Industrialization Industrialization Changes Changes

Way of LifeWay of LifeCh. 25.2Ch. 25.2

The factory system changed the way The factory system changed the way people lived, worked, and introduced people lived, worked, and introduced a variety of problems for society. a variety of problems for society.

Quality of life improvesQuality of life improves

Coal provided heat for homesCoal provided heat for homes Wore better clothingWore better clothing Ate more meatAte more meat Cities grewCities grew

UrbanizationUrbanization

Urbanization – city building and the Urbanization – city building and the movement of people into cities. movement of people into cities.

Between 1800-1850 more than 45 Between 1800-1850 more than 45 cities had populations of 100,000+cities had populations of 100,000+

Glasgow and Berlin quadrupled in Glasgow and Berlin quadrupled in size.size.

LondonLondon

Replaced Paris as Replaced Paris as the largest city in the largest city in EuropeEurope

Population of 1 Population of 1 millionmillion

Leader in Leader in industrializationindustrialization

Major CitiesMajor Cities

Birmingham and Sheffield became Birmingham and Sheffield became iron-smelting centers. iron-smelting centers.

Leeds and Manchester dominated Leeds and Manchester dominated textile manufacturing.textile manufacturing.

Liverpool and Manchester were the Liverpool and Manchester were the center of the cotton industry.center of the cotton industry.

Living ConditionsLiving Conditions

No plans, sanitary codes, or building No plans, sanitary codes, or building codes controlled the growth of codes controlled the growth of English cities. English cities.

They lacked adequate housing, They lacked adequate housing, education, and police protection. education, and police protection.

Unpaved streets had no drainage and Unpaved streets had no drainage and collected heaps of garbage. collected heaps of garbage.

Workers lived in dark, dirty shelters, Workers lived in dark, dirty shelters, whole families crowded into one whole families crowded into one bedroom. bedroom.

Think about your family…Think about your family… Could you all live in ONE Could you all live in ONE

BEDROOM? BEDROOM?

Sickness widespreadSickness widespread

Cholera epidemics regularly swept Cholera epidemics regularly swept through the slums of Great Britain.through the slums of Great Britain.

In 1842, British government study In 1842, British government study showed an average life span to be 17 showed an average life span to be 17 years for working-class people in a years for working-class people in a large city, while it was 38 years for large city, while it was 38 years for the countryside. the countryside.

CholeraCholera

CholeraCholera is an infection of the small is an infection of the small intestine that causes a large amount intestine that causes a large amount of watery diarrhea. of watery diarrhea.

Symptoms: Abdominal cramps; Dry Symptoms: Abdominal cramps; Dry mucus membranes or mouth; Dry mucus membranes or mouth; Dry skin; Excessive thirst; Glassy or skin; Excessive thirst; Glassy or sunken eyes; Lack of tears; Lethargysunken eyes; Lack of tears; Lethargy

Mary BartonMary Barton

Fiction novel written by Elizabeth Fiction novel written by Elizabeth Gaskell in 1848. Gaskell in 1848.

It is about a family living during It is about a family living during Britain’s industrial time. Britain’s industrial time.

While it’s fiction, it gives an accurate While it’s fiction, it gives an accurate portrayal of life during that time portrayal of life during that time period. period.

““You went down one step even from You went down one step even from the foul area into the cellar in which the foul area into the cellar in which a family of human beings lived. It a family of human beings lived. It was very dark inside. The window was very dark inside. The window panes were broken and stuffed with panes were broken and stuffed with rags…the smell was foul…three or rags…the smell was foul…three or four children rolled on the damp, four children rolled on the damp, wet brick floor…”wet brick floor…”

Working ConditionsWorking Conditions

The average worker spent 14 hours The average worker spent 14 hours a day at the job, 6 days a week. a day at the job, 6 days a week.

Factories were poorly lit.Factories were poorly lit. Factories were unclean. Factories were unclean. Machines injured workers in Machines injured workers in

countless ways. countless ways. There was no government program There was no government program

to provide aid in case of injury. to provide aid in case of injury.

Coal MinersCoal Miners

The most dangerous conditions of all The most dangerous conditions of all were found in the coal mines. were found in the coal mines.

Frequent accidentsFrequent accidents Damp conditionsDamp conditions Constant breathing of coal dust Constant breathing of coal dust

made the average coal miner’s life made the average coal miner’s life span ten years shorter than other span ten years shorter than other workers. workers.

X-Ray of Coal Miner’s X-Ray of Coal Miner’s LungsLungs

Healthy lungs are pink!

A Middle Class EmergesA Middle Class Emerges

The Industrial Revolution brought The Industrial Revolution brought enormous wealth to Great Britain. enormous wealth to Great Britain.

Most of this wealth went to factory Most of this wealth went to factory owners, shippers, and merchants. owners, shippers, and merchants.

These wealthy people created the These wealthy people created the middle class. middle class.

It was a social class of skilled It was a social class of skilled workers, professionals, workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers. businesspeople, and wealthy farmers.

The Middle ClassThe Middle Class The new middle class transformed society. The new middle class transformed society. In the past, wealthy landowners and In the past, wealthy landowners and

aristocrats controlled British society. Now aristocrats controlled British society. Now factory owners, merchants, and factory owners, merchants, and investment bankers grew wealthier than investment bankers grew wealthier than landowners and aristocrats. landowners and aristocrats.

Landowners still looked down on those Landowners still looked down on those who made their fortunes in the ‘vulgar’ who made their fortunes in the ‘vulgar’ business. business.

It wasn’t until the 1800s that the rich It wasn’t until the 1800s that the rich entrepreneurs were considered the social entrepreneurs were considered the social equals of the lords of the countryside. equals of the lords of the countryside.

A Larger Middle ClassA Larger Middle Class A larger middle class, neither rich nor A larger middle class, neither rich nor

poor, emerged. poor, emerged. This group included an upper middle This group included an upper middle

class of government employees, doctors, class of government employees, doctors, lawyers, and managers of factories, lawyers, and managers of factories, mines, and shops. mines, and shops.

Lower middle class consisted of factory Lower middle class consisted of factory overseers and skilled workers such as overseers and skilled workers such as toolmakers, mechanical drafters, and toolmakers, mechanical drafters, and printers. printers.

These people enjoyed a comfortable life. These people enjoyed a comfortable life.

Poor workers saw little improvement Poor workers saw little improvement in their own living and working in their own living and working conditions. conditions.

Many machines replaced workers Many machines replaced workers and put people out of a job. and put people out of a job.

In response, workers smashed the In response, workers smashed the machines they thought were putting machines they thought were putting them out of work. them out of work.

The LudditesThe Luddites

A group of poor workers named after A group of poor workers named after Ned Ludd. Ned Ludd.

The Luddites attacked whole factories The Luddites attacked whole factories in northern England beginning in in northern England beginning in 1811. 1811.

They destroyed machinery. They destroyed machinery. Outside the factories, mobs rioted Outside the factories, mobs rioted

over poor working and living over poor working and living conditions. conditions.

ChildrenChildren

Children went to work as soon as they Children went to work as soon as they were able to help the support the were able to help the support the family. family.

They typically began factory work at They typically began factory work at the age of six. the age of six.

They worked 14-16 hour days with They worked 14-16 hour days with only a lunch break. only a lunch break.

They were often whipped to stay They were often whipped to stay awake. awake.

How would your life have been How would your life have been different if you lived during this time different if you lived during this time period? period?

Effects of Effects of IndustrializationIndustrialization

Size of CitiesSize of Cities Living ConditionsLiving Conditions Working ConditionsWorking Conditions Emerging Social ClassesEmerging Social Classes

Size of CitiesSize of Cities

Growth of factories, bringing job Growth of factories, bringing job seekers to cities. seekers to cities.

Urban areas doubling, tripling, or Urban areas doubling, tripling, or quadrupling in sizequadrupling in size

Factories develop near sources of Factories develop near sources of energyenergy

Many new industrial cities Many new industrial cities specializing in certain industriesspecializing in certain industries

Living ConditionsLiving Conditions

No sanitary codes or building controlsNo sanitary codes or building controls Lack of adequate housing, education, Lack of adequate housing, education,

and police protectionand police protection Lack of running water and indoor Lack of running water and indoor

plumbingplumbing Frequent epidemics sweeping through Frequent epidemics sweeping through

slumsslums Eventually better housing, healthier Eventually better housing, healthier

diets, and cheaper clothing diets, and cheaper clothing

Working ConditionsWorking Conditions

Industrialization creating new jobs for Industrialization creating new jobs for workersworkers

Workers trying to keep pace with machinesWorkers trying to keep pace with machines Factories dirty and unsanitaryFactories dirty and unsanitary Workers running dangerous machines for Workers running dangerous machines for

long hours in unsafe conditionslong hours in unsafe conditions Harsh and severe factory disciplineHarsh and severe factory discipline Eventually, higher wages, shorter hours, Eventually, higher wages, shorter hours,

and better working conditionsand better working conditions

Emerging Social ClassesEmerging Social Classes

Growing middle class of factory Growing middle class of factory owners, shippers, and merchantsowners, shippers, and merchants

Upper class of landowners and Upper class of landowners and aristocrats resentful of rich, middle aristocrats resentful of rich, middle classclass

Lower middle class of factory Lower middle class of factory overseers and skilled workersoverseers and skilled workers

Workers overworked and underpaidWorkers overworked and underpaid In general, a rising standard of living, In general, a rising standard of living,

with some groups excludedwith some groups excluded