Sri Teja Govt Employee Online IAS Faculty ( Youtuber) Blogger (www.nextgenias.com) Sharing Knowledge with New Learning Strategies www.facebook.com/sriteja.steelframeEDUCATION REVOLUTION KEYWORDSKEYLINESWORD MNEMONICSVISUAL MNEMONICSMIND MAPSLOGICAL ASSIMMILATIONMAGIC NUMBERSMEMORY TRAINDIGITAL STORY BUILDINGREADING SKILLSANSWER WRITING SKILLSACRONYMSOFFICIAL STATUS - YOUTUBEINDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATIONDECODING NCERTCONTEMPORARY CIVILIZATIONS MESOPOTAMIAN - TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES EGYPT - NILE CHINESE - HWANG HO HARAPPA - INDUSMESOPOTAMIAN - TIGRIS AND EUPHRATESEGYPT - NILECHINESE - HWANG HOHARAPPA - INDUS > FIRST HUMANS MIGRATE TO INDIA:70000 -50000 BCE > MECH > PERIOD - 3000 TO 1500 BC > NORTH - WEST PARTSERIES OF EXCAVATIONS CHARLES MASSON >> 1826-1838 BRITISH - RAILWAY LINE KARACHI & LAHORE:1857 J FLEET - HARAPPAN SEALS : 1912 EXCAVATION CAMPAIGN - SIR JOHN MARSHALL:1921/22 DISCOVERY BY DAYARAM SAHANI 1947- AREA DIVIDED BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTANPLACES ASSOCIATED Sindh - Mohenjodaro, Amri, Kot Diji, Rehman Dheri, Sukkur, Alladinho, Chanhudaro Baluchistan - Mehrgarh, Damb Sadaat, Rana Ghundai, Nal, Kulli, Dabar kot, Balakot Afghanistan - Mundigak, Shortu ghai West Punjab - harappa, jalilipur, ganeriwala, rehmandheri Gujarat - dholavira, lothal, surkotada, bhagatrav, rangpur, rojadi, desalpur, dabar kot Uttar pradesh - alamgirpur Haryana - Banawali, Rakhigarhi, Bhagawanpura Rajasthan - kalibangan Punjab - ropar J & K - mandaMaharashtra - Daimabad 1921 - HARAPPA AREA - 1.3 MN SQ KM POPULATION - 5 MN 6 MAJOR CITIES MUD BRICK PLATFORMSTOWN PLANNING GRID SYSTEM WESTERN SIDE>CITADEL - PUBLIC BUILDINGS EASTERN SIDE>LOWER TOWN - HOUSE OF COMMONERS BURNT BRICK DRAINAGE SYSTEM BUILDINGS - RESIDENTIAL HOUSES, LARGER AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS Mesopotamia Baked bricksTOWN PLANNING Effective economy Reflection of social hierarchy Influence of Mesopotamia Drainage Equipped storage facility Reflection of rituals Advanced building methodTOWN PLANNING Most Imp Public place Great Bath @ Mohenjodaro >> beautiful brick work & Ritual bathing Largest building @ Mohenjodaro Granary Citadel of Harappa 6 Granaries >> South rows of circular brick platforms :: threshing grains of wheat and barley Harappa 2 roomed barracks: accomodation of labourers Kalibangan South >> GranariesAGRICULTURE Earlier Sindh >> fertile zone Natural vegetation attracted more rainfall Timber fuel for baking bricks Imp reason for fertility Annual inundation in the Indus river :: Alluvial soil Seeds November @ flood plains Reaped harvests (stone sickles) of wheat and barley in April Ploughing of fields Furrows Gabarbands or nalas enclosed by dams for storing water @ Baluchistan and Afghanistan Canal irrigation - AbsentAGRICULTURE Crops wheat, barley, peas, sesamum, mustard, rice Foodgrains @ Granaries Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Kalibangan Cereals were received as taxes from peasantsand stored in granary for payment of wages Mesopotamia wages paid in form of barley Indus people 1stto produce cotton Greeks SindonDOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS Oxen, buffaloes, goats, cats,sheep and pigs Humped bulls Dogs were regarded as pets Evidence of horse superficial level of Mohenjodaro, double terracotta figurine from Lothal Remains of horse Surkotada Elephants, Rhinocerous @ Gujarat Same (foodgrains and animals)like contemporary Sumerian cities of Mesopotamia except rice and elephantsTECHNOLOGY AND CRAFTS Bronze age Bronze tin + copper Copper Khetri mines Rajasthan & Baluchisthan Tin Afghanistan & Hazanbagh (Bihar) Imp group of Artisans Bronzesmiths >> Images, utensils, tools, weapons such as axes, spears, knives Woven Cotton (Mohenjodaro) with textile impressions Spinning Spindle whorls Imp craft Brick laying Boat making, Bead making Potters wheel GoldsmithsTRADE No idea about currency Barter system In return for finished goods and foodgrains, they procured metals from neighbouring areas by boats and bullock carts Navigation @ Arabian sea Knowledge of wheel Used Modern Ekka Commercial links Afghanistan , Iran, Rajasthan Harappan seals @ Mesopotamia >> harappans imitated cosmetics of Mesopotamia Trade relations with Meluha (ancient name of Indus region) Trading stations Dilmun (Bahrain) and Makan b/n Mesopotamia and MeluhaPOLITICAL ORGANIZATION No clear idea No temples Only religious structure Great Bath Fire cult @ Lothal More importance to commerce Ruled by class of merchants Cities and Drainage system Municipal Govt Fortified citadel monarchial for of govtRELIGIOUS PRACTICES Terracotta figurines of women One figurine Plant is shown growing out of the embryo of a woman >> GODDESS OF EARTH Mother Goddess Egyptians Nile Goddess Isis In Egypt daughter inherited the throne Matriarchial 6thcentury AD - Durga, Amba, Kali @ Puranas, Tantra literatureMALE DEITY Seal 3 heads + horns Yogic posture Elephant, tiger, rhinocerous, buffalo @ 4 directions of earth vehicles of God Phallus worship connected with Siva Harappa Female sex organs and Phallus made out of stone >> WORSHIP Phallus worship recognized in Hindu societyTREE AND ANIMAL WORSHIP Worshipped trees Pipal tree Seal >> worship Worshipped animals >> most imp humped bull Gods were not placed in temples Temples @ Egypt and Mesopotamia Amulets in large numbers >> Ghosts Atharvaveda charms and spells (non-aryanwork) >> recommends amulets for warding off diseases and evil forcesHARAPPAN SCRIPT Art of writing like Mesopotamia Not deciphered Egyptians & Mesopotamians long inscriptions (seals with few words) Seals identification of pvt property PictographicWEIGHTS AND MEASURES 16 or its muliples Continued upto modern India 16 annas = 1 Re Sticks inscribed with measure marks (bronze)HARAPPAN POTTERY Experts in potters wheel Painted in red and black Decorated with designs of trees and circlesSEALS Greatest artistic creations Short inscriptions with picturesIMAGES Beautiful images of metal Best specimen woman dancer made of bronze Steatite statue ornamental robe over the left shoulder and under the right arm, and its short locks at the back of the head are kept tidy by a woven filletTERRACOTTA FIGURINES Fire baked earthen clay (Terracotta) Toys or objects of worship Represent unsophisticated artistic works : Common people Seals and images great skill > upper class Poor in stone artistic works Stone sculptures Egypt and Mesopotamia