influence of land use on the distribution of some soil chemical and physical parameters in...

International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences (IJSRES), 1(7), pp. 158-165, 2013 Available online at http://www.ijsrpub.com/ijsres

ISSN: 2322-4983; 2013 IJSRPUB

http://dx.doi.org/10.12983/ijsres-2013-p158-165

158

Full Length Research Paper

Influence of Land Use on the Distribution of Some Soil Chemical and Physical

Parameters in Omidiyeh, Iran

Ali Gholami1*

, Ali Akbar Moridi1, Mohammad Tahsin Kariminejad

2

1Department of Soil Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan, Iran

2Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Received 11 April 2013; Accepted 30 May 2013

Abstract. To study the effect of land use on soil properties in the south of the Omidiyeh in Khuzestan province sampling depth

of 0 to 30 cm at 6 users (forest, abandoned land, irrigated farming, rangeland, dry farming and orchards) was attempted. Some

physical and chemical characteristics of the soil such as saturation percent, conductivity, reactivity, and tissue were tested.

Results of statistical analysis showed the type of user have a significant effect on these indicators. Although the soil in the

studied area has a good texture but it is at risk of salinity. Saturation percent of the soil is also less than 50% and soil reaction is

between 7/3 - 7/7. Comparison of research results and statistical analysis showed that soil quality indicators in rangeland have

degraded compared to irrigated cultivated lands and soil degradation was greater in these lands.

Keywords: Land use, Soil chemical and physical parameters, Omidiyeh

1. INTRODUCTION

At present soil degradation is a serious issue and it has

economic and social harmful effects in local, national

and global levels. Dealing with natural resources must

be consistent with their long-term career potential. In

the case of not according to the rules, soil quality

decline gradually (Carter et al., 2007). Soil quality is

consistently capacity of the soil that perform their

duties as a vital living system, within ecosystem under

different use so in addition to maintaining biological

production could improve air and water quality and

supply health of human ,plant and animal. If does not

replace appropriate management with soil conditions,

the soil may be loses potency of its productivity for a

long time (Hajabbassi et al., 2002). Land use returns to both issues of the Utilization of Land and

management of land. Because land uses activities

affect other factors so those are individually more

important and more affective (Terrence et al., 2001;

Morgan, 1995).

Land use means the use of land in current state that

covers all parts of the land in agriculture, natural

resources and industrial and so on. Agricultural land,

forest and rangeland are included the most important

applications (Ahmadi, 1999). Knowledge of types of ground cover and Human activities has a particular

importance in various areas and maps that display

different levels of the ground in such activities is

called land use plan or land use. In other words, these

maps show the current situation and the geographical

distribution of land use in activities such as

agriculture, forestry, and range management (Zobiri

and Majd, 1996). The goal of this study is influence of

land use on the distribution of some soil chemical and

physical parameters in Omidiyeh, Iran.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The studied area is part of Omidiyeh county with

15000 ha on Khuzestan province, that located from

4948 to 4956eastern longitude and from 3032to

3039northern latitude. Six types of common

management including forest, abandoned land,

irrigated farming, rangeland, dry farming and orchards

(Palm groves) were selected (Fig. 1).

Gholami et al.

Influence of Land Use on the Distribution of Some Soil Chemical and Physical Parameters in Omidiyeh, Iran

159

Fig. 1: Map of land uses in the study area

Fig. 2: Location of soil samples in the study area

Sampling of soil uses Transect method from 0-30

Cm depth (Zhao et al., 2005) and location of sampling

register by GPS (Fig2). Physical and chemical

characteristics of the soil such as saturation percent,

conductivity, reactivity, and tissue for evaluation soil

condition in different land uses, were measurement in

Lab. Analysis of results done through SPSS software

and repeated means of characteristics in different uses

through Duncan range test in %5 levels and compare

of probabilities. So table of descriptive statistical for

soil parameters on each land use, table of abundant

cumulative data for each test, for each land use with

histogram related to each parameter, table of compare

soil parameters means in different land use and table

of analysis variance (ANOVA) effect of land use on

soil were made by SPSS .Also, for drawing charts

used Excel software.

International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences (IJSRES), 1(7), pp. 158-165, 2013

160

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS As be for show, from the point of view statistical,

there is significant different between Silt particles,

Sand particles (except between abandoned lands and

dry farming) and Clay particles (except between

Irrigated farming and Orchards) in different land uses

(Fig 3).

Table 1: The result of variance analysis of different land uses effect on soil parameters

Variability

df Mean of Squares

S.P

)% ( EC

)ds/m ( pH

Clay

(%)

Silt

(%)

Sand

(%)

Land Use 5 814.810* 7573.999* 0.729* 376.467* 3810.267* 6326.480*

*: Significant in 5% of Duncan test.

Table 2: The comparison of soil parameters mean in different land uses in study area

Land Use

Index Mean

S.P

)% ( EC

)ds/m ( pH

Clay

(%)

Silt

(%)

Sand

(%)

Forest 24.430 e* 1.2670 b 7.715 a 5.9e 2.2 f 91.9a

Abandoned

land

38.690 c 74.3 a 7.3 c 22.1 a 44.1 d 33.8 cd

Irrigated

farming

46.660 b 7.099 b 7.503 b 20.9 ab 57.5 a 21.5 e

Rangeland

35.010 d 8.29 b 7.387 bc 13.4 d 36.7 e 49.9 b

Dry farming 34.810 d 8.65 b 7.37 bc 15.9 c 49.8 b 34.2 c

Orchards 49.350 a 11.78 b 7.649 a 20.4 b 46.9 c 32.7 d

*: The similar data is non-significant in 5% of Duncan test.

Fig. 3: Comparison of soil particles in different land uses in study area

(*: The similar data is non-significant in 5% of Duncan test)

According to Table 2, from forest land toward

rangeland, dry farming, abandoned, irrigated farming

and Orchards amount of sand has gradually decreased

while the amount of silt and clay have increased.This

may be due to consolidated sand and vegetation,

cultivation and tillage operations work. Soil texture of

steadied area (except the forest soil) is loamy and No

significant change had seen in soil texture. This

Gholami et al.


161

subject consistent with findings Fattahi (2003),

Lahorpour (2004), Mirzaali (2004), Ghadrivangah

(2005), Dianati (2006) and Gholami (2010). Noting,

the forest land had been Flowing sand which

stabilized by planting saplings in previous years and

now it has turned into a jungle. Texture of forest soil

was "Sand "and soils of other users "Loam or Silt-

Loam" were determined.

e

c b

d d

a

0

20

40

60

ForestAbandonland

IrrigationFarming

RangelandDry farmingOrchard

LAND USE

S.P(%)

Fig. 4: Comparison of soil Saturation Percent (S.P) in different land uses in study area


According to data in Table 2, and Fig. 4 significant

different has seen between Saturation Percent (S.P) of

soil in different land uses (except between rangeland

and dry farming). Clay soils and soils with more

organic matter have much more water than sandy soils

and poor soils. Same as the percentage of moisture,

Sandy soil holds water by the suction force less than

clay soil. The results from soil saturation percent are

accordance to research of Hajabbassi et al. (2002) in

the Boroujen's soils in central Iran.

Fig. 5: Map of Saturation Percent (S.P) in different land uses in study area

Since the forest soil texture is sand and has little

content of clay so saturation percent of it is the lowest.

Orchards have the greatest amount of soil saturation

percent which may be due to the high content of clay

and organic matter. Rangeland and dry farming

showed no significant differences to each other in

saturation percent of soil.


162

b

a

bbbb

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

ForestAbandonland

IrrigationFarming


LAND UES

EC (ds/m)

Fig. 6: Comparison of soil Electrical Conductivity (EC) in different land uses in study area


Results of analysis statistics (Table 2 and Fig.6)

show the significant difference between Electrical

Conductivity (EC) of abandoned soils and other users.

This difference may be due to relatively salty soils of

study area, Non-farm on abandoned land for many

years, low annual rainfall and high evapotranspiration,

high levels of ground water in the area, much more

clay and also lack of natural drainage. As a result,

passage of time has led to increased salinity in

abandoned soils which are placed in the category of

highly saline soils (S4). Forest land has no salt (S 0) because its soil texture

is sand. Irrigated farming has low salinity (S1) that

may be due to continuous cultivation, irrigation and

drainage .Other land uses have moderate salinity soil

(S 2). Results show Noting that the salinity of the

Zohreh River which is water supply of irrigated

farming and orchards is among the causes of soil

salinization. Effect of irrigation on leaching and

reduce the salt concentration has reported by

Zehtabian et al. (2006). According to data (Table 2 and Fig.8) there is

significant different between Soil Reaction (pH) in

different land uses (except between forest and

Orchards). Increase of the soil reaction in irrigated

farming and orchards may be due to management

practices such as fertilization which consistent with

findings Giessen et al. (2009), Balesdent et al. (2000)

and Bolan et al. (1991). Reaction is also highest in forest which probably

due to high levels of content calcium carbonate.

Buffering properties of the soils prevent extreme

changes and reduction of pH in soils (panahpour,

2009).

Fig. 7: Map of soil Electrical Conductivity (EC) in different land uses in study area

Gholami et al.


163

a

ab a

ab

b

a

6.46.66.877.27.47.67.8

ForestAbandonland

IrrigationFarming


LAND USE

pH

Fig. 8: Comparison of soil Reaction (pH) in different land uses in study area


Fig. 9: Map of soil Reaction (pH) in different land uses in study area

5. CONCLUSION

Today, all researchers agree that the change in the

land use is one of the important and main causes of

hazards and disasters such as flooding, erosion,

sediment production, and change of ecological and

environmental conditions, and change of the

properties of soil and water condition. Land use

change process is a nonlinear dynamic change which

is related to so many respective factors and the

ecological, geographic, and socio-economic reciprocal

effects. Comparison of research results and the use of

the results of statistical tests showed that soil quality

indicators in rangeland has degraded compared to

irrigated cultivated lands and soil degradation

was greater in these lands.

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Dr. Ali Gholami is an assistant professor in soil science. He is the editor and reviewer of some

international journals. He has studied 15 university research design, and 50 printed papers in national

and international conferences and journals. Mr. Ali Gholami has graduated with first grade in M.Sc.

degree and PhD coarse book. He was selected as head of department of soil science and manager of

research office in Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan Science and Research Branch in 2009 and it

now. Also he was selected as superior researcher in 2011 and 2012 in Khuzestan province, Iran.

Ali Akbar Moridi, is a graduate student in Department of Soil Science, Science and Research Branch,

Islamic Azad University, Khouzestan, Iran in 2012.

Dr. Mohammad Tahsin Kariminejad is Faculty member of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science,

Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran. He received the PhD degree in

Environmental Soil Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

2010, M.Sc. degree in Soil Science, Shahid Chamran (Jondi Shapour) University, Ahvaz, Iran, 2003

and B.Sc. in Soil science, Urmia University (University of Rezaeiyeh), Urmia, Iran, 2000.

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