CONTENTS

1.PAST PERFECT SIMPLE…………………………………2.PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS……………………….3.FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE………………………………..4.BE GOING TO……………………………………………….5.FUTURE TENSE CONTINUOUS……………………….6.FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE…………………………….7.FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS…………………..8.FUTURE IN-THE-PAST…………………………………..

10.PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

RULES :

AFFIRMATIVE: S + had been+verb de conjugat + terminatia -ing

Eg: He had been working

NEGATIVE : S + had not/hadn’t been + verb de conjugat + terminatia -ing

Eg : He had not been working sau He hadn’t been working.

INTERROGATIVE : HAD+ S + been+verb de conjugat +terminatia -ing

Eg: Had he been working?

ADVERBS:

Always Only Never Ever Stil Just

USES

Past perfect continuous exprima:

1. O actiune care s-a terminat cu putin timp inaintea altei actiuni trecute sau a unui moment din trecut

Eg: I had just been talking to him when she came. – Tocmai vorbisem cu el cand a venit ea.

2. O actiune trecuta, inceputa inaintea altei actiuni trecute sau a unui moment din trecut, actiune care continua in momentul respectiv (cu specificarea perioadei sau duratei de desfasurare a actiunii)

Eg: Bill had been eating for ten minutes when his mother came home. – Bill manca de zece minute cand s-a intors mama lui.

Eg: She had been working there since her parents’ divorce. – Ea lucra acolo de la divortul parintilor ei.

11.FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE

DEFINITION: It expresses an action that will be completed by a certain time in the future.

RULES:

AFFIRMATIVE : S + WILL/SHALL + HAVE + PAST PART

Eg: By this time next week,she will have learned the poem by heart.

NEGATIVE : S + WON’T/SHAN’T + HAVE + PAST PART

Eg : He won’t have finished his project by next week.

INTEROGATIVE : WILL/SHALL + S + HAVE + PAST PART + ?

Eg: Will they have studied the future tenses by the next month?

ADVERBS :

Tomorrow The day after tomorrow Soon Next week In a week Month

USES

Future simple se foloseste pentru a exprima :

- Promisiuni, amenintari, cereri, sperante

Eg: I will never tell you anything. – Nu o sa iti mai spun niciodata nimic.

- Actiuni care vor avea loc in viitor si peste care nu putem avea control

Eg: Next year Easter will be on 15 of April.

- Decizii luate pe moment, spontane

Eg: I will buy this car, I love it. – Voi cumpara acesta masina, imi place.

- Previziuni despre viitor

Eg: I believe she will be a great politician one day. – Cred ca va fi un bun politician intr-o zi.

13.FUTURE TENSE CONTINUOUS

DEFINITION : It expresses an action in progress that will take place at a certain moment in the future.

ROLES :

AFFIRMATIVE : S + SHALL/WILL + BE + V + ING

Eg: I will be doing my homework at this time tomorrow.

NEGATIVE : S + SHON’T/WON’T + BE + V + ING

Eg: He won’t be listening to music at 10 p.m. tomorrow evening.

INTEROGATIVE: WILL/SHALL + BE + V + ING

Eg: What will you be doing at this time next week.

ADVERBS :

At 5 p.m. tomorrow Next month At this time tomorrow Next Sunday

USES

1. The future continuous can be used to project ourselves into the future.

Eg: This time next week I will be sun-bathing in Bali.

2.The future continuous can be used for predicting or guessing about future events.

Eg: He'll be coming to the meeting, I expect.

3.In the interrogative form, the future continuous can be used to ask politely for information about the future.

Eg: Will you be bringing your friend to the pub tonight?

4..The future continuous can be used to refer to continuous events that we expect to happen in the future.

Eg:I'll be seeing Jim at the conference next week.

5.When combined with still, the future continuous refers to events that are already happening now and that we expect to continue some time into the future.

Eg: In an hour I'll still be ironing my clothes.

15.FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

RULES :

AFFIRMATIVE : S + will have been + present participle al verbului de conjugat + present participle = verbul + ing

Eg : While Michael will have been writing his exercices, Maria will have been playing the violin. – Cat timp Mihai isi va fi scris exercitiile, Maria va fi cantat la vioara.

NEGATIVE : S + will not have been + present participle al verbului de conjugat

Eg: You will not have been working here by this summer. – Tu nu vei fi lucrat aici pana in aceasta vara.

ADVERBS:

By For

USES

- O actiune in desfasurare la un moment dat in viitor, durata actiunii find precizata.  Eg :Tomorrow at 7 I will have been sleeping for 10 hours. – Maine la ora 7 voi fi dormit de 10 ore.

16.FUTURE IN THE PAST

DEFINITION: It expresses an action in the future seen from a past perspective. RULES: AFFIRMATIVE: S + SHOULD/WOULD + VNEGATIVE : S + SHOULDN’T/WOULDN’T + VINTEROGATIVE : SHOULD/WOULD + S + V + ?

USES

Future-in-the-past se foloseste pentru a exprima :

O actiune posterioara unei actiuni din trecut. Eg: They knew the boss would not call them back to work. – Ei stiau ca seful nu ii va chema inapoi la munca.

18.IF CLAUSE

Type II

Main Clause if If clause

1. PRESENT CONTINUOUSS + WOULD/COULD ( as putea ) / SHOULD ( ar trebui)

2. PRESENT TENSE SIMPLEAFF : S + VB + ED / S + 2nd formNEG: S + DIDN’T + VINT : DID + S + VB + ?

Eg : I should study more1/ IF wanted to pass the exam2/ .

I could help you1/ IF you asked me to2/ .

Type III

If I had more money, I would have gone to Turkey.

Main Clause

PAST CONDITIONEL

AFF: S + WOULD/SHOULD/COULD + HAVE + PAST PART.

NEG: S + WOULDN’T/SHOULDN’T /COULDN’T + HAVE + PAST PART.

INT : WOULD/SHOULD/COULD + S + HAVE + PAST PART.

IF CLAUSE

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

AFF: S + HAD + VB

NEG: S + HADN’T + VB

INT : HAD + S + VB + ?

BUT FOR = IF IT HADN’T BEEN FOR

Eg: But for Mary1/,they could have made a terrible mistake2/

20.REPORTED SPECH

21.THE PLURAL OF THE NOUNS

In limba engleza, pluralul se formeaza adaugand terminatia "-s" la forma de singular a substantivului. Exemple:  car-cars       (masina-masini)                  boy-boys     (baiat-baieti)                  hand-hands  (mana-maini) I. Plurarul substantivelor simple in limba engleza. 

a. substantivele din engleza terminate in –s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x primesc la plural terminatia –es.

          Exemple:          bus-buses, class-classes, sandwich-sandwiches, match-matches, fox-foxes 

b. substantivele din engleza cu terminatia in consoana +y au la plural terminatia –ies

          Exemple:          city-cities, lady-ladies 

c. substantivele din engleza cu terminatia –f, -fe au pluralul in –ves

          Exemple:          leaf-leaves, wife, wives

  Observatie: Exista unele substantive in engleza terminate in –f, care primesc -s la plural          Exemple:

          roof-roofs, chief-chiefs 

d. substantivele din engleza care se termina la singular in "-o", au doua variante pentru plural:

          - terminatia -es: tomato-tomatoes, potato-potatoes          - terminatia -s: radio-radios, piano-pianos 

e. unele substantive in engleza au plural neregulat, schimbandu-si vocala din ultima silaba

          Exemple:          man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice 

f. exista substantive in engleza cu aceeasi forma si pentru singular, si pentru plural

          Exemple:          sheep-sheep, means-means, series-series, species-species 

g. in cazul substantivelor imprumutate din limbile latina si greaca, la plural se pastreaza terminatiile din limbile de provenienta.

          Exemple:          medium-media, datum-data, crisis-crises, phenomenon-phenomena

 h. exista substantive doar cu forma de plural

          Exemple: jeans, pyjamas, scissors, pants, glasses          23 THE PRONOUN

Pronumele in limba engleza este prea diferit de pronumele romanesc pentru a incerca sa il explicam prin regulile limbii romane. Clasificarea pronumelor dupa gramatica engleza.

1. personal2. posesiv3. demonstrativ4. interogativ si relativ

La randul lor pronumele personale se impart in:

obiectiv subiectiv

1. Pronumele personal1.1 Pronumele personal subiectiv.Este cel mai simplu caz.Acest pronume se numeste subiectiv pentru ca este cel care in propozitie realizeaza actiunea. Este subiectul propozitieiExemple: Eu merg la scoala = I go to school; Ne-am dus la mare = We went to the seaside.

Eu Tu El Ea Impersonal

I You He She It

1.2 Pronumele personal obiectiv Cazul Obiectiv = Dativ + Acuzativ Personal dativ - raspunde la intrebarea cui? sau personal acuzativ - intrebarea pe cine? ce?. Dativ: Acest pronume sta sau dupa un verb sau dupa o prepozitie. Daca insa prepozitia este of in romaneste se traduce prin pronumele posesiv Exemple: Da-mi cartea! = Give me the book! Da-mi-l! = Give it to me! Da-i lui cartea! = Give it to him! Da-i ei cartea! = Give it to her! Prea multa mancare pentru mine! = Too much food for me! You are standing in front of me = (Tu) stai in fata mea. - Tu stai in fata-mi (exprimare arhaica in romana)

Acuzativ: Un alt caz cand se foloseste pronumele obiectiv este in urmatoarele constructii: L-am vazut pe el - I saw him. Dan a mers cu mine la teatru. - Dan went with me to the theatre. Aceasta poezie e scrisa de mine - This poem is written by me.Aici pe romaneste pronumele nu mai raspunde la intrebarea cui? ci raspunde la pe cine?, cu cine?, de cine? (adica cazul acuzativ).Deci constructia prepozitie + mine devine in engleza prepozitie + me 

Me You Him Her Us

-mimine

-titine

-iel

-iea

-nenoi

2. Pronumele posesivAcest pronume arata posesia si totdeauna sta dupa obiectul posedat(daca acesta este definit).Atentie!

Cartea este a mea - The book is mine. - mine este pronume posesiv

Aceasta e cartea mea - This is my book - my este adjectiv posesiv

Deci nu confundati mea - adjectiv cu a mea - pronume in engleza ele nu sunt deloc apropiate! (mea - my, a mea - mine)Deci daca zicem: un prieten de-al meu - al meu e pronume posesiv, de-al meu se traduce of mine..Din nou se foloseste prepozitia of intalnita si la pronumele personal obiectiv.

Exemple: The book is his = Cartea e a lui. A friend of

yours = Un prieten de-al tau.

Mine Yours His Hers Ours

Al meuA meaAi meiAle mele

Al tauA taAi taiAle tale

Al luiA luiAi luiAle lui

Al eiA eiAi eiAle ei

Al nostruA noastraAi nostriAle noastre

3. Pronumele demonstrativAcest pronume se traduce dupa caz prin acesta, aceasta, acestia, acestea, acela, aceea, aceia, aceleaExemple: This one is mine, that one is yours. = Acesta-i al meu acela-i al tau. Those students are in my class. = Acei elevi sunt cu mine in clasa.

Acesta, Aceasta Acela, Aceea Acestia, Acestea

This That These

THE PRONOUN OBJECT

An object pronoun, also called objective pronoun, functions as the object of a verb or preposition, as

distinguished from a subject or subjective pronoun, which is the subject of a verb.

Examples:

He begged her to live with him. (her is the object of the verb begged and him is the object of the preposition with)

She told them the truth. (them is the object of the verb told)

Object pronouns are used instead of object nouns, usually because we already know what the object is.

She's my friend. I really enjoy being with her.

I like this film. I saw it last week.

Object Pronouns

Object pronouns in English are the following:

me, you, him, her, it, us, them

Object pronouns come after either a verb (e.g "like") or a preposition (e.g "to").

Examples:

I like you but you don't like me. Do you really hate her? She loves sitting next to him.

She always writes e-mails to us. He's talking to her about it.

Object pronouns differ from:

Subject pronouns, possessive adjectives, possessive pronouns, and reflexive pronouns.

Review:

Subject pronouns

Possessive adjectives

Possessive pronouns

Reflexive pronouns

Object pronouns

I my mine myself meyou your yours yourself youhe his his himself himshe her hers herself herit its its itself itwe our ours ourselves usyou your yours yourselves youthey their theirs themselves them

24.THE FORMAL LETTER

Dear Sir, Madame

With reference to your advertisement in the Daily Telegraph ,I am writing to ask for information about the set sitters

available during this summer holiday.

First of ill ,I would appreciate if you could give me further details concerning the frequency of the doc walks. For

example, could you tell me writer you would be able to walk and dog twice or three times a day since he is quite old and

cannot make it with just one walk a day?

Further more, I would like to ask how much peu need to pay extra if we have two cats, not just one. I have read that

you offer discounts for owners of more than one pet and would like some details about this.

Finally, I would also like to ask you if you could send me information about the offer services your staff provides for pet

opunner that are away on holiday. For example, we need to know if you provide special training for dogs and cats. We

would be willing to pay extra for these services.

Thanks you in advance I look forward to hearing from you as soon as possible.

Yours faithfully, Sally Finch

CONTENTS

1. MODAL VERBS…………………………………………………………………2. IF CLAUSE………………………………………………………………………..3. PASSIVE VOICE…………………………………………………………………

4. REPORTED SPEECH…………………………………………………………..5. THE PLURAL OF THE NOUNS…………………………………………….6. THE ADJECTIVES DEGREES OF A COMPARISON…………………7. THE PRONOUN………………………………………………………………..8. THE FORMAL LETTER……………………………………………………….