information systems 363 stair chapter 3 11th edition

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Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh EditionChapter 3 Hardware: Input, Processing, andOutput, and Storage Devices

1Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition11Principles and Learning ObjectivesComputer hardware must be carefully selected to meet the evolving needs of the organization and of its supporting information systemsDescribe the role of the central processing unit and main memoryState the advantages of multiprocessing and parallel computing systems, and provide examples of the types of problems they addressDescribe the access methods, capacity, and portability of various secondary storage devicesIdentify and discuss the speed, functionality, and importance of various input and output devicesIdentify the characteristics of and discuss the usage of various classes of single-user and multiuser computer systems

2Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition2Principles and Learning ObjectivesThe computer hardware industry is rapidly changing and highly competitive, creating an environment ripe for technological breakthroughsDescribe Moores Law and discuss its implications for future computer hardware developmentsGive an example of recent innovations in computer CPU chips, memory devices, and input/output devicesThe computer hardware industry and users are implementing green computing designs and productsDefine the term green computing and identify the primary goals of this programIdentify several benefits of green computing initiatives that have been broadly adopted3Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition Why Learn About Hardware?Organizations invest in computer hardware to:Improve worker productivityIncrease revenue, reduce costsProvide better customer serviceSpeed up time-to-marketEnable collaboration among employeesManagers:Must assess opportunities to apply computer hardware and evaluate options and features4Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

New hardware opportunities for business5Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh EditionBusinesses love Square Stand.mp4

Computer Systems: Integrating the Power of TechnologyHardware components:Central processing unit (CPU): Arithmetic/logic unit, the control unit, and the register areasArithmetic/logic unit (ALU): Performs mathematical calculations and makes logical comparisonsControl unit :Sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow of data in and out of the ALU, registers, primary storage, and even secondary storage and various output devices

6Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Computer Systems: Integrating the Power of TechnologyPrimary storage:Also called main memoryClosely associated with the CPUAlso called RAM (random access memory)


Computer Systems: Integrating the Power of Technology8Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Hardware Components in ActionStep 1: Fetch instructionStep 2: Decode instructionStep 3: Execute instructionStep 4: Store results9Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

9 Processing Characteristics and FunctionsMachine cycle time is measured in:Nanoseconds (1 billionth of a second)Picoseconds (1 trillionth of a second)MIPS (millions of instructions per second)Clock speed:Series of electronic pulses produced at a predetermined rate that affects machine cycle timeOften measured in:Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per secondGigahertz (GHz): billions of cycles per second

10Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition10Processing Characteristics and FunctionsPhysical characteristics of the CPU:Most CPUs are:Collections of digital circuits imprinted on silicon wafers, or chips, each no bigger than the tip of a pencil eraserMoores Law:Hypothesis stating that transistor densities on a single chip will double every two years11Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

11New hardware opportunities for business12Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Memory Characteristics and FunctionsMain memoryProvides the CPU with a working storage area for programs and dataRapidly provides data and instructions to the CPUStorage capacityEight bits together form a byte (B)13Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Memory Characteristics and FunctionsTypes of memory:Random access memory (RAM):Temporary and volatileTypes of RAM:DRAM (Dynamic RAM) DDR2 SDRAM and DDR3 SDRAMStatic Random Access Memory (SRAM)Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (DDR SDRAM)14Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

How much RAM does your PC have?More RAM > more brainOn the PC, check

For more details, try http://www.cpuid.com/softwares/cpu-z.html and check your user manual. Same options for purchasing more. Check http://www.18004memory.com for their config checker.15Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

How much RAM does your Mac have?More RAM > more brain > faster experience, especially with multitaskingOn the Mac, check about the Mac

Go to Mactracker.ca, and download the app, and check how much your Mac could take. Most older Macs can have more RAM than Apple says.Options to buy on Amazon.com, Newegg.com, Tigerdirect.com, BestBuy, etc.16Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Mactracker.ca


Memory Characteristics and FunctionsOther types of memory:Read-only memory (ROM):NonvolatileProvides permanent storage for data and instructions that do not changeCache memory:High-speed memory that a processor can access more rapidly than main memory18Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh EditionMultiprocessingMultiprocessing:Simultaneous execution of two or more instructions at the same timeCoprocessor:Executes specific types of instructionsSpeeds processing Multicore microprocessor: Combines two or more independent processors into a single computer


19Virtualization

20Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh EditionVirtual Machine Config

21Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh EditionMultiprocessingGraphics processing unit (GPU):A specialized processor that offloads the tasks associated with 3D graphics rendering from the CPUCan also be used in certain applications that require massive vector operations to provide performance several orders of magnitude higher than a traditional CPU


Parallel ComputingParallel computing:Simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple processors to obtain results fasterMassively parallel processing:Links hundreds or thousands of processors to operate at the same timeGrid computing:Use of a collection of computers to work in a coordinated manner to solve a common problem


Grid Computing

24Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh EditionGrid Computing

25Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh EditionAccess MethodsSequential access:Data must be retrieved in the order in which it is storedDevices used called sequential access storage devices (SASDs)Direct access:Records can be retrieved in any orderDevices used are called direct access storage devices (DASDs)26Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

26Secondary StorageCompared with memory, offers the advantages of nonvolatility, greater capacity, and greater economyOn a cost-per-megabyte basis:Secondary storage is considerably less expensive than primary memoryTypes used, access methods, storage capacities, and portability required of secondary storage media determined by the information systems objectives27Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh EditionSecondary Storage DevicesMagnetic tapes:Primarily for storing backups of critical organizational dataMagnetic disks:Direct-access storage deviceRedundant array of independent/inexpensive disks (RAID):Method of storing data that generates extra bits of data from existing data


Secondary Storage Devices Virtual tape:Used for less frequently needed dataOptical secondary storage devices:Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM):Storage capacity is 740 MB Digital video disc (DVD): 6 x capacity of CDBlue-ray high-definition video disk:3 x capacity of DVD29Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Secondary Storage DevicesSolid state secondary storage devices:Store data in memory chips rather than magnetic or optical mediaHave few moving parts, so they are less fragile than hard disk drivesDisadvantages of SSDHigh cost per GB of data storageLower capacity compared to current hard drives


Fusion drive in progress31Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Hybrid Drives, Fusion DrivesHybrid/Fusion drives are blended drives with an SSD component and a regular HDD componentBuild your own Apple FusionDrive (at your own risk - voids all warranty)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4NqbGEJpN4&feature=player_embedded For educational purpose: no need to do, just watch for curiosity. ;-)Fast, convenient, reasonable price32Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh EditionEnterprise Storage OptionsNetwork-attached storage (NAS):Hard disk storage that is set up with its own network address rather than being attached to a single computerStorage area network (SAN):Special-purpose, high-speed network that provides direct connections among data-storage devices and computers


Enterprise Storage OptionsStorage as a service (cloud storage):A data storage model where a data storage service provider rents space to people and organizationsProviders for enterprises:Aviva, Amazon, EMC, Google, Microsoft, BoxOnline Backup providers for individuals:DollyDrive, Carbonite, SugarSynch, Mozy, OneDrive, Gdrive, Storage/Sync providers for individuals:Mega, Tresorit, Wuala, SpiderOak, Dropbox, Cubby, 34Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh EditionBackup group exercise: Groups of 5What type of secondary storage do you use.What type of backups do you use.How do you rank your various types of data in order of importance.If the five of you would be a business, how would you organize the storage and backup?

34Input and Output Devices: The Gateway to Computer SystemsInput and output devices:Gateways to the computer system Part of a computers user interfaceOrganizations:Should keep their business goals in mind when selecting input and output devices35Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh EditionCharacteristics and Functionality Data can be human- or machine-readableData entry converts human-readable data into machine-readable formData input transfers machine-readable data into systemSource data automation captures and edits data where data is initially created and in a form that can be directly input to a computer36Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition36Input DevicesDevices used to input general types of data:Personal computer input devicesSpeech recognition technologyDigital camerasScanning devicesOptical data readersMagnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devicesMagnetic stripe card


Microsoft Kinect

38Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh EditionGoogle Mapping

39Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh EditionInput DevicesDevices used to input general types of data:Chip-and-PIN cards and contactless cardsPoint-of-sale devicesAutomated teller machine (ATM) devicesPen input devicesTouch-sensitive screensBar-code scannersRadio frequency identification chips


Getting Payment data into the system

41Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh EditionInput Devices42Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Output Devices Display monitors used to display output from computerPlasma display:Uses thousands of smart cells (pixels) consisting of electrodes and neon and xenon gases that are electrically turned into plasma to emit lightLCD displays:Flat displays that use liquid crystals Brighter, flicker-free, and do not emit radiation43Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

43Output DevicesOLED displaysUses layer of organic material sandwiched between two conductorsProvide sharper and brighter colors than LCDs and CRTsPower usageOld CRT (most), Plasma, LCD, OLED (least)Digital audio player:Can store, organize, and play digital music files


Output DevicesPrinters and plotters:Laser printers and inkjet printersPlotters used for general design workDigital Audio PlayersMP3 players compress sound sequence into small file while preserving original level of sound qualityE-books: Digital media equivalent of a conventional printed book45Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

3D Printing of a Bicycle http://iurl.no/78994

46Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh EditionNonportable Single-User ComputersThin client:Low-cost, centrally managed computer with no extra drivesDesktop computers:Single-user computer systems that are highly versatile


Portable Single-User ComputersLaptops and notebook computers:Designed for use by mobile usersNetbook computer:Small, light, inexpensive Tablet computers:Portable, lightweight computers with no keyboard Handheld computers:Single-user computers that provide ease of portability because of their small sizeSmartphone:Combines functionality of mobile phone, camera, Web browser, e-mail tool, MP3 player, and other devices into a single device


Smartphones49Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Multiple-User Computer SystemsServer:Used by many users to perform a specific task, such as running network or Internet applicationsScalability:The ability to increase the processing capability of a computer system so that it can handle more users, more data, or more transactions Blade server:Houses many computer motherboards 50Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Multiple-User Computer SystemsMainframe computer:Large, powerful computer shared by dozens or even hundreds of concurrent users connected to the machine over a networkSupercomputers:The most powerful computers with the fastest processing speed and highest performance


Green ComputingConcerned with the efficient and environmentally responsible design, manufacture, operation, and disposal of IS-related products Goals:Reduce the use of hazardous materialEnable companies to lower their power-related costs Enable safe disposal or recycling of equipment


SummaryComputer hardware:Should be selected to meet specific user and business requirementsRandom access memory (RAM):Temporary and volatileROM (read-only memory):NonvolatileContains permanent program instructions for execution by the CPU53Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh EditionSummaryMulticore microprocessor:Combines two or more independent processors into a single computer so they can share the workloadComputer systems: Can store larger amounts of data and instructions in secondary storageOverall trend in secondary storage is toward: Direct access methodsHigher capacity, increased portabilityAutomated storage management54Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh EditionSummaryComputer systems categories:Single user and multiple usersCPU processing speed: Limited by physical constraints such as the distance between circuitry points and circuitry materialsGreen computing:Concerned with the efficient and environmentally responsible design, manufacture, operation, and disposal of IT related products 55Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition55

information systems 363 stair chapter 3 11th edition

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