industrial summer training report at construction site of cpwd

KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY

Ghaziabad

CENTRAL PUBLIC WORKS

DEPARTMENT New Delhi

PROJECT REPORT

ON

Construction site of POLICE STATION

AT

CENTRAL PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT

(CPWD)

(TRAINING PERIOD: 15 JUNE - 31JULY)

SUBMITTED BY:-

ALOK MISHRA

0902900015

(CE-3RD YEAR)

KRISHNA INSTITUE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GHAZIABAD

Central Public Works Department, I P Bhawan,New Delhi

GUIDED BY:-

Er. P R CHARAN BABU

EXECUTIVE ENGINEER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is indeed a great pleasure and privilege to present this report on training at CPWD.

I am extremely grateful to my training and placement officer for issuing a Training letter, which made my training possible at CPWD,Delhi.

I would like to express my gratitude to Er P R CHARAN BABU for his invaluable suggestions, motivation,guidance and support through out the training.His methodology to start from simple ant then deepen through made me to bring out this project report without anxiety.

Thanks to all other CPWD officials, operators and all other members of CPWD, yet uncounted for their help in completing the project and see the light of success.

I am very thankful to friends, colleagues and all other persons who rendered their assistance directly or indirectly to complete this project work successfully.

I extended my due thanks to Er. VINOD who gave mevaluable time and suggestions andguide me a lot at various stages of my Summer Training.


Dated- July 2012 ALOK MISHRA

INDEX

S.NO DESCRIPTION

1. INTRODUCTION

2. PROJECT OVERVIEW

3. SITE LOCATION

4. FORMWORK

5. PLANNING

6. SEQUENCE OF STRUCTURE WORK

7. PROJECT MONITORING

8. QUALITY

9. CONCLUSION


1. INTRODUCTION

ABOUT

The Central Public Works Department of India is a Central Government owned authority that is in charge of public sector works in the country. Central Public Works Department (CPWD) under Ministry of Urban Development is entrusted with construction and maintenance of buildings for most of the Central Government Departments, Public undertakings and autonomous bodies.

In the Indian History both pre and post independence - CPWD has a glorious era of more than 150 year with dedicated, energetic and committed corps of Engineers and Architects. Before being re-structured to its present form in 1930 “Central Public Works Department” originated in July 1854 when the Governor General of India decided to set up a Central Agency:

“to exercise universal control over public works in India with best of scientific knowledge with authority & system”.

Central Public Works Department, Delhi is the premier agency of Govt. of India engaged in planning, designing, construction and maintenance of Government assets in the field of built environment and infrastructure development. Assets in built environment include Hospitals, Schools, Colleges, Technical Institutes, Police Buildings, Prisons, Courts etc; assets in infrastructure development include Roads, Bridges, Flyovers, Footpaths, Subways etc.

CPWD Delhi also sustains and preserves these assets through a well developed system of maintenance which includes amongst others specialized services like rehabilitation works, roads signage and aesthetic treatments like interiors, monument lighting, landscaping.


MISSION

1.Sound Planning and Design2.Engineered Construction3.Effective Maintenance4.Benchmarking the Standards5.Capacity Building6.Public Private Partnership


7.Manpower Planning8.Transparency in Management

1.Sound Planning and Design1. All building norms and specifications to be standardized.2. Architectural and structural design to be undertaken in-house as far as possible.3. Detailed planning of all services to make the buildings operational in all respects.4. Architectural and structural designs to be coordinated to evolve an efficient building system compliant with latest Indian Standards.

2.Engineered Construction1. Standardization of different building elements including their pre-fabrication, mechanization in construction, use of


innovative materials and technologies adopting clean development mechanism resulting in conservation of energy and natural resources.

3.Effective Maintenance1. To preserve and maintain buildings and services in good operating condition.2. To improve the specifications depending upon the development that is taking place in the built environment.

4.Benchmarking the Standards1.Updation of Specifications and standards for public works including Delhi Schedule of Rates, Analysis of Rates, Works and Maintenance Manual on regular basis.


5.Capacity Building1. Updating technical knowledge of engineers, architects by effective training and participation in seminars, workshops etc.2. Effective training to develop managerial skills and handling public grievances so that engineers, architects and horticulturists become development managers for tomorrow.3. Target oriented training to workers on contemporary skills and behavioural science to improve service delivery mechanism.6.Public Private Partnership

1. To undertake contract or concession agreement with private sectorcompany for delivering General Pool Residential Accommodation and General Pool Office Accommodation on payment of user charges to:-(1) Increase the stock of dwelling units thereby providing housing to government employees.(2) Increase the office space thereby providing comfortable working environment to government employees


7.Manpower Planning1. To provide the manpower of CPWD with professional environment, excellent working opportunities and state of art technology.2. To provide performance and ability based approach to career development as per policy of the Government.

8.Transparency in Management of Works1. e- tendering shall be introduced.2. Effective use of websites in discharge of regulatory, enforcement and the functions shall be introduced through integrated computerization.3. Web based work progress monitoring system shall be introduced.


CENTRAL DESIGN ORGANISATION (CDO)

CDO was created in the year 1969 with a view to provide higher level of design inputs in multi-storeyed projects which could not be handled by the design units under Chief Engineers. As pressures on availability of land increased, CPWD could utilize the services of CDO for high rise built habitats and complex projects such as jetties and bridges. CDO has provided its services to over 350 projects in CPWD and 35 projects in last four years alone. Important projects designed by CDO are Parliament Library Complex, Parliament Annexe Building, National Gallery of Modern


Art, National Museum, Supreme Court Extension, National Stadium, and Afghan Parliament in Kabul, Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration Mussoorie, and Hall of States ITPO etc.At present, Central Designs Organisation has the responsibility of structural design of complex structures (with structural cost over Rs. 25 Crores) incorporating state of art engineering practices and technology. It is also responsible for contributing to the consultation process of BIS for framing new Codes and handbooks and thus setting standards for the Construction Industry as a whole. CDO also offers its services in preparing several technical documents/reports such as Handbook on Seismic Retrofitting, Design Manuals, Fly ash utilization guidelines, and seismic assessment reports of critical government buildings. CDO also develops computer aided design and planning software such as Integrated Analysis & Design of Buildings (IADB). Important projects being designed in CDO at present are Extension to Parliament Annexe Building, Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, New Campus for Supreme Court, NWAI Jetty at Kolkata and Guwahati, Underground Parking for Nirman Bhawan, and AG Office Building Lucknow.CDO is headed by the Chief Engineer (Designs) who is responsible for the overall administrative and technical control of the unit. Four


Superintending Engineers directly report to the C.E (Designs). S.Es are the direction officers for control, coordination and execution of all tasks related to modelling analysis, design, detailing and drafting of structural drawings. Out of four Superintending Engineers, one is in-charge of Computer Cell CPWD responsible for e-Governance in the department. Each SE has three Executive Engineer (Designs) reporting to him, who is responsible for all modelling, design and drafting tasks and preparing design proposals. Each EE is assisted by a small team of Asst Executive Engineers/ Asst Engineers, Junior Engineers and Draughtsmen. CDO is manned by civil engineers having experience in structural design.All design and drafting work in CDO is fully computerised. Design and analysis is done by using softwares such as STAAD, eTABS, STRUDS, SAP, STAADFoundation etc. Drafting work is done through AUTOCAD using heavy duty full size HP drafter plotters. Computing is done through high end Intel Core i7 – 2600 Processors.


Computer Cell, CDOThe CPWD is determined to use IT to usher in era of e-Gov to simplify processes, bringing in transparency, accountability, efficiency; effectiveness and need based timely and quality information to all its stakeholders, and to use the available resources more effectively. The CDO unit of CPWD has been entrusted this job. Many steps towards e-Gov initiatives have already been taken e.g. PIMS for HR management, including training module and monitoring of PG and VIP references; web based project monitoring system for monitoring physical and financial progress of the projects, access to client to view the progress of the projects and also to furnish the remarks; CPWDSEWA in Delhi & NCR and being extended for PAN India for maintenance related complaints management; enlistment for class one contractors; and CPWD website for publishing all circulars and OMs and other information.


2. PROJECT OVERVIEW

NAME of WORK : Construction of Police Station Khajuri Khas, Near Sonia Vihar, Delhi (SH: C/o Police Station Building, Electric sub Station & External Development Work i.e. Internal Electrical Installations)

AGREEMENT NO. : 03/EE/CD-III/2011-12

NAME OF CONTRACTOR: M/S ROSHAN REAL ESTATES PVT LTD.

PLOT SIZE: 5984 Sqm. Area

ESTIMATED COST: Civil Work- Rs 6, 01, 47,287/- Elec. Work- Rs 24, 75,332/- Rs 6, 26, 22,609/-

TENDERED COST: Civil Work- Rs 6, 57, 88,182/- Elec. Work- Rs 28, 69,490/- Rs 6, 86, 57,672/-

DATE OF START: 04-08-2011

STIPULATED DATE OF COMPLETION: 02-08-2012

ACTUAL DATE OF Work is Under Progress


COMPLETION: (80% Work is Completed) TIME ALLOWED : 365 Days


3.SITE LOCATION:-“Police Station & Staff Quarters at Khajuri Khas near Sonia Vihar, New Delhi”Advantages of this site:-

1. Land2. Store3. Health unit


4. Car parking stand5. Canteen6. Connectivity of the yard7. Ease of transportation Facilities

4. FORMWORK

Formwork is a mould or die used to support and shape the concrete until it attains sufficient to carry its own weight. The formwork holds the concrete until it hardens to required shape and size.

SIGNIFICANCE OF FORMWORK

1) Formwork constitutes 30% of the cost and 60% of the time in concrete construction.

2) Quality of concrete finish and soundness of concrete depends very much on the formwork system

3) Desired shape of concrete is not possible if formwork not done properly.

4) Formwork should be properly designed, fabricated and erected to receive concrete.


5) Accidents happen because of the faulty formwork and scaffolding or staging.

SAFETY IN USING FORMWORK:-

1) Components are light in weight for manual handling.

2) Loose or hanging components are minimal.

3) Appropriate use of tools.

4) Minimum operations are involved in each reuse.

TYPES OF FORMWORK

1) Flex system

2) Quick deck system

3) Aluform system

4) Flex table formwork


Curing work and refilling of earth around footing.


Workers on a construction site building.


CURING V/S COMRESSIVE STRENGTH


COLUMN CONSTRUCTION WORK


6.PLANNING


Planning of a CPWD Project mainly includes:-


Pre-requisites for execution of work. Deposit works Preparation of estimates. Execution of original work. Expenditure on survey, exhibition. Register of buildings. Green building norms. Preparation and accounting of Standard Measurement book. Preparation and passing bills for payment. Documentation of accounts. General departmental charges. Contracts and forms. Preparation of tender documents. Publicity of tenders Sale of documents Earnest money. Issue of material to contractors. Issue of tool and plant. Payment to contractors Insurance Losses or damages. Budgeting Quality assurance and technical audit wing. Inspection and Audit by Chief Controller. Public accounts committee.

6. SEQUENCE OF STRUCTURE WORK

Site clearance


Demarcation of site Positioning of central coordinate i.e. (0,0,0) as per grid plan Surveying and layout Excavation Bar binding and placement of foundation steel Shuttering and scaffolding Concreting Electrical and plumbing

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS AND MATERIAL USED:-

SITE CLEARANCE-

A number of conditions determine the kind of building that may be erected on a plot of ground. These conditions may determine where on the lot it may be located. There are also covenants that are legally binding regulations. These may, for example, set the minimum size of a house, prohibit utility buildings, or ban rooftop television antennas.Zoning laws regulate the setback and other factors that play into the equation of house location on a lot. Septic tanks also require special consideration.A Certificate of Occupancy is an important piece of paper. Itis the final piece of paper, the sign-off, that says the constructionof the building is complete and it is ready to be occupied. Any town that has adopted the BOCA or UBC building codes requires a CO. In most instances, the bank making the mortgage loan requires a certificate of occupation as well.

CONCRETE:-


There are eight types of Portland cement. They are designated by Roman numerals and with an A suffix on three of themNormal concrete is made of fine aggregates (sand) and regular aggregates (crushed stone or gravel), plus water. Concrete will set up hard enough in normal weather in about 3 hours. However, it takes 28 days for it to reach its fullest strength. Concrete may have admixtures. The Romans added lard, blood, milk, and other materials to make the concrete more workable. There are at least 6 known admixtures. Normal concrete contains a small amount of air by adding anair-entrainment admixture, the amount of air in the concrete can be increased by 10 percent or more by volume. By using an accelerator, it is possible to have concrete reach its 28-day full strength in only 7 days. Calcium chloride is the most common accelerator. Pozzolonas are natural volcanic ash or artificial materials that react with lime in the wet concrete to form cementing compounds. Fly ash is a by-product of coal-burning power generating stations.

Romans obtained fly ash from Mount Vesuvius eruptions. Fully loaded concrete mixer trucks may weigh as much as 80,000 lbs, or 40 tons. If the mixer can’t get close enough to unload the concrete where needed, it is necessary to use chutes, mixer-mounted conveyors, motorized buggies, or wheelbarrows.

Another term for rebar is deformed steel bar. This is the steel reinforcement used in concrete to increase its tensile strength. Three types of bar support material are available: wire, precast concrete, and moulded plastic. Rebar is supported by chairs made of plastic or welded wire. Welded-wire fabric (WWF) looks like fencing and is manufactured with plain or deformed cold-drawn wire.

Slump is a measure of how consistent, fluid, and workable a batch of freshly mixed concrete is. Any change in the slump may mean that the amount of water, the temperature, hydration, or setting has changed. Slump is a measure of the amount of water in the mix.

Foundations


Though the foundation supports a building, the earth is the ultimate support. The foundation is a system comprising foundation wall, footing, and soil. The prime purpose of an efficient structural foundation system is to transmit the building loads directly to the soil without exceeding the bearing capacity of the soil. A properlyDesigned and constructed foundation system transfers the loads uniformly, minimizes settlement, and anchors the structure against racking forces and uplift. Because soil type and bearing capacity are the crucial factors in the foundation system, the foundation must be designed and built as a system. Too many residential foundations are designed and built without any concern for the soil.

Types of Foundations

The many types of foundations can be separated into two broad groups: shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations consist of four types: deep basements (8-foot walls), crawl spaces, slabs-on-grade, and frost-protected shallow foundations. They include spread footings, mat or raft footings, long footings, and strap footings.Deep foundations extend considerably deeper into the earth.They include drilled caissons or piers, groups of piles driven and cast-in-place concrete piles, and floating foundations.

A number of different construction systems can be used. Casting- place concrete is the most widely used material for residential foundations, followed by concrete block. Other methods include precast foundation walls, cast-in-place concrete sandwich panels, and masonry or concrete piers, all weather wood foundations (AWWF), which are now called permanent wood foundations (PWF), or preserved.

Wood foundations in Canada. Expanded polystyrene (EPS)Blocks, polyurethane blocks, and other similar systems using EPS blocks filled with concrete are also used.

FOOTINGS


Footings (which may be square, rectangular, or circular) are strips of concrete or filled concrete blocks placed under the foundation wall. Gravel or crushed stone footings are used with PWFs. The purpose of the footings is to transfer the loads from walls, piers, or columns to the soil. The spread footing is the most common type used to support walls, piers, or columns. The National Concrete Masonry Association (NCMA) has developed a system of solid.

Pile foundation systems

Foundations relying on driven piles often have groups of piles connected by a Pile cap (a large concrete

block into which the heads of the piles are embedded) to distribute loads which are larger than one

pile can bear. Pile caps and isolated piles are typically connected with grade beams to tie the foundation

elements together; lighter structural elements bear on the grade beams while heavier elements bear

directly on the pile cap.

Monopile foundation

A monopile foundation utilizes a single, generally large-diameter, foundation structural element to

support all the loads (weight, wind, etc.) of a large above-surface structure.

Dried Piles

Also called caissons, drilled shafts, drilled piers, Cast-in-drilled-hole piles (CIDH piles)or Cast-in-

Situ piles. Rotary boring techniques offer larger diameter piles than any other piling method and permit

pile construction through particularly dense or hard strata. Construction methods depend on the geology

of the site. In particular, whether boring is to be undertaken in 'dry' ground conditions or through water-

logged but stable strata - i.e. 'wet boring'.

'Wet' boring also employs a temporary casing through unstable ground and is used when the pile bore

cannot be sealed against water ingress. Boring is then undertaken using a digging bucket to drill through

the underlying soils to design depth. The reinforcing cage is lowered into the bore and concrete is placed

by tremie pipe, following which, extraction of the temporary casing takes place.

Under reamed piles


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Underreamed piles have mechanically formed enlarged bases that have been as much as 6 m in

diameter. The form is that of an inverted cone and can only be formed in stable soils. The larger base

diameter allows greater bearing capacity than a straight-shaft pile.

Augercast pile

An augercast pile, often known as a CFA pile, is formed by drilling into the ground with a hollow stemmed

continuous flight auger to the required depth or degree of resistance. No casing is required.

Augercast piles cause minimal disturbance, and are often used for noise and environmentally sensitive

sites. Augercast piles are not generally suited for use in contaminated soils, due to expensive waste

disposal costs. In cases such as these however a displacement pile may provide the cost efficiency of an

augercast pile and minimal environmental impact. In ground containing obstructions or cobbles and

boulders, augercast piles are less suitable as refusal above the design pile tip elevation may be

encountered. In certain cases drill motors that produce more torque and horsepower may be able to

mitigate these events.

Specialty Piles:

1. Micro piles2. Tripod piles3. Sheet piles4. Soldier piles5. Suction Piles6. Ad freeze Piles

Types of shallow foundations:

Interlocking concrete blocks called IDR footer-blocks. The minimum width of the footing is


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casing_(oil_well)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_flight_augering

based on the foundation wall thickness. An 8-inch thick foundation wall would have an 8-inch wide footing. However, footings are made wider than the foundation wall, and the extra width projects (or cantilevers) equally beyond each side of the wall.Contrary to widespread belief, the purpose of footings is not for spreading out and distributing the loads to the soil. The extra width is used to support the wall forms while the concrete is poured, or as a base for concrete masonry blocks or brick.

Finishing and Curing Concrete

When working with concrete, certain methods and techniques must be employed to ensure the best finished product. This chapter discusses the following:

1) Screeding2) Tamping and jitterbugging3) Finishing (including Floating, Troweling, Brooming, Grooving, and Edging)4) Curing (including curing time and curing methods)

1)Screeding

To screed is to strike-off or level slab concrete after pouring. Generally, all the dry materials used in making quality concrete are heavier than water. Thus, shortly after placement, these materials will have a tendency to settle to the bottom and force any excess water to the surface. This reaction is commonly called bleeding. This bleeding usually occurs with non–air-entrained concrete. It is of utmost importancethat the first operations of placing, screeding, and darbyingbe performed before any bleeding takes place.The concrete should not be allowed to remain in wheelbarrows, buggies, or buckets any longer than is necessary. It should be dumped and spread as soon as possible and struck-off to the proper grade, then immediately struck-off, followed at once by darbying. These last two operations should be performed before any free water is bled to the surface. The concrete should not be spread over a large area


before screeding—nor should a large area be screeded and allowed to remain before darbying. If any operation is performed on the surface while the bleed water is present, serious scaling, dusting, or crazing can result. This point cannot be overemphasized and is the basic rule for successful finishing of concrete surfaces.The surface is struck off or rodded by moving a straightedgeback and forth with a sawlike motion across the top of the forms or screeds. A small amount of concrete should always be kept ahead of the straightedge to fill in all the low spots and maintain a plane surface. For most slab work, screeding is usually a two-person job because of the size of the slab.

2)Tamping or Jitterbugging

The hand tamper or jitterbug is used to force the large particles of coarse aggregate slightly below the surface to enable the cement mason to pass a darby over the surface without dislodging any large aggregate. After the concrete has been struck-off or rodded (and, in some cases, tamped), it is smoothed with a darby to level any raised spots and fill depressions. Long-handled floats of either wood ormetal (called bull floats) are sometimes used instead of darbies to smooth and level the surface.

The hand tamper should be used sparingly and, in most cases,not at all. If used, it should be used only on concrete having a low slump (1 inch or less) to compact the concrete into a dense mass. Jitterbugs are sometimes used on industrial floor construction because the concrete for this type of work usually has a very low slump, with the mix being quite stiff and perhaps difficult to work.

3)Finishing


When the bleed water and water sheen have left the surface of the concrete, finishing may begin. Finishing may take one or more of several forms, depending on the type of surface desired.Finishing operations must not be overdone, or water under thesurface will be brought to the top. When this happens, a thin layer of cement is also brought up and later, after curing, the thin layer becomes a scale that will powder off with usage. Finishing can be done by hand or by rotating power-driven trowels or floats. The size of the job determines the choice, based on economy.The type of tool used for finishing affects the smoothness of the concrete. A wood float puts a slightly rough surface on the concrete.A steel (or other metal) trowel or float produces a smooth finish.Extra rough surfaces are given to the concrete by running a stiffbristled broom across the top.

4)Floating

Most sidewalks and driveways are given a slightly roughened surface by finishing with a float. Floats may be small, hand-held tools , with the work done while kneeling on a board, orthey may be on long handles for working from the edge.shows a worker using a long-handled float, and showsthe construction details for making a float.When working from a kneeling board, the concrete must be stiff enough to support the board and the worker’s weight without deforming.This will be within two to five hours from the time the surfacewater has left the concrete, depending on the type of roof.

A roof includes the roof cover (the upper layer, which protectsagainst rain, snow, and wind) or roofing, the sheathing to which it is fastened, and the framing (rafters) that support the other components. Because of its exposure, roofing usually has a limited life. It is made to be readily replaceable. Roofing may be made of many widely diversified materials, among which are the following:

1) Wood


These are usually in the form of shingles (uniformmachine-cut) or shakes that are hand-cut. They are seen inMany areas of the country.

2) Metal or aluminium

Simulates other kinds of roofing.

3) Slate

this may be the natural product or rigid manufactured slabs, often cement asbestos, though these are on the decline since the controversy over asbestos.

4) Built-up covers of asphalt or tar-impregnated felts, with a mopping of hot tar or asphalt

these are placed between the plies and a mopping of tar or asphalt overall. Tar-felt roofs usually have the top covered with embedded gravel or crushed slag.

5) Roll roofing

Which, as the name implies, is marketed in?Rolls containing approximately 108 ft2. Each roll is usually36 inches wide and may be plain or have a coating of coloredMineral granules. The base is a heavy asphalt-impregnated felt.

6) Asphalt shingles


These are usually in the formOf strips with two, three, or four tabs per unit. These shinglesIs asphalt with the surface exposed to the weather heavily?Coated with mineral granules. Because of their fire resistance,Cost, and durability, asphalt shingles are the most popular roofing material for homes. Asphalt shingles are available in a wide range of colours, including black and white._ Glass fibre shingles—These are made partly of a glass fibre mat (which is waterproof) and partly of asphalt. Like asphalt shingles, glass fibre shingles come with self-sealing tabs and carry a Class-A fire-resistance warranty. For the do-it-yourself, they may be of special interest because they are lightweight, about 220 pounds per square (100 ft2 of roofing).

Roofs

The slope of the roof is frequently a factor in the choice of roofing materials and method used to put them in place. The lower the pitch of the roof, the greater the chance of wind getting under the shingles and tearing them out. Interlocking cedar shingles resist this wind prying better than standard asphalt shingles. For roofs with less than a 4-inch slope per foot, do not use standard asphalt. Down to 2 inches, use self-sealing asphalt. Roll roofing can be used with pitches down to 2 inches when lapped 2 inches. For very low-pitchedSlopes, the manufacturers of asphalt shingles recommend that the roof be planned for some other type of covering.Aluminium strip roofing virtually eliminates the problem of wind prying, but these strips are noisy. Most homeowners object to the noise during a rainstorm. Even on porches, the noise is often annoying to those inside the house.Spaced roofing boards are sometimes used with cedar shingles.This is usually done as an economy measure and because the cedar shingles add considerably to the strength of the roof. The spaced roofing boards reduce the insulating qualities.

Roll Roofing

Roll roofing is an economical cover especially suitedFor roofs with low pitches. It is also sometimes used for valley flashing instead of metal. It has a base of heavy asphalt-impregnated felt with additional coatings of asphalt that are dusted to prevent adhesion in the roll. The weather surface may be plain or covered with fine mineral


granules. Many different colours are available. One edge of the sheet is left plain (no granules) where the lap cementIs applied. For best results, the sheathing must be tight, preferably 1 × 6 tongue-and-groove, or plywood. If the sheathing is smooth.

These asphalt shingles have a three-dimensional look.Asphalt shingles are the most popular.

CEMENTSECOND SHEETFIRST SHEET

Method of cementing and lapping the first and secondStrips of roll roofing.

Roofing (with no cupped boards or other protuberance), the slate-surfaced roll roofing will withstand a surprising amount of abrasion from foot traffic, although it is not generally recommended for that purpose.Windstorms are the most relentless enemy of roll roofing. If the wind gets under a loose edge, almost certainly a section will be blown off.

Built-Up Roof (BUR)

A built-up roof is constructed of sheathing paper, a bonded base sheet, perforated felt, asphalt, and surface aggregates.

The sheathing paper comes in 36-inch-wide rolls and has approximately 432 ft2 per roll. It is a rosin-size paper and is used to prevent asphalt leakage to the wood deck. The base sheet is a heavy asphalt-saturated felt that is placed over the sheathing paper.

It is available in 1, 11/2, and 2 squares per roll. The perforated felt is one of the primary parts of a built-up roof. It is saturated with asphalt and has tiny perforations throughout the sheet. The perforations prevent air entrapment between the layers of felt.


The perforated felt is 36 inches wide and weighs approximately 15 lbs per square. Asphalt is also one of the basic ingredients of a built-up roof. There are many different grades of asphalt, but the most commonare low-melt, medium-melt, high-melt, and extra-high-melt

SHEATHING PAPER

BASE SHEET

PERFORATED FELT

ASPHALT AGGREGATE

Sectional plan of a built-up roof


Prior to the application of the built-up roof, the deck should beInspected for soundness. Wood board decks should be constructed of 3/4-inch seasoned lumber or plywood. Any knotholes larger than one inch should be covered with sheet metal. If plywood is used as a roof deck it should be placed with the length at right angles to the rafters and be at least 1/2 inch in thickness.The first step in the application of a built-up roof is the placing of sheathing paper and base sheet. The sheathing paper should be lapped in 2 inches and secured with just enough nails to hold it in place. The base sheet is then placed with 2-inch side laps and 6-inch end laps. The base sheet should be secured with 1/2-inch diameter head galvanized roofing nails placed 12 inches on center on the exposed lap. Nails should also be placed down the center of the base sheet. The nails should be placed in two parallel rows, 12 inches apart.The base sheet is then coated with a uniform layer of hot asphalt.While the asphalt is still hot, a layer of roofing felt is placed and mopped with the hot asphalt. Each succeeding layer of roofing felt is placed and mopped in a similar manner with asphalt. Each sheet should be lapped 19 inches, leaving 17 inches exposed.Once the roofing felt is placed, a gravel stop is installed aroundthe deck perimeter. Two coated layers of felt should extend 6 inches past the roof decking where the gravel stop is to be installed. When the other plies are placed, the first two layers are folded over the other layers and mopped in place. The gravel stop is then placed in an 1/8-inch-thick bed of flashing cement and securely nailed every 6 inches. The ends of the gravel stop should be lapped 6 inches and packed in flashing cement.

AGGREGATEGRAVEL STOPASPHALTROOF CEMENTNAILS—3" O.C.

The gravel stop.After the gravel stop is placed, the roof is flooded with hot asphalt and the surface aggregate is embedded in the flood coat. The aggregates should be hard, dry, opaque, and free of any dust or foreign matter. The size of the aggregates should range from 1/4 inch Roofing to 5/8 inch. When the aggregate is piled on the roof, it should be placed on a spot that has been mopped with asphalt. This technique ensures proper adhesion in all areas of the roof.


7.PROJECT MONITORING :-

PROJECT MONITORING SYSTEM

This is done to continuously track the performance of the project progress, cost sand condition contribution. Corrective actions can be taken when required and provides data.The following three reports are made for the tracking-

Monthly progress report

Job cost report

Project performance report.


8. QUALITY:-

The technical audit of works done by CPWD used to be done in-house right from its inception. The functions of Quality Assurance and Technical Audit of works were shifted to CVC in the year 1964. On the recommendation of Ranganathan Committee, the Quality Assurance functions were again shifted to CPWD in the year 1979.

The implementation of Quality Assurance in the field will require close co-operation among the three agencies, namely (a) field engineers (b) the construction agency, and (c) the Quality Assurance team at Circle level for strict compliance of Quality Assurance Procedure forming part of agreement.

Quality Control System Of The Department

Multi level Quality checks have been created in CPWD as detailed below:

Field level

The direct responsibility for ensuring proper quality of work as per approved specifications for achieving the intended performance and structural, functional and aesthetical parameters, and the desired life of the building/installation/structure rests with the construction team of Executive Engineer, Assistant Engineer and Junior Engineer.

Quality Control team at Circle Level

To keep a watch on the effectiveness/adequacy of Quality Assurance measures at site, a Quality Assurance team with SE of the circle as its head and comprising of one AE.

The functions of the Quality Assurance team at Circle level are to check the compliance of Quality Assurance system by the field units, to locate the lapse/deficiency in the


implementation of the Quality Assurance Plan, and to guide the field engineers in quality related aspects of the work.

Core Wing at Directorate Level

This Core Wing carries out the following main functions to ensure systematic and comprehensive Assurance of quality in the works: -

· Quality Assurance of works under the Special DG(S&P), (TD), ADG (Border) and Engineer- in- Chief (CPWD), Delhi.

· Carry out comprehensive examination & technical audit of works.

· To carry out investigations and enquiries with regard to quality related aspects.

Quality Assurance units in the Regions

Quality Assurance works in various Regions are being looked after by the Regional QA units headed by the Superintending Engineer (TLQA) or Director Works of the Region.

CONTRACT SPECIFICATIONS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE (CSQ)

The CSQ unit of CPWD is responsible for Contract related matters and quality assurance functions.

The unit headed by a Chief Engineer is located in Nirman Bhawan and has 5 separate cells headed by superintending engineers to look after specific areas. The specific areas are


1. Contract & Manual

2. Standards and Specifications

3. Quality Assurance

4. Techno-Legal matters

5. Technology Application & Standards Unit.

The unit is also responsible for enlistment of class-1 contractors in CPWD besides formulating rules and regulations for enlistment of contractors by different authorities.

All contract related issues, techno legal issues referred to DGW by field units or by other organisations are dealt by this unit. The responsibility of bringing out schedules and specifications also rests with the CSQ unit.


10.CONCLUSION:-

It was a wonderful learning experience at CPWD office, IP Bhawan, New Delhi 110002 for Six Weeks. I gained a lot of insight regarding almost every aspect of site. I was given exposure in almost all the departments at the site, but I had liked to highlight the areas of safety, quality management, material management and execution.

I hope this experience will surely help me in my future and also in shaping my career.


industrial summer training report at construction site of cpwd

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