informal sector and quality employment in asian mics (paper)
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Zkxgvj~ W}gaezu Mc|akucmdz ed Edjkdm~eg
H}dz}v ^}heugvzkg%! Jmygdzk \vgzkckf%! gdj Vgjmd C}`gccgj \}vdgh}dgxgdn%
Gf~zvgnz
Z`e~ |g|mv mpgcedm~ z`m judgcen~ gdj n`gvgnzmve~zen~ ki agfkv cgvomz ed Edjkdm~eg ed z`m
nkdzmpz ki g ~mvem~ ki mnkdkcen ia}nz}gzekd~! edna}jedh z`m G~egd Iedgdnega Nve~e~ (GIN% gdj z`m
Hakfga Iedgdnega Nve~e~ (HIN%$ Z`m cged |}v|k~m e~ zk ~mm `kx z`m agfkv cgvomz vmgnz~ zk z`m
~`kno~ gdj x`gz oedj~ ki |kaenu vm~|kd~m vmamygdz zk gjjvm~~ z`m e~~}m$ Gaa gvm ed z`m nkdzmpz ki
ec|vkyedh z`m w}gaezu ki mc|akucmdz gdj z`m nkdjezekd ki agfkv cgvomz$ \gvzen}agv mc|`g~e~ e~
heymd zk z`m miimnz~ kd jeiimvmdz zu|m~ ki xkvomv~ zk `gym g fmzzmv |enz}vm kd z`m agfkv cgvomz
vm~|kd~m gdj ez~ |kaenu ec|aengzekd~$ Omu |kaenu vm~|kd~m~ gjk|zmj fu z`m hkymvdcmdz xeaa ga~k
fm mpgcedmj edna}jedh ed ez~ mpe~zedh nkd~zvgedz~ vmagzmj zk hmdjmv! }vfgd v}vga! edikvcgaezu gdj
kz`mv n`gvgnzmve~zen~$ Kymvgaa vm~}az~ ~`kx z`gz z`m agfkv cgvomz ed Edjkdm~eg e~ ymvu iampefam ed
ez~ ck~z g~|mnz~! edna}jedh ed zmvc~ ki vmnv}ezcmdz kv mc|akucmdz! xkvoedh `k}v~ gdj xghm$
Xkvomv~ ngddkz giikvj zk fm }dmc|akumj gdj ghven}az}vm gdj edikvcga ~mnzkv gaxgu~ gnz g~ z`m
f}iimv j}vedh z`m nve~m~$ Z`e~ amgj~ zk g xejm~|vmgj }djmvmc|akucmdz gdj edikvcga mc|akucmdz
vm~}azmj ed akx w}gaezu gdj |vkj}nzeyezu ki xkvomv~$ Mpe~zedh |kaenu vm~|kd~m~ ~}n` g~ z`m
cedec}c xghm gdj ~mymvgdnm |gu nkdzvef}zm aezzam zk ec|vkym z`m ~ez}gzekd gdj z`mvmikvm g
fmzzmv |kaenu vm~|kd~m e~ vmgaau dmmjmj$ Z`m |kaenu c}~z zgom edzk gnnk}dz z`m judgcen~ gdj
n`gvgn`mzve~zen~ ki z`m agfkv cgvomz g~ xmaa g~ vkam ki edikvcga gdj ghven}az}vm ~mnzkv~$ Z`m
nk}dzvu dmmj~ zk hvkx ig~zmv gdj ckvm edna}~eym zk nvmgzm ckvm w}gaezu mc|akucmdz gdj z`e~
ngddkz fm gn`emymj fu vmikvcedh z`m agfkv cgvomz kdau$ Ed~zmgj! ez c}~z fm jkdm ed nkdb}nzekd
xez` ec|vkyedh z`m kymvgaa edym~zcmdz naecgzm$
[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[g% ^mdekv Mnkdkce~z! GJF gdj nkvvm~|kdjedh g}z`kv$ f%$ Fvgxebgug ]deymv~ezu! Edjkdm~eg$ (n% \gjbgjbgvgd]deymv~ezu! Edjkdm~eg$ Z`m yemx~ mp|vm~~mj `mvm gvm z`k~m ki z`m g}z`kv~ gdj jk dkz dmnm~~gveau vmiamnzz`m yemx~ kv |kaenem~ ki z`m GJF$
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7$ Edzvkj}nzekd
Edjkdm~eg e~ z`m ik}vz` ck~z |k|}ak}~ nk}dzvu ed z`m xkvaj gizmv \$V$ N`edg! Edjeg! gdj z`m ]^G
xez` g zkzga |k|}agzekd ki ckvm z`gd 6>< ceaaekd ed 6~`gvm! `kxmymv! xg~ ednvmg~m j}vedh z`m 7558#7550 nve~e~ |mvekj x`md ez ~mvymj g~ g ~gimzu
ygaym fu gf~kvfedh mc|akucmdz ivkc }vfgd ikvcga ~mnzkv! x`en` `g~ nkdzvgnzmj ~ehdeiengdzau$
Z`m edikvcga ~mnzkv e~ g~~knegzmj xez` akx w}gaezu bkf xez` |kkv xkvoedh nkdjezekd~$
Kd z`m kz`mv `gdj! ikvcga mc|akucmdz ed Edjkdm~egd nkdzmpz e~ cgedau ed }vfgd gdj g~~knegzmj
xez` g hkkj bkf$ Z`m vgzm `g~ ednvmg~mj }dzea 7559 f}z z`md jmnvmg~mj }dzea 6= `k}v~ |mv xmmo xez` akx ednkcm$ Ckvm z`gd >>- ki z`mc xk}aj
aeom zk `gym g dmx bkf heymd z`mev akx |gu gdj |kkv xkvoedh nkdjezekd~ (^}heugvzk mz ga$ 6
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Gdkz`mv omu |vkfamc e~ z`m vehejezu ki z`m agfkv cgvomz vmh}agzekd$ Ed ignz! ez ~mmd g~ kdm ki z`m
ck~z vehej ed z`m vmhekd cgoedh ez ckvm mp|md~eym zk jk f}~edm~~ (~mm Xkvaj Fgdo |}faengzekd
kd Jkedh F}~edm~~%$7 Z`m vmh}agzekd~ kd cedec}c xghm gdj ~mymvgdnm |gu! ikv ed~zgdnm! `gym
cgjm z`m mnkdkcu am~~ nkc|mzezeym$ Z`mkvmzengaau ez e~ ymvu mp|md~eym zk ~mz }| g f}~edm~~ ed
Edjkdm~eg! x`eam |vgnzengaezu ez e~ g ymvu jeiimvmdz cgzzmv z`gz cgom~ xkvomv~ ed z`m xkv~m kii
nkdjezekd$ Iev~z! z`m vmh}agzekd~ gvm evvmamygdz zk edikvcga xkvomv~$ ^mnkdj! nkc|aegdnm zk z`m
cedec}c xghm gdj ~mymvgdnm |gu e~ akx j}m zk z`m agno ki mdikvnmcmdz$ Z`e~ ngd fm ~mmd ivkc
z`m ignz z`gz z`m hkymvdcmdz dmymv e~~}m miimnzeym ~gdnzekd~ zk mc|akumv~ nkdzed}edh zk |gu z`mev
xkvomv~ fmakx z`m cedec}c xghm gdj jej dkz |gu z`m ~mymvgdnm |gu (^CMV]! 6
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ik}v z`md nkdnmdzvgzm~ kd z`m miimnz~ ki z`m zxk nve~m~2 z`m GIN gdj HIN kd z`m agfkv cgvomz
k}znkcm~! edna}jedh kd akkoedh gz x`gz oedj~ ki bkf nvmgzmj j}vedh z`m nve~m~ gdj x`k hkz z`mc$
Ed ~mnzekd ik}v! z`m ikn}~ e~ kd z`m omu |kaenu cmg~}vm~ z`gz z`m hkymvdcmdz gjk|zmj fu akkoedh
gz z`mev ec|gnz~ kd z`m agfkv cgvomz k}znkcm~$ Zxk cgbkv |kaenu cmg~}vm~ gvm mpgcedmj! e$m$
z`m cedec}c xghm gdj ~mymvgdnm |gu vmh}agzekd~$ Z`m ag~z ~mnzekd z`md |vkyejm~ ~kcm omu
iedjedh~ gdj z`mev |kaenu ec|aengzekd~ fu ikn}~edh kd z`m miikvz ki ec|vkyedh z`m w}gaezu ki
mc|akucmdz gdj agfkv cgvomz nkdjezekd$
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6$ Omu Jmymak|cmdz \vkhvm~~ ed z`m Mnkdkcu
6$7$ Cged \vkhvm~~ ed z`m Mnkdkcu
Edjkdm~eg ~zgvzmj ez~ mnkdkcen jmymak|cmdz ivkc g ymvu akx fg~m$ Ez~ |mv ng|ezg ednkcm ed 7598
xg~ kdau *=< #gfk}z `gai z`gz ki Edjeg! Fgdhagjm~`! gdj Dehmveg (@eaa 7559%# f}z ez ~}nnm~~i}aau
cgedzgedmj ez~ mnkdkcen hvkxz` gz gd gymvghm ki gack~z 8- |mv umgv j}vedh 7595#5=$ Z`m
hvkxz` `g~ vge~mj z`m |k|}agzekd~ aeyedh ~zgdjgvj~ g~ |mv ng|ezg ednkcm ednvmg~mj fu gfk}z
:$=- |mv umgv$
J}vedh z`m mgvau 750
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Mdzmvedh z`m 755
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6$6$ Igeamj ^zv}nz}vga Zvgd~ikvcgzekd
Akkoedh gz ckvm jmzgea~ gz z`m ~mnzkvga amyma! z`m GIN vmgaau jmvgea~ z`m jmymak|cmdz |vkhvm~~ ed
Edjkdm~eg$ J}vedh z`m |mvekj ki 755>#7559! ikv ed~zgdnm! Edjkdm~eg `gj mp|mvemdnmj g ~zvkdh
mnkdkcen hvkxz` xez` z`m gdd}ga HJ\ hvkxz` ki 8$8-$ Cgd}ignz}vedh edj}~zvu hvmx
ec|vm~~eymau gz 7$=- ed 7559! zgoedh
kymv z`m ~mvyenm ~mnzkv! x`en` mp|mvemdnmj g ~aeh`z jmnvmg~m ivkc :6- zk :
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nkcckjezu |venm~! zmn`dkakhenga n`gdhm~ gdj ~}f~zgdzega jmvmh}agzekd~! x`eam ~mvyenm ~mnzkv
nkdzed}mj zk hvkx igv ckvm vg|ejau xez` gd gymvghm hvkxz` vgzm ki 8$7- |mv gdd}c zk fmnkcm
z`m cged jveymv ki z`m mnkdkcen mp|gd~ekd$
Z`mvmikvm! fg~mj kd z`m kymvgaa |enz}vm j}vedh z`m |mvekj ki 755>#6
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Ieh}vm 7$ mnzkvga Nkdzvef}zekd ki Ghven}az}vm! Cgd}ignz}vedh Edj}~zvu!gdj ^mvyenm~ zk HJ\! 755>#6
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>$ Z`m Judgcen~ gdj Cged N`gvgnzmve~zen~ ki z`m Edjkdm~egd Agfkv Cgvomz
Z`e~ ~mnzekd mpgcedm~ z`m omu zvmdj~ gdj n`gvgnzmve~zen~ ki z`m Edjkdm~egd agfkv cgvomz ed z`m
nkdzmpz ki mnkdkcen ia}nz}gzekd~ fu }~edh z`m Edjkdm~egd Agfkv Ikvnm ^}vymu~ (^gomvdg~#
^}vyme Gdhogzgd Omvbg Dg~ekdga%$ Zk ~mvym z`m |}v|k~m! z`m cged jgzg ~mz~ }~mj ed z`m gdgau~e~
gvm ^gomvdg~ 755> zk 6|k|}agzekd (vm~}az ki z`m Edjkdm~egd \k|}agzekd Nmd~}~ ed 6f%$ Z`e~ vgzm e~ c}n` `eh`mv z`gd z`m hvkxz` vgzm ki z`m zkzga |k|}agzekd! x`en` e~ g||vkpecgzmau
kdau gvk}dj 7$>- |mv umgv j}vedh z`m ~gcm |mvekj$ Z`m hvkxz` vgzm ki xkvoedh ghm |k|}agzekd
`g~ `kxmymv zmdjmj zk jmnvmg~m kymv z`m umgv~ j}m zk z`m igaaedh ki zkzga imvzeaezu vgzm g~ g vm~}az
ki ~}nnm~~i}a ec|amcmdzgzekd ki z`m dgzekdga igceau |agddedh |vkhvgc fu z`m hkymvdcmdz ed z`m
|vmyek}~ jmngjm~$ Z`m ~}nnm~~ e~ ga~k vmiamnzmj ed z`m akxmv ~`gvm~ ki uk}dh gdj |vecm#ghmj
|k|}agzekd ed z`m zkzga |k|}agzekd$:
:Z`e~ ngd ga~k fm ~mmd ed z`m nkc|gve~kd ki |k|}agzekd |uvgcej~ gnvk~~ zecm$ ^mm ^}heugvzk mz ga$ 6
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Z`m feh nkc|kdmdz ki z`m xkvoedh ghm |k|}agzekd e~ z`m agfkv ikvnm! x`en` nkd~e~z~ ki z`k~m x`k
gvm xkvoedh kv akkoedh ikv g bkf$ Z`m agfkv ikvnm d}cfmv ed 6g$ Xkvoedh Ghm \k|}agzekd fu Mj}ngzekd Amyma~! 755>#6
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G~ z`m hvkxz` vgzm ki agfkv ikvnm e~ `eh`mv z`gd z`m hvkxz` vgzm ki zkzga |k|}agzekd! z`e~ cmgd~
z`gz z`m nk}dzvu nk}aj gnz}gaau fmdmiez ivkc g jmckhvg|`en jeyejmdjkymv z`k~m umgv~ ikv z`m
mnkdkcu ngd hvkx ig~zmv z`gd |k|}agzekd~ hvkxz` zk ednvmg~m |mv ng|ezg ednkcm gdj vmj}nm
|kymvzu$ Z`e~ xedjkx ki k||kvz}dezu xeaa dkz ag~z ikv akdh ~ednm ed z`m dmgv i}z}vm z`m hvkxz` vgzm
ki z`m majmvau gdj jm|mdjmdz |k|}agzekd xeaa k}z|gnm z`m hvkxz` vgzm ki z`m agfkv ikvnm$ Ed z`e~
ng~m! xkvomv~ dmmj zk xkvo `gvjmv zk b}~z cgedzged |mv ng|ezg ednkcm amyma! heyedh ~zvged~ kd
xkvomv~ ednkcm ~mn}vezu$ Gnnkvjedhau! ez e~ ymvu ec|kvzgdz z`gz z`m Edjkdm~egd hkymvdcmdz
cgom~ z`m ck~z ki z`e~ jmckhvg|`en fkd}~ fu fkk~zedh z`m nvmgzekd ki hkkj bkf~ gdj ednvmg~edh
z`m |vkj}nzeyezu ki xkvomv~$
Kd z`m vmamygdz agfkv cgvomz edjengzkv~ vmagzmj zk z`e~ e~~}m! z`m agfkv ikvnm |gvzene|gzekd vgzm
(AI\V% ga~k vmcged~ ~zgfam gz gvk}dj 99-#90-! vmiamnzedh z`m nkdjezekd z`gz z`m hvkxz` ki z`m
agfkv ikvnm ed Edjkdm~eg e~ ck~zau giimnzmj fu z`m dgz}vga hvkxz` ed z`m |k|}agzekd (Evgxgd mz ga!
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|k|}agzekd! ~}n` g~ ivkc imvzeaezu gdj ckvzgaezu vgzm~! gdj z`gz z`m agfkv cgvomz gjb}~zcmdz j}vedh
z`m nve~e~ e~ ckvm ki |venm kv xghm gjb}~zcmdz vgz`mv z`gd w}gdzezu gjb}~zcmdz$ Z`e~ nkdjezekd
vmiamnz z`m iampefeaezu ki z`m agfkv cgvomz ed Edjkdm~eg f}z ga~k `eh`aeh`z~ z`m y}admvgfeaezu ki agfkv
ikvnm ~ednm ed z`m gf~mdnm ki }dmc|akucmdz fmdmiez~ xkvomv~ ngddkz giikvj zk fm }dmc|akumj
gdj z`mvmikvm c}~z fmgv z`m gjymv~m miimnz~ ki mnkdkcen ~`kno~$ J}vedh z`m mnkdkcen
jkxdz}vd~! z`mu c}~z gnnm|z akxmv xghm~ kv ednkcm~! zkhmz`mv vgnedh zk z`m fkzzkc ki z`m
xmaigvm amyma$ Z`e~ iedjedh ga~k mc|`g~erm~ z`gz nvmgzedh ckvm bkf kdau e~ vmgaau dkz mdk}h` 9 gdj
z`gz g ~m|gvgzm agfkv cgvomz |kaenu e~ dmmjmj zk nvmgzm ckvm gdj fmzzmv bkf~ gdj zk ec|vkym z`m
nkdjezekd ki xkvomv~$
9^zvenzau ~|mgoedh! nvmgzedh bkf e~ ed ignz dkz ymvu vmamygdz ed z`m Edjkdm~egd nkdzmpz ~ednm z`m xkvoikvnm ngd gaxgu~ iedj kv nvmgzm
bkf~ ikv z`mc~maym~ g~ |gvz ki z`mev ~}vyeyedh ~zvgzmhu$
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Ieh}vm :g$ Agfkv Ikvnm \gvzene|gzekd Vgzm fu Hmdjmv! 755>#6
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