industry comes of age
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Industry Comes Of Age. Chapter 24 1865-1900. Railroads. 1865 – only 35,000 miles of rail, with most of the track lying east of the Mississippi River 1900 – 192,556 miles of rail, with most of the track lying west of the Mississippi River - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Industry Comes Of Age
Chapter 24
1865-1900
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Railroads 1865 – only 35,000 miles of rail, with
most of the track lying east of the Mississippi River
1900 – 192,556 miles of rail, with most of the track lying west of the Mississippi River
Congress began to advance loans to 2 companies to build a transcontinental railroad
Frontier villages became cities if a railroad was placed nearby
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Union Pacific Railroad
Commissioned by Congress to push westward from Omaha, Nebraska
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Central Pacific Railroad
Commissioned by Congress to push eastward from Sacramento, California
They had to push over the Sierra Nevada Mountains
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Big Four
There were four chief financial brokers of the transcontinental railroad
Two included: Leland Stanford of California – had
huge political connections Collis P. Huntington – an adept lobbyist Railroads made a profit of $105 million
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Chinese Workers
10,000 Chinese workers poured into the Western United States
Cheap, efficient, and expendable
Hundreds died from explosions while trying to clear the path for the railroad
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Promontory Point, Utah
In 1869, the 2 lines finally met up just outside of Ogden, UT
Union Pacific – laid 1,086 miles of track
Central Pacific – laid 689 miles of track
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Steel The need for this metal increased
because it was safer for railroads to travel on steel tracks
It was more economical and steel could carry a heavier load
Bessemer Process – 1850s – making cheaper steel by blowing cold air on red-hot iron, making the metal white-hot igniting the carbon and eliminating impurities
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RR Improvements
Standard gauge – universal width of railroad tracks came about after Civil War
Westinghouse air brake – 1870s more efficient and much safer
Pullman Palace Cars – advertised as “gorgeous traveling hotels”
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Corruption
This is still the Gilded Age, and corruption lingers in all aspects of life.
If you can make money at it, it was probably corrupt
$ = corruption Credit Mobilier & Jay Gould Stock watering – RR stocks were
grossly inflated, and then stocks were sold
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Andrew Carnegie Kingpin of steel makers Scottish; hard-worker Eliminated middle-men Not a monopolist 1900 – made $25 M in
profit alone No income tax, so he
was a real millionaire
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J. Pierpont Morgan
JP Morgan was a legendary Wall Street banker
RR, insurance companies, and banks
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Morgan and Carnegie By 1900, Carnegie was eager to sell his
holdings in steel Morgan invested into steel pipe
production, and wanted to own more steel
Morgan agreed to buy Carnegie out for $400 million
Carnegie spent the rest of his life giving away money to libraries, universities, and philanthropies
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JP Morgan
Controlled United States Steel Corporation
Capitalized at $1.4 Billion US Steel was the United States’ first
billion dollar corporation
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John D. Rockefeller Lanky, shrewd,
ambitious, abstemious (didn’t drink, curse, or smoke)
Came to dominate the oil industry
1870 Standard Oil Company of Ohio
Oil – kerosene and gasoline
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Rockefeller and Standard Oil
Controlled 95% of all oil refineries in the United States
Eliminated middle-men, and created an oil monopoly
Became one of the richest “robber-barons” in US history
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America Moves to the City
Chapter 25
1865-1900
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Population
1870 – 40 million people in US 1900 – 80 million people in US The lure of industrial jobs brought
people to the city Rural people began to move to Urban
areas in search of a better job, and better way of life
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Urban Frontier
1860 – no city with 1,000,000 people 1890 – NYC, Chicago, and Philadelphia
all had 1,000,000 people 1900 – NYC had over 3.5 million people NYC became the 2nd largest city in the
world to London, England
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The Skyscraper
Cities grow up and out Louis Sullivan, a
Chicago architect, built the 1st 10 floor building
“form follows function” The electric elevator
perfected the skyscraper
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Commuting
Americans became commuter to and from work
Electric trolleys expanded the reach of the average citizen
Different districts for business, industry, and residences emerged
Residential districts were segregated by race and class
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Technology
City lights, electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones all added to the luxury of city life
1900 – 1 million telephones in use
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Waste Country – very little waste City – produced much more trash Waste disposal – new issue to the
urban age Criminals flourished in the city Impure water, uncollected garbage,
unwashed bodies, droppings from animals, HORRIBLE STENCH
“the best and the worst combined”
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SLUMS Worst conditions were
called slums Foul, crowded, filthy,
rat-infested 1879 – dumbbell
tenement – 7-8 stories, multiple families, shallow, sunless, ill-smelling, no ventilation, shared hallway toilets
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Slums
Flophouse – poor could stay on poor mattresses for a few cents a night
The wealthy left the city altogether, and moved to the suburb
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New Immigration
1880s – over 5 million immigrants came to the US (avg. 2,100/day)
Before, most had been from British Isles, W. Europe, Germany, and Scandinavia
They were Anglo-Saxon, some Irish-Catholic, Catholic Germans
1880s – immigrant stream changed
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New Immigration Immigrants began to
come from S. and E. Europe
Italians, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, Poles
With Orthodox churches, synagogues,
From countries with little or no democracy
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Europe
Had no room for its people because: Old World was growing vigorously Fish and grain from New World helped
Old World population Potato changed Europe Created an Army of unemployed in
Europe
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“America Fever” USA was painted as a land of fabulous
opportunity, freedom from conscription, and no religious persecution
Industry needed people to work for low wages
States needed people for #s Steamships needed paying freight 1880s – Russians turned violently on
their Jews
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Birds Of Passage
Many were migrant workers who came to the US to work for months for American $$$ and returned home to Europe with their earnings
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Social Conscience
Clergy brings Christianity to the slums and factories
Washington Gladden – Congregationalist from OH that predicted socialism would be the logical outcome of Christianity
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Jane Addams – Hull House From a wealthy Illinois family 1st generation of college
educated women 1889 opened Hull House in
Chicago Urban settlement house Condemned war and poverty Offered instruction in English,
counseling, and child-care
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Nativism
Viewed the Eastern and Southern Europeans as inferior
Blamed them for degradation of govt., working for low wages, importing socialism, communism, and anarchy
Anglo-Saxons worried they would be outbred and outvoted
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American Protective Association (APA)
1887 1 million members Urged voting against Catholic
candidates Very anti-Catholic
Organized labor was nativist because of the language barrier
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Chinese Exclusion Act - 1882
1st restrictive immigration laws keeping a race totally out of the US
This law barred all Chinese from entering the US for 10 years
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Undesirables
People who were forbidden grew to include: the insane, polygamists, prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists, and diseased people
1886 – Statue of Liberty was given by France to celebrate America’s open arms to immigrants
Nativists hated the idea
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Religion
Urban cities posed challenges for American churches
Protestants, in particular, had many doctrines and teachings that were irrelevant in urban cities
Church became a sacred diversion, or amusement for some
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Religion
John D. Rockefeller – pillar of Baptist Church
J.P. Morgan – pillar of the Episcopal Church
Materialism prevailed – worshipped money as achievement
“God causes the righteous to prosper”
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Dwight Lyman Moody Chicago shoe
salesman turned preacher, evangelist
Country boy preaching the gospel of kindness and forgiveness in the city
Spellbinding sermons Moody Bible Institute -
1889
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Religion
Roman Catholic and Jewish faith was growing in the city
Strength came from New Immigrants 1900 – Catholics largest single
denomination in the US
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Cardinal Gibbons
Urban Catholic leader devoted to American unity
Immensely popular with Catholics and Protestants
Knew every president from Johnson to Harding
(like a Billy Graham)
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Religion
1890 – 150 different religious denominations
Salvation Army – soldiers without swords – est. in England in 1879
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Charles Darwin On The Origin of Species 1859 English naturalist Theory that humans
evolved slowly from lower forms of life
“the survival of the fittest” Evolution cast doubt on the
literal interpretation of the Bible
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Evolution
Fundamentalists – believed in God’s creation of the earth in 6 days
Modernists – flatly refused to accept Bible as science or history
Teachers of biology who embraced evolution were removed from their post
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Education
Tax supported elementary schools began b4 Civil War
Free government can’t exist in a country of ignorance
1870 – most states mandated grade-school attendance
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High Schools
High Schools began to spread in the 1880s and 1890s
Before the war, private academies were the only high schools
Tax supported high schools were rare
1900 – 6,000 HS w/ free texts supported by tax $
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Normal College
Teacher training expanded in the late 19th century
1910 – 300 Normal Schools
Southwest Texas State started as a normal school
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Education
Kindergartens – borrowed from Germany
Strength of Catholic parochial schools grew
1870 – 20% of US was illiterate 1900 – 10.7% of US was illiterate
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African Americans
Suffered most because of lack of education opportunity
44% of non-whites were illiterate in 1900
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Booker T. Washington
Ex-slave who saved pennies to pay for his schooling
1881 – became head of the black normal & industrial school @ Tuskegee, Alabama
Self-help advocate
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Booker T. Washington
“accomodationist” – Washington stopped just short of challenging white supremacy
B.T.W. – avoided the issue of social equality – focused on development of education
Economic independence would lead to political and civil rights, he believed
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George Washington Carver
Joined the faculty at Tuskegee Institute in 1896
Famous agricultural chemist
Used peanut for shampoo, axle grease, peanut butter
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W.E.B. Du Bois
Born in Mass. Mix of African,
Dutch, and Indian “Thank God, no
Anglo-Saxon,” he said
1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard
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Du Bois
Very arrogant (“The honor, I assure you, was all Harvard’s”)
Demanded complete equality for blacks, social and economic
Du Bois called Washington and “Uncle Tom” Helped to found the NAACP in 1910 Historian, sociologist, and poet Died in exile in Africa at age 95 in 1963
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Black Colleges
Howard University in D.C
Hampton Institute in Virginia
Atlanta University Made college
possible for blacks
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Morrill Act (1862)
Provided generous grant of public land to the states for support of education
“Land grant colleges”
Most became state universities
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Hatch Act (1887)
Provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with land grant universities
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Private Endowments
Private philanthropies also richly supplemented federal funds
Industrial millionaires gave tremendous amounts of money
1878-1898 – money barons gave away $150 million to schools alone
Private schools – Cornell (1865) Leland Stanford Junior (1891) Univ. of Chicago (1892)
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Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD 1876 1st high grade
graduate school in US
Dr. Woodrow Wilson Ph.D. from JHU
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Health
Louis Pasteur – pasteurization process Joseph Lister – word Listerine, bacteria
killing formula Popularity of heavy beards end – “germ
traps” Campaigns against public spitting Life expectancy went up
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Press
Linotype – 1885 Sensationalism – sex, scandal, human
interest Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst Yellow journalism – prostituted the
press in lies and exaggeration to increase circulation
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Literature Dime Novels – Harlan F. Halsey wrote 650
novels Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson – famous
American poets Mark Twain – Samuel Longhorne Clemens
“two fathoms” 1907 – Twain receives honorary Ph.D. from
Oxford Wrote using common western language
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Victoria Woodhull 1871 Belief in free love Beautiful and
elegant divorcee 1st woman candidate
for president (1872) Equal Rights Party Puritans resisted her
“immoral beliefs”
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Wyoming Territory “Equality State” Granted 1st
unrestricted suffrage to women in 1869
Other states slowly followed
1890 – most states allowed women to control property after marriage
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Amusement
Vaudeville – course jokes and graceful acrobats (1880s-1890s)
Circus – Phineas T. Barnum and James A. Bailey open “The Greatest Show on Earth”
Wild West Shows – Buffalo Bill Cody with Indians, buffalo, and gunmen
Baseball – 1st pro team 1869 (Cincinnati Red Stockings) emerges as national pastime
1888 – all-star team tours the world