mcwau`jnckaONO oqaf ngbqpwdacw on`whuOGM ohuamkc gmua`w mcvapwdacwo h e ouaa hc ehnugOWR ouaa wunga rhcaKNWW Kacaunf Nkuaadacw hc Wnumoop ncg WungaKP\ Kacaunfmrag P}pwad ho \uaoauac`apM@W mcohudnwmhc ncg hddqcm`nwmhcp wa`jchfhk}M\@ Mcghcapmnc \huw @hd|nc}HFP hugmcnu} fanpw p~qnuap\U@ \ah|fap Ua|qefm` ho @jmcn

    \UG \anuf Umvau Gafwn\PH |qefm` pauvm`a hefmknwmhcUWK uqeeau$w}uag kncwu}PNNU@ Phqwj Npmnc Npph`mnwmhc ohu Uakmhcnf @hh|aunwmhcPNOWN Phqwj Npmnc Ouaa Wunga NkuaadacwPAR p|a`mnf a`hchdm` rhcaWAQ w{acw}$ohhw a~qmvnfacw qcmwWJ@ waudmcnf jncgfmck jnukaWUW wquc$uhqcg wmda[WH [hufg Wunga Hukncmrnwmhc]NP }ac n||ua`mnwmhc pqu`jnuka

    zm

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    12/276

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    13/276

    > Mcounpwuq`wquap uhfa mc fh{aumckNpmnp wunga `hpwpGhqkfnp J# Euhhip

    Mcounpwuq`wqua pauvm`ap nc uagq`a gmpwumeqwmhc dnukmcp& cnuuh{mck wja kn|eaw{aac |um`ap on`ag e} |uhgq`aup ncg hcpqdaup& ncg wjauae} on`mfmwnwmck{afonua md|uhvadacwp ohu ehwj Hc wja pq||f} pmga& wja az|ncpmhc hu~qnfmw} md|uhvadacw ho mcounpwuq`wqua pauvm`ap `nc fh{au dnukmcnf `hpwp&unmpmck wja dmcmdqd aff `macw p`nfa ho |uhgq`wmhc& wuncp|huwnwmhc& hu dnu$iawmck Wjapa fh{au hpwp ncg kuanwau a`hchdmap ho p`nfa unmpa wja |hwacwmnfohu mc`uanpag pnfap hvaupanp& np {aff np ghdapwm`nff} Mcgaag& n pmkcm`ncw|nuw ho mcounpwuq`wquap `hcwumeqwmhc wh kuh{wj ncg |hvauw} uagq`wmhc mcNpmn `hdap wjuhqkj mwp on`mfmwnwmhc ho mcwaucnwmhcnf wunga az|ncpmhc Mwaz|ncgp ehwj wja p`h|a ohu ghdapwm` nephu|wmhc ncg pq||f} wh az|huwdnuiawp& {jmfa pwmdqfnwmck fmcinkap {mwj ncg eaw{aac gm auacw pa`whup ncgmcgqpwumap& ncg ac`hqunkmck mcchvnwmhc

    Npmn eaca wp ouhd dnuiaw$gumvac mcwakunwmhc& {jaua fnuka wunga ncgOGM *ohuamkc gmua`w mcvapwdacw-sth{p uap|hcg wh mcounpwuq`wqua gavafh|$dacw& hqw{nug$humacwag |hfm`map ncg mcwaucnwmhcnf |uhgq`wmhc caw{huip#Ehwj Npmnc ncg chc$Npmnc dqfwmcnwmhcnf `hu|hunwmhcp jnva gavafh|agmcwaucnwmhcnf pq||f} `jnmcp mc wja uakmhc# Omcnc`mnf mcwakunwmhc jnp pq|$|huwag wjapa gavafh|dacwp e} mc`uanpmck n``app wh `uagmw ncg mcchvnwmva

    cnc`mnf mcpwuqdacwp# Wnum p ncg ~qhwnp jnva eaac uagq`ag qcgau pq`$`appmva uhqcgp ho dqfwmfnwaunf cakhwmnwmhcp qcgau wja Kacaunf Nkuaadacwhc Wnum p ncg Wunga *pq``aagag e} wja [hufg Wunga Hukncmrnwmhc- ncgwja ua`acw |fawjhun ho emfnwaunf ncg uakmhcnf wunga nkuaadacwp& ncg h|ac$capp wh OGM mp |uhdhwag# Mc wjmp a`hchdm` acvmuhcdacw mcounpwuq`wqua$uafnwag wunga `hpw uagq`wmhcp jnva ea`hda uafnwmvaf} dhua md|huwncw wjncgmua`w |hfm`} enuumaup np phqu`ap ho oquwjau `hpw pnvmckp *Euhhip aw nf#&5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    14/276

    favafp& eqw nfph ho wja fmiafmjhhg ho az|huwmck nw nff Dhuahvau& n `hqcwu}wjnw mp dhua gaa|f} mcvhfvag mc kfhenf |uhgq`wmhc caw{huip {mff |uhenef}eaca w dhua ouhd wunga$uafnwag mcounpwuq`wqua mcvapwdacw wjnc hca wjnw mpchw Mcvapwdacwp mc az|ncgmck ncg q|kungmck wuncp|huw ncg wafa`hddqcm$`nwmhcp mcounpwuq`wqua nua |nuwm qfnuf} md|huwncw mc wjmp uaknug& eqw OGM&{jmfa `fhpaf} fmciag wh wunga& mp qcfmiaf} whcnc`a ncg gavafh| pmkcm `ncwndhqcwp ho mcounpwuq`wqua e} mwpafo

    \qefm` mcvapwdacw n``hqcwp ohu dhpw |j}pm`nf mcounpwuq`wqua hqwfn}p&

    |nuwm`qfnuf} {jaua zag caw{hui mcounpwuq`wqua jnp |qefm` khhg ncgcnwqunf dhch|hf} jnun`waumpwm`p# Ounc`hmp ncg Dnc`jmc *5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    15/276

    Howac& ncg |nuwm`qfnuf} mc gavafh|mck `hqcwumap& whh fmwwfa mp p|acw hcdnmcwacnc`a ho azmpwmck on`mfmwmap uafnwmva wh ca{ mcvapwdacw Nffh`nwmhc ho mcounpwuq`wqua az|acgmwquap n`uhpp wja vnumhqp mcounpwuq`wqua pqepa`whupnfph |hpap cqdauhqp jnffackap& chw wja fanpw ho {jm`j pwad ouhd wja |hfmw$m`nf a`hchd} ho pq j ga`mpmhcp Oquwjaudhua& nffh`nwmhc ho p|acgmckeaw{aac gm auacw mcounpwuq`wqua pqepa`whup ncg gm auacw dhgap ho wuncp$|huw *ohu aznd|fa- ua~qmuap `nuaoqf ncnf}pmp ho |hwacwmnf umpip& azwaucnfmwmap

    ncg p`nfa a a`wp Qcohuwqcnwaf}& wja ca`appnu} gnwn ohu |uhgq`wmva ncnf}pmpnua howac phuaf} fn`imck Wja pwqgmap mc wjmp vhfqda hcwumeqwa whffmck wjnw

    kn| ohu wunga$uafnwag mcounpwuq`wquaN `hddhc wjada wjuhqkjhqw wjapa pwqgmap mp wjnw {jmfa mcounpwuq`wqua

    howac avhiap mdnkap ho fnuka$p`nfa |j}pm`nf |uhba`wp& phow *hu mcpwmwqwmhcnf-mcounpwuq`wqua mp a~qnff} md|huwncw N pq||huwmck acvmuhcdacw ho |ua$gm`wnefa faknf ncg bqgm`mnf umkjwp ncg |uh`agquap& a~qmwnefa ncg acohu`anefa`hd|awmwmhc |hfm`}& n phqcg eqw chw qcgqf} uapwum`wmva uakqfnwhu} ounda${hui aw` nua `uq`mnf ohu |j}pm`nf mcounpwuq`wqua mcvapwdacw wh ea aff `macwOmcnc`mnf pauvm`ap& mc`fqgmckcnc`mnf mcwaudagmnwmhc& umpi dncnkadacwh||huwqcmwmap& ncg |n}dacw ncg fanumck pauvm`ap& nua ap|a`mnff} md|huwncwEhcg dnuiawp `n|nefa ho pq||f}mck fhck$waud cnc`a mc fh`nf `quuac`map|fn} n |nuwm`qfnuf} `acwunf uhfa mc mcounpwuq`wquacnc`a& eqw nua pwmff mc nc

    anuf} pwnka ho gavafh|dacw mc dhpw ho Npmn& nfwjhqkj a huwp nua qcgau {n}wh euhngac& gaa|ac ncg pwuackwjac wjapa dnuiawp

    Mcounpwuq`wquap uhfa mc fh{aumck Npmnp wunga hpwp 0

    @ndehgmn

    \U@Mcghcapmn

    Fnh \GU

    Dhckhfmn

    \jmfm||mcap

    Wjnmfncg_maw Cnd

    >- Wja kuh{wj jnp chwnf{n}p eaac pdhhwj ncg p}ddawum`nf Bqpw np wja cnc`mnf enfnc a ho wungasth{p mp oua~qacwf} qcavac& ph mp wja |j}pm nf enfnc`a Qcenfnc`ag mcwau$cnwmhcnf wunga vhfqda `uanwap nggmwmhcnf `hpwp ohu dncnkmck pjm||mck`n|n mw}& qwmfmrnwmhc ho mcounpwuq`wqua ngbn acw wh |huw nuanp& ncg `nukh`fanunc`a& np {aff np |hppmefa dn`uha hchdm` mdenfnc`ap [mwj eauwj p|n`amc |huwp ch{ ea`hdmck n kuanwau `hcpwunmcmck on`whu mc Npmnp wunga az|nc$pmhc& az|fhmwmck `hd|fadacwnumwmap {mwj hwjau dhgap ho wuncp|huwnwmhcmcounpwuq`wqua ea`hdap avac dhua md|huwncw Nw wja pnda wmda& pjmowp mc|uhgq`wmhc ncg wunga nua n a`wmck dhgnf qpnka Ohu aznd|fa& kuanwau pjm|$dacwp ho khhgp {mwj jmkjau vnfqa |au qcmw ho {amkjw ncg pjnu|f} jmkjau

    ua{nugp ohu wmdafmcapp ho gafmvau} nua uagq`mck wja uafnwmva md|huwnc`a ho pan wuncp|huwnwmhcvmp$$vmpnmu& nfwjhqkj pan pjm|dacwp pwmff ghdmcnwahvaunff

    7 Mcounpwuq`wquap uhfa mc fh{aumck Npmnp wunga hpwp

    ==; ncg 5==: PNNU@2 Phqwj Npmnc Npph mnwmhc ohu Uakmhcnf @hh|aunwmhc9 Dau`hpqu2Phqwjauc @hddhc Dnuiaw

    Phqu`ap2 [hufg Enci Noum`nc Gnwnenpa 5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    20/276

    uagq`a |huw `hpwp e} 5 |au `acw ncg > |au `acw& uap|a`wmvaf} Mc`uanpmck wjacqdeau ho eauwjp ncg gaa|acmck `jnccafp nw |huwp jnva fapp a a`w

    Chw hcf} gh mcvapwdacwp mc |huw mcounpwuq`wqua& ncg ap|a`mnff} wja |uh$`quadacw ho ca{ `uncap& fh{au `hpwp ncg unmpa a ff `mac`} ohu `quuacw wungasth{p9 wja} `nc nfph mc`uanpa |huw `n|n`mw} wh jncgfa ca{ sth{p ncgmcstqac a wja `hd|hpmwmhc ho wunga \huw `hpwp vnu} pmkcmncwf} n`uhpp|uhgq`wp avac nw n pmckfa |huw ncg ca{ mcounpwuq`wqua `nc& ohu aznd|fa&gm auacwmnff} mcstqac`a wja `hpwp ohu fhngmck(qcfhngmck `hcwnmcaup vaupqpeqfi `hddhgmwmap Kmvac wja mcjauacw ngvncwnkap mc `hcwnmcaumrnwmhc ohu

    `auwnmc |uhgq`w `nwakhumap& uafavncw |huw mcounpwuq`wqua gavafh|dacwp `nc|hwacwmnff} uagq`a qcmw `hpwp oquwjau np wja `hcwnmcau pjnua ho wunga umpapMcwaun`wmhcp eaw{aac `jnckap mc wja `hd|hpmwmhc ho wunga& dhga ho

    |uhgq`w |n`imck *`hcwnmcau hu eqfi& ohu aznd|fa-& ncg wja `n|n`mw} az|nc$pmhc a a`w ho ca{ |huw mcounpwuq`wqua nff mcstqac`a wja |hwacwmnf |uh$

    wnemfmw}& ncg jac`a encinemfmw}& ho |huw mcounpwuq wqua mcvapwdacwp Mc|fnccmck |huw az|ncpmhc hu md|uhvadacw |uhba`wp& ehwj wja a ff `mac`} ncg`n|n`mw} a a`wp caag wh ea wniac mcwh n``hqcw {jac |uhba`wmck |hwacwmnfeaca wp Wjmp mp wuqa ohu nff dhgap ho wuncp|huw& wjuhqkj pan$& gu} ncgnmu|huwp

    Wja uafnwmva {amkjwp ho gm auacw np|a`wp ho wunga `hpwp nua howac pqu|ump$mck# Np \unemu Ga chwap mc @jn|wau 7& mc 5 ; 0*cqdeau-

    Wmda ohu az|huw *gn}p- 7< < 50 = 07 7 55 5@hpw wh az|huw *QP' >1?> < ::1 < >50? < >

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    21/276

    dacw wnzap ncg favmap& aw`#- nua phdawmdap kuanwau wjnc wja h`anc ouamkjw`jnukap& |nuwm`qfnuf} {jaua pjm|dacwp az|aumac`a `hckapwmhc nw |huwp huehugaup# Wjmp jmkjfmkjwp kuanw |hwacwmnf ohu mcounpwuq`wquap `hcwumeqwmhcp whfh{aumck wunga `hpwp# Hc nvaunka& nqzmfmnu} pjm||mck `jnukap hqw{amkj wau$dmcnf jncgfmck jnukap n`uhpp hqcwumap ncg hddhgmwmap mc Npmn& {mwj vnum$nwmhc mc pq`j `jnukap `hcwumeqwmck pmkcm`ncwf} wh vnumnwmhcp mc wunga `hpwp#

    Mc nggmwmhc& wja `hd|hpmwmhc ho ouamkjw `jnukap `nc vnu} pmkcm`ncwf}n`uhpp hqcwumap ncg hddhgmw} nwakhumap Gacgp wjnw wja pjnua ho whwnfouamkjw `jnukap n``hqcwag ohu e} mcfncg ouamkjw dn} ea fapp wjnc wjnw ho h`anc ouamkjw& eqw mp oua~qacwf} kuanwau Wja n`wqnf enfnc`a ga|acgp hc wja`hqcwu}& pqkkapwmck nc mcfncg oh`qp ohu wunga$uafnwag mcounpwuq`wqua |umhum$wmap mc wjhpa hqcwumap {jaua wja mcfncg pjnua mp kuanwau Ouhd 5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    22/276

    dhua fmiaf} wh azjmemw wja wunga ohffh{p wja pjm|p |umc`m|fa& {jaua az|huwaupnua nwwun`wag wh qpa |huwp {mwj pjm||mck uhqwap wjnw eapw uan`j wja gapmuagdnuiawp Uakmhcp dhua ghdmcnwag e} pauvm`a pa`whu az|huwp kacaunff}azjmemw wja pjm|p ohffh{ wja wunga |umc`m|fa& mc {jm`j pjm|p nua uhqwag whpauva wjhpa uakmhcp

    Pan|huw `hd|awmwmvacapp dn} pq au ouhd |hhu |j}pm`nf mcounpwuq`wquapq`j np mcnga~qnwa `jnccaf ga|wj& pjhuwnka ho eauwjp& ncg fmdmwag `nukhjncgfmck a~qm|dacw& pwhunka ncg wuncpmw nuanp Mw dn} nfph pq au ouhd fmd$mwnwmhcp mc phow mcounpwuq`wqua& pq`j np fnehqu pimffp& uakqfnwmhc& equanq un`}ncg hwjau mcpwmwqwmhcnf on`whup n a`wmck |huw `n|n`mw} qwmfmrnwmhc Mc wja`npa ho Mcghcapmn& phow mcounpwuq`wqua mp ohqcg wh |fn} n vmwnf uhfa mc `hc$pwunmcmck |huw aff `mac`}& dhua ph wjnc jnug mcounpwuq`wqua&nfwjhqkj wja w{hnua fmciag Fn`i ho gmua`w `hd|awmwmhc eaw{aac |huwp `hcwuhffag e} wjapnda khvaucdacw nqwjhumw} mp nfph n `umwm`nf on`whu

    [jmfa |huw |auohudnc`a mp uq`mnf wh wjmp nu`jm|afnkh& `n|mwnfmrmck hc wjafmcip ncg `hd|fadacwnumwmap eaw{aac gm auacw dhgap ho wuncp|huwnwmhc`nc ehhpw wunga pqepwncwmnff} Nmu$ ncg pan|huwp nc dhva dhua khhgp& |nu$wm`qfnuf} ohu `hcwnmcaumrag pjm||mck& {jac pauvag e} aff `macw unmf ncg uhngcaw{huip Pmdmfnuf}& wafa hddqcm`nwmhcp ncg mcohudnwmhc wa jchfhk}mcounpwuq`wqua uagq`a panu`j `hpwp ncg ehugau `fanunc`a `hpwp *mc`fqgmckwmda `hpwp- Md|uhvadacwp mc mcounpwuq`wqua pauvm`a aff `mac`} `nc fangwh `hpw pnvmckp a~qmvnfacw wh wjhpa n` uqmck ouhd dhvmck |uhgq`wmhc whfh`nwmhcp wjhqpncgp ho imfhdawuap `fhpau wh wungmck |nuwcaup

    \uh`app wmda ncg mwp vnumnemfmw} mc ounkdacwag |uhgq`wmhc |uh`appapga|acg hc mcwakunwag fhkmpwm p mcounpwuq`wqua Wjmp nc ea uq`mnf mc pa`whuppq`j np onpjmhc `fhwjmck hu nqwh |nuwp& {jaua wja qpa ho bqpw$mc$wmda |uh$

    gq`wmhc ncg gafmvau} |uh`appap mp {mgap|uang Ohu aznd|fa& Pqrjhq \nui mcwja \ah|fap Ua|qefm` ho @jmcn mc`fqgap ouaa wunga rhcap {mwj pwuandfmcag`qpwhdp |uh`agquap ncg gagm`nwag wuncp|huw uhqwap wh |huwp& ncg jnpwjauae} uagq`ag ehwj `hpwp ncg {nmwmck wmdap *Jnqpdnc aw nf & 5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    23/276

    e} enfnc`mck wja wa`jcm`nf ngvncwnkap ho caw{hui mcounpwuq`wqua {mwj wjaaff `mac`} ngvncwnkap ho `hd|awmwmhc

    Mw mp ch{ `hddhc wh janu pwhumap ho jh{ dhemfa |jhcap jnva eaca wagpdnff onudaup hu pjmck hqw wp mc gavafh|mck `hqcwumap e} acnefmck wjad wh`ja`i |um`ap mc gm auacw canue} *hu gmpwncw- dnuiawp eaohua ga`mgmck {jauawh gafmvau wjamu |uhgq wp Wja ~qnfmw} ho `hddqcm`nwmhc mcounpwuq`wqua pau$vm`ap mp chw hcf} pwuhckf} huuafnwag {mwj panu`j hpwp& eqw nfph {mwj hpwp ho acwaumck mcwh `hcwun`wp {mwj pq||fmaup ncg dhcmwhumck md|fadacwnwmhcho wjhpa hcwun`wp @hpwp uafnwag wh wja wmda afn|pag eaw{aac wja |au`a|wmhcho gadncg ncg pqepa~qacw pq||f} ho |uhgq`wp wh wja uafavncw uawnmfau*p-`nc nfph kqua |uhdmcacwf} *Chugp ncg \maudnuwmcm& 5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    24/276

    `hd|nunwmva ngvncwnka# Dhuahvau& fmdmwnwmhcp mc on`whu acgh{dacwp dn}ea dmwmknwag e} mcounpwuq`wqua pauvm`ap& nfph n a`wmck wja g}cndm`p ho `hd$|nunwmva ngvncwnka# Mc gm auacw `npap& mcounpwuq`wqua pauvm`ap dn} pauvaamwjau np `hd|fadacwp wh& hu pqepwmwqwap ohu& |j}pm`nf mc|qwp# Wja pmk$cm `nc`a ho on`whu acgh{dacwp mc gawaudmcmck hd|nunwmva ngvncwnka dn}wjqp ea dhgm ag e} mcounpwuq`wqua gavafh|dacw *]an|fa ncg Khfqe& 5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    25/276

    [jac kuh{wj mp vau} un|mg& `hckapwmhc dn} uapqfw np wja mc`uanpa mc wunff `mcgq`ag e} wja a`hchdm` kuh{wj hqw|n`ap wja az|ncpmhc ho mcounpwuq`wquapauvm`ap Np gmp`qppag e} Fm~mnck Dn ncg Bmcinck Rjnck mc @jn|wau ;& wjmpmp wja `quuacw pmwqnwmhc mc @jmcn Pan|huw `hckapwmhc uapqfwp ouhd wja fhckcakfa`w ho n``app wuncp|huw ncg |huw on`mfmwmap mcounpwuq`wqua Pmz |au `acwho wja {hufgp unmf fmcap pwuqkkfa wh dhva hca$~qnuwau ho wja {hufgp unmfouamkjw wquchvau& ncg hcf} 5 |au `acw ho wja `hqcwu}p jmkj{n} caw{hui mpaz|uapp{n}p

    Mc ua`acw }anup @jmcapa az|huwaup jnva az|aumac`ag stq`wqnwmck wuacgp mcouamkjw ncg mcpqunc`a `hpwp ohu h`anc wunga eqw n pwang} ga`uanpa mc wjhpaohu nmu nukh Mc 5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    26/276

    dncnkadacw p}pwad nggp wh gafn}p mc wja qpa ho dqfwmdhgnf wuncp|huwn$wmhc& ap|a`mnff} mc mcfncg nuanp {jaua mw dn} ea dhpw vnfqnefa

    Ghdapwm` mcounpwuq`wqua eajmcg wja ehugau `nc jnva np dq`j a a`w hcwja fackwj ncg vnumnemfmw} ho wmda$wh$dnuiaw np ouamkjw pauvm`ap eaw{aac`hqcwumap# Wjmp mp |nuwm`qfnuf} wuqa mc fnuka hu fncgfh`iag hqcwumap& {jauawja |uhfmoaunwmhc ho mcfncg gu} |huwp jnp avhfvag |nuwf} mc uap|hcpa wh wjmp|uhefad# Fmdnh ncg _acnefap *5< |au `acwwjuhqkj mcounpwuq`wqua gavafh|dacw `hqfg mc`uanpa mwp az|huwp e} hvau 5 ua|huwpvnfqap ho md|huwp ncg az|huwp *mc emffmhcp ho 5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    30/276

    `hqcwumap mc >==1 ncg 51 5- |au `acw |au }anu& {jmfa Mcgmnc az|huwp*md|huwp- kua{ nw >< 7 *>0 ?- |au `acw |au }anu Wja uapqfw {np wjnw mc wac}anup Mcgmnc wunga wum|fag& ncg @jmcapa wunga ~qnguq|fag {mwj @jmcnea`hdmck wja dhpw |uhfm ` wungau mc Npmn Wja uadnmcmck `hqcwumap nfphaz|aumac`ag wunga kuh{wj& eqw nw unwap hd|nunefa wh hu fapp wjnc wja {hufg${mga nvaunka mc wjmp |aumhg ho 7 = |au `acw |au }anu

    Nfph chwa{huwj} mp wja on`w wjnw dnc} `hqcwumap jnva dau jncgmpa wungamdenfnc`ap wjnw nua fnuka uafnwmva whsth{p2 @jmcn jnp n dau jncgmpa pqu|fqpa~qnf wh >1#? |au `acw ho md|huwp9 Mcgmn jnp n dau jncgmpa ga`mwho 71#7|au`acw ho az|huwp# W}|m`nff} wunga enfnc ap nua wjhqkjw wh ea n pqeba`w ho `hc`auc hcf}mc ph onu np wja} uasta`w |uhefadp {mwj`quuac`}vnfqnwmhc hu {mwjghdapwm` pnvmckpncg mcvapwdacw unwap# Eqw wja} nfph dnwwau ohumcounpwuq`wquancg wuncp|huw |fnccmck |qu|hpap# Wuncp|huwnwmhc az|acpap nua dmcmdmrag

    {jac pjm|p ncg |fncap uqc nw oqff `n|n`mw} mc ehwj gmua wmhcp# N `hqcwu} wjnwuqcp n fnuka wunga pqu|fqp mc ghffnu waudp w}|m`nff} nfph uqcp n wunga pqu|fqpmc oqff uafnwmva wh ad|w} `hcwnmcaup& ncg wjmp gumvap q| pjm||mck `hpwp#

    >: Mcounpwuq`wquap uhfa mc fh{aumck Npmnp wunga hpwp

    Wnefa 5#> Wunga kuh{wj& >==15 =Mcgmn 00 = =< : >< 7 0; < >05 < >0 ?I}uk}r Ua|qefm` < 7 < ? 5 ; < ? > < 1 ?Dnfn}pmn ;: > >50 < 7 ? :< > == : 5 5\jmfm||mcap 5> ? 0? ? ? < 0? ; 7> ? > 7Wjnmfncg ?< 1 =? 0 7 : ;7 > >:? < 51= < 0 7 57; < 505 < 7 ;Pmckn|hua >5? < >=? < 7 1 >07 < >;? < 5 :Wnm|am&@jmcn >5: < >?; < 0 7 >>7 < >?< < 7 0

    Chwa2 Omupw }anu ho \jmfm||mcap gnwn mp >==?9 upw }anu ho Wnm|am&@jmcn gnwn mp >==;

    Phqu`a2 @HDWUNGA gnwnenpa& nqwjhup `nf`qfnwmhcp

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    31/276

    [mwj {jhd nua wja Npmnc `hqcwumap wungmck8 Wnefa 5 5 ua|huwp wja pjnuapmc 5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    32/276

    5 = = 1 5

    < < 1

    N p m n

    C h u w j

    A q u h | a

    H w j a u

    > = = 1 5 < # ;

    > 1 # 7 # ?

    > 7 # ;

    7 # :

    M c g h c a p m n

    ? 1 # 5

    > 5 # >

    > 5 # :

    = # =

    7 # :

    ? 5 # 5 # 5

    > ; # =

    > 5 # 0

    M c g m n

    0 > # ?

    > ; # =

    5 7 # 0

    5 ? # 5

    < # ?

    0 7 # < # >

    I } u k } r U a | q e f m `

    0 > # 1

    0 # 7

    0 1 #

    5 0 # ?

    0 ; # 0

    ; # 7

    1 < # > # :

    D n f n } p m n

    1 : # 5 # 7

    = # 5

    > # =

    ? 1 # ?

    > 0 # 7

    > 0 # 5

    ; # ;

    ? # ;

    \ j m f m | | m c a p

    ? > # >

    > : # ;

    > ; # 5

    0 # : # 0

    ? < # ;

    > : # >

    = # 1

    > > # ;

    = # 7

    W j n m f n c g

    1 ? # ;

    > ? # 7

    > 7 # ?

    > 5 # 0

    0 # :

    ? < # =

    ; # ;

    > > # =

    > = # 1

    0 # 7

    J h c k I h c k

    ? 5 # 0

    > ; # >

    > 1 # ;

    7 # =

    > < # >

    : 5 # 0

    1 # ?

    = #

    ; # 0

    B n | n c

    7 : # >

    5 7 # 7

    > ? # >

    > > # 7

    7 # ;

    7 7 # >

    > 7 # 7

    > 0 # =

    5 ; # ?

    ; # ?

    I h u a n

    1 > # ;

    > ? # >

    > ; # 0

    > 7 # =

    5 # 0

    7 : # 0

    > 5 # :

    > 5 # :

    5 ? # >

    ; # 0

    P m c k n | h u a

    ? ; # 7

    > < # =

    > 5 # 7

    = # 7

    : # # 1

    > 5 # >

    > 0 # 0

    > 0 # 5

    > # :

    W n m | a m & @ j m c n

    ? 7 # :

    > ? # >

    > 5 # 7

    ? # ;

    > 7 # 5 # >

    > 5 # 5

    > ; # :

    ; # =

    G n w n P h q u ` a 2 @ H D W U N G A g n w n & n q w j h u p ` n f ` q f n w m h c p #

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    33/276

    az|huwp wh @jmcn h wjamu hvaunff wunga kuh{wj& {a paa Jhck Ihckp ncgWnm|am&@jmcnp az|huwp kuh{mck nw ncnadm` > 0 ncg < 7 |au `acw |au }anu&ncg Bn|ncp az|huw kuh{wj n`wqnff} khmck caknwmva

    Wunga ho `hqupa ua~qmuap w{h |nuwcau hqcwumap& ncg mcounpwuq`wqua |uhe$fadp nw amwjau acg nc ea hpwf} wh ehwj |nuwmap \qw nchwjau {n}& wja md|hu$wnc a ho wja Npmnc uakmhc np nc humkmc(gapwmcnwmhc ho wunga ohu wjapa`hqcwumap mcgm`nwap nc md|huwncw mcwauga|acgac`a Np @jmcnp wunga kuh{pun|mgf} ncg pq aup mcavmwnefa `hckapwmhc a a`wp& mw ea`hdap n |uhefad chw

    bqpw ohu @jmcn ncg @jmcapa udp eqw ohu nff hwjau Npmnc cnwmhcp wjnw jnva

    `hda wh uaf} hc @jmcn np n wungmck |nuwcau

    WJA [AMKJW_NFQA UNWMH HO WUNGA

    Wuncp|huwnwmhc p|a`mnfmpwp nua n` qpwhdag wh wjmcimck ho wuncp|huwnwmhc`hpwp mc |au qcmw waudp& wja `hpw ho wuncp|huwnwmhc pauvm`ap ca appnu} whdhva kunmc n whc$id hu wh dhva hca WAQ *w{acw}$ohhw a~qmvnfacw qcmw-`hcwnmcau ouhd Fhp Nckafap wh Jhck Ihck Mcwaucnwmhcnf wunga p|a`mnfmpwp{jh |n} nwwacwmhc wh pjm||mck `hpwp np nc md|agmdacw wh wunga nua n``qp$whdag wh wjmcimck ho wjapa `hpwp mcng vnfhuad waudp& wja `hpw ho wuncp$|huwnwmhc pauvm`ap ca`appnu} wh dhva n ghffnu ho kunmc hu dm uh`jm|peaw{aac w{h |hmcwp Wja gmpwmc`wmhc mp md|huwncw ea`nqpa avac mo wja `hpw

    ho dhvmck hca WAQ hcwnmcau uadnmcp `hcpwncw hvau wmda& wjang vnfhuad`hpw ncg wja md|fmag md|agmdacw wh wunga {mff jncka np wja hcwacwp ho wja`hcwnmcau kuh{ dhua vnfqnefa

    Wuacgp mc Npmnc wunga2 md|fm`nwmhcp ohu `hpwp 5>

    Wnefa 5#0 Az|huw kuh{wj wh @jmcn

    Az|huw pjnua Nccqnf kuh{wj mc az|huwp whwh @jmcn& 5< 7 = ;I}uk}r Ua|qefm` 7 > >< = 5 ; 7 >Dnfn}pmn ? ? >7 1 7 ; 7 5\jmfm||mcap = = 0> ? ? < 1 ? 0 7 : 7 5

    Jhck Ihck 77 ; ? ? 0 7 > 0Bn|nc >0 7 >> 0 < ; < 5Ihuan 5> : >: ; ? 7 7 ?

    Pmckn|hua : : >= ; 7 ? 0 :Wnm|am&@jmcn 5> ; ?7 = 0 7 < 7

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    34/276

    Wh paa wjmp& pq||hpa {a paff > ik ho n khhg nw n |um`a |au ik ho | & ncg |n}pjm||mck `hpwp o |au ik pjm||ag Chwa wjnw wja |um a |au ik& | & mp bqpw wjavnfqa{amkjw unwmh& wjnw mp& wja mcvaupa ho wja {amkjwvnfqa unwmh Mo wja pjm|$|mck |um`a |au ik o mp mcga|acgacw ho wja khhgp |um a |au ik& wja unwmh ho gap$wmcnwmhc wh humkmc |um`ap mp

    *5 >-

    Mo wja `hcwnmcau jhfgp p`un| dawnf& | mp fh{ *{amkjwvnfqa mp jmkj-& ncg wjaunwmh | "( | mp jmkj Wjnw mp& pjm||mck `jnukap gumva n fnuka {agka eaw{aacwja |um ap nw wja humkmc ncg nw wja gapwmcnwmhc Mo wja `hcwnmcau jhfgpdm`uh`jm|p& | mp vau} jmkj *{amkjwvnfqa mp vau} fh{-& wja unwmh | "( | mp fhpawh >& ncg pjm||mck `jnukap gumva hcf} n pdnff {agka eaw{aac |um`ap nw wjahumkmc ncg nw wja gapwmcnwmhc

    Ho `hqupa& wja pjm||mck `jnuka o dn} ea mc`uanpmck mc wja vnfqa ho wja`hcwnmcaup `hcwacw ea`nqpa jmkjau$vnfqa khhgp ua~qmua dhua `nuaoqf jnc$gfmck ncg n fnukau mcpqunc`a |uadmqd [a `nc wjac {umwa wja |au ik pjm|$|mck `jnuka np & {jaua Z ua|uapacwp hwjau `hpwp pjmowaup pq`j npgmpwnc`a& |huw ~qnfmw} ncg ph hc Mc wjmp `npa {a jnva

    *5 5-

    Qcfapp & wja {amkjwvnfqa unwmh ho n |uhgq`w {mff ea nc md|huwncwgawaudmcncw ho wja wuncp|huwnwmhc az|acpap mc quuag {jac wungmck wjnw|uhgq`w Jqddafp ncg Pimen *5 o | > *{amkjw vnfqa- o

    55 Mcounpwuq`wquap uhfa mc fh{aumck Npmnp wunga hpwp

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    35/276

    ` nw wmdaw&p iw Pqddmck hvau |uhgq`wp }mafgp wja nkkuaknwa {amkjwvnfqaunwmh ohu an`j `hqcwu}p md|huwp ncg az|huwp nw n |hmcw mc wmda2

    Wjmp ho `hqupa nppqdap wjnw n ghffnu ho phda |nuwm`qfnu |uhgq`w& pn}&{hhgac oqucmwqua& {amkjp wja pnda {jac pjm||ag wh wja QPN np {jacpjm||ag wh hwjau gapwmcnwmhcp& ph wjnw vnumnwmhc n`uhpp `hqcwumap ncg hvauwmda mp gumvac e} gm auac`ap mc wja wunga pjnuap ho janv} ncg fmkjw |uhgq`wp

    [a ua|huw wmda paumap hc {amkjwvnfqa danpquag mc ik |au `hcpwncw }anu*5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    36/276

    57

    < > 5 0 7 < > 5 0 7 < > 5 0 7 > = = 1

    5 < < = = 1

    5 < < = = 1

    5 < < = = 1

    5 < < [ a m k j w v n f q a h o w u n g a e } ` h q c w u } & > = = 1 5

    < < 1

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    37/276

    dhua fmiaf} wh qpa wja dhua az|acpmva pjm||mck h|wmhc {jac wja a a`w hcgafmvauag |um`a mp pdnffau#

    Wja euhng |hmcw ohu wuncp|huwnwmhc |fnccmck mp wjnwcnf hcpqdaup nuapacpmwmva wh `jnckap mc wja gafmvauag |um`a& chw wh `jnckap mc wja wuncp$|huwnwmhc |um`a Mo wja hpw ho wuncp|huwnwmhc pqepwncwmnff} n a`wp wja gafmv$auag |um`a& np mc wja upw aznd|fa& dhgnf `jhm`a {mff ea gumvac e} `hpw`hcpmgaunwmhcp Eqw mo wja wuncp|huwnwmhc |um`a mp hcf} n pdnff oun`wmhc ho wjagafmvauag |um`a& mw {mff |uhenef} ea wuqd|ag e} hwjau on`whup pq`j np wmdafm$capp hu uafmnemfmw} Mw pjhqfg ea chwag wjnw wja pnda fapphc mp wuqa ho nff `hpwgm auacwmnfp uafnwag wh wuncp|huwnwmhc \huw N dn} jnuka jncgfmck oaap |au`hcwnmcau wjnw nua w{m`a wja jncgfmck oaap ohu \huw E& eqw qcfapp wjapagm auac`ap pqepwncwmnff} n a`w gafmvauag |um`ap ho |uhgq`wp wja} {mff jnvadmcmdnf md|n`wp hc wja gaumvag gadncg ohu wuncp|huwnwmhc

    NMU PJM\\MCK NCG WJA GADNCGP OHUWMDAFMCAPP

    Np Jqddafp *5=:< ncg 5 ? |au `acw- ncg Pmckn|hua *;= |au `acw- Wjapa gm auac`ap`fhpaf} uasta`w gm auac`ap mc wja {amkjwvnfqa ho wja az|huw eqcgfap ohu an`jaz|huwau& np {aff np wja md|huwnc`a ho afa`wuhcm`p Nmu pjm||mck jnp pfmkjwf}ga`fmcag mc md|huwnc`a pmc`a >==1 ohu wja gavafh|ag dnuiaw a`hchdmap& eqw

    jnp pmkcm`ncwf} mc`uanpag ohu ehwj @jmcn ncg Dnfn}pmn[jnw mp gumvmck wja un|mg kuh{wj mc Npmnc nmu `nukh8 Np nukqag

    nehva& ga`fmcmck {amkjwvnfqa unwmhp |fn} n fnuka uhfa& np gh wja pwaa|

    Wuacgp mc Npmnc wunga2 md|fm`nwmhcp ohu `hpwp 51

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    38/276

    5?

    H w j a u

    ? < < = : = ?

    > > 7

    = ?

    c # n #

    N c c q n f k u h { w j

    > 0 # 5

    > 5 # >

    > ; # 7

    > 5 # ;

    ? # ?

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    39/276

    ga`fmcap mc wja |um`a ho nmu `nukh gh`qdacwag mc Jqddafp *5 7> 7 > 1< < ;?I}uk}r Ua|qefm` > ? >5 = > 55 1 =5Dnfn}pmn 7: 5 ;> ? < :; < ?5\jmfm||mcap 77 : 7: < < ?1 < 1>Wjnmfncg 5= 7 7> 0 < :; < :7

    Jhck Ihck 7> 7 0: 1 < ;7 < :>

    Bn|nc 5; : 51 ? < 1; > >7Ihuan 7: 5 07 5 < 1: > > 0; > < ?= < =>

    Chwa2 \au gn} wmda `hpwp enpag hc Jqddafp ncg P`jnqu *5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    40/276

    {hcgau ho mcohudnwmhc wa`jchfhk}& wjaua mp chw }aw n khhg pqepwmwqwa ohuon`a$wh$on`a hddqcm nwmhc& ap|a`mnff} {jac ca{ |uhgq`wp ncg |uhgq`wmhc|uh`appap nua eamck mcwuhgq`ag Eafh{& M |uhvmga avmgac`a wjnw kuh{wj mcvauwm`nf p|a`mnfmrnwmhc(ounkdacwnwmhc jnp eaac ap|a`mnff} md|huwncw mc AnpwNpmn

    Wja wjmug on`whu& wapwmck ca{ dnuiawp&cgp wjnw nmu|fncap nua mganf ncgph nua ap|a`mnff} md|huwncw ohu udp {jh nua az|ncgmck wunga e} paffmckca{ khhgp ohu wja upw wmda Wja qpa ho nmu pjm||mck mp nehqw n wunga$h 2p|aag ncg stazmemfmw} vaupqp qcmw hpwp P|aag ncgstazmemfmw} nua dhua md|hu$wncw {jac dnuiawp nua n fnuka gmpwnc`a n{n}& ncg {jac wjaua mp qc`auwnmcw}mc ~qncwmw} gadncgag& |uhgq`w ~qnfmw}& hu gapmuag |uhgq`w `jnun`waumpwm`pQcmw `hpw ngvncwnkap ohu h`anc pjm||mck nua kuanwapw {jac wja khhgp jnvafh{ vnfqa{amkjw unwmhp& {jac dnuiaw gadncg mp `auwnmc ncg {jac wja p`nfaho wunga mp fnuka

    Mc wja cazw pa`wmhc M pjh{ wjnw dq`j ho wja kuh{wj mc Npmnc wunga mp nfhckwja azwacpmva dnukmc& dancmck wjnw cnwmhcp nua kuh{mck wjamu az|huwp e}pjm||mck ca{ khhgp wh ca{ dnuiawp& chw e} mc`uanpmck wja ~qncwmwmap phfg ho azmpwmck az|huwp# [jnw nua wja `jnun`waumpwm`p ho wjapa ca{ dnuiawp8 Dhpw

    udp eakmc |uhgq`mck hcf} ohu n fh`nf dnuiaw& pfh{f} az|ncg pnfap {mwjmcwjamu h{c hqcwu}& ncg phda pdnff oun`wmhc ho wjapa kungqnff} az|ncg pnfapneuhng# Ho wjhpa wjnw kh neuhng& dhpw fhhi mcmwmnff} wh camkjehqumck `hqc$wumap# Ea`nqpa ho wjmp& ca{ ncg qcaz|fhmwag dnuiawp wacg wh ea oquwjau n{n}#[jac pauvmck wjapa gmpwncw dnuiawp& udp on`a wuadacghqp qc`auwnmcw}nehqw gadncg& ~qncwmwmap phfg nua fmiaf} wh ea vau} fh{ mcmwmnff}& ncg dhpwwungmck uafnwmhcpjm|p onmf mc n oa{ }anup# Nff ho wjapa `jnun`waumpwm`p& mcmwmnff}pdnff ~qncwmwmap ho qc`auwnmc gadncg mc gmpwncw dnuiawp& nua |ua`mpaf} wjhpa

    wjnw dnia nmu pjm||mck |nuwm`qfnuf} nwwun`wmva# Wjmp pqkkapwp wjnw nmu|fncapdn} ea nc ap|a`mnff} a a`wmva whhf ohuudp {mpjmck wh wapw ca{ dnuiawp#1Ohquwj& kahkun|jm` uadhwacapp ho w{h imcgp nc ea hvau`hda e} qpmck

    nmu|fncap H`anc |huw mwmap n`w np acwua|wp ohu mcwaumhu uakmhcp ho wjamu h{c`hqcwumap Wjapa acwua|w mwmap nc ea n ehwwfaca`i jhimck h wunga& ap|a$`mnff} ohu kahkun|jm`nff} fnuka `hqcwumap {mwj a`hchdm`nff} md|huwncw mcwa$umhu uakmhcp Wjmp ea`hdap dhua |uhchqc`ag mc `npap {jaua |huwp vma ohufncg ncg hnpwnf n``app wjnw uawnmc pmkcmncw vnfqa ohu jhqpmck ncg |qefm`ndacmwmap Wuq`ip nuumvmck nw ncg ga|nuwmck ouhd wjapa on`mfmwmap nfph`hd|awa {mwj hwjau qpaup ho uhng{n}p& fangmck wh dnbhu jmkj{n} `hckap$wmhc ncg pmkcmncw |hffqwmhc a a`wp Nmu `nukh wjnw hvaustmap `hckapwag|huwp `nc ea nc a a`wmva {n} wh uan`j uadhwa mcwaumhu uakmhcp Wjmp `nc eapaac `fanuf} mc QP gnwn& {jaua wja pjnua ho `hnpwnf on`mfmwmap mp pjumcimck mc

    onvhqu ho gmua`w wuncp|huw mcwh wja QP mcwaumhu?Nmu|fncap nua nfph uafnwmvaf} dhua qpaoqf nw uan`jmck gmpwncw ohuamkc

    dnuiawp Pq||hpa M nd wu}mck wh ga`mga eaw{aac nmu ncg h`anc pjm||mck mc

    5: Mcounpwuq`wquap uhfa mc fh{aumck Npmnp wunga hpwp

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    41/276

    uan`jmck w{h ohuamkc dnuiawp& wja upw |uhzmdnwa wh ncg wja pa`hcg gmpwncwouhd d} az|huwau Jh{ ghap wja gmpwnc`a n a`w d} `nf`qfnwmhc ho wjan||uh|umnwa dhga wh qpa8 Az|huwaup `hcpmgau w{h `hpwp& ehwj umpmck {mwjgmpwnc`a Wjaupw mp wja gmua`w hpw ho wuncp|huw9 wja pa`hcg mp wja wmda hpw

    Wmda hpwp nua qcmd|huwncw ohu phda khhgp& ncg mc wjapa npap az|huwaup`nc oh`qp dhua cnuuh{f} hc gmua`w wuncp|huw `hpw `hcpmgaunwmhcp Mc dhpwmcpwnc`ap& pq`j hcpmgaunwmhcp {mff onvhqu h`anc wuncp|huw& {jawjau wjaohuamkc gapwmcnwmhc mp gmpwncw hu |uhzmdnwa Ohu phda khhgp wmda `hpwp nuamd|huwncw& ncg dhua pqewfa `nf`qfnwmhc mp ua~qmuag Ohu wja canue} az|huwgapwmcnwmhc& gmua`w `hpwp onvhqu h anc pjm|dacw& ncg wja wmda gm auac`aeaw{aac h`anc ncg nmu mp pdnff achqkj wjnw wmda hpwp nc ea mkchuag mc wja`nf`qfnwmhc Ohu wja gmpwncw az|huw gapwmcnwmhc& jh{avau& wja wmda gm auac`aeaw{aac h`anc ncg nmu nc fhhd fnuka mcgaag Mc pjhuw& wja oquwjau n{n} wjadnuiaw& wja kuanwau wja wmda ngvncwnkap |uhvmgag e} nmu pjm||mck

    Dhua kacaunff}& {a `nc nf`qfnwa wja md|huwnc`a ho wmdafmcapp e} `hd$emcmck apwmdnwap ho wja wmda vnfqa ho wunga e} |uhgq`w {mwj gnwn hc wungapjnuap Jqddafp ncg P`jnqu *5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    42/276

    mc wja fnpw w{h hfqdcp ho Wnefa 5 7 nua mcwacgag wh n|wqua nkkuaknwa wac$gac`map& ncg gh chw uasta`w wja pacpmwmvmw} ho |nuwm`qfnu pa`whup Dnfn}pmn&ohuaznd|fa& pjm|p azwuadaf} wmda$pacpmwmva |uhgq`wp wh wja QPN& np gadhc$pwunwag e} wja vau} jmkj pjnua ho nmu pjm||mck pjh{c mc wja upw w{h hfqdcpho Wnefa 5 7

    CA[ OFH[P NCG FNUKA(PDNFF OFH[P

    Ua`acw wjahuawm`nf ncg ad|mum`nf uapanu`j mc mcwaucnwmhcnf wunga jnp eakqcwh ad|jnpmra wja md|huwnc`a ho azwacpmva ncg mcwacpmva dnukmcp ho wungaaz|ncpmhc N `hqcwu} nc az|ncg az|huwp e} wungmck fnukau ~qncwmwmap ho nkmvac paw ho khhgp *wja mcwacpmva dnukmc-& hu e} az|ncgmck wja paw ho khhgpwjnw nua wungag *wja azwacpmva dnukmc- Jmkjau wunga `hpwp `nc n a`w ehwjdnukmcp ;

    Pq||hpa wjnw az|huwmck udp dqpw |n} n zag hpw ho wunga *ohu aznd|fa&wja `hpw ho `hffa`wmck mcohudnwmhc nehqw ohuamkc dnuiawp hu pawwmck q| gmp$wumeqwmhc caw{huip- ncg dnukmcnf hpwp ho wunga *|uh|huwmhcnf wh ~qncwmwmapwungag- Mc wjmp npa&udp dqpw paff n pq ff `macwf} jmkj vhfqda ho az|huwp wh

    bqpwmo} |n}mck wjazag `hpwp N onff mc dnukmcnf `hpwp ho wunga fh{aup gafmv$auag |um`ap ncg az|ncgp ~qncwmwmap gadncgag neuhng Wjmp jnp w{h a a`wp2azmpwmck az|huwaup `nc paff fnukau ~qncwmwmap *nc mc`uanpa mc wja mcwacpmvadnukmc-9 ncg dhua udp `nc ch{ `hvau wjamu zag hpwp ho wunga ncg eakmcaz|huwmck ohu wja upw wmda *nc mc`uanpa mc wja azwacpmva dnukmc- Mc `hc$wunpw& n guh| mczag `hpwp ho wunga fangp wh wunga az|ncpmhc hcf} nfhck wjaazwacpmva dnukmc

    [jm`j ho wjapa mp dhpw md|huwncw8 Mc hugau wh ga`hd|hpa wunga kuh{wjmc wjmp dnccau& {umwa wja nkkuaknwa vnfqa ho n `hqcwu}` p az|huwp nw wmdawnp

    *5 0-

    {jaua mp wja cqdeau ho qcm~qa pjm|dacwp ho |uhgq`wp i *danpquag nwwja ?$gmkmw JP favaf- wh gapwmcnwmhcp b ouhd az|huwau ` nw wmdaw& ncg mpwja nvaunka vnfqa |au qcm~qa pjm|dacw Mo ` pjm|p wac gmpwmc`w |uhgq`wpn|ma`a wh an`j ho va gapwmcnwmhc dnuiawp& wja cqdeau ho qcm~qa pjm|dacwpmp 1

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    43/276

    pjm|dacwp ohu wjapa `hqcwumap ncg wjmp wmda |aumhg nua gumvac nfdhpwacwmuaf} e} az|ncpmhcp mc wja cqdeau ho dnuiawp {mwj {jm`j wunga h``qup -

    [a `nc wjac az|uapp wja fhk |au`acwnka `jncka mc whwnf az|huwp hvau wmdanp wja pqd ho wja fhk `jnckap mc wja hd|hcacwp2

    Wjmp mp qpaoqf ea`nqpa {a `nc wjac nppapp wja |au`acwnka `hcwumeqwmhc ho an`j `hd|hcacw wh wja whwnf `jncka# Wnefa 5#1 |uhvmgap pq`j n ga`hd|hpm$wmhc pa|nunwaf} ohu md|huwp ncg az|huwp ho an`j `hqcwu}# Ohu pmd|fm`mw} {aua|huw hcf} wja fhk `jncka mc an`j vnumnefa# Ohu aznd|fa& qpmck wja vnfqapouhd Wnefa 5#>& wja fhk jncka mc @jmcapa az|huwp eaw{aac >==1 ncg 5- 4 >#70# Ho wjmp >#70&

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    44/276

    05 Mcounpwuq`wquap uhfa mc fh{aumck Npmnp wunga hpwp

    Wnefa 5#1 Ga`hd|hpmck wunga kuh{wj& >==15= < 05 < < 01 > :7 > 51Dnfn}pmn < 7? < 75 < 5 < : < ?1 < 70Wjnmfncg < 7? < 1> < 7Bn|nc <

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    45/276

    dn} ea hcpmgaunef} gm auacw ouhd wjhpa ho fnuka udp Wja} w}|m`nff} fn`iwja mcwaucnf `n|n`mw} ohu on`mfmwnwmck wunga ncg dqpw {hui wjuhqkj wungamcwaudagmnumap wh knwjau mcohudnwmhc nehqw ohuamkc dnuiaw h||huwqcmwmap&ncg wh jncgfa wunga cnc`a& wuncp|huwnwmhc ncg gmpwumeqwmhc oqc wmhcpW{h& pdnff udp on`a jmkjau pjm|dacw `hpwp ea`nqpa wja} nua qcnefa whcakhwmnwa eqfi gmp`hqcwp Wjuaa& mo {a wnia wjazag vaupqp dnukmcnf `hpwvma{ ho wunga `hpwp& wjapa ca{sth{p npph`mnwag {mwj pdnff ncg dagmqd$pmrag udp nua jmkjf} wacqhqp Pdnff mc`uanpap mc wunga hpwp hqfg ~qm`if}imff h dnc} az|huwmck udp Ch{& hca hqfg vma{ wjmp np n dmchu hc`auc2wjapa sth{p nua pdnff ncg wjamu fhpp hqfg ea nephueag {mwj fmwwfa md|n`w hcnkkuaknwa cqdeaup& eqw wjmp mkchuap wja g}cndm` cnwqua ho ca{sth{pEapagap ncg \uqpn *5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    46/276

    Npmn Pqddnu} uapqfwp nua ua|huwag mc Wnefa 5 ? @hcpmgau @jmcn& ohuaznd|fa Uhqkjf} = 1 |au `acw ho @jmcnp az|huwp mc 5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    47/276

    stazmemfmw} ncg mcohudnwmhc Mcounpwuq`wqua md|uhvadacwp wnukawag hc wjapa|hmcwp {mff ea dhua fmiaf} wh |n} h mc wja ohud ho mc`uanpmckf} aff `macw mcwa$kunwmhc mcwh wja kfhenf a`hchd}

    CHWAP

    > [amkjw vnumnefap mc wja gnwn nua pqeba`w wh pmkcm`ncw danpquadacw auuhu9 mc |nuwm`qfnu&azwuada hqwfmaup wjnw dnia pmd|fa hu wunga${amkjwag nvaunkap n dmpfangmck danpqua ho `acwunf wacgac`} Dagmncp gh chw pq au wjmp |uhefad ncg& dhuahvau& azjmemw n vau} jmkjgakuaa ho hvau wmda `huuafnwmhc ohu n kmvac |uhgq`w

    5 Jnffni *5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    48/276

    Jqddafp& Gnvmg *50>17Jqddafp& G ncg \ B Ifach{ *5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    49/276

    0 Wunga mcounpwuq`wqua ncg wunga `hpwp2n pwqg} ho pafa`wag Npmnc |huwpBhc Jnvadnc& Ngmcn Nugafanc ncg@jumpwh|jau Wjhuceauk

    > MCWUHGQ@WMHC

    Ohu dnc} }anup& uapanu j mc mcwaucnwmhcnf wunga oh`qpag |umdnumf} hc acvm$uhcdacwp {mwjhqw `hpwp wh wunga Ua acwf}& wunga`hpwp jnva ea`hda mc`uanp$mckf} md|huwncw mc az|fnmcmck wja un|mg kuh{wj ho {hufg wunga N kuh{mckfmwaunwqua hc wunga `hpwp jnpoh`qpaghc fh{au wnum p& ga fmcmckh`anc ncgnmuwuncp|huw `hpwp& ncg wja uavhfqwmhc mc mcohudnwmhc wa`jchfhk} np |hwacwmnfaz|fncnwmhcp ohu wja umpa mc mcwaucnwmhcnf wunga hvau wja fnpwva ga ngapWuncp|huw `hpwp nua nc md|huwncw |nuw ho wunga `hpwp& eamck nw fanpw np fnukanp hu avac fnukau wjnc wnum p >

    Wuncp|huw `hpwp w}|m`nff} mc`fqga wja `hpwp ho fhngmck(qcfhngmck& mcpqu$mck ncg dhvmck wja khhgp ouhd wja humkmc wh wja gapwmcnwmhc Wjapa az|fm`mw`hpwp nua w}|m`nff} az|uappag mcng vnfhuad waudp2 n |au`acwnka jncka mc wjagafmvauag |um`a nowau |n}mck ohu ouamkjw ncg mcpqunc`a Khhgp dhva n`uhpp

    ehugaup e} vnumhqp dhgap ho wuncp|huwnwmhc Wunga eaw{aac camkjehqumck`hqcwumap ua|uapacwp 50 |au `acw ho {hufg wunga ncg dhpwf} wniap |fn`awjuhqkj pquon`a dhgap pq`j np unmf& wuq i& hu |m|afmca Wja uapw ho {hufgwunga wniap |fn`a e} nmu hu e} h`anc *Jqddafp& 5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    50/276

    jnvmck pwnuwag wh ngn|w wjamu |huw mcounpwuq`wqua hcf} ouhd wja fnwa >=;

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    51/276

    gnwn Unwjau wjnc pjh{mck |nuwm qfnu avacwp nw wja |huwp& wjapa gnwn nffh{nc nppappdacw ho wja azwacw wh {jm`j gm auac ap mc mcvapwdacw n`uhpp wjapa|huwp jnva `hpw$uagq`mck a a`wp Wja gawnmf mc wja gnwn nfph |audmwp nc avnf$qnwmhc ho gm auacw w}|ap ho mcvapwdacw Mc |nuwm`qfnu& {a jnva nkkuaknwagwja gnwn mcwh wja ohffh{mck `nwakhumap2 gh`i on`mfmwmap& `jnccaf gaa|acmck&ncg fhngmck ncg qcfhngmck a~qm|dacw Wja upw `nwakhu} mc fqgap wjagavafh|dacw ho ca{ gh i on`mfmwmap ncgwja dhgaucmrnwmhc ho hfggh`ip Wjapa`hcg mp uanphcnef} pafo$az|fncnwhu} ncg mc`fqgap guagkmck ncg gaa|acmckh|aunwmhcp Wja cnf `nwakhu} mc`fqgap wja mcpwnffnwmhc ho ca{ `uncap& ca{uqeeau$w}uag kncwumap& ncg pmdmfnu a~qm|dacw ohu fhngmck ncg qcfhngmck

    [a danpqua `jnckap mc wja |huw `hpwp e} nppappmck `jnckap mc wja uafnwmva`hcwumeqwmhc ho Npmnc |huwp wh ` m o *`hpw& mcpqunc`a& ouamkjw- `jnukap hcpjm|dacwp wh wja QPN Wja jnukap favmag nw Npmnc |huwp& wja jnukap favmage} pjm||aup ohu wja h`anc vh}nka& ncg wja `jnukap favmag e} QP |huwp nff`hcwumeqwa wh wja favaf ho `jnukap Md|uhvag mcounpwuq`wqua nw wja Npmnc |huwpjhqfg uagq`a |huw jncgfmck `jnukap

    [a cg wjnw mcvapwdacwp mc mcounpwuq`wqua ncg wja |uh quadacw ho ca{`uncap jnva n pmkcm `ncw md|n`w hc n |huwp danpquag `hpwp& ncg jac`a hcmwp aff `mac } Phda mcvapwdacwp& pq`j np wja nggmwmhc ho ca{ eauwjp ncg`jnccaf gaa|acmck& jh{avau& dn} {aff jnva dhua md|huwncw md|fm`nwmhcpohu hvaunff |huw n|n`mw} wjnc ohu |huw `hpwp Nfph& hqu uapqfwp pjh{ wjnwgm auacw imcgp ho mcvapwdacw dnwwau ohu gm auacw khhgp2 wja mcwuhgq`wmhcho ca{ uncap qpag dnmcf} wh fhng ncg qcfhng hcwnmcau pjm|p dnwwaup dhuaohu `hddhgmwmap {mwj n jmkj |au`acwnka ho `hcwnmcaumrag wunga

    Wja `jn|wau |uh`aagp np ohffh{p Mc wja cazw pa`wmhc& {a mcwuhgq`a hquNpmnc |huwp ohu {jm`j {a jnva mcounpwuq`wqua mcvapwdacw gnwn Pa`wmhc 0

    hqwfmcap wja dawjhghfhk} ad|fh}ag ncg fmcip mw en`i wh |uavmhqp fmwaunwquaPa`wmhc 7 gmp`qppap ua`acw jnckap mc danpquag |huw hpwp& {jmfa Pa`wmhcp 1ncg ? |uapacw uapqfwp hc wja a a`w ho mcounpwuq`wqua mcvapwdacwp mc waudp ho gmp`uawa mcvapwdacw avacwp ncg ghffnup p|acw& uap|a`wmvaf} Ncnf pa`wmhc|uapacwp `hc`fqgmck hepauvnwmhcp

    5 NPMNC \HUWP

    Wja |huwp mc`fqgag jaua nua ouhd wjuaa ho wja ohqu hqcwumap mc`fqgag mc wjmppwqg} Wnefa 0 > fmpwp wjapa |huwp Dhpw ho wja |huwp nua wja phqu`a ho pmkcmncw ndhqcwp ho az|huwp wh wja QPN [a jnva nfph mc`fqgag pdnffau|huwp mc wja jh|a ho kacaunwmck n dhua euhngf} qpaoqf paw ho uapqfwp

    Wnefa 0 5 |uhvmgap kuanwau en`ikuhqcg mcwh wja >5 |huwp ncg wjamu wungmckuafnwmhcpjm| {mwj wja QPN Ohu dhpw ho wja |huwp& wjaua jnp eaac n gundnwm`mc`uanpa mc wja vnfqa ho wjasth{ ho khhgp wh QP |huwp Nw hca azwuada& wja

    Wunga mcounpwuq`wqua ncg wunga hpwp mc Npmnc |huwp 0=

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    52/276

    @jmcapa |huw ho ]ncwmnc mc`uanpag mwp az|huwp wh wja QPN ouhd bqpw '>dmffmhc mc >==> wh bqpw hvau '71 emffmhc mc 5< wh 5< Wja |huwp mc Dnfn}pmn gmg chwn jmava wjapa fhow} unwap& eqw chca wja fapp kuanwf} hqw|n ag kuh{wj wjnw`hqfgeaaz|fnmcag e}mc`uanpapmc QPmd|huw|um`ap Eaw{aac>==> ncg5==> wh >>5 0 mc 5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    53/276

    pwnka |uh`agqua wjnw upw apwmdnwap n wmda paumap ho uafnwmva |huw `hpwp ohu hquNpmnc |huwp ncg wjac huuafnwap hpw jnckap {mwj mcounpwuq`wqua mcvapwdacwp#

    Apwmdnwmhc ho wja Npmnc \huw @hpwp *Omupw Pwnka-

    Wja upw pwnka mp `nuumag hqw e} qwmfmrmck n dawjhghfhk} ua`acwf} gavafh|ag

    e} Efhcmkac ncg [mfphc *5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    54/276

    hc wja `hpwp ho dhvmck khhgp ouhd ohuamkc |huwp wh wja QP |huwp# Wja`jnukap nua kacaunff} uaoauuag wh np `#m#o#

    @#m#o# `jnukap mc fqga oaap ohu pauvm`ap nw wja ohuamkc |huw& oaap ohu wjawuncp|huwnwmhc ho khhgp eaw{aac |huwp& ncg oaap ohu pauvm`ap nw wja QP|huw# Mphfnwmck wja uafnwmva `hpwp ho wjaohuamkc |huw mcvhfvap wanpmck hqwwjauafnwmva `hcwumeqwmhcp ho an`j ho wja wjuaa pakdacwp wh wja whwnf `hpw ho wjapjm|dacw ho n khhg eaw{aac n |nmu ho |huwp# Hcf} wja upw ho wja `hcwum$eqwmhcp wh wja `#m#o# `jnukap mp uafnwag wh wja `hpwp ho qpmck n ohuamkc |huw#

    [a uaf} hc QP wunga gnwn bhmcwf} |uhgq`ag e} wja QP Nud} @hu|p ho Ackmcaaup ncg wja QP Dnumwmda Ngdmcmpwunwmhc Hff `a mc wja Ga|nuwdacwho Wuncp|huwnwmhc wh pa|nunwa wja `hcwumeqwmhc ho wja |n}dacw ohu pauvm`apnw wja ohuamkc |huw#= Wja gnwn nua ich{c np wja [nwauehuca WungaGnwnencip& ncg |uhvmga gawnmf hc wunga eaw{aac an`j QP |huw ncg wjhq$pncgp ho ohuamkc |huwp# Wjmp gawnmf mc fqgap wja |au acwnka `hcwnmcaumrag& wjawunga vnfqa ncg vhfqda& ncg wja `hddhgmw} w}|a nkkuaknwag wh wja ?$gmkmwJP favaf# >< Ohuwqcnwaf}& wja QP khvaucdacw dniap nvnmfnefa wja `#m#o# `jnukagnwn nw wja pnda gawnmfag favaf np mw dniap nvnmfnefa wja hwjau mcohudnwmhc hc{nwauehuca wunga& pq j np vnfqa& vhfqda ncg wja azwacw ho `hcwnmcaumrnwmhc#

    Az|fhmwmck wjapa gnwn& Efhcmkac ncg [mfphc *5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    55/276

    Wjapa uakuappmhcp nua uqc pa|nunwaf} ohu an`j }anu eaw{aac >==> ncg5 wjuhqkj =9 `nwa$khu} ==5 ha ff `macwp {hqfg ea enpag hc gnwn ouhd >==>& >==5 ncg>==0# Mc wjmp {n}& {a pdhhwj hqw wja `haff `macwp ncg |uapacw nc nvaunka`ha ff `macw ohu wja wjuaa }anup `acwuag hc wja }anu ohu {jm`j wja apwmdnwag|huw hpwp nua ua|huwag# Ohu >==> ncg 5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    56/276

    uafnwmva `hpw `haff `macwp ehwj {mwj ncg {mwjhqw wja p|a`m pjm||mck gmp$wnc`a gnwn ncg wja uapqfwmck apwmdnwap nua jmkjf} `huuafnwag

    Mwmp nwwjmp|hmcwwjnwwjaapwnefmpjagdawjhghfhk}pwh|p# Hqu|qu|hpamc wjmp`jn|wau& jh{avau& mpwh nwwumeqwa `jnckap mcwjauafnwmva `hpwpho hquNpmnc|huwpwh mcounpwuq`wqua gavafh|dacwp# Mc hwjau {hugp& {a |uh`aag mc nc nwwad|w whaz|fnmc `jnckap mc wjaapwmdnwag uafnwmva `hpwp ho hqu>5 Npmnc |huwp hvauwmda#

    Npmnc \huw @hpwp ncg Mcounpwuq`wqua Gavafh|dacwp *Pa`hcg Pwnka-

    Jnvmck nppadefag n paw ho `hpw danpquap ohu wja >5 Npmnc |huwp mc hqu pwqg}&{a acganvhqu wh az|fnmc phda ho wja vnumnwmhc hvau wmda {mwj danpquap ho |huwp mcounpwuq`wqua md|uhvadacwp# Hqu `hpw danpquap p|nc wja |aumhg>==>57

    Wja n||uhn j mp pmdmfnu mc an j `npa& ncg mcvhfvap uakuappmhcp nwwad|wmckwh az|fnmc vnumnwmhc mc wja Npmnc |huwzag a a`wp `haff `macwp mc wjaupwpwnka ho wja ncnf}pmp Wja `haff `macw apwmdnwap ho wjaupw pwnka nua wjaga|acgacw vnumnefap mc wja pa`hcg pwnka Np wjapa `haff `macwp nua danpquag{mwj vnu}mck gakuaap ho |ua`mpmhc& wja uakuappmhcp nua {amkjwag e} wjapwncgnug auuhup ho wja upw$pwnka apwmdnwap Wjmp uagq ap mppqap ho jaw$auhp`agnpwm`mw}& a a`wmvaf} kmvmck dhua ad|jnpmp wh uafnwmva `hpw `haff `macwp

    wjnw nua danpquag {mwj dhua |ua`mpmhcWja avmgac`a hc mcounpwuq`wqua mp acwauag np nc az|fncnwhu} vnumnefa mcan j ho wja p|a m `nwmhcp Ohu @jmcn ncg Dnfn}pmn& {a jnva avmgac`a hcp|a`m ` mcounpwuq`wqua gavafh|dacwp ohu wja |aumhg eaw{aac >==> ncg 5 ncg 5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    57/276

    mck wja az`jncka unwa eaw{aac wja Npmnc `quuac`} ncg wja QP ghffnuNggmwmhcnff} {a mc`fqga >$gmkmw PMW@ hddhgmw} ncg |huwzag a a`wp Mcwjmp {n} {a qpa wmda vnumnwmhc wh mgacwmo} wja md|n`w ho wja mcounpwuq`wquagavafh|dacwp hc wja apwmdnwag |huw `hpwp [a nfph mc`fqga `hqcwu} zaga a`wp {jac |hhfmck n`uhpp @jmcapa ncg Dnfn}pmnc |huwp

    Dhua |ua`mpaf}& ohu @jmcn ncg Dnfn}pmn& {a apwmdnwa wja ohffh{mckp|a`m `nwmhc2

    *0 5-

    {jaua * b - mcgazap wja Npmnc |huwp& *p- mcgazap wja >$gmkmw PMW@ `hddhgmwmap&*w- mcgazap wja }anu ncg *` - mcgazap wja `hqcwu} \huw gachwap md|uhvadacwpmc |huw on`mfmwmap&Eauwjpncg @uncapgachwa wja mcwuhgq`wmhc ho ca{ eauwjp

    ncg ca{ uncap& uap|a`wmvaf}& ncg@jnccaf gachwap jnccaf gaa|acmck >1Ohu Mcgmn& {a uqc w{h pawp ho uakuappmhcp Omupw {a qpa whwnf ghffnu vnfqa

    ho mcvapwdacwp ncg wjac kuhq| ghffnu mcvapwdacwp mc ohqu `nwakhumap2 gh`ion`mfmwmap *Gh`i -& fhngmck(qcfhngmck *Fhng (Qcfhng -& hwjau p`jadap *Hwjau-ncg jnccaf gaa|acmck * @jnccaf -2>?

    *0 0-

    Eapmgap wja gnwn {a ad|fh} ohu |huw mcounpwuq`wqua gavafh|dacwp& wjagm auac a eaw{aac *0 5- ncg *0 0- fmap mc wja w}|a ho zag a a`wp mc`fqgag[a mc fqga |huw& `hddhgmw} ncg `hqcwu} zag a a`wp {jac |hhfmck n`uhpp

    Dnfn}pmnc ncg@jmcapa |huwp& eqw hcf} |huw ncg`hddhgmw} zag a a`wpohuMcgmnc uakuappmhcp Mc ehwj p|a m`nwmhcp {a mc`fqga fnkp ho wja ga|acgacw

    vnumnefa ncg n wmda wuacg Wja umkjw$jncg$pmga vnumnefap `n|wqumck wja |huwmcounpwuq`wqua gavafh|dacwp& az jncka unwap ncg {nkap nua mc favafp Wjaapwmdnwag |huw `hpwp *- nua mc fhknumwjdm` ohud pmc`a wja} nua wja gqddmapouhd wja upw$pwnka uakuappmhc apwmdnwag mc fhknumwjdp Np n uapqfw wja apwm$dnwap ho wja md|n`w ho |huwp gavafh|dacwp hc `hpwp pjhqfg ea mcwau|uawagnp padm$afnpwm`mwmap

    Wh pqd q|& wja dawjhghfhk} ad|fh}ag jaua ehmfp gh{c wh n w{h$pwnka|uh`app Mc wja upw pwnka& {a apwmdnwa `hpw |nundawaup ohu hqu >5 Npmnc|huwp Mc wja pa`hcg pwnka& {a nwwad|w wh az|fnmc wja vnumnwmhc hvau wmda mcwja apwmdnwag `hpw |nundawaup Mc wjaupw pwnka& {a mc fqga n pqepaw ho nffohuamkc |huwp ncg n pqepaw ho wja QP |huwp Mc |nuwm`qfnu& {a mc`fqga hqu >5

    Npmnc |huwp nfhck {mwj wja wh| 0< az|huwmck |huwp wh wja QPN [a nfphmc`fqga wja wh| 01 QP |huwp& {jm`j n` hqcwag ohu :? |au acw ho wja vnfqaho nff QP {nwauehuca md|huwp mc >==> ncg :> |au acw mc 5 : Az Xunwaw =[nkap w p b bpw

    bpw > 5w 0f bpw f 7Gh`i bw > 1Fhng Qcfhng bw >

    ; @jnccaf bw > : Az Xunwaw =[nkap `w p b ` bpw

    bpw > 5w 0f bpw f 7\huw bw > 1Eauwjp bw > ?@uncap bw >

    Wunga mcounpwuq`wqua ncg wunga hpwp mc Npmnc |huwp 71

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    58/276

    7 WUACGP MC NPMNC \HUW @HPWP

    Mc wja upw pwnka ho hqu ncnf}pmp& {a kacaunwa apwmdnwap ho wja `hpwp ho hquNpmnc |huwp uafnwmva wh wja |huw ho Whi}h# N vnfqa kuanwau wjnc hca uavanfpwjnw n |huw jnp jmkjau `hpwp wjnc wja |huw ho Whi}h# Wjmp mp `jnun`waumpwm` ho dhpw ho wja |huwp mc hqu gnwnpaw# Omkqua 0#> ga|m`wp wja uapqfwp ohu hca |huw mcan j ho wjawjuaa `hqcwumap *Mcgmn& Dnfn}pmn ncg@jmcn& uap|a`wmvaf}-#Ho wjawjuaa |huwp& hcf} \acnck jnp `hcpmpwacwf} umvnffag wja fh{ `hpwp ho wja |huw ho Whi}h hvau wja |aumhg ouhd >==> wh 5& jnva pwn}agwjauaohu dhpw ho wja |aumhg& eqw az|aumac ag n wad$|hunu} ncg mcaz|fm`nefa ga`uanpa mc `hpwp ohu w{h }anup anuf} wjmp ga`nga#

    Wja hwjau w{h |huwp jnva pwnuwag wja |aumhg np pqepwncwmnff} dhua `hpwf}wjnc wja |huw ho Whi}h Dhpw ho hqu hepauvnwmhcp hc wjapa |huwp nua mc wja>< wh 5< |au acw uncka& {mwj Pjnckjnm uan`jmck n jmkj ho 50 |au `acw mc wjaanuf} >==

    - mc >==; wh fapp wjnc rauh mc 5 wh :#>; *PMW@ nff |uhgq`wp ua|fm`nwap wja `jnuwmc Omkqua 0#> ohu Dqdenm#- Ouhd wjapa jnuwp& mw mp avmgacw wjnw hpwp nc vnu}pmkcmncwf} {mwjmc n kmvac |huw ouhd khhg wh khhg# Wja `hpw gm auac`ap ncnumpa ouhd wja {n} mc {jm`j wja vnumhqp hddhgmwmap nua jncgfag nw wja |huwp#Phda hddhgmwmap nua jncgfag pmdmfnuf} mc Dqdenm wh wja {n} wjnw wja} nua

    jncgfag mc Whi}h9 hwjaup dn} ea jncgfag mc n fapp aff

    `macw dnccau#Dhpw ho wja khhgp nw wja |huw ho Dqdenm jnva az|aumac`ag wja pndagh{c{nug wuacg np wja |huw np n {jhfa Chwnefa az`a|wmhcp mc`fqga PMW@>& Eavaunkap ncg When``h& PMW@ 5& @uqga Dnwaumnfp& Mcagmefa& az`a|w Oqafp&PMW@ 0& Dmcaunf Oqafp& Fqeum`ncwp& ncg Uafnwag Dnwaumnfp& ncg PMW@ 7&Ncmdnf ncg _akawnefa Hmfp& Onwp ncg [nzap An`j ho wjapa khhgp az|aum$ac`ag pmkcm`ncw vhfnwmfmw} mc `hpwp hvau wja }anup

    1 WJA MD\N@W HO P\A@MOM@ MC_APWDACWP

    Ohu |huwp mc Dnfn}pmn ncg @jmcn& {a jnva eaac ohuwqcnwa achqkj wh hewnmcavmgac`a ho wja md|fadacwnwmhc ho p|a`m ` mcounpwuq`wqua mcvapwdacwp

    Np gap umeag mc N||acgmz 0N 0& wjapa mcounpwuq`wqua gavafh|dacwp |auwnmcwh wja mcwuhgq`wmhc ho ca{ eauwjp& ca{ `uncap ohu dncm|qfnwmck `hcwnmc$aup& ncg `jnccaf gaa|acmck [a jnva mc`hu|hunwag wjmp mcohudnwmhc mcwh

    7? Mcounpwuq`wquap uhfa mc fh{aumck Npmnp wunga hpwp

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    59/276

    7;

    < # 5

    < # >

    D q d e n m

    < # 5

    < # >

    > = = = = 1

    5 < < = = = = 1

    5 < < W u a c g p m c N p m n c | h u w ` h p w p

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    60/276

    7:

    < # 1 < >

    < # 1

    P M W @ >

    P M W @ 5

    P M W @ 0

    < # 1 < >

    < # 1

    P M W @ 7

    P M W @ 1

    P M W @ ?

    < # 1 >

    = = = = 1

    5 < < < 5 < < 1

    < > < # 1

    P M W @ ;

    U a f n w m v a | h u w ` h p w p

    > = = = = 1

    5 < < = = = = 1

    5 < < $gmkmw PMW@ `hddhgmwmap ouhd wjuaa pa|nunwap|a`m `nwmhcp Wja wjuaa p|a mnwmhcp gm au hcf} mc wja cqdeau ho fnkp ho wja ga|acgacw vnumnefa wjnw nua mc fqgag

    Np gmp`qppag mc Pa`wmhc 0& {a jnva nfph mc`fqgag wja uafavncw az`jnckaunwa wh `hcwuhf ohu `jnckap mc danpquag `hpwp wjnw nua chw ca`appnumf} wmagwh p|a`m ` jnckap mc |huw wnum p& eqw wjnw hda nehqw np n e}|uhgq`w ho wja{n} wjnw wjapa gnwn nua ua|huwag Wjnw mp& n {aniau Npmnc `quuac`} `ncuagq`a wja Npmnc |huw wnum p paw mc fh`nf `quuac`} eqw ua|huwag mc QPghffnup Wjqp wja az`jncka unwa mp fmiaf} wh ea caknwmvaf} `huuafnwag wh wjaapwmdnwag |huw hpwp [a nfph `hcwuhf ohu @jmcapa ncg Dnfn}pmnc {nkap npfnehqu `hpwp nua fmiaf} wh ea |hpmwmvaf} `huuafnwag {mwj |huw wnum p [aad|fh} gnwn hc @jmcapa |uhvmc`mnf {nkap ouhd wja @jmcn Pwnwmpwm`nf ]anuehhi& >==>55

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    62/276

    Dhpw ho wja |huw mcounpwuq`wqua gavafh|dacwp gh`qdacwag mc hqu gnwn`nc |hwacwmnff} uagq`a `hpwp wjuhqkj mc`uanpap mc wja |au`acwnka ho wungapjm||ag mc hcwnmcaup# Mc wja upw$pwnka uakuappmhc& {a hcwuhf ohu wja |au$`acwnka ho `hcwnmcaumrnwmhc wunga pjm||ag ouhd wja Npmnc |huwp wh wjaQPN ncg wjqp hqu |huw `hpw apwmdnwap nua cawwag hqw ho wja `hpw$uagq`mcka a`w ho ngh|wmck hcwnmcaupjm|p# Np n uapqfw& wja md|n w ho mcounpwuq`wquagavafh|dacwp nw wja Npmnc |huwp mp fmiaf} wh ea dq`j fh{au hc wja apwm$dnwag |huw `hpwp#

    Wnefap 0N7#7& 0N7#1 ncg 0N7#? mc N||acgmz 0N7 |uhvmga apwmdnwmhcuapqfwp ohu wja md|n`w ho md|uhvmck |huw on mfmwmap& ho |uh`qumck nggm$wmhcnf `uncap ncg wja mcwuhgq wmhc ho ca{ eauwjp hc wja |huw `hpwp apwm$dnwag {mwjhqw `hcwuhffmck ohu |au `acw ho `hcwnmcaumrnwmhc# [jac {a|hhf n`uhpp nff >$gmkmw PMW@& nff `haff `macwp uadnmc ~qnfmwnwmvaf}

    qc`jnckag#

    1< Mcounpwuq`wquap uhfa mc fh{aumck Npmnp wunga hpwp

    Wnefa 0#0 Wja gawaudmcncwp ho uafnwmva @jmcapa ncg Dnfn}pmnc |huw hpwp*|hhfag n`uhpp nff >$gmkmw PMW@ `hddhgmwmap-

    *>- *5- *0-

    Uafnwmva |huw hpwp *>pw fnk- < ;1""" < :

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    63/276

    ? WJA AOOM@N@] HO MCGMNC \HUW MC_APWDACWP

    Ohu va dnbhu |huwp mc Mcgmn& Dqdenm& @nf qwwn& Dngunp *@jaccnm-&Bn{njnufnf Cajuq ncg Ca{ Wqwm`humc& {a jnva hewnmcag nccqnf gnwn hc wjaghffnu vnfqa ho mcvapwdacwp dnga nw wja |huwp>= Wjapa mcvapwdacwp onff mcwhohqu euhng `nwakhumap2 gh`i on`mfmwmap&fhngmck ncg qcfhngmck& `jnccaf gaa|$acmck& ncg hwjau

    Gh`i on`mfmwmap mc`fqga wja `hcpwuq`wmhc ho ca{ waudmcnfp hu eauwjp& wjamcpwnffnwmhc ho cnvmknwmhcnf nmgp& hu wja dhgaucmrnwmhc ho azmpwmck gh`ion`mfmwmap9 `jnccaf gaa|acmck mc`fqgap ehwj wja `hpwp ho guagkmck ncg wja|qu`jnpa ho ca{ a~qm|dacw9 fhngmck ncg qcfhngmck mcvhfvap wja ua|fn`a$dacw hu nggmwmhc ho ca{ uncap& wja ua|fn adacw ho dhemfa a~qm|dacw& ncg

    wja |uh`quadacw ho ca{ wqkp 5

    Wnefa 0#7 Wja gawaudmcncwp ho uafnwmva @jmcapa ncg Dnfn}pmnc |huw`hpwp*|hhfag n`uhpp>$gmkmw PMW@ `hddhgmwmap {mwj `hcwnmcaumrag wunga-

    *>- *5- *0-

    Uafnwmva |huw hpwp *>pw fnk- < ;=""" < :>""" < :

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    64/276

    mcvapwdacwp nua mddagmnwaf} hevmhqp Omupw& wja} wacg wh ea fqd|}Mcvapwdacwp mc ca{ waudmcnfp& guagkmck |uhba`wp& ncg wja |qu jnpa ho ca{`uncap nua chw uakqfnu h``quuac`ap& eqw unwjau h` qu mc fnuka ndhqcwp ncg{mwj uafnwmvaf} fh{ oua~qac`} Pa`hcg& wja} nua emnpag wh{nugp wja fnwwau|nuw ho wja wmda |aumhg Ohu wja ohqu |huwp hwjau wjnc Bn{njnufnf Cajuq&wjapa mcvapwdacwp wacgag wh h``qu {mwj kuanwau oua~qac`} mc wja fnwa >====1 wjnwBn{njnufnf Cajuq {np ho phda md|huwnc`a ncg& ohu wja cazw pavaunf }anup&wuadacghqp mcvapwdacwp {aua dnga mc wja |huw Wjapa mcvapwdacwp jnva|audmwwag wunff ` wh mc`uanpa ouhd ? = whcp mc >==1 wh 77 : whcp mc 5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    65/276

    vnumnefa# Wja pa`hcg kuhq| gmpnkkuaknwap wjapa az|acgmwquap mcwh wja ohqu`nwakhumap# [mwjmc wja w{h kuhq|p& wja wjuaa p|a`mnwmhcp gm au hcf} mc wjacqdeau ho fnkp ho wja ga|acgacw vnumnefa wjnw nua mc`fqgag#

    Np `nc ea paac mc Wnefa 0 ?& mcvapwdacw ghffnup& wja az`jncka unwa ncgfh`nf {nkap nff n||anu {mwj wja az|a`wag pmkcp Ohu mcvapwdacw ghffnup mc wjankkuaknwa& wjapa uapqfwp mcgm`nwa wjnw an`j '> dmffmhc uagq`ap uafnwmva `hpwpe} <

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    66/276

    17 Mcounpwuq`wquap uhfa mc fh{aumck Npmnp wunga hpwp

    Wnefa 0#? Wja gawaudmcncwp ho uafnwmva Mcgmnc |huw hpwp *|hhfag n`uhpp nff >$gmkmw PMW@ `hddhgmwmap-

    *>- *5- *0-

    Uafnwmva |huw hpwp *>pw fnk- < ;;70""" < =

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    67/276

    Wunga mcounpwuq`wqua ncg wunga hpwp mc Npmnc |huwp 11

    Wnefa 0#; Wja gawaudmcncwp ho uafnwmva Mcgmnc |huw hpwp *|hhfag n`uhpp >$gmkmw PMW@ `hddhgmwmap {mwj `hcwnmcaumrag wunga-

    *>- *5- *0-

    Uafnwmva |huw hpwp *>pw fnk- < ;1=?""" < :;;""" < >71>"""*< 0?- *< ;?-

    Uafnwmva |huw `hpwp *0ug fnk- < ;1*< 05-

    Whwnf mcvapwdacw <

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    68/276

    1? Mcounpwuq`wquap uhfa mc fh{aumck Npmnp wunga hpwp

    Wnefa 0#: Wja gawaudmcncwp ho uafnwmva Mcgmnc |huw hpwp *|hhfag n`uhpp >$gmkmw PMW@ `hddhgmwmap {mwj chc$`hcwnmcaumrag wunga-

    *>- *5- *0-

    Uafnwmva |huw hpwp *>pw fnk- < ?

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    69/276

    ho p|a`m ` |huw mcvapwdacwp& pq`j np wja mcwuhgq`wmhc ho ca{ eauwjp mcwhh|aunwmhc& `jnccaf gaa|acmck |uhba`wp& ncg wja |qu`jnpa ho ca{ `uncap ohu|uh`appmck hcwnmcaup# Ohu Mcgmn& {a jnva mcohudnwmhc hc wja favaf ho nccqnf|huw az|acgmwquap hc mcounpwuq`wqua# Wjapa nua gawnmfag nw wja |uhba`w favafncg {a jnva |uhvmgag avmgac a ho wja a a`w ho nkkuaknwa az|acgmwquap mcnggmwmhc wh cnuuh{au `nwakhumap ho az|acgmwquap#

    Wniac whkawjau& wja uapqfwp |uhvmga euhng pq||huw ohu wja chwmhc wjnwmcounpwuq`wqua gavafh|dacwp nw wja Npmnc |huwp mc hqu pwqg} gh fh{au wunga`hpwp e} fh{aumck wja hpw ho dhvmck khhgp wjuhqkj wja |huwp Wja avmgac`amp chw qcmohud n`uhpp w}|ap ho mcvapwdacw& jh{avau9 chu gh {a cg wjnw wjaa a`wp nua fnuka Ouhd ehwj w}|ap ho ncnf}pmp& {acg pq||huw ohu wja chwmhcwjnw kacaunf mcvapwdacwp mc gh`i on`mfmwmap ncg p|a`m` mcvapwdacwp mc `hc$wnmcau |uh`appmck ncg |uh`quadacw ho ca{ `uncap fang wh pwnwmpwm`nff}pmkcmncw mc`uanpap mc aff `mac`} Jh{avau& wja md|n`w ho '> dmffmhc mcmcvapwdacw fangp wh n uafnwmvaf} pdnff <

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    70/276

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    71/276

    >7 Wja upw$pwnka uakuappmhcp nua `nuumag hqw pa|nunwaf} ohu an`j ho wja cmca >$gmkmw PMW@

    `hddhgmwmap>1 Paa N||acgmz 0N 0 ohu n dhua gawnmfag gap`um|wmhc ho wja @jmcapa ncg Dnfn}pmnc |huwmcounpwuq`wqua acjnc`adacwp

    >? Paa N||acgmz 0N 0 ohu n dhua gawnmfag gmp`qppmhc ho wja w}|a ho mcvapwdacwp wniac |fn`anw Mcgmnc |huwp mc hqu pwqg}

    >; PMW@ < ncg PMW@ = {aua guh||ag ea`nqpa ho n fn`i ho gnwn Mw mp nfph chw fmiaf} wh ea uaf$avncw wh wja `quuacw ncnf}pmp PMW@ = mp @hddhgmwmap ncg Wuncpn`wmhcp chw afpa{jaua`fnppmag *c a ` -

    >: @hcwnmcaumrag2 Eavaunkap ncg When` h9 Ncmdnf ncg _akawnefa Hmfp& Onwp ncg [nzap9@jadm`nfp ncg Uafnwag \uhgq`wp& c a p *chw afpa{jaua p|a`mag-9 Dncqon wquagKhhgp `fnppm ag `jmast} e} dnwaumnf9 Dn`jmcau} ncg Wuncp|huwnwmhc A~qm|dacw9 ncgDmp`affncahqp Dncqon`wquag Nuwm`fap Chc$`hcwnmcaumrag mc`fqga2 @uqga Dnwaumnfp&Mcagmefa& az`a|w Oqafp9 Dmcaunf Oqafp& Fqeum`ncwp ncg Uafnwag Dnwaumnfp

    >= \unemu Ga imcgf} |uhvmgag wjapa gnwn ohu qp5< Paa N||acgmz 0N 0 ohu dhua hc p|a m ` mcvapwdacw |uhba`wp

    UAOAUAC@AP

    Nmracdnc& B *5;>5

    Enmau& P# ncg B# Eaukpwuncg *5-& Oaeuqnu}& >5;#

    Efhcmkac& Euq a N ncg [apfa} [mfphc *5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    72/276

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    73/276

    Wunga mcounpwuq`wqua ncg wunga hpwp mc Npmnc |huwp ?>

    Chwa2 Kun|jp e} |huw cnda "Uafnwmva wh Whi}h

    Omkqua 0N>#> *`hcwmcqag-

    Dnfn}pmn

    < >

    <

    Bhjhua

    U a f n w m v a | h u w ` h p w p "

    ]anu

    < >==< >==1 5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    74/276

    N\\ACGMZ 0N5

    ?5 Mcounpwuq`wquap uhfa mc fh{aumck Npmnp wunga hpwp

    W h w n f

    >1==< >==1 5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    75/276

    Wunga mcounpwuq`wqua ncg wunga hpwp mc Npmnc |huwp ?0

    Chwa2 Kun|jp e} |huw cnda #

    Omkqua 0N5#> *`hcwmcqag-

    @ j n c c a f g a a | a c m c k

    0==1 5==1 5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    76/276

    ?7 Mcounpwuq`wquap uhfa mc fh{aumck Npmnp wunga hpwp

    H w j a u p ` j a d a p

    >==< >==1 51

    ==< >==1 5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    77/276

    N\\ACGMZ 0N0 GNWN PHQU@AP

    Omupw$pwnka Ncnf}pmp

    [nwauehuca wunga gnwnencipWjmp gnwnpaw `nc ea hewnmcag ouhd wja QP Dnumwmda Ngdmcmpwunwmhc *Dnung- ncg|uhvmgap jmkjf} gawnmfag mcohudnwmhc nehqw ehwj QP md|huwp ncg QP az|huwp Wjaua`hugp mc wjmp gnwnpaw nua emfnwaunf wh wja |huw favaf& mc`fqgmck wjhqpncgp ho ohuamkc|huwp ncg canuf} 71>2 Gmpwnc`ap eaw{aac |huwp*jww|2(({{{#fncgonffcnvmknwmhc#`hd(|g>1>#jwdf-# Gqdd} vnumnefap {aua mc`fqgagmc wja uakuappmhc wh mcgm`nwa mcpwnc`ap {jaua wjaupw ncg pa`hcg danpquap {aua qpag#

    Pa`hcg$pwnka Ncnf}pmp

    Az`jncka unwapMcwaucnwmhcnf Omcnc`mnf Pwnwmpwm`p

    [nkap[hufg Gavafh|dacw Mcgm`nwhup *ohu Mcgmn ncg Dnfn}pmn-9@jmcn Pwnwmpwm`nf ]anuehhi >==>5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    78/276

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    79/276

    N\\ACGMZ 0N7 HWJAU UAKUAPPMHC UAPQFWP

    Wunga mcounpwuq`wqua ncg wunga hpwp mc Npmnc |huwp ?;

    Wnefa 0N7#> Wja gawaudmcncwp ho uafnwmva Mcgmnc |huw hpwp *|hhfag n`uhppnff >$gmkmw PMW@ `hddhgmwmap-

    *>- *5- *0-

    Uafnwmva |huw hpwp *>pw fnk- < ;;;;""" < =0""" < =5::"""*< 5:- *< ?=-

    Uafnwmva |huw `hpwp *0ug fnk- <

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    80/276

    ?: Mcounpwuq`wquap uhfa mc fh{aumck Npmnp wunga hpwp

    Wnefa 0N7#5 Wja gawaudmcncwp ho uafnwmva Mcgmnc |huw `hpwp *|hhfag n`uhpp>$gmkmw PMW@ `hddhgmwmap {mwj `hcwnmcaumrag wunga-

    *>- *5- *0-

    Uafnwmva |huw hpwp *>pw fnk- < ;?0=""" < :;70""" < ::51"""*<

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    81/276

    Wunga mcounpwuq`wqua ncg wunga hpwp mc Npmnc |huwp ?=

    Wnefa 0N7#0 Wja gawaudmcncwp ho uafnwmva Mcgmnc |huw hpwp *|hhfag n`uhpp>$gmkmw PMW@ `hddhgmwmap {mwj chc$`hcwnmcaumrag wunga-

    *>- *5- *0-

    Uafnwmva |huw hpwp *>pw fnk- < ?

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    82/276

    ;< Mcounpwuq`wquap uhfa mc fh{aumck Npmnp wunga hpwp

    Wnefa 0N7#7 Wja gawaudmcncwp ho uafnwmva @jmcapa ncg Dnfn}pmnc |huw`hpwp *|hhfag n`uhpp nff >$gmkmw PMW@ `hddhgmwmap-

    *>- *5- *0-

    Uafnwmva |huw hpwp *>pw fnk- < ;1""" < :>""" < :

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    83/276

    Wunga mcounpwuq`wqua ncg wunga hpwp mc Npmnc |huwp ;>

    Wnefa 0N7#1 Wja gawaudmcncwp ho uafnwmva @jmcapa ncg Dnfn}pmnc |huw`hpwp *|hhfag n`uhpp nff >$gmkmw PMW@ `hddhgmwmap {mwj`hcwnmcaumrag wunga-

    *>- *5- *0-

    Uafnwmva |huw hpwp *>pw fnk- < ;=""" < :0""" < :>"""*< - *< - *< -

    Uafnwmva |huw `hpwp *5cg fnk- <

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    84/276

    ;5 Mcounpwuq`wquap uhfa mc fh{aumck Npmnp wunga hpwp

    Wnefa 0N7#? Wja gawaudmcncwp ho uafnwmva @jmcapa ncg Dnfn}pmnc |huw`hpwp *|hhfag n`uhpp nff >$gmkmw PMW@ `hddhgmwmap {mwj chc$`hcwnmcaumrag wunga-

    *>- *5- *0-

    Uafnwmva |huw hpwp *>pw fnk- < 1;""" < ;

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    85/276

    7 Ad|mum`nf apwmdnwap ho wuncp|huwnwmhc `hpwp2 h|wmhcp ohuacjnc`mck Npmnp wunga"

    \unemu Ga

    > MCWUHGQ@WMHC

    Wja fnpw oa{ ga`ngap jnva paac pmkcm `ncw `jnckap mc mcwaucnwmhcnf a`h$chdm` mcwakunwmhc N kuh{mck cqdeau ho uapanu jaup jnva pwnuwag wh uavanfn fhck fmpw ho wunga `hpw enuumaup wjnw n a`w mcwaucnwmhcnf a`hchdm` mcwakun$wmhc N``hugmck wh Ncgauphc ncg vnc [mc`hh|& Wja >;< |au `acw ho ua|$uapacwnwmvawunga hpwp mc mcgqpwumnfmrag hqcwumap euanip gh{c mcwh 5> |au`acw wuncp|huwnwmhc `hpwp& 77 |au `acw ehugau uafnwag wunga enuumaup ncg 11|au `acw uawnmf ncg {jhfapnfa gmpwumeqwmhc `hpwp *Ncgauphc ncg vnc[mc`hh|& 5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    86/276

    Pa`wmhc 5 |uhvmgap nc mffqpwunwmhc ho knmcp ouhd uagq`wmhc mc wuncp|huwn$wmhc `hpwp Mw mp md|huwncw wh qcgaupwncg jh{ ncg {j} wuncp|huw `hpwuagq`wmhc fangp wunga vhfqda wh umpa Phda pw}fmrag fmwaunwqua hc wuncp|huw`hpw uagq`wmhc ncg mwp md|n`w hc wunga nua eumast} gmp`qppag mc wjmp pa`wmhcPmc`a mcwaucnwmhcnf wuncp|huwnwmhc hpwp ga|acg& wh n kuanw azwacw& hc h`ancouamkjw unwap& hqu cazw wnpi mp wh qcgaupwncg wja uafnwmva md|huwnc a ho wjapaunwap mc Npmn Pa`wmhc 0 mp gavhwag wh wjmp wh|m` Pa`wmhc 7 |uhvmgap nc mffqp$wunwmhc ho wja `hd|hpmwmhc ho wuncp|huwnwmhc `hpwp mc pafa`wag Npmnc hqc$wumap& {jaua {a apwmdnwa wjang vnfhuad wuncp|huwnwmhc `hpwp |uavnmfmckn`uhpp hqcwumap ncg hddhgmwmap Wja nohuapnmg gmp`qppmhc mpcnff} pqd$dnumrag {mwj n ohudnf nppappdacw ho wja uafnwmhcpjm| eaw{aac wunga `hpwafadacwp ncg wunga sth{p mc Pa`wmhc 1 [a nwwad|w wh danpqua wja dhva$dacw ho Npmnc hqcwumap hc n wnum ouamkjw |fnca mc n `hd|nunwmva pwnwm`ounda{hui A`hchdawum` uapqfwp nua |uapacwag ncg gmp`qppag mc wjmp pa`wmhc&ohffh{ag e} `hc`fqpmhcp mc Pa`wmhc ?

    5 GAOMCMWMHC NCG PMKCMOM@NC@A HO WUNGA@HPWP

    Mc kacaunf& nc az|huwau hu md|huwau mc`qup wunga `hpwp nw nff |jnpap ho wjaaz|huw hu md|huw |uh`app& pwnuwmck ouhd hewnmcmck mcohudnwmhc nehqwdnuiaw `hcgmwmhcp mc nc} kmvac ohuamkc dnuiaw wh ua`am|w ho wjacnf|n}dacw Hca |nuw ho wunga `hpwp mp wungau p|a m ncg ga|acgp q|hc nwungaup h|aunwmhcnf aff `mac`} Wja dnkcmwqga ho wunga hpw afadacwp gmdmc$mpjap {mwj nc mc`uanpa mc wja aff `mac } favaf ho wja wungau& qcgau wja |ua$

    vnmfmck ounda{hui ho nc} a hchd} Wja hwjau |nuw ho wunga `hpwp mp p|a m `wh wja wungmck acvmuhcdacw ncg mp mc`quuag e} wja wungaup gqa wh mc$eqmfwmcaff `mac`map mc wja wungmck acvmuhcdacw Mw mc`fqgap mcpwmwqwmhcnf ehwwfa$ca`ip *wuncp|huw& uakqfnwhu} ncg hwjau fhkmpwm`p mcounpwuq`wqua-& mcohudn$wmhc np}ddawu} ncg ngdmcmpwunwmva |h{au& {jm`j kmva umpa wh uacw$paaimckn`wmvmwmap e} khvaucdacw ncg hwjau hff `mnfp nw vnumhqp pwnkap ho wja wuncp$n`wmhc Wjmp dn} `hpw wungaup *hu wjamu `hqcwu}- wmda ncg dhca}& dnimckwuncpn`wmhcp dhua az|acpmva

    Mc euhng waudp& wunga `hpwp mc fqga nff `hpwp mc`quuag mc kawwmck dau$`jncgmpa wh n cnf qpau hwjau wjnc wja `hpw ho |uhgq`mck wja khhg mwpafo&pq`j np wuncp|huwnwmhc hpwp *ehwj ouamkjw hpwp ncg wmda hpwp-& |hfm`} enu$umaup *wnum ncg chc$wnum enuumaup CWEp-& mcohudnwmhc `hpwp& `hcwun`wacohu adacw `hpwp& `hpwp npph`mnwag {mwj wja qpa ho gm auacw `quuac`map&

    faknf ncg uakqfnwhu} `hpwp& fh`nf gmpwumeqwmhc `hpwp *{jhfapnfa ncg uawnmf-ncg ph ohuwj 5 Wjmp dancp w{h wjmckp Omupw& wunga `hpw mp danpquag np ndnui$q| eaw{aac az|huw ncg md|huw |um`ap& {jaua wjmp dnui$q| uhqkjf}

    ;7 Mcounpwuq`wquap uhfa mc fh{aumck Npmnp wunga hpwp

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    87/276

    mcgm nwap wja uafnwmva `hpwp ho wuncpoau ho khhgp ouhd hca `hqcwu} whnchwjau Pa`hcg& wunga `hpwp nua ua|huwag mc waudp ho wjamung vnfhuad wnza~qmvnfacw

    Wunga hpwp nua kacaunff} ~qmwa fnuka& avac npmga ouhd wunga |hfm`} enuum$aup ncg avac eaw{aac n||nuacwf} jmkjf} mcwakunwag a`hchdmap Mc az|fnmc$mck wunga `hpwp& Ncgauphc ncg vnc [mc`hh| *5< mc wja QPN Wja hpw ho wuncp|huwnwmhc& dnuiawmck& {jhfapnfmck ncguawnmfmck ua|uapacw ncng vnfhuad wnz a~qmvnfacw ho =

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    88/276

    `hpwp fangp wh n guh| mc mwp wunga e} :< |au `acw hu avac dhua *Fmdnh ncg_acnefap& 5 Wjamd|huwmck hqcwu} wniap wja {hufg |um`a ho wja khhg *\ { - np kmvac ncg GD mp wja gadncg ohu md|huwp Nppqdmck wuncp|huw `hpw *W >-& wja |um`a on`mckwja md|huwmck hqcwu} {mff ea\ { ) W > Mo np n uapqfw ho wja md|uhvadacw ho mcwaucnwmhcnf wuncp|huw pauvm`ap& wja wuncp|huw `hpw onffp whW 5& wjac wjamd|huw |um`a guh|p wh \ { ) W 5 Wja nuan *e) ` - ua|uapacwp {afonua knmcp whwja md|huwmck `hqcwu} gqa wh nc mc`uanpa mc `hcpqdau pqu|fqp& `hcpmpwmckho chw hcf} wja wumnckfa *ohudauf} n gang{amkjw fhpp-& eqw nfph wja ua`wnc$

    kfa e ho knmcp ouhd uagq`ag wuncp|huw hpwpMc wungmwmhcnf wunga wjahu}& mw mp nppqdag wjnw wunga wniap |fn`a eaw{aac

    `hqcwumap wjnw jnva ch p|nwmnf gmdacpmhcp; Cah`fnppm`nf wunga wjahu}

    ;? Mcounpwuq`wquap uhfa mc fh{aumck Npmnp wunga hpwp

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    89/276

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    90/276

    >=:=-& Gnvmp *>==:-& Ganughu *>==:-& Fmdnh ncg _acnefap *5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    91/276

    Jmkjau wuncp|huw `hpwp nwud favaf uagq`a |uh wp ncg {nkap& ncg wjauae}|acnfmra n hqcwu}p az|huwp Wja aff `mac`} ho wuncp|huw pauvm`ap kuanwf}gawaudmcap wja nemfmw} ho udp wh `hd|awa mc ohuamkc dnuiawp Ohu n pdnffa`hchd} ohu {jm`j {hufg |um`ap ho wungag khhgp nua fnukaf} azhkachqp jmkjau `hpwp ho wuncp|huwnwmhc pjh{ q| mc md|huw ncg az|huw |um`ap Whuadnmc `hd|awmwmva mc pq`j n pmwqnwmhc& az|huwmckudp wjnw on`a jmkjaupjm||mck `hpwp dqpw |n} fh{au {nkap wh {huiaup& n``a|w fh{au uawqucp hc`n|mwnf& hu jnva wh ea dhua |uhgq`wmva

    Wja |uappqua hc on`whu |um`ap ncg |uhgq`wmvmw} mp avac jmkjau ohu mcgqp$wumap {mwj n jmkj pjnua ho md|huwag mc|qwp Mc wjapa `npap& avac pdnffgm auac`ap mc wuncp|huw hpwp hda wh gawaudmca {jawjau hu chw az|huw vac$wquap nua nw nff |uh wnefa Mc gavafh|mck `hqcwumap& ohu fnehqu$mcwacpmvadncqon`wqumck mcgqpwumap pq`j np wazwmfap& jmkj wuncp|huw `hpwp nua dhpwfmiaf} wh wuncpfnwa mcwh fh{au {nkap& wjqp gmua`wf} n a`wmck wja pwncgnug ho fmvmck ho {huiaup ncg wjamu ga|acgncwp

    Wungmck hvau fhck gmpwnc`ap jnp n caknwmva a a`w hc |uh wnemfmw} Mw fangpwh nggmwmhcnf fhppap mc waudp ho n |uhgq`wp pjhuwacag fmoawmda mc wja az|huwdnuiaw >1 Mw {np apwmdnwag wjnw ghqefmck wja gmpwnc`a mc`uanpap hvaunffouamkjw unwap e} 5< wh 0< |au `acw *Jqddafp& >===- Jqddafp *5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    92/276

    {mwj Npmnp wunga& Ga *5

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    93/276

    :>

    W n e f a 7 # >

    H ` a n c o u a m k j w u n w a p m c p a f a ` w a g N p m n c ` h q c w u m a p m c 5 < < 1

    H u m k m c

    G a p w m c n w m h c

    @ j m c n

    M c g m n

    M c g h c a p m n

    B n | n c

    D n f n } p m n

    W j n m f n c g

    I h u a n

    N v a u n k a "

    @ j m c n

    5 5 : = # 5

    5

    : ; 7 # =

    5

    > > < > # = # : 5

    > < = 5 # > 7

    * 5 1 # 1 : -

    * > < # :

    5 -

    * 7 # 0

    1 -

    * 1 # :

    5 -

    * : # ;

    1 -

    * > # 1 < 0 # >

    ?

    > 7 5 0 # 7 ;

    > ; = : # 7

    1

    > 0 5 7 # 5

    ?

    > 5 7 < # ;

    0 = 5 # 0

    1

    > 7 7 ; # < ;

    * > < # 0 7 -

    * > > # =

    ? -

    * > < # 5 < -

    * > < # = 5 -

    * > > # ; : -

    * = # =

    0 -

    M c g h c a p m n

    : 7 < # = 1

    5 1 7 1 # ?

    7

    > 0 ; ? # 1

    0

    = 1 7 # 5 ?

    : 5 ; # : =

    : ? 1 # < 5 0 1 # < 1

    * 7 # ;

    ; -

    * 5 5 # < ? -

    * > < # = = -

    * : # >

    5 -

    * : # # 1 >

    5 < ? ; # =

    ?

    : 0 1 # 7

    7

    ; < ? # 5 # < 7

    ? < : # ? ;

    : = 0 # 7 ;

    * 5 # 5

    ? -

    * > 0 # ? > -

    * 7 # =

    > -

    * 0 # =

    5 -

    * > < # 7 : -

    * 0 # 0

    ; -

    D n f n } p m n

    1 ; 5 # 7 ?

    > : ; ; # 0

    ;

    : 5 < # 1

    1

    > ; : ? # 7

    5

    1 1 ? # 5 0

    ? = 1 # < >

    > < 1 > # 0 7

    * = # 5

    = -

    * 0 < # ; > -

    * 7 # 7

    ? -

    * 0 0 # 5 ? -

    * : # 7

    ? -

    * > 0 # : = -

    W j n m f n c g

    : 5 = # 7 :

    > : : > # 0

    7

    > > 7 5 # : 0

    > < 1 < # 5

    5

    : : = # : > > > # 5 =

    * ; # >

    : -

    * > ; # 5 5 -

    * > 0 # < # = 7 -

    * 1 # > # 5 < -

    I h u a n

    1 : ; # ? 1

    5 0 > < # 7

    7

    : : 7 # 0

    5

    : ; ? # 0 :

    : : : # ; >

    ? ; > # 0 =

    > < 0 ? # 7 :

    * > < # < ; -

    * > = # 5 > -

    * > > # 1

    0 -

    * < # >

    0 -

    * : # ?

    ? -

    * ; # 0

    = -

    N v a u n k a " "

    : < 1 # : ;

    5 > ? 5 # # 1

    :?5 >>?5 ?5 ;57; 0?= 0< :;: ;1=7 >

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    102/276

    wja {amkjwag$nvaunka ouamkjw unwa nua |uhdmcacw n`uhpp `hqcwumap Mw mpmcwauapwmck wjnw wja umpa mc wja mcfncg ouamkjw unwa |au `hcwnmcau mp dnukmcnf&`hd|nuag wh wja mcwaucnwmhcnf ouamkjw unwa Mc `hcwunpw& wja `jncka mc wjamcwaucnwmhcnf ouamkjw unwa mp gmp|aupag n`uhpp `hqcwumap ncg nfph jmkj Ohuaznd|fa& Mcgmn jnp {mwcappag n pwaa| umpa mc mwp mcwaucnwmhcnf ouamkjw unwa&{jm`j jnp khca q| ouhd QP'>>

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    103/276

    =>

    W n e f a 7 # 1 * n - W a u d m c n f j n c g f m c k ` j n u k a * { a m k j w a g n v a u n k a - m c 5 < < 1 * Q P ' ( W A Q -

    @ h d d h g m w } k u h q | p

    @ j m c n M c g m n

    M c g h c a p m n

    B n | n c

    D n f n } p m n

    I h u a n

    W j n m f n c g

    @ h d d h g m w }

    w h w n f

    * { a m k j w a g n v a u n k a -

    A f a ` w u h c m ` m c w a k u n w a g ` m u ` q m w p

    5 0 :

    ; ? :

    0 > ?

    7 1 =

    0 > ?

    5 1 5

    5 7

    ; 5 5

    5 ; :

    5 1 >

    5 7 0

    1 > ;

    0 ?

    7 ; >

    0 :

    0 1 0

    5 7 0

    5 7 =

    0 5 7

    F a n w j a u

    0 > >

    ; ; 1

    0 > 5

    0 0 ?

    0 ? =

    5 1 1

    5 ? 5

    0 5 >

    U q e e a u n c g | f n p w m ` p

    5 ; 7

    : : 1

    0 ?

    0 > 0

    5 7 7

    5 0 :

    5 = ?

    D n ` j m c a u } n c g d a ` j n c m ` n f

    5 < 1

    ; 1 : ;

    ; = 0

    0 > :

    0 7

    0 0 ;

    5 = 1

    5 ; =

    7 < 0

  • 8/8/2019 Infrastructures Role in Lowering Asias Trade Costs

    104/276

    =5

    W n e f a 7 # 1 *

    e - N q z m f m n u } p j m | | m c k ` j n u k a p * { a m k j w a g n v a u n k a - m c 5 < < 1 * Q P ' ( W A Q -

    @ h d d h g m w } k u h q | p

    @ j m c n M c g m n

    M c g h c a p m n

    B n | n c

    D n f n } p m n

    I h u a n

    W j n m f n c g

    @ h d d h g m w } w h w n f

    * { a m k j w a g n v a u n k a -

    A f a ` w u h c m ` m c w a k u n w a g ` m u ` q m w p

    0 0 ?

    > 7 > =

    1 ? 1

    1 1 ;

    1 > 7

    7 ? ?

    0 = :

    > > 5 ?

    H ff ` a n c g w a f a ` h d a ~ q m | d a c w

    0 0 ;

    > 1 7 >

    1 = 5

    ; 0 >

    7 : ?

    1 0 5

    > < 0 7

    A f a ` w u m ` n f n c g a f a ` w u h c m ` p

    0 7 ?

    > 7 5 5

    ? < >

    1 0 ;

    7 5 :

    ; 0 ;

    O q a f p & d m c m c k n c g o h u a p w | u h g q ` w p

    ? = ;

    > 5 ? 0

    1 ? ;

    ; = 0

    1 0 ;

    1 > :

    7 < =

    ? ? 1

    O h h g | u h g q ` w p

    1 ? =

    > 0 1 =

    ; < >

    ; > ;

    1 ; 0

    1 ; 0

    1 1 5

    ? 7 ?

    W a z w m f a p n c g ` f h w j m c k

    0 1 1

    > 7 1 >

    ? < >

    ; 7 7

    1 < ;

    1 7 1

    7 1 ?

    ? 7 ?

    F a n w j a u

    7 < 7

    > 1 0 1

    ? > >

    ; ? 0

    1 : ?

    1 ? 1

    7 0 ?

    ? 5 5

    \ j n u d n ` a q w m ` n f p

    0 = 5

    > 0 ; >

    1 7 0

    ; 5 5

    1 1 0 7 >

    ? < ?

    ? ; ?

    1 0 1

    7 : 1

    7 5 1

    1 5 0

    D a w n f

    0 7 >

    > 7 0 ?

    1 = =

    ; 0 1

    7 = ?

    1 1 :

    7 1 1

    1 > ;

    D n ` j m c a u } n c g d a ` j n c m