Infogrames Entertainment, SA

Infogrames Entertainment, SA (IESA) (French pronun-ciation: [ɛ̃fɔɡʁam]) was an international French holdingcompany headquartered in Lyon, France. It was theowner of Atari, Inc., headquartered in New York City,U.S. and Atari Europe. It was founded in 1983 byBruno Bonnell and Christophe Sapet using the proceedsfrom an introductory computer book. Through its sub-sidiaries, Infogrames produced, published and distributedinteractive games for all major video game consoles andcomputer game platforms.

1 History

1.1 Early history

The founders wanted to christen the company Zboub Sys-tème (which can be approximatively translated by DickSystem), but were dissuaded by their legal counsel.[4] Ac-cording to Bonnell in a TV interview, they then useda mix-and-match computer program to suggest othernames, one of which was “Infogramme": a portmanteauof the French words “informatique” (information technol-ogy) and “programme” (a computer program). The finalchoice, “Infogrames”, was a slightly modified version ofthat suggestion, and is pronounced /ˌɪnfoʊˈɡræmz/ in En-glish.The company logo is an armadillo (tatou in French), cho-sen when the company was moved to Villeurbanne. Bon-nell commented: “This dinosaur [sic] is our symbol. Thearmadillo has always survived changes to its environment,from the melting of glaciers to the worst of heat waves.”[4]

In the late 1980s Infogrames was noted for its Frenchcomputer games that often featured original game ideasand occasionally humorous content. They had acquiredseveral licences for popular Franco-Belgian comicsIn 1992, they released Alone in the Dark, a 3D horroradventure game to international attention.[5] They also re-leased Fantasia for the Sega Genesis, with the player con-trolling Mickey Mouse on a quest to locate lost musicalnotes.

1.2 1996-2002 - growth through acquisi-tion

In 1996, Bruno Bonnell's Infogrames embarked on an ac-quisition campaign that would last seven years and cost

more than $500 million; the objective was to becomethe world’s leading interactive entertainment publisher.[6]

While the company’s debt increased from $55 million in1999 to $493 million in 2002, the company’s revenue alsoincreased from $246 million to $650 million during thesame period.[7]

In 1996 IESA bought Ocean Software for about $100million,[8] renaming the company as Infogrames UK.[9]

In 1997 Philips Media BV was purchased.In 1998 IESA acquired a majority share of 62.5% inthe game distributor OziSoft, which became InfogramesAustralia,[10] and in 2002 IESA bought the remainingshares of Infogrames Australia from Sega and othershare holders[11] for $3.7 million.[7] In this same yearthe distributors ABS Multimedia, Arcadia and the SwissGamecity GmbH were acquired.[12][13]

In 1999 IESA bought Gremlin Interactive for $40 mil-lion, renaming it to Infogrames Sheffield House but it wasclosed in 2003.[14] In the same year IESA also boughtAccolade for $60 million[15][16] and Beam Software, laterrenamed to Infogrames Melbourne House Pty Ltd.[17]

1.2.1 Acquisition of GT Interactive

Then in December 1999, IESA made one of the mostexpensive acquisitions in the company’s history. Info-grames bought 70% of GT Interactive for $135 mil-lion, and assumed the new subsidiary’s $75 million bankdebt. By June 2000 Infogrames had invested another $30million in GT Interactive.[13][18] IESA justified the pur-chase by stating that GT Interactive provided Infogrameswith a “distribution network for all of its products in theUnited States, as well as a catalog of products that in-cludes Driver, Oddworld, Unreal Tournament and DeerHunter".[13]

Included in the GT Interactive purchase were the gamedevelopment studios Humongous Entertainment,[19]

Legend Entertainment[20] and Reflections Interactive.[21]

GT Interactive became Infogrames, Inc.[22]

In 2000 the developer Paradigm Entertainment wasbought for $19.5 million and in-flight games developerDen-o-Tech Int. (DTI) , later renamed to InfogramesDTI, was also acquired for $5.6 million.[9][13]

1

2 1 HISTORY

1.2.2 Acquisition of Hasbro Interactive

In January 2001, IESA purchased Hasbro Interactiveand the handheld game console Game.com from Hasbrofor $100 million; with $95 million as 4.5 million commonshares of Infogrames and $5 million in cash.[23][24]

With the acquisition of Hasbro Interactive, which was re-named as Infogrames Interactive, Inc,[25][26] IESA be-came the owner of:

• The MicroProse brand and titles, includingCivilization, Falcon, and RollerCoaster Tycoon;

• The legendary Atari name and properties, such asCentipede, Missile Command, and Pong.

MicroProse UK studio was eventually closed on Septem-ber 20, 2002.[27]

Also under the terms of the sale agreement, Infogramesgained the exclusive rights to develop and publish gamesbased on Hasbro properties, which included Dungeonsand Dragons, Mr. Potato Head, My Little Pony and oth-ers, for a period of 15 years plus an option for an addi-tional 5 years based on performance.[24]

1.2.3 Eden Games and Shiny Entertainment

In 2002 IESA acquired the remaining 80% of game de-velopment studio Eden Games[28] for $4.1 million[7] andShiny Entertainment for $47 million. With Eden Games,IESA would have right to publish Eden Games titles, suchas V-Rally 3 and later Test Drive Unlimited, and withthe Shiny Entertainment acquisition, IESA obtained therights to develop and publish Enter the Matrix which wasthe first game based on The Matrix films and sold morethan 5 million copies.[29]

1.3 Atari Group

In October 2001, IESA relaunched the Atari brandwhen Atari Interactive, Inc., at that time a whollyowned subsidiary of Infogrames Interactive, Inc., re-leased MXrider.[25][30] On May 7, 2003, IESA officiallyreorganized its Infogrames Inc.[31] US subsidiary as a sep-arate Nasdaq listed company known as Atari Inc., namedits European operations as Atari Europe, renamed Info-grames Interactive, Inc. to Atari Interactive, Inc.,[25] (awholly owned subsidiary of IESA),[32] rebranded Info-grames Australia Pty Ltd as Atari Australia Pty Ltd,[10]

renamed Infogrames Melbourne House Pty Ltd to AtariMelbourne House Pty Ltd,[17] Infogrames UK becameAtari UK,[9] while IESA became a holding company.[33]

Atari Inc. is a public company that, as of 2007, had, as amajority stockholder, the company California U.S. Hold-ings, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of IESA.[34] AtariInc. licences the Atari trademark from Atari Interactive,

Inc., a license which will expire in 2013.[32] Atari Inc.has the rights to publish and sublicense in North Amer-ica certain intellectual properties either owned or licensedby IESA or its subsidiaries, including Atari Interactive,Inc.[32]

Atari’s Australian subsidiary also distributes games forKonami of Europe, Codemasters UK, Eidos Interactiveand SCi. Konami has an Australian headquarters but thisis for Konami’s Gaming Machines.

1.4 Financial difficulties

In the fiscal year of 2002 IESA had a net loss of $67million on revenues of $650 million, and in 2003 the netlosses increased to $89 million.[9] In 2006 IESA reporteda net loss of $201 million on revenues of $525 million,and debts of around $290 million.[7] From 1999 to 2006IESA accumulated losses totaling €500 million.[7]

In 2004 Infogrames sold the rights to the Civilization fran-chise to Take-Two Interactive for $22.3 million[35] andclosed down Legend Entertainment[36] studios. Also thatyear Infogrames lost the right to publish games of the phe-nomenally popular Unreal franchise when the game’s de-veloper Epic games signed with Midway Games.[37] InJune 2005, Infogrames sold back to Hasbro the digitalrights to most Hasbro properties including Transformers(except in Japan), My Little Pony and Connect Four, butnot Dungeons & Dragons, for $65 million.[22][38]

On April 2007 Infogrames’ founding chairman BrunoBonnell left the company after 24 years; on the day ofthe announcement of his departure IESA’s shares jumped24%.[39] After his resignation, Infogrames through theremainder of 2006 sold intellectual properties and somestudios in order to raise cash and stave off the threat ofbankruptcy.[40]

In May 2006 IESA sold the rights to the games Stuntmanto THQ and Timeshift to Saber Interactive. The salesgenerated $13 million in revenue. THQ also bought de-veloper Paradigm Entertainment from IESA.[41] In July2006 IESA sold the game developer Reflections Inter-active and the rights to the Driver franchise for $21.6million to Ubisoft.[42] In October, Shiny Entertainmentwas acquired by Foundation 9 Entertainment for $1.6million.[42][43] In November of the same year Atari Mel-bourne House was sold to Krome Studios and renamed toKrome Studios Melbourne.[17]

In 2007 Infogrames fired the majority of Atari’s directorsand laid off 20% of its workforce. For the 2006-2007fiscal year Atari posted a net loss of $70 million.[44]

1.5 Atari Inc. buyout

On March 6, 2008, Infogrames made an offer to AtariInc. to buy out all remaining public shares for a valueof US$1.68 per share or US$11 million total. The offer

3

would make Infogrames sole owner of Atari Inc., makingit a privately held company.[45]

On April 30, 2008, Atari Inc. announced its inten-tions to accept Infogrames’ buyout offer and merge withInfogrames.[46]

On October 9, 2008, Infogrames completed its takeoverof Atari Inc.[47] With that acquisition the Atari brand wasre-united under Infogrames.[48] Infogrames said that itplanned to reduce administrative costs and to focus ononline gaming.[49]

1.6 Namco Bandai buyout of Atari Europeand Distribution Partners

In December 2008, Infogrames bought Cryptic Studiosfor $26.7 million in cash plus performance bonuses.Cryptic Studios is a massively multiplayer online gamedeveloper and its acquisition is in line with the company’snew business strategy which focuses on online games.[50]

Namco Bandai and Infogrames formed a joint venturecalled Distribution Partners in September 2008.[51] Dis-tribution Partners was defined by Infogrames as a re-grouping of “Infogrames’ distribution operations in Eu-rope, Asia, Africa and South America.”[52] This new en-tity consisted mainly of Infograme’s distribution networkin the PAL region.[53] Distribution Partners was 34%owned by Namco Bandai and 66% owned by Atari.[52]

In May 2009 Namco Bandai acquired Atari Europe fromInfogrames.[54] Its sale and marketing personnel weretransferred to Distribution Partners.[54] In March 2009,Infogrames, announced that it was getting out of the dis-tribution business in the PAL region with its decision tosell its 66% stake at Distribution Partners.[51] Accordingto an Infogrames press-release, this sale allowed “Atarito focus its financial resources and creative energy ex-clusively on developing and publishing online-enabledgames”.[55]

In July, the deal valued at €37 million was completed;[56]

Distribution Partners was renamed to Namco BandaiPartners. At that time the company had operations in 50countries and 17 dedicated offices.[57]

Despite restructuring, Infogrames continued to struggleto become profitable. For the 2008 fiscal year the com-pany posted €51.1 million ($72.17 million) in net lossesand for the 2009 fiscal year, which ended in March,Infogrames posted losses of €226.1 million ($319.33million).[58]

1.7 Transition from Infogrames Enter-tainment

During their fiscal year meeting (May 2009), IESA an-nounced that it would be changing its corporate name toan Atari branded name, in line with the use of the name

for its subsidiaries. In reference to this, Atari, Inc’s CEOJim Wilson said: “We've gotten rid of the Infogrames andAtari duality, the confusion around that. We are one sim-plified company, under one management team, under onebrand.” [59]

Infogrames’ May 29 earnings report stated:

"The Board agreed to change Infogrames Enter-tainment’s name to Atari. This decision will en-able us to make the best use of the Atari brand,capitalizing on worldwide strong name recogni-tion and affinity, which are keys drivers to im-plement the Company’s online, product and li-censing strategies."[60]

An earnings press release on July 24, 2009 also pro-vided clarification regarding the ensuing name changethat was initially announced some two months prior, re-branding themselves as Atari, S.A. from Infogrames,S.A.. Furthermore, this release also stated their inten-tions of henceforth utilizing the much more recognizable'Atari Group' moniker with all Atari-related brands andsimilar such subsidiaries already under their control.[61]

2 Studios

2.1 Current

• Atari Group, name acquired from Hasbro Interac-tive in January 2001.

• Atari Benelux• Atari Brazil Ltd.• Atari Corp. (UK) Ltd.• Atari Deutschland• Atari France• Atari Hellas EURL• Atari Iberica Distribucion• Atari ITALIA• Atari Inc. in New York, New York, U.S

founded as GT Interactive in 1993, acquiredin December 2001.

• Atari Japan• Atari Korea Ltd.• Atari Nordic• Atari UK Ltd.

2.2 Defunct

• Accolade in San Jose, California, U.S founded in1984, acquired in 1999, folded into Los AngelesStudio.

4 4 REFERENCES

• Atari Interactive Chipping Sodbury, founded asMicroprose Software in 1982, closed September2002.

• Atari Interactive Hunt Valley Studio, founded asMicroprose Software in 1982, closed Nov 4, 2003.

• Atari Interactive Beverly in Beverly, Massachusetts,U.S closed February 10, 2005.

• Atari Interactive Santa Monica, U.S closed February10, 2005.

• Atari Melbourne House Pty Ltd., founded in 1980as Beam Software, acquired in 1999, sold to KromeStudios.

• Atari UK in Manchester, England, founded in 1984as Ocean Software, acquired in 1998, renamed in2004, closed in 2005.

• Eden Games S.A.S., headquartered in France,founded as Eden Studios in 1996, acquired in May2002, closed in 2013.

• Gremlin Interactive in Sheffield, UK, founded in1984 as Gremlin Graphics Software Ltd, acquiredin 1999, closed in 2003.

• Infogrames Interactive Alameda Studio, foundedas Microprose Software in 1982, closed December1999.

• Infogrames Interactive Chapel Hill, founded asMicroprose Software in 1982, closed December1999.

• Legend Entertainment in Virginia, U.S founded in1989, acquired in December 1999, closed January16, 2004.

• WizardWorks Software in Minneapolis, MN, U.Sacquired by GT Interactive in 1996, folded into theBeverly office in 2004.

2.3 Sold

• Atari Australia Pty Ltd in Sydney, Australia,founded as Ozisoft Pty Ltd in 1982, completely ac-quired on April 15, 2002, sold to Namco BandaiHoldings on July 7, 2009.

• MacSoft Games in Plymouth, Minnesota, U.Sfounded in 1993, sold to Destineer on January 30,2003.

• Paradigm Entertainment in Carrollton, TX, U.Sfounded in May 1998, acquired by Atari Interactiveon June 29, 2000, sold May 2006 to THQ.

• Reflections Interactive in Newcastle upon Tyne,United Kingdom, founded in 1984, sold to Ubisoftin August 2006.

• Shiny Entertainment in Laguna Beach, California,U.S founded in 1993, acquired in 2002, sold on Oc-tober 2006 to Foundation 9 Entertainment.

• Atari Europe, founded in 2003, sold to NamcoBandai in 2009, merged into DistributionPartners.[62][63]

• Cryptic Studios in Los Gatos, California, U.S,founded in 2000, acquired on December 9, 2008,sold on May 2011 to Perfect World.

• Humongous Entertainment in Bothell, Washington,U.S founded in 1992, acquired by GT Interactive inJuly 1996, sold in July 2013 to Tommo Inc. fromthe Atari bankruptcy proceedings.

3 See also

• Sumo Digital

4 References[1] “Infogrames Entertainment appoints Frank Dangeard as

Non-Executive Chairman” (PDF) (Press release). Info-grames Entertainment. March 16, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-30.

[2] “Board and management”. Infogrames. Retrieved 2009-08-30.

[3] “Infogrames GB”. Corporate.infogrames.com. Retrieved2009-11-02.

[4] Excerpt from Daniel Ichbiah, La saga des jeuxvidéo. Vuibert. 2004. ISBN 2-7117-4825-1

[5] Fahs, Traves. Alone in the Dark Restrospective, IGN,June 23, 2008

[6] “Infogrames Launches Infogrames.com”.Prnewswire.com. 2000-02-16. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[7] “The Euro Vision: 'Bye-Bye Bruno'". Gamasutra. 2007-04-11. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[8] “Mergers & Acquisitions — UK News 1996”. Ukbusi-nesspark.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[9] “Atari UK Ltd”. MobyGames. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[10] “Frequently Asked Questions — Atari Australia”.Atari.com.au. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[11] “Ozisoft becomes Infogrames Australia: News — Busi-ness — ZDNet Australia”. Zdnet.com.au. Retrieved2009-11-02.

[12] “Portail d'informations”. Claimexam.com. 1973-08-05.Retrieved 2009-11-02.

5

[13] http://corporate.infogrames.com/uk/download/reports/infogrames_entertainment_annual_report_99_00.pdf

[14] “Infogrames Buys UK Games Company Gremlin | Com-putergram International | Find Articles at BNET.com”.Findarticles.com. 1999. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[15] “France’s Infogrames Grows in US With $60m Acco-lade Buy | Computergram International | Find Articles atBNET.com”. Findarticles.com. 1999. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[16] “Chronology of Video Game Systems (1999)". Island-net.com. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[17] “Krome Studios Melbourne”. MobyGames. Retrieved2009-11-02.

[18] “Infogrames Gets Control of GT Interactive — New YorkTimes”. New York Times. 1999-11-16. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[19] “GT Interactive Software — Company History”. Fundin-guniverse.com. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[20] “Game Design, Second Edition: Bob Bates: Books”.Amazon.com. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[21] “Gt Interactive Hires Disney Honcho, Raises Cash”. At-newyork.com. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[22] “Microsoft Word — couverture_GB.doc” (PDF). Re-trieved 2009-11-02.

[23] “Company News; Hasbro Completes Sale Of InteractiveBusiness — New York Times”. New York Times. 2001-01-30. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[24] “Press Release”. Phx.corporate-ir.net. 2000-12-06. Re-trieved 2009-11-02.

[25] "((( Atari Interactive, Inc. > Overview )))". allgame. Re-trieved 2009-11-02.

[26] “11.2) What is the History of Atari?". Faqs.org. 2009-10-22. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[27] Parker, Sam (2008-03-21). “Infogrames closes UK Mi-croProse studio — News at GameSpot”. Gamespot.com.Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[28] Strohm, Axel (2002-10-22). “Infogrames buysEden Studios — PlayStation 2 News at GameSpot”.Gamespot.com. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[29] “Infogrames Acquires both Shiny Entertainment and Ex-clusive Matrix License — PC News”. Pc.gamezone.com.Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[30] Smith, Tony. “Infogrames re-christens itself Atari”. TheRegister.

[31] “Atari Inc - 10-KT — For 3/31/03”. SEC Info. Retrieved2009-11-02.

[32] Summary of ATARI INC - Yahoo! Finance

[33] “Infogrames GB”. Corporate.infogrames.com. Retrieved2009-11-02.

[34]

[35] Thorsen, Tor (2005-10-25). “Take-Two takes over Civi-lization — PC News at GameSpot”. Gamespot.com. Re-trieved 2009-11-02.

[36] Thorsen, Tor (2003-12-18). “Atari closes Legend En-tertainment — PC News at GameSpot”. Gamespot.com.Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[37] Game Over is a weekly column by Chris Morris (2005-06-17). “The sad, slow fall of Atari — Jun. 17, 2005”.Money.cnn.com. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[38] Thorsen, Tor (2005-06-09). “Atari locks down D&D;Hasbro buys back Transformers — PC News atGameSpot”. Gamespot.com. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[39] “Infogrames shares shine after chairman leaves | Reuters”.Reuters. 2007-04-05. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[40] Brightman, James (2006-02-17). “Video Game Features,PC Game Features”. Gamedaily.com. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[41] “THQ buys Paradigm and Stuntman // News // GamesIn-dustry.biz”. Gamesindustry.biz. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[42] Thorsen, Tor (2006-11-09). “Cost-cutting puts Atariin black-barely — Xbox 360 News at GameSpot”.Gamespot.com. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[43] Foundation 9 Acquires Shiny From Atari, GamaSutra,October 2, 2006

[44] Magrino, Tom (2007-10-08). “Infogrames overhaulsAtari’s board — News at GameSpot”. Gamespot.com.Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[45]

[46]

[47] “Atari GB”. Corporate.infogrames.com. 2008-10-09.Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[48] “Infogrames completes Atari Inc acquisition // News”.Gamesindustry.biz. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[49] Magrino, Tom (2008-10-13). “Infogrames concludesAtari acquisition — News at GameSpot”. Gamespot.com.Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[50] “Atari acquires Cryptic Studios // News”. Gamesindus-try.biz. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[51] “News — Infogrames And Namco Bandai Team Up ForDistribution Deal”. Gamasutra. 2008-09-09. Retrieved2009-11-02.

[52] http://corporate.atari.com/MT-3.34-en/mt-static/FCKeditor/UserFiles/File/IESA_NBG_signing_GB_def2.pdf

[53] “Infogrames strikes Namco Bandai deal | Games Industry| MCV”. Mcvuk.com. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[54] “Goodbye Atari, hello Namco | Games Industry | MCV”.Mcvuk.com. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

6 5 EXTERNAL LINKS

[55] http://corporate.atari.com/infogramesgb/actufiuk/ -Press release of 25/03/09

[56] http://corporate.atari.com/MT-3.34-en/mt-static/FCKeditor/UserFiles/File/070209-signing_put_final%20GB.pdf

[57] “Namco completes takeover of Atari distribution business// News”. Gamesindustry.biz. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[58] “News — Infogrames Renames To Atari, Posts HeavyLosses, Envisages Profit”. Gamasutra. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[59] “Atari Sheds Infogrames Branding : News from”.1UP.com. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[60] “p. 2” (PDF). Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[61] http://corporate.atari.com/MT-3.34-en/mt-static/FCKeditor/UserFiles/File/D2-072409PR_FY09_1Q_revenues_GB_FINAL.pdf

[62] “News — Atari Europe to be bought out byNamco Bandai, Atari US to become online-centric”.EL33TONLINE. 2009-05-14. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[63] “News: Atari Europe becomes Namco Bandai”. Com-puterAndVideoGames.com. 2009-05-14. Retrieved2009-11-02.

5 External links• Infogrames.com (Archive)

• Atari profile on MobyGames

7

6 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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