Upload File

industry comes of age 1865 - 1900. an empire of rails at the end of the civil war the u.s. had...

  • Home
  • Documents
  • Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River
107
Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900

Upload: judith-morris

Post on 28-Dec-2015

219 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

Report

Tags:

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Industry Comes of Age

1865 - 1900

Page 2: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

An Empire of RailsAn Empire of RailsAt the end of the Civil

War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Mostly localized & built to protect local commerce

Page 3: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

By 1900: 192,256 miles of track – more than all of Europe combined

Much of the new construction was west of the Mississippi

Page 4: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

1841 - 1850

1851 - 1860

1861 - 1870

1871 - 1880

1881 - 1890

1891 - 1900

1901 - 1910

1911 - 1920

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000

Railroad Construction 1830 - 1920

Page 5: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Expansion of Railroads•1869, 30,000 miles of track•1900, 200,000 miles of track•Distribution System to the marketplace•Symbol of growth

Page 6: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Civil War showed the value of long distance transportationEnded the debate between North & South over construction

Page 7: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Pacific Railway Act (1862)Congress authorizes the construction of the first transcontinental railway

The Union Pacific will build west from Omaha, Nebraska & the Central Pacific will build east from Sacramento, California

Page 8: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

1863: Construction beginsMeet at Promontory Point, Utah, May 10, 1869

Significance:Linked continentStimulated western growth & Far East trade

Monumental achievement

Page 9: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

“Wedding of the Rails”“Wedding of the Rails”

Page 10: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Federal government, citing military & postal needs, funds the railroads through Land Grants & subsidies

Page 11: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Land is granted to Railroads at 20 square miles (640 acres) either side of rails in alternate sections (checkerboard)155,000,000 acres given to railroads

Page 12: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River
Page 13: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Millions of dollars received in loans from federal & state gov’t

Funding gives rise to Credit Mobilier Scandal

Page 14: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

The “Big Four”Leland Stanford, Collis Huntington, Charles Crocker, & Mark Hopkins

Built the Central Pacific railroad were never shown to be involved in scandal

Page 15: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Union Pacific built by many Irish immigrants (“paddies”)

Central Pacific built by many Chinese immigrants (“coolies”)

Four other Transcontinental Railroads built in 1800's

Page 16: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

1883: Northern Pacific - Duluth, MN to Tacoma, WA

1884: Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe = Kansas - San Francisco

1884: Southern Pacific - New Orleans to Los Angeles

1893: Great Northern - Duluth to Seattle by James G. Hill (best)

Page 17: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

New TechnologiesNew TechnologiesBessemer steel

railsSafer & more

economicalCornelius

Vanderbilt replaces NY Central's iron rails

Page 18: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

                                  

Cornelius VanderbiltCornelius Vanderbilt

“Law! What do I care about the

Law? Hain’t I got the

power?”

“Law! What do I care about the

Law? Hain’t I got the

power?”

Page 19: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Standard gauge of 4' 8½" rail increases efficiency

Air brakes & couplers increased safety

Refrigerator cars increased profits

Page 20: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Pullman Palace cars made traveling more comfortable

Telegraph, double tracking, block signals, & switches increase safety

Page 21: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Passengers have to change their clocks some 20 times in making a transcontinental tripGeneral Time Convention created in 1883, creating four standard time zones

Mandated by the federal Standard Time Act of 1918

Page 22: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

The “Robber Barons”The “Robber Barons”Enormous profits lead to

corruption & greed Jay Gould, financier

Stock watering & other shady financial practices to inflate the value of stock to cheat out greater profits

Page 23: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Rate wars & control of routesCharge more for shorter routes

Offer special rates to big shippers

Use rebates = secret reductions for certain customers

Page 24: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Inability of competitors to cooperate & results of huge debts led to the formation of “Pools”Agreements to share profits in areas

Page 25: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Many railroads collapsed in the Panic of 1893Led to takeover by bankersJ.P. Morgan & a few others took over the railroad industry Eliminated "wasteful competition"

Page 26: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Government RegulationsGovernment RegulationsSome state legislatures,

under pressure from farm groups such as the Grange, began to try to regulate the railroad monopolies

Page 27: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Wabash v. Illinois (1886)Supreme Court decided that a state has no power to control interstate commerce within its own bordersOverturned Munn v. Illinois (“Granger Laws”)

Page 28: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)Interstate Commerce Act (1887)Prohibited rebates &

pools, & forces railroads to publish all rates

Created the 5 man Interstate Commerce Commission

Page 29: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Does not act to give strong government control over business, but does set a precedent of government regulation

Page 30: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

How and why did How and why did transportation transportation developments spark developments spark economic growth during economic growth during the period of 1860-1900 in the period of 1860-1900 in the United States?the United States?

Quickwrite

Page 31: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Post-War Industrialization

Page 32: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

At the start of the Civil War the US lagged behind the European industrial nations Germany, France, Great Britain

Page 33: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

By 1900, US had vaulted into the lead, with a manufacturing output that exceeded the combined output of its three European rivals

Page 34: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River
Page 35: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Reasons for Expansion:1. Abundant natural

resources coal, oil, iron, timber,

water power

Page 36: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River
Page 37: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

2. Government supported transportation network

3. Abundant source of cheap labor - native & immigrant

4. Massive internal market - largest free-trade market in the world

Page 38: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

5. Government stability & the use of power to protect business through tariffs, but not to regulate

Encouraged foreign & domestic investors

Page 39: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

6. Technological progress & invention

1876: Alexander Graham Bell developed telephone

Thomas Edison developed electric light, phonograph, moving pictures, etc.

Page 40: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

1790s 276 patents issued. 1990s 1,119,220 patents issued.

Gave an inventor the right to make and sell an invention.

1790s 276 patents issued. 1990s 1,119,220 patents issued.

Gave an inventor the right to make and sell an invention.

Page 41: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Rise of the Industrialists “nouveau riche”Social Darwinism

Herbert Spencer’s idea“Millionaires a product of natural selection.”

Divine Providence“Acres of Diamonds”

lectures

Page 42: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Robber Barons?or

Captains of Industry?

Page 43: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Andrew Carnegie (1835 - 1919)

Sold railroad bonds to build Bessemer process steel plant in Pittsburgh in 1872

Page 44: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

1878: won steel contract for Brooklyn Bridge

Page 45: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

1880's converted the Homestead Steel plant to making steel beams for "Sullivan" skyscrapers

Making $40 million a year by 1900 - largest industrial company in the world

Page 46: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Big Corporate Profits!Big Corporate Profits!

Page 47: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Vertical integration Control all stages of development in production process

Improve efficiencyEliminate middleman fees

Page 48: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

1901: sold the company to J.P. Morgan for $460,000,000

Page 49: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

The Gospel of WealthHis wealth was given to him in "trust“

Through his superior administrative abilities he should wisely give back to the community & "help those who would help themselves"

Page 50: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Gave away $350 million before his death to libraries & other philanthropic endeavors

Page 51: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

J. Pierpont Morgan (1837-1913)Born into

wealthy banking family

Page 52: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Involved in government financing during Civil War

1880's involved in financing railroads

1880-1900: bought out & reorganized failing railroads

Page 53: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

1895: formed a syndicate to bail out the U.S. Treasury during gold depletion crisis after "Crash of 1893"

Page 54: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Created "interlocking directorates" out of failed companies in the '90sHeld controlling stock interests in companies instead of buying them outright

Page 55: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

1901: bought Carnegie Steel

Enlarged his steel holdings to create United States Steel - the first billion dollar corporation

Page 56: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Morgan had controlling interests in railroads, marine operations, steel, International Harvester, General Electric, American Telephone & Telegraph72 different directorships

Page 57: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

John D. Rockefeller (1839 - 1937)

1859: Edwin Drake drills oil well near Titusville, Pennsylvania ("Drakes Folly“)Uses soon found for petroleum

Page 58: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

1862: Rockefeller sent by investors to investigate the uses of oil found in OhioHe reports "no use" & invests heavily

Page 59: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

1863: at 24 he begins oil business in Cleveland, Ohio

1870: incorporates the Standard Oil Company of Ohio

Page 60: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Standard Oil used vertical integration to be more efficient

Began process of Horizontal Integration to destroy or control all competition

Page 61: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Coke fields

purchased by

Carnegie

Coke fields

Iron ore deposits

purchased by

Carnegie

purchased by

Carnegie

Coke fields

Iron ore deposits

Steel mills

purchased by

Carnegie

purchased by

Carnegie

purchased by

Carnegie

Coke fields

Iron ore deposits

Steel mills

Ships

purchased by

Carnegie

purchased by

Carnegie

purchased by

Carnegie

purchased by

Carnegie

Coke fields

Iron ore deposits

Steel mills

Ships

Railroads

purchased by

Carnegie

purchased by

Carnegie

purchased by

Carnegie

purchased by

Carnegie

purchased by

Carnegie

Vertical IntegrationVertical Integration You control all phases of production from the raw material to the finished

product

Horizontal IntegrationHorizontal Integration Buy out your competition until you have control of a

single area of industry

Page 62: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River
Page 63: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

1877: Standard Oil controls 95% of the country's oil refining capacity

Page 64: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Standard Oil Co.Standard Oil Co.

Page 65: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

1882: created the Standard Oil Trust9 trustees given power "to hold, control, & manage" all of Standard Oils vast holdings

Page 66: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Rockefeller/Control Govt

Page 67: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Led to trusts by tobacco, sugar, whiskey, lead, etc.

Also led to movement of "trust busting" & anti-trust legislation

Page 68: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

The ‘Bosses’ of the SenateThe ‘Bosses’ of the SenateThe ‘Bosses’ of the SenateThe ‘Bosses’ of the Senate

Page 69: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

1897: Rockefeller retires with personal fortune of $900 millionGives away $540 million by his death

Page 70: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

““Robber Barons”Robber Barons” Business leaders built

their fortunes by stealing from the public.

They drained the country of its natural resources.

They persuaded public officials to interpret laws in their favor.

They ruthlessly drove their competitors to ruin.

They paid their workers meager wages and forced them to toil under dangerous and unhealthful conditions.

““Captains of Industry”Captains of Industry” The business leaders served

their nation in a positive way. They increased the supply of

goods by building factories. They raised productivity and

expanded markets. They created jobs that

enabled many Americans to buy new goods and raise their standard of living.

They also created museums, libraries, and universities, many of which still serve the public today.

Page 71: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Anti-Trust LegislationSherman Anti-Trust Act

(1890)Outlawed any organization that acted “in restraint of trade”

Page 72: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Federal government move to regulate interlocking directorates, pools, & trusts

Law lacked teeth, but ironically used to attack labor unions

Page 73: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

The Impact of Industrialization

Page 74: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

The New SouthSouth remained mostly

agrarianTextile plants were built

to take advantage of cheap labor

Steel production was checked by preferential rates for northern goods

Page 75: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River
Page 76: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Effects of IndustryWomen found new jobs

as stenographers & “hello girls” while leaving the factories

Wealthy displayed conspicuous consumption leading to class struggle

Page 77: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

vs.

By 1900, 90% of the wealth in the U.S. was controlled by 10%

of population.

Page 78: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Weakness of LaborUnskilled labor had little

power & wages were lowEmployers had the power

to break labor unionsYellow dog contracts, iron-clad oaths, black lists, scabs, lockouts, company stores, troop, starvation...

Page 79: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

American people grew tired of strikes & blamed the unionsSocialistic, thus unpatriotic

Page 80: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Rise of Labor Unions1866: The National

Labor Union is formed 600,000 members both skilled & unskilled

Called for social reform

Page 81: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Won the 8 hour day for government workers but no means of enforcing

Killed by the depression of the 1870’s

Page 82: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Molly Maguires (1875)Irish coal minersUsed violence to protest1877: became martyrs for labor movement

Great Railroad Strike1877: 1st nationwide strikeHayes sent federal troops

Page 83: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Page 84: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

The Knights of Labor (1869)Led by Terence PowderlyAll workers in one big unionEconomic & social reform

without politics

Page 85: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Knights of LaborKnights of Labor

Terence V. PowderlyTerence V. Powderly

An injury An injury to one is to one is

the the concern concern of all!of all!

Page 86: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Goals of the Knights of LaborGoals of the Knights of Labor Eight-hour workday.Eight-hour workday.

Workers’ cooperatives.Workers’ cooperatives.

Worker-owned factories.Worker-owned factories.

Abolition of child and prison labor.Abolition of child and prison labor.

Increased circulation of greenbacks.Increased circulation of greenbacks.

Equal pay for men and women.Equal pay for men and women.

Safety codes in the workplace.Safety codes in the workplace.

Prohibition of contract foreign labor.Prohibition of contract foreign labor.

Abolition of the National Bank.Abolition of the National Bank.

Page 87: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Haymarket Square (1886)Bloody explosion in Chicago led to conviction of 8 Anarchists

Governor Altgeld later pardoned all survivors

Bad feelings led to the weakening of the Knights

Page 88: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River
Page 89: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

American Federation of Labor (1886)

AFL founded & led by Samuel Gompers

Anti-socialist & simply wanted more for labor (“bread & butter” issues)

Page 90: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Excluded unskilled workers

Wanted the “Closed Shop”

Avoiding politics & staying united helped the AFL grow to the largest labor organization

Page 91: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

How the AFL Would Help WorkersHow the AFL Would Help Workers Catered to the skilled worker.Catered to the skilled worker.

Represented workers in matters of national Represented workers in matters of national legislation.legislation.

Maintained a national strike fund.Maintained a national strike fund.

Evangelized the cause of unionism.Evangelized the cause of unionism.

Prevented disputes among the many craft Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.unions.

Mediated disputes between management Mediated disputes between management and labor.and labor.

Pushed for Pushed for closed shopsclosed shops..

Page 92: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

The Rise & Decline of Organized LaborThe Rise & Decline of Organized Labor

Page 93: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

“The Tournament of Today: A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly”

“The Tournament of Today: A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly”

Page 94: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Major StrikesHomestead Strike (1892)

Stronger employer (Carnegie) could break a union with private police force & gov’t help

Page 95: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Homestead Strike (1892)Homestead Strike (1892)

The Amalgamated The Amalgamated Association of Association of

Iron & Steel WorkersIron & Steel Workers

Homestead Steel WorksHomestead Steel Works

Page 96: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Pullman Strike (1894)Wage cut causes strike & violence in company town

Page 97: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Pullman CarsPullman Cars

A Pullman A Pullman porterporter

Page 98: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Eugene V. Debs & American Railway Union

Federal troops sent in with Cleveland’s approval to put down strike

Page 99: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

The Pullman Strike of 1894The Pullman Strike of 1894

Page 100: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

The Pullman Strike of 1894The Pullman Strike of 1894

Government by injunction!Government by injunction!

Page 101: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

President Grover ClevelandPresident Grover Cleveland

If it takes the entire army and navy to If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card

will be delivered!will be delivered!

Page 102: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

The SocialistsThe Socialists

Eugene V. DebsEugene V. Debs

Page 103: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

1881-1900: 23,000 strikes occurred involving 6.6 million workers

Page 104: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Labor Unrest: 1870-1900Labor Unrest: 1870-1900

Page 105: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Impacts of the 2nd IRStandard of living roseUrban centers grewIndustry eclipsed

agricultureMonopoly over free-

enterprise

Page 106: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

The The Changing Changing American American

Labor Labor ForceForce

The The Changing Changing American American

Labor Labor ForceForce

Page 107: Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. An Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi River

Work-place regimented & impersonal

Economic & social independence for women

Pronounced social stratification

Foreign trade increase


The Crisis of Reconstruction, 1865-1877

Industry Comes of Age 1865-1900...Industry Comes of Age 1865-1900 American Pageant Chapter 24 . Transportation •1865- 35,000 miles of Railroads (RR) •1900-192,556 miles of RR •Government

Frontiers of Change, 1865 1898

The Agony of Reconstruction 1865-1877

(1865) Order of the Secretary of War

The Ordeal of Reconstruction, 1865-1877

Industry Comes of Age 1865 - 1900. Building an Empire of Rails At the end of the Civil War the U.S. had 35,000 miles of railroad east of the Mississippi

Industry comes of Age 1865-1900

YEAR OF WARD HEIR OF GUARDIANSHIP Abbott, Benjamin 1865 › wp-content › uploads › ... · 2020-01-14 · YEAR OF GUARDIANSHIP Abbott, Benjamin 1865 Abbott, George S. 1865 Abbott,

STREET LIGHTING - PasadenaIn-Fill Street Lighting and Repair and/or Replacement of Existing Street Lighting Systems FY 2016 - 2020 (74413) 1 350,324 245,324 35,000 35,000 35,000 0

Railroads skyrocketed after the Civil War. Track mileage increased from 35,000 miles in 1865 to over 192,000 miles by 1900. Congress encouraged

The Incorporation of America, 1865–1900. Revolutions in Technology and Transportation After the C.W. 35,000 miles of RR; by 1990 there were 192,556 -1862

Industry Comes To Age 1865 to 1900. The Iron Colt Becomes The Iron Horse In 1865: 35,000 miles of railways; east of the Mississippi 1900: 192, 556

The Ordeal of Reconstruction, 1865–1877

Chapter 24 “Industry Comes of Age” Railroads After the Civil War, railroad production grew enormously, from 35,000 mi. of track laid in 1865 to a whopping

Section II. In 1865, the United States had about 35,000 miles of railroad track, almost all of it east of the Mississippi River. By 1900, this number

Chapter 9, Section 2 IMPACT OF RAILROADS. RAILROADS LINK THE NATION Railroad boom 1865 – 35,000 miles of track in the US 1900 – over 200,000 miles 1862

Post 1865: Effects of the War

Chasing Lincolns Killer Timeline Zack Brawn | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | March 4, 1865 April 25, 1865 July 6, 1865 April 24, 1865 April 25,

MANHUNT: John Wilkes Booth. April 16, 1865 April 16, 1865 April 16, 1865 April 16, 1865

Destruction of Leviathan, Gustave Dore (1865)

2019 Salary Guide - IDEX Consulting · Underwriting Assistant £20,000 - £30,000 £30,000 - £35,000 N/A Assistant Underwriter £25,000 - £30,000 £30,000 - £35,000 £35,000 -

INDUSTRY COMES OF AGE 1865-1900. IRON HORSE Outburst of RR Construction 1865 = 35,000 miles 1900 = 192,556 miles Congress gave land grants / loans

Untitled OmniPage Document - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · $10,000-$35,000, and over $35,000; the page numbers under each of these categories are ... Untitled OmniPage Document

The Growth of Railroads. The Growth of Railroads Linking the Nation 1865 there was 35,000 miles of track in U.S. 1900 over 200,000 miles of track

Industry Comes of Age, 1865-1900

세입예산사업명세서 - goesan.go.kr · 친환경농업미생물센터시설관리용역 10,000 팜플렛제작 2,000 10,000,000원*1개소 02공공운영비 35,000 35,000 0

Industry Comes Of Age Chapter 24 1865-1900. Railroads 1865 – only 35,000 miles of rail, with most of the track lying east of the Mississippi River 1900

Industry Comes of Age, 1865-1900 Chapter 24. The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse After the Civil War, railroad production grew enormously, from 35,000

The Triumph of Industry 1865-1914

The Age of Industry (1865-1900)

Hrastovac – Eichendorf Book of Families 1865 – · PDF fileHrastovac-Eichendorf Families 1865-1945 Rosina T. Schmidt Rosina T. Schmidt 2 Hrastovac – Eichendorf Families 1865 –

35,000 sf Medical Center

ENCLAVE - Marquis Fireplaces€¦ · Gas Control IPI PF2 IPI PF2 IPI PF2 IPI PF2 Input Max. 35,000 BTU 35,000 BTU 35,000 BTU 35,000 BTU Input Min. 25,000 BTU 27,000 BTU 25,000 BTU

Conquest of the West 1865-1900