infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfinfinite designs – a quick tour bridget s...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Infinite designs – a quick tour
Bridget S WebbThe Open University
COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE:A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION OF PETER CAMERON
QMUL, 10 July 2013
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 1 / 29
![Page 2: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Route Map
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 2 / 29
![Page 3: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Definitions
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 3 / 29
![Page 4: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
A (FINITE) t-(v , k , λ) design is a
v-set of points V
with a collection B of k-subsets called blocks
such that
every t-subset of points is contained in precisely λ blocks
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 4 / 29
![Page 5: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
A (FINITE) t-(v , k , λ) design is a
v-set of points V
with a collection B of k-subsets called blocks
such that
every t-subset of points is contained in precisely λ blocks
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 4 / 29
![Page 6: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The fano plane {0 1 2 3 4 5 6}
{0 1 3}, {1 2 4}, {2 3 5}{3 4 6}, {0 4 5}, {1 5 6}{0 2 6}
2-(7, 3, 1) design
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 5 / 29
![Page 7: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The fano plane {0 1 2 3 4 5 6}
{0 1 3}, {1 2 4}, {2 3 5}{3 4 6}, {0 4 5}, {1 5 6}{0 2 6}
2-(7, 3, 1) design
The affine plane{1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9}
{1 2 3}, {4 5 6}, {7 8 9}{1 4 7}, {2 5 8}, {3 6 9}{1 5 9}, {2 6 7}, {3 4 8}{1 6 8}, {2 4 9}, {3 5 7}
2-(9, 3, 1) design
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 5 / 29
![Page 8: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The fano plane {0 1 2 3 4 5 6}
{0 1 3}, {1 2 4}, {2 3 5}{3 4 6}, {0 4 5}, {1 5 6}{0 2 6}
2-(7, 3, 1) design
The affine plane{1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9}
{1 2 3}, {4 5 6}, {7 8 9}{1 4 7}, {2 5 8}, {3 6 9}{1 5 9}, {2 6 7}, {3 4 8}{1 6 8}, {2 4 9}, {3 5 7}
2-(9, 3, 1) design
A 2-(v , 3, 1) design is a Steiner triple system
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 5 / 29
![Page 9: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The fano plane {0 1 2 3 4 5 6}
{0 1 3}, {1 2 4}, {2 3 5}{3 4 6}, {0 4 5}, {1 5 6}{0 2 6}
2-(7, 3, 1) design
The affine plane{1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9}
{1 2 3}, {4 5 6}, {7 8 9}{1 4 7}, {2 5 8}, {3 6 9}{1 5 9}, {2 6 7}, {3 4 8}{1 6 8}, {2 4 9}, {3 5 7}
2-(9, 3, 1) design
A 2-(v , 3, 1) design is a Steiner triple system
More generally, a t-(v , k , 1) design is a Steiner system
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 5 / 29
![Page 10: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Euclidean plane
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 6 / 29
![Page 11: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Euclidean plane
This is a 2-(2ℵ0, 2ℵ0, 1) design
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 6 / 29
![Page 12: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Euclidean plane
This is a 2-(2ℵ0, 2ℵ0, 1) design
Euclidean disc
Another 2-(2ℵ0, 2ℵ0, 1) design
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 6 / 29
![Page 13: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
A t-(v , k , Λ) design is a
a v-set V of points
with a collection B of k-subsets called blocks
|V\B| = k , for all B ∈ B, where k + k = v
For 0 ≤ i + j ≤ t , the cardinality λi ,j of the set of blocks containingall of i points x1, . . . xi and none of j points y1, . . . yj , depends onlyon i and j
no block contains another block
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 7 / 29
![Page 14: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
A t-(v , k , Λ) design is a
a v-set V of points
with a collection B of k-subsets called blocks
such that
|V\B| = k , for all B ∈ B, where k + k = v
For 0 ≤ i + j ≤ t , the cardinality λi ,j of the set of blocks containingall of i points x1, . . . xi and none of j points y1, . . . yj , depends onlyon i and j
no block contains another block
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 7 / 29
![Page 15: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
A t-(v , k , Λ) design is a
a v-set V of points
with a collection B of k-subsets called blocks
such that
|V\B| = k , for all B ∈ B, where k + k = v
For 0 ≤ i + j ≤ t , the cardinality λi ,j of the set of blocks containingall of i points x1, . . . xi and none of j points y1, . . . yj , depends onlyon i and j
no block contains another block
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 7 / 29
![Page 16: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
A t-(v , k , Λ) design is a
a v-set V of points
with a collection B of k-subsets called blocks
such that
|V\B| = k , for all B ∈ B, where k + k = v
For 0 ≤ i + j ≤ t , the cardinality λi ,j of the set of blocks containingall of i points x1, . . . xi and none of j points y1, . . . yj , depends onlyon i and j
no block contains another block
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 7 / 29
![Page 17: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
A t-(v , k , Λ) design is a
a v-set V of points
with a collection B of k-subsets called blocks
such that
|V\B| = k , for all B ∈ B, where k + k = v
For 0 ≤ i + j ≤ t , the cardinality λi ,j of the set of blocks containingall of i points x1, . . . xi and none of j points y1, . . . yj , depends onlyon i and j
no block contains another block
Λ = (λi ,j) is a (t + 1) × (t + 1) matrix
λt,0 = λ, λ1,0 = r and λ0,0 = b
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 7 / 29
![Page 18: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
A t-(v , k , Λ) design is a
a v-set V of points
with a collection B of k-subsets called blocks
such that
|V\B| = k , for all B ∈ B, where k + k = v
For 0 ≤ i + j ≤ t , the cardinality λi ,j of the set of blocks containingall of i points x1, . . . xi and none of j points y1, . . . yj , depends onlyon i and j
no block contains another block
Λ = (λi ,j) is a (t + 1) × (t + 1) matrix
λt,0 = λ, λ1,0 = r and λ0,0 = b
0 < t ≤ k ≤ v ensures non-degeneracy(CAMERON, BSW 2002)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 7 / 29
![Page 19: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Route map
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 8 / 29
![Page 20: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Wild (or less tame) examples...
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 9 / 29
![Page 21: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Rado’s graph is a 2-(ℵ0, ℵ0, Λ) design
points: the vertices of the random graph
blocks: the maximal cliques and maximal cocliques
λi ,j = 2ℵ0 for all i + j ≤ 2
so, k = v and b = λ > v(CAMERON, BSW 2002)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 10 / 29
![Page 22: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Rado’s graph is a 2-(ℵ0, ℵ0, Λ) design
points: the vertices of the random graph
blocks: the maximal cliques and maximal cocliques
λi ,j = 2ℵ0 for all i + j ≤ 2
so, k = v and b = λ > v(CAMERON, BSW 2002)
There is a 2-(ℵ0, ℵ0, Λ) design with λ = 2 with two different resolutionsinto parallel classes (λi ,j = ℵ0 for all i < t)
ℵ0 parallel classes of size ℵ0
one parallel class of 4 blocks and the remaining ℵ0 ones of size ℵ0
(DANZIGER, HORSLEY, BSW 201?)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 10 / 29
![Page 23: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
A design with more points than blocks : v > b
s
Points: unit circle
Blocks: For each rational rootof unity S
B1s blue blockB2s purple block
This is a 2-(2ℵ0, 2ℵ0, Λ) designwith λi ,j = ℵ0
So, b = r = λ = ℵ0
(CAMERON, BSW 2002)This is resolvable with
ℵ0 parallel classes of 2 blocks each
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 11 / 29
![Page 24: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Tame (or less wild) examples...
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 12 / 29
![Page 25: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
When v is INFINITE, and t and λ are both FINITE:
λt,0 = λ
λi ,j = v , for all i < t , 0 ≤ i + j ≤ t
We can write t-(v , k , λ), as in the FINITE case, without ambiguity
These designs are generally well behaved:
Fisher’s Inequality b ≥ v holds since v = b
when k < v , these designs are necessarily resolvable(DANZIGER, HORSLEY, BSW 201?)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 13 / 29
![Page 26: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
When v is INFINITE, and t and λ are both FINITE:
λt,0 = λ
λi ,j = v , for all i < t , 0 ≤ i + j ≤ t
We can write t-(v , k , λ), as in the FINITE case, without ambiguity
These designs are generally well behaved:
Fisher’s Inequality b ≥ v holds since v = b
when k < v , these designs are necessarily resolvable(DANZIGER, HORSLEY, BSW 201?)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 13 / 29
![Page 27: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Triangular lattice
Points: the lattice points
Blocks: equilateral triangles
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 14 / 29
![Page 28: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Triangular lattice
Points: the lattice points
Blocks: equilateral triangles
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 14 / 29
![Page 29: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Triangular lattice
Points: the lattice points
Blocks: equilateral triangles
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 14 / 29
![Page 30: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Triangular lattice
Points: the lattice points
Blocks: equilateral triangles
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 14 / 29
![Page 31: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Triangular lattice
Points: the lattice points
Blocks: equilateral triangles
A 2-(ℵ0, 3, 2) design
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 14 / 29
![Page 32: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Countably infinite Steiner Triple system
0 +
+−
−Points: Q ∪ {+∞,−∞}
Blocks:◮ (x , y , z) where x + y + z = 0
and x , y , z unequal◮ (−2x , x ,±∞) and
(−x , 2x ,±∞)◮ (0, +∞,−∞)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 15 / 29
![Page 33: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Countably infinite Steiner Triple system
−
+
+
− 0Points: Q ∪ {+∞,−∞}
Blocks:◮ (x , y , z) where x + y + z = 0
and x , y , z unequal◮ (−2x , x ,±∞) and
(−x , 2x ,±∞)◮ (0, +∞,−∞)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 15 / 29
![Page 34: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Countably infinite Steiner Triple system
+
+−
− 0Points: Q ∪ {+∞,−∞}
Blocks:◮ (x , y , z) where x + y + z = 0
and x , y , z unequal◮ (−2x , x ,±∞) and
(−x , 2x ,±∞)◮ (0, +∞,−∞)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 15 / 29
![Page 35: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Countably infinite Steiner Triple system
−
+
+
− 0Points: Q ∪ {+∞,−∞}
Blocks:◮ (x , y , z) where x + y + z = 0
and x , y , z unequal◮ (−2x , x ,±∞) and
(−x , 2x ,±∞)◮ (0, +∞,−∞)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 15 / 29
![Page 36: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Countably infinite Steiner Triple system
−
+
+
− 0Points: Q ∪ {+∞,−∞}
Blocks:◮ (x , y , z) where x + y + z = 0
and x , y , z unequal◮ (−2x , x ,±∞) and
(−x , 2x ,±∞)◮ (0, +∞,−∞)
A 2-(ℵ0, 3, 1) design
(GRANNELL, GRIGGS, PHELAN 1987)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 15 / 29
![Page 37: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
In contrast to the FINITE case, the existence problem forINFINITE t-designs is incomparably simpler — basically, they exist!
Existence with
k FINITE
Cyclic t-(ℵ0, k , λ) (KÖHLER 1977)
Large sets t-(∞, t + 1, 1) (GRANNELL, GRIGGS, PHELAN 1991)
Large sets t-(∞, k , 1) (CAMERON 1995)
t-fold transitive t-(ℵ0, t + 1, 1) (CAMERON 1984)
Uncountable family of rigid 2-(ℵ0, 3, 1) (FRANEK 1994)
k not necessarily FINITE
Any t-(∞, k , 1) can be extended (BEUTELSPACHER, CAMERON 1994)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 16 / 29
![Page 38: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
In contrast to the FINITE case, the existence problem forINFINITE t-designs is incomparably simpler — basically, they exist!
Existence with t ≥ 2
k FINITE
Cyclic t-(ℵ0, k , λ) (KÖHLER 1977)
Large sets t-(∞, t + 1, 1) (GRANNELL, GRIGGS, PHELAN 1991)
Large sets t-(∞, k , 1) (CAMERON 1995)
t-fold transitive t-(ℵ0, t + 1, 1) (CAMERON 1984)
Uncountable family of rigid 2-(ℵ0, 3, 1) (FRANEK 1994)
k not necessarily FINITE
Any t-(∞, k , 1) can be extended (BEUTELSPACHER, CAMERON 1994)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 16 / 29
![Page 39: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
In contrast to the FINITE case, the existence problem forINFINITE t-designs is incomparably simpler — basically, they exist!
Existence with t ≥ 2
k FINITE
Cyclic t-(ℵ0, k , λ) (KÖHLER 1977)
Large sets t-(∞, t + 1, 1) (GRANNELL, GRIGGS, PHELAN 1991)
Large sets t-(∞, k , 1) (CAMERON 1995)
t-fold transitive t-(ℵ0, t + 1, 1) (CAMERON 1984)
Uncountable family of rigid 2-(ℵ0, 3, 1) (FRANEK 1994)
k not necessarily FINITE
Any t-(∞, k , 1) can be extended (BEUTELSPACHER, CAMERON 1994)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 16 / 29
![Page 40: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Route map
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 17 / 29
![Page 41: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Constructions
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 18 / 29
![Page 42: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
1 2 3, 1 4 5,
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 19 / 29
![Page 43: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
1 2 3, 1 4 5,
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 19 / 29
![Page 44: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
1 2 3, 1 4 5, 2 4 6, 3 4 7,
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 19 / 29
![Page 45: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
1 2 3, 1 4 5, 2 4 6, 3 4 7, 2 5 8, 3 5 9,
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 19 / 29
![Page 46: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
1 2 3, 1 4 5, 2 4 6, 3 4 7, 2 5 8, 3 5 9,
1 6 10, 3 6 11, 5 6 12,
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 19 / 29
![Page 47: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
1 2 3, 1 4 5, 2 4 6, 3 4 7, 2 5 8, 3 5 9,
1 6 10, 3 6 11, 5 6 12, 1 7 13, 2 7 14, 5 7 15 . . .
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 19 / 29
![Page 48: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
1 2 3, 1 4 5, 2 4 6, 3 4 7, 2 5 8, 3 5 9,
1 6 10, 3 6 11, 5 6 12, 1 7 13, 2 7 14, 5 7 15 . . .
The result is a 2-(ℵ0, 3, 1) design
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 19 / 29
![Page 49: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
1 2 3, 1 4 5, 2 4 6, 3 4 7, 2 5 8, 3 5 9,
1 6 10, 3 6 11, 5 6 12, 1 7 13, 2 7 14, 5 7 15 . . .
The result is a 2-(ℵ0, 3, 1) design
r -sparse (for all r ≥ 4) i.e. no (r , r + 2)-configurations
no finite subsystems
proper subsystems isomorphic to itself
subsystems intrinsically more complicated than itself
The pasch , a (4, 6)-configuration
(CHICOT, GRANNELL, GRIGGS, BSW 2009)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 19 / 29
![Page 50: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
1 2 3, 1 4 5, 2 4 6, 3 4 7, 2 5 8, 3 5 9,
1 6 10, 3 6 11, 5 6 12, 1 7 13, 2 7 14, 5 7 15 . . .
The result is a 2-(ℵ0, 3, 1) design
r -sparse (for all r ≥ 4) i.e. no (r , r + 2)-configurations
no finite subsystems
proper subsystems isomorphic to itself
subsystems intrinsically more complicated than itself
The pasch , a (4, 6)-configuration
(CHICOT, GRANNELL, GRIGGS, BSW 2009)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 19 / 29
![Page 51: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
1 2 3, 1 4 5, 2 4 6, 3 4 7, 2 5 8, 3 5 9,
1 6 10, 3 6 11, 5 6 12, 1 7 13, 2 7 14, 5 7 15 . . .
The result is a 2-(ℵ0, 3, 1) design
r -sparse (for all r ≥ 4) i.e. no (r , r + 2)-configurations
no finite subsystems
proper subsystems isomorphic to itself
subsystems intrinsically more complicated than itself
The pasch , a (4, 6)-configuration
(CHICOT, GRANNELL, GRIGGS, BSW 2009)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 19 / 29
![Page 52: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
1 2 3, 1 4 5, 2 4 6, 3 4 7, 2 5 8, 3 5 9,
1 6 10, 3 6 11, 5 6 12, 1 7 13, 2 7 14, 5 7 15 . . .
The result is a 2-(ℵ0, 3, 1) design
r -sparse (for all r ≥ 4) i.e. no (r , r + 2)-configurations
no finite subsystems
proper subsystems isomorphic to itself
subsystems intrinsically more complicated than itself
The pasch , a (4, 6)-configuration
(CHICOT, GRANNELL, GRIGGS, BSW 2009)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 19 / 29
![Page 53: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Constructions
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 20 / 29
![Page 54: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Cycle graph G(a,b) of a Steiner triple system, where abc is a block:
vertices V\{a, b, c}
a-coloured edge xy if axy is a block
b-coloured edge xy if bxy is a block
A uniform Steiner triple system has all cycle graphs isomorphic
A perfect Steiner triple system has each cycle graph a single cycle(or two-way infinite path)
Only finitely many FINITE perfect systems are known
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 21 / 29
![Page 55: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Cycle graph G(a,b) of a Steiner triple system, where abc is a block:
vertices V\{a, b, c}
a-coloured edge xy if axy is a block
b-coloured edge xy if bxy is a block
A uniform Steiner triple system has all cycle graphs isomorphic
A perfect Steiner triple system has each cycle graph a single cycle(or two-way infinite path)
Only finitely many FINITE perfect systems are known
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 21 / 29
![Page 56: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Cycle graph G(a,b) of a Steiner triple system, where abc is a block:
vertices V\{a, b, c}
a-coloured edge xy if axy is a block
b-coloured edge xy if bxy is a block
A uniform Steiner triple system has all cycle graphs isomorphic
A perfect Steiner triple system has each cycle graph a single cycle(or two-way infinite path)
Only finitely many FINITE perfect systems are known
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 21 / 29
![Page 57: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Free construction of a perfect Steiner triple system
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 22 / 29
![Page 58: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Free construction of a perfect Steiner triple system
Start with a partial Steiner triple system◮ no cycle graph G(a, b) containing a finite cycle
even stages◮ if ab not already in a block, add a new point n and a block abn
odd stages◮ for each pair ab consider the cycle graph G(a, b) (union of paths
and isolated vertices)◮ suppose x and y are end points (not same cycle) or isolated◮ if x is isolated or an a-edge, and y is isolated or a b-edge
add blocks bxn and any(swap colours if colours are reversed)
◮ if x and y are on a-edges add blocks bxn1, an1n2 and bn2y(swap colours if colours are reversed)
After countably many steps we have a countably INFINITE
perfect Steiner triple system (CAMERON, BSW 2012)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 22 / 29
![Page 59: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Free construction of a perfect Steiner triple system
Start with a partial Steiner triple system◮ no cycle graph G(a, b) containing a finite cycle
even stages◮ if ab not already in a block, add a new point n and a block abn
odd stages◮ for each pair ab consider the cycle graph G(a, b) (union of paths
and isolated vertices)◮ suppose x and y are end points (not same cycle) or isolated◮ if x is isolated or an a-edge, and y is isolated or a b-edge
add blocks bxn and any(swap colours if colours are reversed)
◮ if x and y are on a-edges add blocks bxn1, an1n2 and bn2y(swap colours if colours are reversed)
After countably many steps we have a countably INFINITE
perfect Steiner triple system (CAMERON, BSW 2012)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 22 / 29
![Page 60: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Free construction of a perfect Steiner triple system
Start with a partial Steiner triple system◮ no cycle graph G(a, b) containing a finite cycle
even stages◮ if ab not already in a block, add a new point n and a block abn
odd stages◮ for each pair ab consider the cycle graph G(a, b) (union of paths
and isolated vertices)◮ suppose x and y are end points (not same cycle) or isolated◮ if x is isolated or an a-edge, and y is isolated or a b-edge
add blocks bxn and any(swap colours if colours are reversed)
◮ if x and y are on a-edges add blocks bxn1, an1n2 and bn2y(swap colours if colours are reversed)
After countably many steps we have a countably INFINITE
perfect Steiner triple system (CAMERON, BSW 2012)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 22 / 29
![Page 61: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Free construction of a perfect Steiner triple system
Start with a partial Steiner triple system◮ no cycle graph G(a, b) containing a finite cycle
even stages◮ if ab not already in a block, add a new point n and a block abn
odd stages◮ for each pair ab consider the cycle graph G(a, b) (union of paths
and isolated vertices)◮ suppose x and y are end points (not same cycle) or isolated◮ if x is isolated or an a-edge, and y is isolated or a b-edge
add blocks bxn and any(swap colours if colours are reversed)
◮ if x and y are on a-edges add blocks bxn1, an1n2 and bn2y(swap colours if colours are reversed)
After countably many steps we have a countably INFINITE
perfect Steiner triple system (CAMERON, BSW 2012)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 22 / 29
![Page 62: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Free construction of a perfect Steiner triple system
Start with a partial Steiner triple system◮ no cycle graph G(a, b) containing a finite cycle
even stages◮ if ab not already in a block, add a new point n and a block abn
odd stages◮ for each pair ab consider the cycle graph G(a, b) (union of paths
and isolated vertices)◮ suppose x and y are end points (not same cycle) or isolated◮ if x is isolated or an a-edge, and y is isolated or a b-edge
add blocks bxn and any(swap colours if colours are reversed)
◮ if x and y are on a-edges add blocks bxn1, an1n2 and bn2y(swap colours if colours are reversed)
After countably many steps we have a countably INFINITE
perfect Steiner triple system (CAMERON, BSW 2012)
It is possible to construct 2ℵ0 non-isomorphic perfect systems this way
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 22 / 29
![Page 63: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Route map
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 23 / 29
![Page 64: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Constructions
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 24 / 29
![Page 65: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Fraïssé’s TheoremSuppose C is a class of finitely generated structures such that
C is closed under isomorphisms
C contains only countably many members up to isomorphism
C has the Hereditary Property, HP
C has the Joint Embedding Property, JEP
C has the Amalgamation Property, AP
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 25 / 29
![Page 66: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Fraïssé’s TheoremSuppose C is a class of finitely generated structures such that
C is closed under isomorphisms
C contains only countably many members up to isomorphism
C has the Hereditary Property, HP
C has the Joint Embedding Property, JEP
C has the Amalgamation Property, AP
Then there is a countable homogeneous structure S
which is universal for C
unique up to isomorphisms
(FRAÏSSÉ 1954, JÓNSSON 1956)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 25 / 29
![Page 67: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Fraïssé’s TheoremSuppose C is a class of finitely generated structures such that
C is closed under isomorphisms
C contains only countably many members up to isomorphism
C has the Hereditary Property, HP
C has the Joint Embedding Property, JEP
C has the Amalgamation Property, AP
Then there is a countable homogeneous structure S
which is universal for C
unique up to isomorphisms
(FRAÏSSÉ 1954, JÓNSSON 1956)
We call S the Fraïssé limit of C
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 25 / 29
![Page 68: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Fraïssé’s TheoremSuppose C is a class of finitely generated structures such that
C is closed under isomorphisms
C contains only countably many members up to isomorphism
C has the Hereditary Property, HP
C has the Joint Embedding Property, JEP
C has the Amalgamation Property, AP
Then there is a countable homogeneous structure S
which is universal for C
unique up to isomorphisms
(FRAÏSSÉ 1954, JÓNSSON 1956)
We call S the Fraïssé limit of C
Such a class C is called an amalgamation class
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 25 / 29
![Page 69: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Regard a Steiner triple system as a Steiner quasigroup
a ◦ b = c if and only if {a, b, c} is a block (and x ◦ x = x)
Then substructures (in the sense of model theory) are subsystems
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 26 / 29
![Page 70: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Regard a Steiner triple system as a Steiner quasigroup
a ◦ b = c if and only if {a, b, c} is a block (and x ◦ x = x)
Then substructures (in the sense of model theory) are subsystems
The amalgamation property holds because any pair of systems with acommon subsystem can be completed to a finite system
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 26 / 29
![Page 71: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Regard a Steiner triple system as a Steiner quasigroup
a ◦ b = c if and only if {a, b, c} is a block (and x ◦ x = x)
Then substructures (in the sense of model theory) are subsystems
The amalgamation property holds because any pair of systems with acommon subsystem can be completed to a finite system
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 26 / 29
![Page 72: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Regard a Steiner triple system as a Steiner quasigroup
a ◦ b = c if and only if {a, b, c} is a block (and x ◦ x = x)
Then substructures (in the sense of model theory) are subsystems
The amalgamation property holds because any pair of systems with acommon subsystem can be completed to a finite system
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 26 / 29
![Page 73: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Regard a Steiner triple system as a Steiner quasigroup
a ◦ b = c if and only if {a, b, c} is a block (and x ◦ x = x)
Then substructures (in the sense of model theory) are subsystems
The amalgamation property holds because any pair of systems with acommon subsystem can be completed to a finite system
The class of all finite Steiner triple systems is an amalgamation class— the Fraïssé limit is the unique (up to isomorphism)universal homogeneous locally finite Steiner triple system , U
(CAMERON 2007?)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 26 / 29
![Page 74: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Use k-uniform hypergraphs to build designs:
colour the points of the hypergraph to get s point orbits
each hyperedge has ni points of colour i
“orient” the hypergraph by distinguishing (t − k) points on eachhyperedge – called apex/apices
◮ each point is an apex of at most one hyperedge◮ two edges have at most t − 1 points in common
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 27 / 29
![Page 75: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Use k-uniform hypergraphs to build designs:
For a block transitive t-(v , k , 1) design with s point orbits, use ak-uniform hypergraph with s colours on the points
colour the points of the hypergraph to get s point orbits
each hyperedge has ni points of colour i
“orient” the hypergraph by distinguishing (t − k) points on eachhyperedge – called apex/apices
◮ each point is an apex of at most one hyperedge◮ two edges have at most t − 1 points in common
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 27 / 29
![Page 76: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Use k-uniform hypergraphs to build designs:
For a block transitive t-(v , k , 1) design with s point orbits, use ak-uniform hypergraph with s colours on the points
colour the points of the hypergraph to get s point orbits
each hyperedge has ni points of colour i
“orient” the hypergraph by distinguishing (t − k) points on eachhyperedge – called apex/apices
◮ each point is an apex of at most one hyperedge◮ two edges have at most t − 1 points in common
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 27 / 29
![Page 77: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Use k-uniform hypergraphs to build designs:
For a block transitive t-(v , k , 1) design with s point orbits, use ak-uniform hypergraph with s colours on the points
colour the points of the hypergraph to get s point orbits
each hyperedge has ni points of colour i
“orient” the hypergraph by distinguishing (t − k) points on eachhyperedge – called apex/apices
◮ each point is an apex of at most one hyperedge◮ two edges have at most t − 1 points in common
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 27 / 29
![Page 78: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Use k-uniform hypergraphs to build designs:
For a block transitive t-(v , k , 1) design with s point orbits, use ak-uniform hypergraph with s colours on the points
colour the points of the hypergraph to get s point orbits
each hyperedge has ni points of colour i
“orient” the hypergraph by distinguishing (t − k) points on eachhyperedge – called apex/apices
◮ each point is an apex of at most one hyperedge◮ two edges have at most t − 1 points in common
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 27 / 29
![Page 79: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Use k-uniform hypergraphs to build designs:
For a block transitive t-(v , k , 1) design with s point orbits, use ak-uniform hypergraph with s colours on the points
colour the points of the hypergraph to get s point orbits
each hyperedge has ni points of colour i
“orient” the hypergraph by distinguishing (t − k) points on eachhyperedge – called apex/apices
◮ each point is an apex of at most one hyperedge◮ two edges have at most t − 1 points in common
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 27 / 29
![Page 80: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Use k-uniform hypergraphs to build designs:
For a block transitive t-(v , k , 1) design with s point orbits, use ak-uniform hypergraph with s colours on the points
colour the points of the hypergraph to get s point orbits
each hyperedge has ni points of colour i
“orient” the hypergraph by distinguishing (t − k) points on eachhyperedge – called apex/apices
◮ each point is an apex of at most one hyperedge◮ two edges have at most t − 1 points in common
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 27 / 29
![Page 81: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Use k-uniform hypergraphs to build designs:
For a block transitive t-(v , k , 1) design with s point orbits, use ak-uniform hypergraph with s colours on the points
colour the points of the hypergraph to get s point orbits
each hyperedge has ni points of colour i
“orient” the hypergraph by distinguishing (t − k) points on eachhyperedge – called apex/apices
◮ each point is an apex of at most one hyperedge◮ two edges have at most t − 1 points in common
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 27 / 29
![Page 82: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Use k-uniform hypergraphs to build designs:
For a block transitive t-(v , k , 1) design with s point orbits, use ak-uniform hypergraph with s colours on the points
colour the points of the hypergraph to get s point orbits
each hyperedge has ni points of colour i
“orient” the hypergraph by distinguishing (t − k) points on eachhyperedge – called apex/apices
◮ each point is an apex of at most one hyperedge◮ two edges have at most t − 1 points in common
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 27 / 29
![Page 83: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
We defineδ(B) = |B| − (t − k)|EB |
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 28 / 29
![Page 84: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
We defineδ(B) = |B| − (t − k)|EB |
We say A is “closed” in B if any apex of a hyperedge b ∈ Bis also in A , then b ∈ A
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 28 / 29
![Page 85: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
We defineδ(B) = |B| − (t − k)|EB |
We say A is “closed” in B if any apex of a hyperedge b ∈ Bis also in A , then b ∈ A
If δ(A) ≤ δ(B′) for all A ⊆ B′ ⊆ B then we can “orient” B so that A is“closed” in it
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 28 / 29
![Page 86: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
We defineδ(B) = |B| − (t − k)|EB |
We say A is “closed” in B if any apex of a hyperedge b ∈ Bis also in A , then b ∈ A
If δ(A) ≤ δ(B′) for all A ⊆ B′ ⊆ B then we can “orient” B so that A is“closed” in it
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 28 / 29
![Page 87: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
We defineδ(B) = |B| − (t − k)|EB |
We say A is “closed” in B if any apex of a hyperedge b ∈ Bis also in A , then b ∈ A
If δ(A) ≤ δ(B′) for all A ⊆ B′ ⊆ B then we can “orient” B so that A is“closed” in it
Apply Fraïssé’s Theorem to get a homogeneous structurethat is a block transitive t-(v , k , 1) design with s point orbits(s ≤ k/t )
(EVANS 2004, HRUSHOVSKI 1993)
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 28 / 29
![Page 88: Infinite designs -- a quick tourcamconf/talks/webb.pdfInfinite designs – a quick tour Bridget S Webb The Open University COMBINATORICS, ALGEBRA, AND MORE: A CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071608/6145ba9607bb162e665fdf83/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Thank you!
[thanks go to Matt Tapp for help with the pictures]
Bridget S Webb (The Open University) 29 / 29