Industrialization Spreads

Section 9.3

England• First country to

industrialize on huge scale• Inspired other countries to

industrialize – Copy the “British miracle”

• Class structure becomes more rigid

• Raises the world standing of England – Crystal Palace – built to

show the wealth and power of English industrialization

America• Has a wealth of resources similar to Britain– War of 1812 – Britain blockades America • Forces US to rely on own resources to develop industry

• Industrialization started with textiles – England had forbid engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers from leaving country - protect secrets

– Samuel Slater emigrates to America• Brings the design of the

spinning machine• Moses Brown used it to start

first mechanized factory

– Francis Cabot Lowell revolutionized American textiles by mechanizing all stages in cloth manufacturing• Became model for American

factories

• Social changes– Mill girls: Women

moving to factory towns• Higher wages• Independence• Watched closely by

factory owners to ensure “proper behavior”

– Cities grow similar to Britain

America

–Immigrants• Usually take

unskilled jobs• Came looking for

opportunity and usually ended up in factories•Many were

Northern European• Discrimination

America: Later Expansion• Northeast saw the

majority of the industrialism – Industrial boom

after Civil War• South rebuilt• New inventions:

– Better excavation of natural resources

– Electric light bulb, telephone

• Rise of railroads– Chicago and Minneapolis

huge centers – Railroads became

profitable• Symbols of power • End of the 1800s – small

number of companies control 2/3rds of the tracks

America: Rise of Corporations

• Need money to build large businesses – Stock – certain rights of

ownership in the company– Corporation – business

owned by stockholders who share in profits but are not responsible for debts• Protects people who invest

• Corporations– Standard Oil (John D.

Rockefeller)– Carnegie Steel Company

(Andrew Carnegie)– Horizontal Integration –

Control every aspect of industry in order to make big profits

• Wealthy earned money, workers were still given low wages

Belgium• First continental country to

industrialize• William Cockerill, illegally

traveled to Belgium– Plans for spinning machinery– Son, John, built industrial

enterprise in Belgium • Produced mechanical

equipment– Steam engines– Railway locomotives

• Never became a European industrial power - Congo

Germany• Pockets of

industrialization– Coal-rich valley of the

Ruhr• 1835, kingdoms in

German Confederacy copied British model– Imported British

machines – Wealthy sent children to

England to learn industrial management

• Built railroads linking manufacturing cities– Frankfurt to the Ruhr

Valley• Industrialization

allowed Prussia to create Germany and make it industrial powerhouse by late 1800s

Continental Europe: Everywhere else• Industrialization:– Catalonia (Spain) - cotton– Bohemia - spinning– Northern Italy – machine

made silk– France - most stable• Agriculture did not suffer as

people moved to cities• 1850s – create railroads to

connect the country

• Some places never industrialized:– Austria-Hungary –

mountainous land = no railroads

– Ottoman Empire – difficult to control large empire

– Spain – lacked good roads and waterways• Fragmented control of

country

Impact of Industrialization: Imperialism

• Industrialized countries needed natural resources, gained by seizing other countries– Imperialism – policy of

extending one country’s rule over other lands

– Gave more power to these industrializing powers

Impact of Industrialization: Society• Western countries:– Economies focused on industry– Wealth gaps between classes• Resentment allowed for revolutionary ideas

– Increase of middle class allowed for more education – not majority

– Improved life expectancy as industrialization moves along

• Eastern countries:– Economies focused on agriculture, small workshops– Decreased power and wealth – Eastern peoples were “lesser” because not industrialized

Impact of Industrialization: Nationalism

• Countries compare themselves, which strengthens differences – Industrial power is

indicator of strength of nationalism and country