FactorsFactorsAgricultural RevolutionAgricultural RevolutionPopulation ExplosionPopulation ExplosionNew TechnologyNew Technology

The Enclosu

re Movem

ent

The Enclosu

re Movem

ent

“Enclosed” Lands Today

“Enclosed” Lands Today

How might agricultural How might agricultural developments increase farm developments increase farm productivity and efficiency?productivity and efficiency?

Population ExplosionPopulation Explosion

• 1700s1700s– Declining death rates rather than rising Declining death rates rather than rising

birthrates.birthrates.– Lower famine problemsLower famine problems– Healthier & stronger babiesHealthier & stronger babies– Better hygiene and sanitationBetter hygiene and sanitation– Improved medical careImproved medical care

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

• ResourcesResources• New TechnologyNew Technology

• Economic Economic ConditionsConditions

• Political and Social Political and Social ConditionsConditions

• Coal, IronCoal, Iron• Skilled mechanic Skilled mechanic

eager to work for eager to work for new inventionsnew inventions

• Capital from slave Capital from slave tradetrade

• Wealth produced by Wealth produced by entrepreneursentrepreneurs

• People focused on People focused on the afterlife. the afterlife.

• Risk takersRisk takers– Inventors and Inventors and

bankersbankers

Textile IndustryTextile Industry

• Putting out systemPutting out system– Raw cotton was distributed to Raw cotton was distributed to

peasant families who spun it into peasant families who spun it into thread and then wove the thread into thread and then wove the thread into clothcloth

• Water FrameWater Frame– Water power to speed up spinningWater power to speed up spinning

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

The “Water Frame”The “Water Frame”

TransportationTransportation

On LandOn Land

• Steam LocomotiveSteam Locomotive• George StephensonGeorge Stephenson• RailroadsRailroads• 11stst Major rail line Major rail line

Liverpool to Liverpool to ManchesterManchester

On SeaOn Sea

• Steam Engine SteamboatSteam Engine Steamboat• Robert FultonRobert Fulton• CanalsCanals

Early CanalsEarly Canals

Britain’s Earliest Britain’s Earliest Transportation Transportation InfrastructureInfrastructure

How did canals help to How did canals help to advance the Industrial advance the Industrial

RevolutionRevolution

New Industrial CityNew Industrial City

• UrbanizationUrbanization

• ““cloud of coal vapor”cloud of coal vapor”

• Divided urban populationDivided urban population– Wealthy and middle class in nice Wealthy and middle class in nice

neighborhoodsneighborhoods– Poor in four smelling tenement slumsPoor in four smelling tenement slums

• No running waterNo running water• No sewage or sanitation systemNo sewage or sanitation system• Wastes and garbage rotted in the streetsWastes and garbage rotted in the streets• Cholera and other diseases spread rapidlyCholera and other diseases spread rapidly

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

Industrial Staffordshire

Industrial Staffordshire

Problems of PolutionProblems of Polution

The Silent HighwaymanThe Silent Highwayman - 1858 - 1858

The New Industrial City

The New Industrial City

Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Worker Housing in Manchester

Worker Housing in Manchester

The Factory SystemThe Factory System

Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule.

12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day.

Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions.

Mind-numbing monotony.Mind-numbing monotony.

Factory ProductionFactory Production) Concentrates production in oneConcentrates production in one

place [materials, labor].place [materials, labor].

) Located near sources of power Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].[rather than labor or markets].

) Requires a lot of capital Requires a lot of capital investmentinvestment[factory, machines, etc.] more[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.than skilled labor.

) Only 10% of English industry in Only 10% of English industry in 1850.1850.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

18131813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

18331833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

18501850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812

British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

Jacquard’s LoomJacquard’s Loom

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Age of WorkerAge of Worker Male WagesMale Wages Female WagesFemale Wages

under 11under 11 2s 3d.2s 3d. 2s. 4d.2s. 4d.

11 - 1611 - 16 4s. 1d.4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.4s. 3d.

17 - 2117 - 21 10s. 2d.10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.7s. 3d.

22 - 2622 - 26 17s. 2d. 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.8s. 5d.

27 - 3127 - 31 20s. 4d. 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.8s. 7d.

32 - 3632 - 36 22s. 8d.22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.8s. 9d.

37 - 4137 - 41 21s. 7d.21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.9s. 8d.

42 - 4642 - 46 20s. 3d.20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.9s. 3d.

47 - 5147 - 51 16s. 7d.16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.8s. 10d.

52 - 5652 - 56 16s. 4d.16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.8s. 4d.

57 - 6157 - 61 13s. 6d.13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.6s. 4d.

Factory Workers at Home

Factory Workers at Home

Workers Housing in Newcastle TodayWorkers Housing in Newcastle Today

Hardships of Early Industrial Hardships of Early Industrial LifeLife

““The Population… is crowded into The Population… is crowded into one dense mass of cottages one dense mass of cottages

separated by unpaved and almost separated by unpaved and almost pestilential streets. This is an pestilential streets. This is an atmosphere loaded with the atmosphere loaded with the

exhalation of a large manufacturing exhalation of a large manufacturing city.”city.”

J.P Kay, Quoted in J.P Kay, Quoted in Mill Life at StyalMill Life at Styal

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

18001800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners

18501850 30 tons 200, 000 miners

18801880300 million tons

500, 000 miners

19141914250 million tons

1, 200, 000 miners

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Child “hurriers”“hurriers”

British Pig Iron Production

British Pig Iron Production

7.00 am get

up

8.45 am start

school

10.45- 11.05 am

break

Starter activity Your task

Draw a timeline showing a typical school day. Include breaks and travelling times as well as leisure time after school and the time you normally go to bed.

Compare your daily routine with that of a factory girl working in Compare your daily routine with that of a factory girl working in Lancashire 1820. How are they different?Lancashire 1820. How are they different?

Did things change?Did things change?

• 1819 Factory Act1819 Factory Act• 1833 Althorp`s 1833 Althorp`s

Factory Act Factory Act • 1842 Mines and 1842 Mines and

Colleries Act Colleries Act • 1844 Graham`s 1844 Graham`s

Factory Act Factory Act • 1847 Fielder`s 1847 Fielder`s

Factory Act Factory Act Cotton Mill

1819 Factory Act1819 Factory Act

• No children under 9 to work in factories. No children under 9 to work in factories. Children from 9 to 16 allowed to work a Children from 9 to 16 allowed to work a maximum of 72 hours per week with one maximum of 72 hours per week with one and a half hours a day for meals. and a half hours a day for meals.

1833 Althorp`s Factory Act1833 Althorp`s Factory Act

• Children from 9 to 13 to work a maximum Children from 9 to 13 to work a maximum of 42 hours per week; also children aged of 42 hours per week; also children aged 13 to 16 to work a maximum of 69 hours 13 to 16 to work a maximum of 69 hours a week. No night work for anybody under a week. No night work for anybody under the age of 18.the age of 18.

1842 Mines and Collieries 1842 Mines and Collieries ActAct

• Banned all women and children under 10 Banned all women and children under 10 from working underground. No-one under from working underground. No-one under 15 years was to work winding gear in 15 years was to work winding gear in mines.mines.

1844 Graham`s Factory 1844 Graham`s Factory ActAct

• Minimum age for working in factories Minimum age for working in factories reduced to 8 years old. 8 to 13 years old to reduced to 8 years old. 8 to 13 years old to work a maximum of six and a half hours a work a maximum of six and a half hours a day. 13 to 18 year olds to work a maximum day. 13 to 18 year olds to work a maximum of 12 hours a day and the same applied to of 12 hours a day and the same applied to women. Safety guards had to be fitted to all women. Safety guards had to be fitted to all machines. machines.

1847 Fielder`s Factory Act1847 Fielder`s Factory Act

• 10 hour day introduced for under 18's and 10 hour day introduced for under 18's and for women.for women.

1834 Poor Law1834 Poor Law

• Previously poor had been looked after by parishPreviously poor had been looked after by parish• Now poor looked after by Poor Law Unions with Boards of Now poor looked after by Poor Law Unions with Boards of

Governors to administer themGovernors to administer them• Established 100s of workhouses across the countryEstablished 100s of workhouses across the country• Anyone claiming (old, sick or unemployed) outdoor relief had Anyone claiming (old, sick or unemployed) outdoor relief had

to work in workhouseto work in workhouse• Conditions inside workhouses must be worse than the Conditions inside workhouses must be worse than the

lowest-paid workerlowest-paid worker

A typical workhouse

of the nineteenth

century

RegulationsRegulations

• 1847, commissioners 1847, commissioners issued detailed issued detailed regulationsregulations

• Everyone entering a Everyone entering a workhouse needed a workhouse needed a medical examinationmedical examination

• Unwell paupers would be Unwell paupers would be isolated in infirmariesisolated in infirmaries

• Paupers would be Paupers would be cleaned and made to cleaned and made to wear a special uniformwear a special uniform

• Men and women were Men and women were separatedseparated

Example of workhouse Example of workhouse regulationsregulations

Evidence from Evidence from Gressenhall WorkhouseGressenhall Workhouse

PunishmentPunishment

John Craske & Anne his wife were John Craske & Anne his wife were brought before the Board for stealing brought before the Board for stealing bread. They shall be put in the bread. They shall be put in the dungeon for 24 hours and their diet dungeon for 24 hours and their diet shall be bread and water for the shall be bread and water for the remainder of the week.remainder of the week.

Daily routineDaily routine

• Hour of rising Hour of rising 5.45pm5.45pm

• Interval for breakfast Interval for breakfast 6.30-7-.00am6.30-7-.00am

• Time for work Time for work 7.00-12.00pm7.00-12.00pm

• Interval for dinner Interval for dinner 12.00-1.00pm12.00-1.00pm

• Time for work Time for work 1.00-6.00pm1.00-6.00pm

• Interval for supper Interval for supper 6.00-7.00pm6.00-7.00pm

• Time for going to bed Time for going to bed 8.00pm8.00pm

The schoolsThe schools

I have this day inspected the I have this day inspected the schools. The boys answered schools. The boys answered remarkably well in the Scriptures. remarkably well in the Scriptures. Indeed, their religious knowledge Indeed, their religious knowledge would do any school credit. Their would do any school credit. Their arithmetic is fair and they possess arithmetic is fair and they possess greater knowledge of geography greater knowledge of geography than is usually the case in schools of than is usually the case in schools of this description. Their reading is still this description. Their reading is still much below their other attainments much below their other attainments and their writing might be improved.and their writing might be improved.

Leaving the workhouseLeaving the workhouse

• Artists 1Artists 1• Army 8Army 8• Carpenters 2Carpenters 2• Gentleman’s service Gentleman’s service

1111• Harnessmaker 1Harnessmaker 1• Printers 1Printers 1

• Shoemakers 5Shoemakers 5• Tailors 4Tailors 4• Schoolmasters 4Schoolmasters 4• Farm service 12Farm service 12• Other employments Other employments

2626• No known 12No known 12

Destinations of boys from Destinations of boys from Gressenhall Workhouse, 1845-53Gressenhall Workhouse, 1845-53

ReactionsReactions

• Improved morals of the poor, public Improved morals of the poor, public houses and beer shops are much houses and beer shops are much quieterquieter

• The New Poor Law has saved huge The New Poor Law has saved huge sums of public moneysums of public money

• People who could not be made to work People who could not be made to work have now become good labourershave now become good labourers

• Families should not be separatedFamilies should not be separated

• The workhouse is held in great dreadThe workhouse is held in great dread

Outdoor reliefOutdoor relief

Money given to poor people in Money given to poor people in parishes where there was no parishes where there was no poorhouse or other form of poorhouse or other form of accommodation. The money was accommodation. The money was given to poor people so they could given to poor people so they could stay in their own homes even if they stay in their own homes even if they were sick or out of work.were sick or out of work.

InfirmaryInfirmary

A sort of hospital, where the sick A sort of hospital, where the sick could be cared for away from could be cared for away from everyone else until they were better.everyone else until they were better.

CommissionersCommissioners

Government officials who are given Government officials who are given a specific job to do such as gather a specific job to do such as gather information on a particular problem information on a particular problem and write up a report.and write up a report.

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

The Power LoomThe Power Loom

James Watt’s Steam Engine

James Watt’s Steam Engine

Steam TractorSteam Tractor

Steam ShipSteam Ship

An Early Steam Locomotive

An Early Steam Locomotive

Later LocomotivesLater Locomotives

The Impact of the Railroad

The Impact of the Railroad

“The Great Land Serpent”

“The Great Land Serpent”

Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851Crystal Palace

Exhibition: 1851

Exhibitions of the new industrial Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.utopia.

Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on

Display

Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on

Display

Crystal Palace:American Pavilion

Crystal Palace:American Pavilion

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian

Nightmare!

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian

Nightmare!

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”Private Charities:

The “Lady Bountifuls”

The Luddites: 1811-1816

The Luddites: 1811-1816

Ned LuddNed Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]in Sherwood Forest]

Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].

The Luddite TriangleThe Luddite Triangle

The LudditesThe Luddites

BritishBritishSoldiers Soldiers Fire on Fire on BritishBritish

Workers:Workers:

Let us die Let us die like men, like men,

and not be and not be sold like sold like slaves!slaves!

Peterloo Massacre, 1819

Peterloo Massacre, 1819

MethodismMethodism

• John WesleyJohn Wesley

• Stressed the need for a personal Stressed the need for a personal sense of faithsense of faith

• Adopt sober and moral waysAdopt sober and moral ways

• Sunday school to teach the bible and Sunday school to teach the bible and reading and writingreading and writing

• Anger toward social reformAnger toward social reform

New Middle ClassNew Middle Class

• ““RAGS TO RICHES”RAGS TO RICHES”

• Influence in parliamentInfluence in parliament

• Women became “ladies”Women became “ladies”

• Valued hard work and determination Valued hard work and determination to “get ahead”to “get ahead”

Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus

Population growth willPopulation growth willoutpace the food outpace the food supply.supply.

War, disease, or famineWar, disease, or faminecould control could control population.population.

The poor should have The poor should have less children.less children.

Food supply will then Food supply will then keep up with keep up with population.population.

Adam SmithAdam Smith

• Free marketFree market• Unregulated exchange of Unregulated exchange of

goods and servicesgoods and services• Free-enterprise pointed to Free-enterprise pointed to

successsuccess

David RicardoDavid Ricardo

““Iron Law of Wages.”Iron Law of Wages.”

When wages are high,When wages are high,workers have moreworkers have morechildren.children.

More children create aMore children create alarge labor surplus thatlarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.depresses wages.

The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John

Stuart Mill

The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John

Stuart Mill The goal of society is The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest good for the greatest number.the greatest number.

There is a role to play for government There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safetyintervention to provide some social safetynet.net.

Jeremy BenthamJeremy Bentham

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists

People as a society would operate and own People as a society would operate and own thethemeans of production, not individuals.means of production, not individuals.

Their goal was a society that benefited Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.

Tried to build perfect communities [Tried to build perfect communities [utopiasutopias].].