infant perception ©gallahue, d.l., ozmun, j.c., & goodway, j.d. (2012). understanding motor...
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Infant Perception©Gallahue, D.L., Ozmun, J.C., & Goodway, J.D. (2012). Understanding
Motor Development. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
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Infant perceptual and motor development are intricately intertwined, resulting in an
interdependent system
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“Perception”: The process by which we gain immediate awareness of what is happening externally.
Perceptual Modalities Visual Auditory Olfactory Gustatory Tactile/Kinesthetic
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Perception Is The Process Of Integrating new data (sensory input) With stored data (cortical organization) That leads to (sensory integration) An overt act (motor output)
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Changes in Infant’s State: Head turn Blinking Tracking Yawning Crying
Film Analysis Changes in Heart and Respiration Rates Changes in Nonnutritive Sucking Observing Habituation & Dishabituation to Stimuli Measuring Evoked Potentials: Electrical brain
responses
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Contrast Sensitivity: One’s sensitivity to light Eyes anatomically complete Eyes functionally immature: Lachrymal ducts =
inability to shed tears; color vision? Consensual pupillary reflex Strabismus Turns head to light source Closes eyes if light is bright
Visual Acuity: The degree of detail seen in an object Organically complete-functionally immature Rapid focal distance increases to adult-like by 6-
12 months
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Accommodation: Retinal image focusing Poor as a neonate Rapid improvement in first 2-4 months
Peripheral Vision: Extent of horizontal visual field rapid improvement 15, 30, 40 degrees from
center by 6 months Visual Fixation: Attending to a stationary object
Three steps to binocularity: Bifoveal fixation; fusion; stereopsis
Monocular at birthBinocularity improves with age and
experiencefixates on bright objects follows bright light
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Tracking: Ability to follow a moving object Saccades: Quick movements of the eyes from
one object of focus to another Smooth pursuits: Slow controlled movements of
the eyes across the visual field Sequence: Horizontal; vertical; diagonal; circular
Depth Perception: Ability to distinguish distance Static: Depth judgments of stationary objects
(figure 9.1 the Visual Cliff) Dynamic: Depth judgments of moving objects Monocularity at birth prevents perception of
depth Binocularity enables rapid improvement in both
static & dynamic perception of depth
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Color Perception: Ability to perceive and distinguish colors Presence of rhodopsin & iodopsin in rods and cones Infant responds to chromatic intensity Infant prefers shape to color Infant can discriminate among colors
Form Perception: Ability to distinguish shapes and discriminate among patterns Infant prefers complex shapes Imitates facial expressions Prefers human face Size and shape constancy Discriminates between 2 and 3 dimensional figures
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Auditory Perception: Sense of hearing Prenatal responses Localizes sound Tonal responses Discriminates among voices
Olfactory Perception: Sense of smell Responds to & distinguishes among odors Prefers mother’s order Discriminates odors
Gustatory Perception: Sense of taste Preferences: sweet to sour; sour to bitter
Tactile/Kinesthetic Perception: Sense of touch/feel Responds to touch via reflexes from birth Responds to touch via crude voluntary movements
from birth
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The hyphen in the term “Perceptual-motor” signifies the
important reciprocal relationship between these two
processes.