Infections and AllergiesInfections and AllergiesOf SkinOf Skin

The most common The most common skin disorders skin disorders result from result from allergies or allergies or bacterial, viral, or bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. fungal infections.

homeostatic homeostatic imbalances of the imbalances of the skin skin

Thrush (Candidiasis)

Acne; Acne; disease of sebaceous glandsdisease of sebaceous glands Alopecia; Alopecia; hair losshair loss Tinea pedis; Tinea pedis; athletes footathletes foot Carbuncle; Carbuncle; bacterial infection like a boil but subcutaneousbacterial infection like a boil but subcutaneous Cyst; liquid Cyst; liquid filled sacfilled sac Dermatitis; Dermatitis; inflammationinflammation Eczema;Eczema; noncontagiuous skin rash noncontagiuous skin rash Impetigo;Impetigo; contagious bacterial infection causes eruption contagious bacterial infection causes eruption Moles; (nevi) tumors that are pigmentedMoles; (nevi) tumors that are pigmented Pediculosis; Pediculosis; licelice Pruritis; Pruritis; itching without eruptionitching without eruption Scabies;Scabies; mites mites Shingles Shingles (Herpes Zoster) virus causes blisters at nerve (Herpes Zoster) virus causes blisters at nerve

pathpath

Common Skin DisordersCommon Skin Disorders

Contact dermatitis.Contact dermatitis. Itching, redness, Itching, redness,

and swelling of the and swelling of the skin, &blistering. skin, &blistering.

Caused by Caused by exposure of the exposure of the skin to chemicals skin to chemicals

Ex: poison ivy Ex: poison ivy

provokes an provokes an allergic responseallergic response

PsoriasisPsoriasis chronic condition chronic condition reddened epidermal reddened epidermal

lesion-covered with lesion-covered with dry, silvery scales dry, silvery scales

When severe, may be When severe, may be disfiguring. disfiguring.

cause unknown; may cause unknown; may be hereditary in some be hereditary in some cases cases

Attacks often Attacks often triggered by trauma, triggered by trauma, infection hormonal infection hormonal changes, and stress.changes, and stress.

Athlete's footAthlete's foot tinea pedis.tinea pedis. itchy, red, peeling skin itchy, red, peeling skin

between the toes, resulting between the toes, resulting from a fungal infection. from a fungal infection.

Athlete's Foot Tips From Athlete's Foot Tips From The APMAThe APMA

Avoid walking barefoot; use Avoid walking barefoot; use shower shoes. shower shoes.

Reduce perspiration by Reduce perspiration by using talcum powder. using talcum powder.

Wear light and airy shoes. Wear light and airy shoes.

Wear socks that keep your Wear socks that keep your feet dry, and change them feet dry, and change them frequently if you perspire frequently if you perspire heavily.heavily.

Boils and carbunclesBoils and carbuncles Inflammation of hair Inflammation of hair

follicles and sebaceous follicles and sebaceous glands, glands,

common on the dorsal common on the dorsal neck. neck.

Carbuncles are Carbuncles are composite boils composite boils

typically caused by the typically caused by the bacterial infection bacterial infection ((Staphylococcus Staphylococcus aureus).aureus).

Cold soresCold sores (fever blisters). (fever blisters). Small fluid-filied Small fluid-filied

blisters that itch and blisters that itch and sting, sting,

caused by herpes caused by herpes simplex simplex

virus localizes in a virus localizes in a cutaneous nerve cutaneous nerve

remains dormant until remains dormant until activated by emotional activated by emotional upset, fever, or UV upset, fever, or UV radiation. radiation.

Cold sores usually Cold sores usually occur around the lips occur around the lips and in the oral mucosa and in the oral mucosa of the mouth of the mouth

ImpetigoImpetigo Pink, water-filled, Pink, water-filled,

raised lesions raised lesions common around the common around the

mouth and nosemouth and nose develop a yellow crust develop a yellow crust

and eventually rupture and eventually rupture Caused by a highly Caused by a highly

contagious staph-contagious staph-ylococcus infection; ylococcus infection;

common in elementary common in elementary school-aged children.school-aged children.

Basal Cell Carcinoma Basal Cell Carcinoma least malignant least malignant most common skin cancermost common skin cancer Cells of the stratum basale. Cells of the stratum basale.

altered so that they cannot altered so that they cannot form keratin & no longer form keratin & no longer honor the boundary between honor the boundary between epidermis and dermis. They epidermis and dermis. They proliferate, invading the proliferate, invading the dermis and subcutaneous dermis and subcutaneous tissue. tissue.

lesions occur most often on lesions occur most often on sun-exposed areas of the sun-exposed areas of the face face

appear as shiny, dome-appear as shiny, dome-shaped nodules that later shaped nodules that later develop a central ulcer with develop a central ulcer with a "pearly" beaded edge a "pearly" beaded edge

relatively slow-growingrelatively slow-growing metastasis seldom occurs metastasis seldom occurs

before it is noticedbefore it is noticed Full cure is the rule in 99 Full cure is the rule in 99

percent of cases where the percent of cases where the lesion is removed surgically.lesion is removed surgically.

Squamous Cell Squamous Cell CarcinomaCarcinoma arises from the cells of the arises from the cells of the

stratum spinosum. stratum spinosum. The lesion appears as a The lesion appears as a

scaly, reddened papule scaly, reddened papule (small, rounded elevation) (small, rounded elevation) that gradually forms a that gradually forms a shallow ulcer with a firm, shallow ulcer with a firm, raised border. raised border.

scalp, ears, dorsum of the scalp, ears, dorsum of the hands, and lower liphands, and lower lip

grows rapidly grows rapidly metastasizes to adjacent metastasizes to adjacent

lymph nodes if not removedlymph nodes if not removed believed to be sun-inducedbelieved to be sun-induced If it is caught early and If it is caught early and

removed surgically or by removed surgically or by radiation therapy, the radiation therapy, the chance of complete cure is chance of complete cure is good.good.

Malignant Malignant MelanomaMelanoma is a cancer of melanocytes. is a cancer of melanocytes. accounts for 5 percent of skin cancersaccounts for 5 percent of skin cancers incidence is increasing incidence is increasing it is often deadlyit is often deadly Melanoma can begin wherever there is Melanoma can begin wherever there is

pigmentpigment appear spontaneously, but some appear spontaneously, but some

develop from pigmented molesdevelop from pigmented moles appears as a spreading brown to black appears as a spreading brown to black

patch that metastasizes rapidly to patch that metastasizes rapidly to surrounding lymph and blood vesselssurrounding lymph and blood vessels

chance for survival is about 50 percentchance for survival is about 50 percent early detection helps. The American early detection helps. The American

Cancer Society suggests that sun Cancer Society suggests that sun worshippers periodically examine their worshippers periodically examine their skin for new moles or pigmented spotsskin for new moles or pigmented spots

apply the apply the ABCD rule ABCD rule for recognizing for recognizing melanoma:melanoma:

(A) (A) Asymmetry: Asymmetry: the two sides of the the two sides of the pigmented spot or mole do not match.pigmented spot or mole do not match.

(B) Border irregularity: (B) Border irregularity: the borders the borders of the lesion are not smooth but exhibit of the lesion are not smooth but exhibit indentations.indentations.

(C) (C) Color: Color: the pigmented spot contains the pigmented spot contains areas of different colors (blacks, areas of different colors (blacks, browns, tans, and sometimes blues and browns, tans, and sometimes blues and reds).reds).

(D) Diameter: (D) Diameter: the spot is larger than the spot is larger than 6 rum in di ameter (the size of a pencil 6 rum in di ameter (the size of a pencil eraser).eraser).

The usual therapy for malignant The usual therapy for malignant melanoma is wide surgical excision melanoma is wide surgical excision along with immunotherapy. along with immunotherapy.

severe type infection that involves the skin, subcutaneous fat, severe type infection that involves the skin, subcutaneous fat, and muscle fasciaand muscle fascia

caused by several bacteria both aerobic and anerobiccaused by several bacteria both aerobic and anerobic The most severe kind is caused by a virulent The most severe kind is caused by a virulent streptococcus streptococcus

speciesspecies infection usually enters through the skin and releases toxins infection usually enters through the skin and releases toxins

that:that:

1. directly kill tissue1. directly kill tissue

2. interfere with blood flow to tissue2. interfere with blood flow to tissue

3. digest materials in tissue and allows bacteria to 3. digest materials in tissue and allows bacteria to spread rapidlyspread rapidly

4. cause widespread effects, i.e. shock4. cause widespread effects, i.e. shock

Necrotizing FasciitisNecrotizing Fasciitis

Infection begins as a small reddish painful spot or bump on Infection begins as a small reddish painful spot or bump on the skinthe skin

It quickly changes to a brown or purplish patch, the center of It quickly changes to a brown or purplish patch, the center of the wound will begin to turn black (dead cells)the wound will begin to turn black (dead cells)

The wound will visibly expand in less that 1 hour.The wound will visibly expand in less that 1 hour. Symptoms include sweating, chills, nausea, dizziness, Symptoms include sweating, chills, nausea, dizziness,

profound weakness, and finally shock. Without treatment profound weakness, and finally shock. Without treatment death occurs rapidly.death occurs rapidly.

Many times the patient requires a surgeon to diagnose by Many times the patient requires a surgeon to diagnose by culture of wound drainage.culture of wound drainage.

SymptomsSymptoms

Powerful, broad spectrum anti-biotic administered IV Powerful, broad spectrum anti-biotic administered IV immediately, immediate surgey required to open and drain immediately, immediate surgey required to open and drain infection and debride dead materialinfection and debride dead material

Skin grafts are required after infection is clearedSkin grafts are required after infection is cleared Infection in a limb and is not containable, amputation is Infection in a limb and is not containable, amputation is

requiredrequired Prognosis: Prognosis: outcomes variblable, depending on organism, outcomes variblable, depending on organism,

rate of spread, susceptibilty to antibiotics and how early rate of spread, susceptibilty to antibiotics and how early infection is diagnosedinfection is diagnosed

Complications:Complications:sepsis, scarring and disfigurement, loss of sepsis, scarring and disfigurement, loss of limb and death.limb and death.

The disease untreated has 100% mortalityThe disease untreated has 100% mortality

TreatmentTreatment