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Informed Consultation and Participation: Legacy, indigenous people and livelihoods
#iaia17
Mainstreaming the Mitigation Hierarchy in Impact AssessmentInternational Association for Impact Assessment
Washington DC, 14-15 Nov 2017
Shivcharn Dhillion, Ph.D.ENVIRO-DEV, Norway and Gothenburg Univ, Sweden
www.enviro-dev-no.com
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Project Development
ENVIRO-DEV
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Infrastructure projects: hydropower, roads, transmission lines, etc
–there are IMPACTSnatural resources
people
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Project Development
ENVIRO-DEV
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CHANGE is central➢ There is loss and re-organization
of natural resources – land, water and biodiversity
➢ Livelihoods are influenced
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Project Development
ENVIRO-DEV
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Opinions and Perceptions - 1
•From a familiar landscape
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Project Development
ENVIRO-DEV
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Opinions and Perceptions - 1
• Transformed to entirely different landscape
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Potential issues arising from infrastructuredevelopment
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Stakeholders are weary Concerned about change
When changes are uncertain and unknown, the degree of concern and mistrust is high and can grow over time.
pre-conceived notions of what (permanent and non-permanent) impacts really are and thus what projects will bring in the future.
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Potential issues
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Those involved in any aspect of ESIA are thus faced with the task of:
Not only to, (i) Demystify notions of impacts
but also to,(ii) Respect rights of stakeholders in being informed and
consulted
and, importantly,(iii) water resource usage, water/riparian rights, forest access
and use, and ecosystem changes (services). land restoration-maintenance needs. and environmental flow
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Communication
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The Performance Standards….call for
early stakeholder engagement in the project development cycle.
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Communication with Stakeholders
• meaningful consultation
ENVIRO-DEV
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WHEN DOES COMMUNICATION HAVE TO BEGIN?
Practice?
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ENVIRO-DEV
In relation to baseline data acquisition:Biological, social-
economic, cultural etc
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Examples of Projects
• Vietnam Hydropower projects (transboundary, Laos-Vietnam)
• Georgia, hydropower project lower Caucasus mountain range (Khudoni)
• Philippines Hydropower Project, Ifugao
• Indonesia project road development (SIAP5, Java and Kalimantan)
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Projects: Vietnam-Laos, Georgia, Philippines and Indonesia
• History of Proponents – 5 to 10 years at least
• One-way information provision – technical (in some case provided by technical design teams, mitigation (national)
• Communication strategy, purpose and skills – unclear
• Indigenous people (IP) treated only when there were national requirements. (except in Philippines: Indigenous organization
and policy (ILO 169)). Non-indigenous people treated very differently
• Baselines had significant gaps
• National EIAs?
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Projects
Challenges
• Proponent role and Information sharing: Project development planning and activities
• Access roads –early and without information to local communities
• Scoping and national EIA activities focused on selected aspects of land cover, forest/fish diversity, households numbers, water quality and mitigation.
• Community links to surrounding environments unclear. Use?
• No knowledge of other projects in area.
• Ethnicity not always certain.
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Projects
• Upgrade and gap filling for IFC/MIGA/ADB compliance – ESIAs
➢biodiversity – aquatic and terrestrial
➢affected people profiling/mapping
➢communication
• One of the aims was to - Establish a baseline on the degree of dependency (detailed well-nuanced links of) of livelihoods and surrounding environment.
• Tools used – field surveys, FGD, KII and observations
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Projects• Biodiversity status - deforestation, shifting agriculture
and grazing
• River dependence – waterways, fishing, burial rituals
• Forest – production and protection for use. (not ‘natural’ – Vietnam). Forestry, domestic use, rituals and sacred areas.
• Forest - protected forests (conservation) –Georgia and Indonesia. Grassland ecosystems - Philippines.
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Projects - findingsHistorical aspects- Information shared varied over time- Nearby existing and project development: impacts and relocation had
already tainted local views towards incoming project.
High dependence on surrounding ecosystems - Livelihoods, cultural: biodiverse areas (forest, grassland and river)
Indigenous and non-indigenous people- ritual sites, sacred areas – river and forest
- High level of mistrust in consultants and proponents
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Projects
Communication Approach involved revisiting the results of the field work to show consultant/proponent knowledge of the affected people livelihoods, natural resources and potential impacts – trust building.
The high degree of mistrust required a communication approach which would address the concerns of the affected people
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Livelihoods
• Livelihoods and Culture of affected people
contribution of agricultural activities, commons, forest, aquatic species, river, employment
• Biodiversity and ecosystem services
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Livelihoods, Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity
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Livelihoods, Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity
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ProjectsIn all cases, biodiversity conservation could not be designed without both biological surveys and social surveys
• Close links had to be established between experts when collecting data and for analyses, and how communities were going to be informed.
• Communities were concerned of change and loss of resources. Assurance of knowledge base used for ESIA was needed.
• A generic scoping and ESIA approach - cannot provide the data and nuances needed for designing biodiversity conservation and community involvement for E&S planning management (including livelihoods restoration).
Communication was central in being able to convince communities that the database used for impact assessment was in fact real.
The need to recognize and identify their realities in the data used was vital.
Biological baseline – Social baseline
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Communication
The early cross disciplinary approach also allowed for a better FPIC process and regional government agreements.
FPICfree, prior, and informed consent
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Ecological, Technical and Soc-Econ & Political Feasibility
Define area, BES values
Assess residual impacts using MH
Options for interventions within
landscape
1-Are offsetsecologically feasibility?
2-Are offsetstechnical feasible?
Assess the socio-econ and political
sustainability?
+ecological
• Steps in assessing the feasibility of a biodiversity conservation target in a setting where communities environmental dependency is high?
Affected Community
Social-Cultural
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Broad time-line for project development and stakeholder engagement
ENVIRO-DEV
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Early Thinking
(screening)
Focusing on 1
project
(scoping)
Technical studies
ESIA
Environmental Studies
&
Social-economic and cultural
studies
Decision Making
and Financial
Closure
Co
nstru
ction
Op
eratio
n
Degree of involvement
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ESIA and ESMP/ESMAP
Collective Approach and Understanding for Mitigation
Options
Biodiversity changes and loss
(flora/fish/wildlife)
Off-set options
Cultural Heritage Changes and Sense
of belonging / ancestral Roots
Land change and loss, Physical
Change
Loss of Assets and livelihoods, services
Changes in Ecosystem services
and integrity
Off-set options
Source: Dhillion, 2014.
VITAL -- Expert Interaction and Collaboration
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ESIA and ESMP/ESMAP
Stakeholder Reaction and
Need for Engagement
Biodiversity changes and loss
(flora/fish/wildlife)
Cultural Heritage Changes and Sense
of belonging / ancestral Roots
Land change and loss, Physical
Change
Loss of Assets and livelihoods, services
Changes in Ecosystem services
and integrity
Source: Dhillion, 2014.
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Communication
Communicators to digest
information
Technical
Social –Cultural
Biological and
Physical
National Policy
Source: Dhillion, 2014.
➢ Social Acceptance
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28 ICH - Social Impact Assessment Course 2011 (L15, Dhillion)
Thank you