infectious diseases in exotic birds i. - vfu · pdf fileinfectious diseases in exotic birds...

9. 12. 2013

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Infectious diseases in exotic birds II.

Winter term 2013

1) Isolation of susceptible or naive animals

2) Diagnostic testing followed isolation or

removal of test-positive animals

3) Genetic selection of disease-resistant

population of animals

4) Vaccination to prevent disease and restrict

an organism´s amplification within a host

or population of hosts.

Preventive measure

• Psittacine circovirus formerly psittacine

beak and feather disease virus (BFDV)

• Avian Polyomavirus

• Herpesvirus infection

• Poxvirus

• Chlamydophilla

• Macrorhabdus infection - Megabacteriosis

Important infectious disease Viral disease of skin

psittacine beak and feather disease

psittacine circovirus – BFDV

avian polyomavirus

cutaneous form of pox

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infection with BFDV

infection with pigeon circovirus

Infection with APV

Immunosupresion in chicken Papillomatosis

Papillomavirus

např. PePV

Herpesvirus

IPP – internal

papillomatosis of parrots

Hepatitis

Pacheco disease (PsHV or PDV)

Chlamydophilosis

Adenovirus infection of parrots

Infection with APV

Infection with BFDV

Psittacine proventricular dilatation (PPD)

–stage of affection of CNS

Infection with paramyxovirus PMV-3

Infection with Pacheco

Infection with WNV – West Nile virus

Neural sings of viral origin

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Infection with Paramyxo PMV-3

• Paramyxovirus type 3 is presently the most common

paramyxovirus in psittacines (Neophema spp. and other

parakeets) and passerines (finches) and it can lead to

severe illness in these birds.

• The disease is characterized by acute or chronic

pancreatitis and central nervous symptoms,such as

torticollis as well as walking in circles.

and by high mortality rates in the affected

flocks

Steatorrhea

Central nervous symptoms in neophema

Clinically important viral disease

Important viral disease of Psittaciformes

• Psittacine circovirus

• Avian polyomavirus

• Pacheco disease

• Poxvirus

• Papillomatosis

Important viral disease of Columbiformes

• Paramyxoviral infection (PPMV-1)

• Avian poxvirus (Pox virus)

• Pigeon herpesvirus (PHV-1)

• Pigeon circovirus (PiCV)

• Pigeon adenovirus

Clinically important viral disease

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Important viral disease of Passeriformes

• Canary poxvirus

• Paramyxovirus infection (PMV-3)

• Finch polyomavirus (FPyV )

• Fringilla papillomavirus (FPV)

• Circovirus of starlings (SCV)

Clinically important viral disease Diagnostics

• History and clinical sings

• Postmortem finding + histology

• Serological investigation

• Virological investigation

– electron microskopy

– cultivation (poxvirus)

– polymerase chain reaction (PCR, RT-PCR)

Circoviral infection

Synonymum

• Czech - nemoc zobáku a peří papoušků

• Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD)

Characteristic

• disorder of plumage

• degenerative change

of the beak

• immunosupresion

Circoviral infectionSusceptible species

• majority of species of parrot (all?)

• frequently cockatoo, african grey parrots (AGP)

• budgerigar a eclectus

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Etiology

• psittacine circovirus (BFDV)

• smallest virus (14-17 nm)

• noneveloped → resistent to desinfection

• circular ss-DNA

• without propagation in vitro

• naturally ocurence in Australia

• disease of 1-year old cockatoo


Clinical sings

• course of disease depend on species and age of birds

• acute x chronical

• acute mainly in chicken to 6 month of age

• chronical in older, frequently to 3 years


Acute course

• chicken and fledgling of cockatoo and AGP to 6 month of age

•depresion, regurgition

•quickly developement of change on the

plumage on the whole body - needn't in AGP!!!

• often peracute course and perishing without

sings

Apathy of chick of AGP and spontanously falling out feathers

on the investigation table.

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Acute course

• severe leukocytopenia → immunosupression

• death loss mainly to 6 month of age, often as results

of secondary infection

• without changes on the beak

• Haematology of chick APG with PBFD

– Hemoglobin 81 g/l

– Hematokrit /PCV 0,23 l/l

– Erytrocyts 1,650 x1012/l

– Leucocyts 1,500 x109/l

– Leukogram

Aren´t bee posible made it for low numbre

of leucocytes.



Disorder of plumage

• decrease amount of feather powder → horn

of beak is without shine

• feather is falling out

• dysplasia of feathers

• dystrofic line in the feathers

Circumferential constrictions on basis of feathers.

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Red tail feather of AGP with very prone constriction on the basis.


Disorder of plumage

• hemorrhage within the pulp cavity

• retention of feather sheaths

Circumferential constrictions.→

fractures of the feather shaft→

hemorrhage


Acute infection in AGP

• disorder of plumage lika in cockatoo

• extra progresive, nonregenerative anemia

• red discoloratio of grey

feathers ← disorder of liver

• often sudden death without sings

as results of secundary infection


Acute infection in AGP

• postmortem or on X-ray hepatomegalia

• histological necrotic lesion in the liver

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Swolen liver with yellowish necrotic lesion – peracute course of infection.


Chronic infection

• often in adult in age between 6 months to 3 years

• typical for cockatoo, but occur in other species

• initially lack of feather powder

• molting is prolonged

• dysplastic feathers (contour and powder), first

sporadically, only in some feather tracts,

progressively dispersed on the body


Chronic infection

• can finish complete baldness

Chronical form of parrot circovirus infection in cockatoo -loos of contour feathers on the body and in the crest.

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Chronic infection

• deformation of plumage is identical as in acute curse

Degenerative alteration of beak

• typical for cockatoo, others rarely

• in late stage of disease

• poor quality of horn

• overgrowing, fissure, fracturs

• necrosis of palate mucousa

→ pain → anorexia


Chronic infection

• course of infection is progressive

• prognosis in most cases is bad

• death in to 6-12 months past detection of sings

• often death on the secundary infection (bacterial,

fungal) or on the starvation due to pain of beak

• South American parrots are less susceptible,

possibility of recovery

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Lovebirds, eklectus

• infection is common

• change of plumage are

not so frequent

• infection is to fatal

• predominantly become ill young adult birds


Budgerigar

• infection is not so common

• change of plumage is others as in cockatoo

• affected mainly wings and tails feathers → runners

• clinically identically with polymavirus infection –

together with APV infection component of syndroms

„French moult “


Transmission

• affected birds spread virus in feaces and in feather powder →

inhalational infection

• vertical transmission

• virus too in contents of crop → transmission during naturaly

breeding of chicken in the nest

Incubation period

• minimally 3 week to months up to years

• often subclinical infection with spreading of virus


Replication of virus

• in germinative epitel of follicles → change of plumage

• in germinative epitel of beak → degeneration of beak

• in bursa Fabricous (BF), thymus → immunossupresion

• and other tissue

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Diagnostical method

• clinical sings

• HMT – leukocytopenia, relative lymfocytosis, anemia

• BCH – AST, LDH, bille acid in serum, ↓TP

• RTG – hepatomegalia

• Post mortem – atrophy of BF, hepatomegalia


Confirmation of diagnosis

• Change of plumage → histology of feather folicle and

feathers – intracelular and intranuclear inclusion

body


Confirmation of diagnosis

• sampling of blood, feaces, feathers or tisues for PCR

(contamination !)

• better pair sampling for PCR after 30-90 days

• electron microscopy →require great mount of virus

• ideal combination histology + PCR or EM


Therapy

• any specifical antiviral therapy

• attempt of good body codition – nutrition, vitamins

• secundary infection – zoohygiene, ATB,antimycotics

• imunostimulation – β-glukany, vitamins

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β-glucan

(1,3/1,6) β-glucan


Precaution

• not breed together small and large species of parrots

• after purchase or after exibition 30-90 days of quarantine

• in quarantine make pair investigation by using PCR

• positive bird put in the quarantine

• aviary is closed for public

• before entry thorough hygiene

• virus is highly resistant agains common desifection agens

King parrot (Alisterus scapularis) lutino mutation

PBFD +

PBFD +

PBFD +

Polyomavirus infection

Synonyms

• Budgerigar fledgling disease (BFD)

• French moult (together with BFDV)

Characteristic

• change of plumage

• death of young birds or chickens

• failure of coagulability of blood

→ haemorrhage

• course depend on the age and species

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Etiology

• avian polyomavirus

• 40-48 nm

• non enveloped

• → resistant again desinfection

• circular ds-DNA


• possibility of infection of all birds species

(parrots, songbird, birds of prey, gulls etc.)


Clinical sings

• course depended of the species and age of infected

individual

Budgerigar

• acute course

• high mortality of chicken to 10.-20. day of age

• chronical course

• change of plumage in elderly birds (fledgling)


Acute illness of budgerigars

• in chicken to 10.-20. days of age

• death of chicken in good body condition

• without apparent clinical sings

• haemorrhage in subcutis

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Chronical illness of budgerigars

• change of plumage in eldery birds and in

fledgling

• clinically identical to BFDV infection

• after molting normal plumage


Change of plumage


Others parrots (mainly macaws, conures)

• sudden deaths in hand rearing chicken between

2.-12. week of age

• without sings or death to 24 hours past occurence

• weakness, paleness, inapetence, dehydratation,

subcutaneous hemorhagy, crop stasis

• change of plumage seldom

Chicks of Blue and Gold Macaw and Blue-throated Macaw

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Chicks of Blue and Gold Macaw and Blue-throated MacawNecropsy of Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria

Necrotic changes of liver, hydropericardium and hemorragie in myocardium.


Lovebirds

• nonspecifical illness, possibly death of young adult

birds

Songbirds

• sudden death of chicken and young adult birds

• not very frequent

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Transmission

• spreading in feather powder, feaces and oral secretions

• widely spreading in chicken and in birds to 6 monts of age →

spreading and maintenance infection in aviary

• post puberty is spreading decreased

• infection via inhalation

• vertical transmission


Incubation period

• in budgerigars short – some days

• in others about 2 weeks

• in majority of adults budgerigars subclinically

infection

• in others species birds subclinically infection in

majority of chickens


Diagnostic

• history

• clinical sings

Postmortem findings

• Haemorhage on the pericard, proventriculus et.

• Necrotic focus in the liver

• hyperemic, swolen kidney

• dilatation of heart


Diagnostic

Histology

• miliary to confluent necrosis of liver

• glomerulonefropaty from immunocomplexs

• bazofil intranuklear inclusion body

PCR

• sampling of blood, feaces, feathers, skin or organs

• pair sampling after 30 days

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Precaution

• any specifical antiviral therapy

• in budgerigards help stop of breeding minimally to 7 months

• mechanically cleaning + desinfection

• leave only eldery birds

• virus is resistant to many desinfection agens

• effective – chemical compound of chlorine, ethanol

• support of immunity

Polyomavirus infectionPrecaution

• not breed together small and large species of parrots

• quarantine + repeated investigation by PCR in new

birds and birds returned from exibitions

• vaccination (in US) -

- predominantly in

large parrots

Psittimune APV

Posible vaccination Pacheco disease

Transmission

• spreading in feces and secrets

• Infection via inhalation and direct contact

• source of infection are latently

infected individuals

• vectors primarily some species of conures

– resistant to clinical disease

• trigger of disease is stress

• often after transport

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Pacheco disease

Acute course

• nonspecific sings – apathy, anorexia, ruffled feathers,

intermittent diarrhea, PU/PD

• loose feaces with yellow color and urates (necrosis of liver)

• occasionally sinusitis, haemorragical diarrhea, conjunctivitis,

spasm, tremor

• death of high percentage birds in aviary

Peracute course

• death without sings

Pacheco disease

Post mortem findings

• swollen yellow-brown, pale red or greenish liver with

subseros haemorrhage and necrotic focus

• spleen and kidney swollen

• Intestine hyperemic

Pacheco disease

Histology

• congestion, haemorrhagical and coagulant liver

necrosis

• eosinofil intranuclear inclusion body

Internal papillomatosis of parrots

• IP is a disease that primarily affects macaws, Amazon

parrots, and less commonly conures.

• Most lesions are confined to the oral and cloacal

mucosa.

• Cloacal lesions are the most common manifestation of IP

in Amazon parrots and generally are present in the

macaw as well.

• First clinical sings is blood in the bottom of the cage from an ulcerated cloacal papilloma or when the papilloma prolapses through the cloaca.

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Macroscopical lesion on liver in case of internal papillomatosis of parrots. Clinical problems made the fact, that this lesion are not detectable with plain x-ray and biochemistry investigation.

Cholangiocarcinoma in young greenwinged macaw

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Pacheco disease

Diagnostic

• clinical sings – feaces and urates of yellow color

• X-ray – hepatomegaly

• BCH - ↑ of liver enzymes

• post mortem, histology – intranuclear IB

• proof of virus in feaces or in organs – EM, VNT,

ELISA, IF

• proof of Ab is not relevant – decreasing regardless

proceed latent infection

Pacheco disease

Therapy

• acyclovir p.o. – best before start of clinical sings

• decreasing of mortality

• nefrotoxic – with caution nefropathy

• supportive therapy

Precaution• vaccination of birds with high risk – before import

(US) (side effects – granuloms, paralysis)

• proofing of birds, quarantine

Poxvirus

Characteristic

• not very often viral disease

• hyperplasia of epithelium of skin of head, foot, and

mucous of nasal cavity and beak

2 forms:

• skin (dry) form

• mucous (wet) form

• most often in imported canary

Poxvirus

Etiology

• viruses Avipox family

• the greatest viruses (250-300 nm)

• enveloped

• ds-DNA

• replication in cytoplasma

• eosinofilic intracelular inclusion body Bollinger body

(patognomic)

• possibility of latent infection

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Poxvirus

Susceptible

• probably all species of birds

• species of family specific

• in praxis most often in canary (imports) and free

living birds

• frequently occurrence

in young birds

Poxvirus

Transmission

• virus in blood and in the crust

• vectors are primarily latently infected birds

• transmission mainly blood sucking arthropod – mosquitos

• virus in the salivary glands of mosquitos persisted 2-8 weeks

• infection possible to through the eroded epithelium

• outside the body low resistance

• in crust is infected more as one year

Poxvirus

Pathogenesis

• replication in epitheliun in place of infection

• Stimulation of production hormon analogic EGF →

synthesis DNA → hyperplasia epithelium

• primary viremia → replication in liver (can kill the

bird) → secundary viremia → generalisation on the

skin and mucous on the body

• if the birds survive, than have lifelong immunity

Poxvirus

Skin (dry) form

• Canary and free living birds

• fast enlarged mass on the head (around eyes, nostrils and

corner of beak), on the leg and on the

nake place of body

• scab noduls to multiple great mass

• progressive ulceration and necrotisation

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Poxvirus

Skin (dry) form

• enlarge and diseminate during 1-2 weeks

• if bird survive → in 4-6 weeks spontaneous

regression

• permanent effect usually minimal

Poxvirus

Mucous (wet) form

• canary breeded in outside aviary

• import of young of bluefronted amazon, lovebirds,

amazónků (Pionus) and mynah

• unilateral x bilateral blepharitis

• chemosa, conjunctivitis

• later difteric inflamation of beak cavity, trachea and

erosive lesion of eyelid

Poxvirus

Mucous (wet) form

• anorexia, dyspnoea

• secundary bacterial and fugal infection

• birds without therapy often die

• past subside can be longtime effect on the eyes

(chron. conjunctivitis, symblepharon, cataract,

erosion of the cornea, obturation of lacrimal canaly)

Poxvirus

Systemic form

• acute disease of canary

• depresion, dyspnoea, anorexia, die in 2-3 days

• skin lesion only in birds, which survive acute phase

• extension lesion of air sacs, pneumonia

• histologically – proliferation of epithelium of

bronchus and bronchiols

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Poxvirus

Diagnostic

• clinical sings

• post mortem finding

• cytology, histology – Bollinger´s bodys

Poxvirus

Therapy

• none specific therapy

• supportive therapy – help birds to survive, the infection they

overcome himself

• one time i.m. vitamin A

• ATB, antimycotics – secundary infection

• in anorectic birds rehydratation, feeding with feeding tube

• crusts must fall off

• during rip can be make great destruction of tissue (eyelids)

• past surgical removing possibility of new growing

Poxvirus

Precaution

• prevent contact with mosquitos

• in canary vaccination (canary pox virus)

• possibility of vaccination in parrot before import →

degresing of mortality

• during feeding ill youn, give feeding him as last,

especial feeding tube for every bird

• hygiene

Vaccine in West Europe

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Method of application of vaccine

Chlamydiosis

Synonyma

• ornithosis

• psitacosis

Characteristic

• Chlamydophila psittaci

• in birds unspecifical illness

• by weakening or stress

• zoonotic potencial

Chlamydiosis

Susceptible

• Possible all birds (found in 460 species)

• most common in parrots, pigeons and turkey

• Susceptible too mammals, reptiles and insects

• zoonosis – atypical pneumonia, flu like disease, sometimes

neuritis, meningitis and hearth complication

• in birds are problems rarely if are in good health condition

(biosecurity, nutrition, stress)

Chlamydiosis

Etiology

• Chlamydophila psittaci (previously Chlamydia psittaci)

• obligate intracelular bacterial parasite

• cell wall similar to G- bacteria

• inable syntetisate high energic fosfats bonds →

required energy from host cells

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Chlamydiosis

Biology

• 2 phase cycle – elementary x reticulary body

Elementary body

• outside of cell, infectious

• metabolically inactive, non multiply

• excrete in urine, feaces, exsudate from eyes and

respiratory tract

• infection via oral or via inhalation → epitelial cells →

cytoplasmatic endosom → reticulary body

Chlamydiosis

Biology

Reticular body

• metabolical active, multiplication binare division →

great intracytoplasmatic IB with high number of

daughter cells→ elementary body → by division of

host cell go to the daughter host cells

• by desintegration of cell releasing to the buňky do

intercellular space or environment

Chlamydiosis

Biology

• Chlamydophila defend fusion of endosom with lysosom

• infected cell can be replicated → Chlamydophilla cross to the

daughter cells without release of immunogen elementary body

→ persistent latent infection

• during stress is possible intermittent excreting

• elementary body are little resistant – resistance increased in

feaces

• posibility of vertical transmission or during contact between

chicken and hens

Chlamydiosis

Clinical sings

• depended on the strain of Chlamydophilla and

species of host and his condition

• asymptomatical to grave infection with ↑ mortality

• in most cases unspecifical signs

• depresion, anorexia, decreasing of body condition,

ruffled feathers

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Chlamydiosis

Clinical sings

• by systemic infection of liver, kidney and GIT

wattery greenish or yellowish urine and feaces

Chlamydiosis

Clinical sings

• by affected respiratory system rhinitis, sinusitis,

keratoconjunctivitis, dyspnoa and respiratory

murmurs

Chlamydiosis

Clinical sings

• occasionally neural sings – spasm, tremor,

opistotonus, paresis of pelvic limbs

• often only decreasing number of eggs and higher

mortality of chickens

Chlamydiosis

Diagnostic

• think to chlamydiosis in DD of each ill birds

• in asymptomatical often negative laboratory findings

• in clinically ill:

• HMT - anemia, leukocytosis, heterofilia, can be

monocytosis

• BCH - ↑ AST, ↑ LDH, ↑ plasmatic bile acids

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Chlamydiosis

Diagnostic

• RTG, laparoscopy – hepatomegalia, splenomegalia,

opacity and thickening of air sacs

• postmortem – polyserositis, bronchopneumonia,

enteritis, keratoconjunctivitis

• spectrum of findings is variabile – but not in all

• sampling – feaces, swab from cloaca, swab from

conjunctiva, choanal split, naris, samples of liver,

splean and kidney (postmortem, bioptical)

Chlamydiosis

• postmortem –

polyserositis,

bronchopneumonia,

enteritis

• hepatomegaly

• splenomegaly

Chlamydiosis

Diagnostic

• histology, cytology – modification of Ziehl-Nielsen,

modification of Gimenez, Machiavelo, IFAT

• Inklusion body in spleen, liver, air sacs

• staining = screening

• Confirmation by cultivation or proof of antigen or

DNA

• serology – pair sampling → increasing titr Ab

• ELISA, LA, komplement fixační test

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Chlamydiosis

Diagnostic

Chlamydiosis

Diagnostic

• proof of antigen – ELISA – only for detection of

Ch. trachomatis in humans

• together with serology have great fault

• PCR – extreme sensitivity → risk of contamination of

sample or lab

• kultivation – cell cultures, embryes

• infallible, demanding to the time, finances, facility

and labour

Chlamydiosis

Therapy and precaution

• all birds in contact with positive birds are consider

as infected

• Infected birds are isolated – especial place,

instruments, ideally too others peoples

• during manipulation using surgical mask

• supportive terapy – attempt restore the body

condition of ill birds

• minimisation of stress

Chlamydiosis


• ATB are able kill only the reticular body, but Chlam.

can stay in cells long time as elementary body and

transfer to the daughter cells → long-lasting therapy

• formerly tetracyclins – doxycyclin, OTC, CTC

• medication of feed, p.o., i.m.

• doxycyklin 45 days

• enrofloxacin 14-21 days

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Chlamydiosis


• cell mediated immunity - T-lymfocyts

• antibody have not protective impact

• Without vaccine (too in humans), which be able

protected persistent infection and persistent

spreading of chlamydia

Chlamydiosis

Notifiable disease !!!

ZOONOSIS !!!Necessity of cooperation with state

veterinary autority !!!

Megabacteriosis

Characteristic

• yeast disease of sing birds, budgerigards, neofema, small

species of conures and cockatiels

• wasting, nondigested seeds in feaces

• infection is possible in greats species of parrots, ostrichs

• detected to in European goldfinch

• ↓ production of acids in proventriculus → ↓ function of

enzymes → disorder of digestion

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Megabacteriosis

Etiology

• Macrorhabdus ornitogaster

• yeast organismus

• formerly consider as great bacterial rod

• great rod (20-50 μm)

• 3-layers wall – outside layer translucent

• Gram positive, PAS positive, silver staining

• localization in proventriculus and gizzard

• cultivation extreme difficult

Megabacteriosis

Clinical sings

• wasting („going light“ syndrome in budgie)

• apathy, inapetention, regurgitation

• nondigested seeds in feaces

• feaces thin to wattery, dark greenisch or brown- black

MegabacteriosisDiagnostic

• cytology → Gram, Diff-Quick

• intravitally – feaces, flash from crop → low number

• postmortally – scrape off the proventriculus wall

Megabacteriosis

Diagnostics

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Megabacteriosis

Diagnostics

Megabacteriosis

Diagnostics

• postmortem – finding in proventriculus

• often dilatation of proventriculus, strengthen wall

• thick turbid layer of mucin of the mucous

• bleeding in the mucous

Megabacteriosis

Therapy

• Acidification of the water – vinegar, mixture of short

chain organic acid

• easy digestible feed

• terbinafin, nystatin, amfotericin B, itraconazol p.o.

• New method of therapy is using benzoan acid.

Preventive controls

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Thanks for your attention !!!

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