industrial west chapters 23 and 24. changes in the mid 18 th century 1. cultural challenged...
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Marquis de Condorcet Leading advocate of women’s rights and educational reform Progress of the Human Mind People are on the verge of perfection Only can be obtained through: 1. Elimination of inequality among A. Nations B. Classes 2. Improvement of individualsTRANSCRIPT
Industrial WestChapters 23 and 24
Changes in the mid 18th century
1. Cultural Challenged governments (full religious freedom) Enlightenment
John Locke Natural rights Representation is a safeguard against oppression
Rousseau (Social Contract) Representation isn’t enough people must be involved Based on general will of the people
Encouraged economic/technological change
Marquis de Condorcet Leading advocate of women’s rights and educational
reform Progress of the Human Mind
People are on the verge of perfection Only can be obtained through:
1. Elimination of inequality among A. Nations B. Classes
2. Improvement of individuals
Changes 2. Commercialization
Business people make more money RESULT?
2 things Rural families become part of the proletariat
Changes 3. Population increase
After 1730 France up 50% Britain and Prussia up 100%
WHY? 1. Border control
Help stop spread of disease 2. Increase nutrition
Esp. Potato 3. Decrease death rate
Die by 2 40% By 1780 drops to 33%
Population change 1. Upper level families
How are they affected? 2. Loss of possible inheritance
WHY? What happens?
3. Proto-industrialization Cottage industry
What is this? Who didn’t like this? RESULTS OF THIS?
American Revolution Major causes
1. Impose new taxes after 1763 (Why 1763?) Stamp Act (1765) No taxation without representation (Boston Tea Party 1773)
2. Tighter control of trade 3. Restrict movement into the frontier 4. British mercantilism
American Revolution Started in 1775 Declaration of
Independence 1776 What does this say?
French joined in WHY? Spain does too later
1781 Cornwallis surrenders
Yorktown 1783
Treaty of Paris
D of I When in the Course of human events, it becomes
necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
WHAT DOES THIS SAY?
D of I We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created
equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.
WHAT DOES THIS SAY? What do you think the rest of the document says?
USA 1781
Articles of Confederation No legislative branch
Why is this a problem? Courts were weak
1789 Constitution adopted (inspired by Enlightenment) Bill of Rights added WHY? Ironically slavery continued WHY?
French Revolution Causes
1. Enlightenment thinkers and the American Revolution Limit the church and aristocracy
2. middle-class wants more political representation 3. peasants want end of manorialism 4. Financial problems (Caused by?)
Began in 1789 (July 14th) Declaration of the Rights of Man Storming of the Bastille (what was this?)
1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.
2. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.
3. The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation.
4. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law.
5. Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society. Nothing may be prevented which is not forbidden by law, and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law.
6. Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally, or through his representative, in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents.
3 stages of the French Revolution
1. Moderate Stage (1789-1792) Manorialism ended (seized records) Church property seized Limit power of the king
2. Radical Stage (1793-1794) REIGN OF TERROR Church and aristocrats oppose movement Radicals take control and execute king and queen
40,000 killed (17,000 guillotined) Influences Italy, Germany, and the Low Countries Introduce metric system
3. Directory Stage (Final) (1795-1799) (1799-1804) Overthrown by Napoleon
Changed the Revolutionary republic into a authoritarian empire (1804)
French Revolution Aftermath Impact on Europe
1. Spread revolutionary legislation 2. Brought nationalism 3. Equality ideals spread 4. Conservatism remains main political force till WWI
Napoleonic Wars (successful at first) Defeated in Russia (exiled to Elba) Defeated at Waterloo (exiled to St Helena)
Congress of Vienna (going on during Waterloo) Adjust boundaries to keep peace (50 years success)
Political Ideals Middle class joined by urban artisans
Conservatives Try to reduce revolutionary ideals HOW?
Socialists Attack private property and capitalism
Liberals Limit state interference Representation of propertied class
Radicals Extend voting rights etc
Nationalists Want national unity
Political ideals 1820’s-1830’s Revolutions
Greece (1920 from OE), Spain, Portugal, Germany, Italy, France, and Belgium
Conservatives want to align to liberals WHY? Show a appearance of reform but keep aristocracy Con- use nationalism to unite people
Britain (1867) Benjamin Disraeli
gives votes to working class males
Italy Count Camillo di Cavour
Unified Italy (supported industrialization) Otto Vo Bismarck
Conservative unified Germany (extend vote to all adult men)
Industrialization Effects Peasants able to
1. Decrease isolation (how?)
2. Use new cash crops (like?)
3. Get new educational opportunities (tech skills)
4. organize cooperatives (what is this?)
Expansion of Government after 1870
1. Wider welfare programs (gov based not charity) 2. Civil service exams (talent based not by birth) 3. Compulsory education to age 12 (universal literacy) 4. Extends regulations on gov
Karl Marx Felt socialism was the last phase of development
1. Utopian ideas weren’t realistic 2.People who controlled means of production shaped history 3.Proletarirat revolution was inevitable 4. Final stage of history, state would go away
Late 1800’s- Early 1900’s Cultural changes
Higher wages and increased leisure times Leads to?
Art- romanticism Emotion and impression were key to understanding humans
Science- traditional rationalism Advanced as empirical means to understanding humans
Charles Darwin- evolution Albert Einstein- Theory of relativity (E=mc2) Sigmund Freud- Human consciousness Louis Pasteur- discovery of germs
American exceptionalism vs European influence? US developed on its own. (Civil War etc) Differences in the US and Europe?
Expansion Latin America remains untouched
WHY? Britain
Canada (1867) Won from France
Australia (1788) Penal colony
New Zealand Defeated the Maori (1860’s)
Brought disease, firearms, prostitution, alcoholism to NZ Harmed native culture
WWI Tensions rise
Particularly in the Balkans (Russia and A-H)
1. Imperialism Countries trying to expand (WHY?)
2. Militarism Build up military to defend spoils
3. Alliance system (worried about German power) Triple Entente
France, Britain, Russia Triple Alliance
Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary
Chapter 24 Pre-industrial era of European expansion
1. Search for precious metals 2. Land for farming 3. Find spices and silks etc 4. Avoid Muslim kingdoms in N Africa and ME
Industrial age imperialism (Happened by 1850’s) 1. Christian missions 2.Land for resources 3.Look for investments for excess $ 4.Establish colonies in interior of Africa and Asia 5.Markets for goods
East India Companies Dutch East India Company
Java 1st European Empire built by independent company agent 1620’s vassals of Sultan of Mataram
British East India Company Similar to DEIC
used mercenaries from indigenous people Different from DEIC
British competed with French Battle of Plassey (1757)
Defeat French and Indian forces (Mughals decline) Gives B control of Bengal
Britain in India Advantages over Indian princes
1. India had no national identity 2. Indians served in British military 3. Internal warfare 4.Strong military
Lord Cornwallis (1790’s) Led sweeping reforms to clean up corruption
Evangelical movement (1800’s) Continued social reform
Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham and James Mill Philosophical movement supported colonial reforms
Imperialism African and Asian people tried to resist
European militaries were too powerful AFRICA (by 1914)
All had been colonized except Ethiopia and Liberia
South Africa (British) Battle of Isandhlwana (1879)
Zulus defeat British 1st battle (Anglo-Zulu War) Battle of Roarke’s Drift
British victory over huge odds Battle of Ulundi
Last battle major British victory
Imperialism Tropical dependencies
Colonies of exploitation (economic gain only) Use cultural and ethnic divisions to adv
Small #’s of Europeans rule large #’s of natives Exp. Ghana, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaya
White Dominions Europeans make up majority pop
Canada Australia
Colonial powers rely on European market
S Africa and Australia Founded at different times (British Empire)
1. Both found in temperate climates Good for crops and livestock
2. Slowly move to the interior 3. Encountered diseases they could survive
S Africa annexed in 1815 (British) Boer War
Wanted Gold and other resources
Hawaii Captain James Cook
Opened trade to west Kamehameha (prince)
United the kingdom of Hawaii (1810) Help from British
Overthrown 1893 Annexed by US 1898