Industrial Safety and Health for Infrastructure Services

Handbook of Safety and Health for the Service Industry

Industrial Safety and Health for Goods and Materials Services Industrial Safety and Health for Infrastructure Services Industrial Safety and Health for Administrative Services Industrial Safety and Health for People-Oriented Services

HANDBOOK OF

SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR THE SERVICE INDUSTRY

Industrial Safety and Health for Infrastructure Services

Charles D. Reese

CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-5380-7 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Reese, Charles D. Industrial safety and health for infrastructure services / Charles D. Reese. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4200-5380-7 (alk. paper) 1. Service industries--United States--Safety measures. 2. Service industries--Employees--Health and hygiene--United States. 3. Municipal services--United States--Employees. I. Title. HD7269.S452U6743 2009 658.382--dc22 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com 2008013267

ContentsPreface.................................................................................................................. xxiii Author ................................................................................................................... xxv Chapter 1 Introduction to the Service Industry .................................................... 1

1.1 NAICS............................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Employment in the Service Industry ............................................................. 2 1.3 Safety ............................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Why Trauma Prevention? .............................................................................. 5 1.5 Accidents or Incidents ................................................................................... 5 1.6 Comprehensive Accident Prevention............................................................. 6 1.7 Fatality and Injury Prole for the Service Industry....................................... 7 1.8 Occupational Illnesses in the Service Industry............................................ 10 References ............................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 2 2.1 Transportation .................................................................................... 13

Transportation .............................................................................................. 14 2.1.1 Truck Transportation......................................................................... 14 2.1.2 Air Transportation............................................................................. 17 2.1.3 Rail Transportation ........................................................................... 18 2.2 Prole of Transportation Workers Deaths, Injuries, and Illnesses ............. 19 2.2.1 Deaths ............................................................................................... 19 2.2.2 Injuries .............................................................................................. 19 2.2.3 Illnesses............................................................................................. 19 2.3 Hazards Faced by the Transportation Sector ............................................... 19 2.4 Occupations.................................................................................................. 22 2.4.1 Truck Transportation......................................................................... 22 2.4.2 Air Transportation............................................................................. 23 2.4.3 Rail Transportation ........................................................................... 25 2.5 Applicable OSHA Regulations .................................................................... 25 References ............................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 Utilities Sector ................................................................................... 31

Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution ....................... 32 Natural Gas Distribution .............................................................................. 33 Water, Sewage, and Other Systems............................................................. 33

v

vi

3.4

3.5 3.6 3.7

Prole of Utility Workers Deaths, Injuries, and Illnesses .......................... 35 3.4.1 Deaths ............................................................................................... 35 3.4.2 Injuries .............................................................................................. 35 3.4.3 Illnesses............................................................................................. 36 Hazards Faced by Utility Workers .............................................................. 36 Occupations.................................................................................................. 39 Applicable OSHA Regulations .................................................................... 41 Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services ................................................................. 45

Chapter 4 4.1 4.2

4.3 4.4 4.5

ASWMR Services ........................................................................................ 46 Prole of Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services............................................................................ 47 4.2.1 Deaths ............................................................................................... 47 4.2.2 Injuries .............................................................................................. 47 4.2.3 Illnesses............................................................................................. 48 Hazards Faced by ASWMR Workers.......................................................... 48 Occupations.................................................................................................. 49 Applicable OSHA Regulations .................................................................... 51 OSHA Regulations ............................................................................ 53

Chapter 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7

Federal Laws ................................................................................................ 54 OSHACT ....................................................................................................... 54 Content of the OSHACT ............................................................................... 54 Regulatory Process....................................................................................... 57 Federal Register ........................................................................................... 60 Code of Federal Regulations ....................................................................... 61 Regulation Paragraph Numbering System................................................... 62 Occupational Safety and Health Programs........................................ 67

Chapter 6 6.1

6.2

Development of a Safety and Health Program ............................................ 68 6.1.1 Rules ................................................................................................. 68 6.1.2 Communications ............................................................................... 68 6.1.3 Training............................................................................................. 70 6.1.4 Accident Investigation ...................................................................... 72 6.1.5 Evaluation ......................................................................................... 74 Explaining the Requirements and Elements of OSHA Guidelines for a Safety and Health Program ................................................................. 74 6.2.1 Management Commitment and Leadership...................................... 75 6.2.2 Assignment of Responsibility ........................................................... 76 6.2.3 Identication and Control of Hazards .............................................. 77

vii

6.3

6.4

6.2.4 Training and Education..................................................................... 78 6.2.5 Recordkeeping and Hazard Analysis................................................ 79 6.2.6 First Aid and Medical Assistance..................................................... 79 6.2.7 Emergency and Fireghting Procedures........................................... 80 Model Safety and Health Program .............................................................. 80 6.3.1 Management Safety and Health Policy Statements .......................... 80 6.3.1.1 Example of Statement for All Employees .......................... 80 6.3.1.2 Example of a Statement for a Large Company .................. 81 6.3.1.3 List of the Company Objectives and Safety and Health Goals................................................................. 81 Other Required Written Programs ............................................................... 84 Safety Hazards ................................................................................... 87

Chapter 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6

7.7 7.8

7.9

Hazard Prevention and Controls .................................................................. 87 Engineering Controls ................................................................................... 88 Awareness Devices ...................................................................................... 88 Work Practices ............................................................................................. 89 Administrative Controls ............................................................................... 89 7.5.1 Management Controls ....................................................................... 89 Personal Protective Equipment .................................................................... 90 7.6.1 Hazard Assessment ........................................................................... 90 7.6.2 Establishing a PPE Program ............................................................. 91 Ranking Hazard Controls............................................................................. 92 Other Tools That Can Be Used for Hazard Control.................................... 92 7.8.1 Accident=Incident Reporting............................................................. 92 7.8.2 Hazard Audits ................................................................................... 94 7.8.3 Safe Operating Procedure ................................................................. 94 7.8.4 Job Safety Assessment...................................................................... 95 Hazard Control Summary ............................................................................ 95 Health Hazards................................................................................... 97

Chapter 8 8.1 8.2

8.3

Health Hazards............................................................................................. 97 Cold Stress ................................................................................................... 98 8.2.1 Health Effects.................................................................................... 99 8.2.2 Cold and the Workplace ................................................................. 101 8.2.3 Protective Steps............................................................................... 102 8.2.4 Symptoms of Cold Stress ............................................................... 103 Heat Stress ................................................................................................. 104 8.3.1 Heat Transfer .................................................................................. 104 8.3.2 Health-Related Disorders ................................................................ 104 8.3.3 Working in Hot Environments ....................................................... 106 8.3.4 Heat Index....................................................................................... 106 8.3.5 Controlling Exposure ...................................................................... 108

viii

8.4

8.5 8.6

Noise-Induced Hearing Loss.................................................................... 110 8.4.1 Noise Exposure ............................................................................. 110 8.4.2 Controlling Noise Levels .............................................................. 111 8.4.3 Hearing Conservation ................................................................... 112 Vibration .................................................................................................. 116 Workplace Stress...................................................................................... 117 Hazardous Chemicals and Waste Management .............................. 119

Chapter 9 9.1 9.2 9.3

9.4 9.5 9.6

9.7

9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13

Hazardous Chemicals............................................................................... 119 Hazardous Waste ..................................................................................... 121 Hazardous Waste Operations (1926.65 or 1910.120) ............................. 122 9.3.1 Hazardous Waste Site Requirements............................................ 122 9.3.2 Written Safety and Health Program.............................................. 123 9.3.3 Site Safety and Health Plan .......................................................... 124 9.3.4 Site Evaluation .............................................................................. 125 9.3.5 Site Control ................................................................................... 126 Training .................................................................................................... 128 Medical Surveillance................................................................................ 130 Hazard Controls ....................................................................................... 132 9.6.1 Personal Protective Equipment ..................................................... 132 9.6.2 Monitoring .................................................................................... 133 Handling and Transporting Hazardous Materials .................................... 134 9.7.1 Handling Drums and Containers .................................................. 134 9.7.2 Drum or Container Staging........................................................... 136 9.7.3 Lab Packs...................................................................................... 136 9.7.4 Decontamination ........................................................................... 136 Emergency Response Plan....................................................................... 137 Sanitation ................................................................................................. 138 New Technologies ................................................................................... 138 RCRA....................................................................................................... 138 Emergency Response ............................................................................... 138 9.12.1 Emergency Response Training ................................................... 142 Summary .................................................................................................. 143 Conned Spaces ............................................................................ 145

Chapter 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6

Conned Spaces....................................................................................... 145 Conned Space Identication .................................................................. 146 PRCS Identication ................................................................................. 146 PRCS Entry Program ............................................................................... 148 Conned Space Entry Permit System...................................................... 149 10.5.1 Conned Space Entry Permit ..................................................... 150 Common Conned Space Hazards .......................................................... 150 10.6.1 Hazardous Atmospheres ............................................................. 150 10.6.2 Oxygen-Decient Atmospheres .................................................. 150 10.6.3 Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres .................................................. 151

ix

10.7

10.8

10.9

10.10

10.11 10.12

10.6.4 Flammable Atmospheres......................................................... 151 10.6.5 Toxic Atmospheres ................................................................. 152 Conned Space Atmospheric Testing.................................................... 152 10.7.1 Pre-Entry Testing .................................................................... 152 10.7.1.1 Oxygen Level Test .................................................. 153 10.7.1.2 Flammability Test ................................................... 153 10.7.1.3 Toxicity Test ........................................................... 154 10.7.2 Periodic=Continuous Testing .................................................. 154 Controlling Atmospheric Hazards ......................................................... 154 10.8.1 Ventilation............................................................................... 154 10.8.2 Cleaning .................................................................................. 155 Physical Hazards .................................................................................... 156 10.9.1 General=Physical Hazards....................................................... 156 10.9.2 Controlling General=Physical Hazards ................................... 157 Conned Space Entry Team .................................................................. 158 10.10.1 Entrant Duties ......................................................................... 159 10.10.2 Attendant Duties ..................................................................... 159 10.10.3 Entry Supervisor Duties.......................................................... 160 Emergency and Rescue Procedures ....................................................... 160 10.11.1 Rescue Training ...................................................................... 161 Summary ................................................................................................ 161 Electrical Hazards .......................................................................... 163

Chapter 11 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6

11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10

Electricity ............................................................................................... 163 Electrocutions......................................................................................... 164 Shock versus Electrocution.................................................................... 164 Shock Burns........................................................................................... 166 Freeze on from Shock............................................................................ 167 11.5.1 Static Electricity Shock............................................................. 167 Controlling Electrical Hazards............................................................... 167 11.6.1 Insulation................................................................................... 168 11.6.2 Guarding ................................................................................... 168 11.6.3 Circuit Protection Devices ........................................................ 170 11.6.4 Safe Work Practices.................................................................. 170 11.6.5 Worker-Initiated Safety............................................................. 171 11.6.6 Lockout=Tagout ........................................................................ 172 11.6.7 Overhead Power Lines.............................................................. 172 11.6.8 Electrical Personal Protective Equipment................................. 173 11.6.9 Tool Maintenance ..................................................................... 173 Training .................................................................................................. 174 Safety and Health Program .................................................................... 175 Applicable Regulations .......................................................................... 175 Summary ................................................................................................ 175 11.10.1 Electrical Precautions.............................................................. 176 11.10.2 Electrical Safety Tips .............................................................. 177

x

Chapter 12 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8

Ergonomics=Lifting ....................................................................... 179

12.9 12.10 12.11

CTDs ...................................................................................................... 180 12.1.1 Preventing CTDs....................................................................... 184 Infrastructure Tasks and Ergonomic Risks............................................ 185 Tools and Their Design ......................................................................... 186 12.3.1 Hand Tool Design to Reduce CTDs......................................... 186 Conducting Ergonomics Assessments ................................................... 189 Ergonomics Regulations ........................................................................ 189 Ergonomics Programs ............................................................................ 189 Manual Material Handling..................................................................... 190 Back Injury Prevention .......................................................................... 191 12.8.1 Preventive Actions .................................................................... 194 12.8.2 Good Health and a Healthy Back............................................. 196 12.8.3 Back Injury Management.......................................................... 197 12.8.4 Training..................................................................................... 198 Lifting and Material-Handling Aids ...................................................... 199 Planning Manual Material Handling...................................................... 200 Summary ................................................................................................ 200 Excavations=Trenches.................................................................... 201

Chapter 13 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4

13.5

13.6 13.7 13.8

Excavations=Trenches ............................................................................ 201 Proper Planning...................................................................................... 203 13.2.1 Underground Utilities ............................................................... 203 Informing Workers................................................................................. 204 Making Excavations Safe ...................................................................... 204 13.4.1 Selection of Protective Systems................................................ 204 13.4.2 Other Precautions...................................................................... 206 13.4.3 Installing or Removing Protective Systems.............................. 206 13.4.4 Safe Materials and Equipment for Protective Systems ............ 207 Additional Hazards and Protections ...................................................... 207 13.5.1 Water-Related Hazards ............................................................. 208 13.5.2 Hazardous Atmospheres ........................................................... 208 13.5.3 Means of Access and Egress .................................................... 208 Special Purpose PPE.............................................................................. 209 Conducting Inspections.......................................................................... 209 Summary ................................................................................................ 210 13.8.1 General Trenching and Excavation Rules ................................ 211 Falls................................................................................................ 213

Chapter 14 14.1 14.2 14.3

Fall Protection ........................................................................................ 214 Responsibility to Have Fall Protection .................................................. 214 Fall Protection Systems.......................................................................... 216 14.3.1 Guardrail Systems ..................................................................... 217 14.3.2 Safety Nets ................................................................................ 218

xi

14.4 14.5 14.6

14.7

14.3.3 Personal Fall Arresting System................................................... 220 14.3.4 Warning Lines............................................................................. 223 14.3.5 Safety Monitoring System .......................................................... 225 Fall Protection Plan.................................................................................. 225 Training .................................................................................................... 226 Other Elevated Fall Hazards .................................................................... 227 14.6.1 Falls from Buckets ...................................................................... 227 14.6.2 Aerial Lifts and Falls .................................................................. 227 14.6.3 Scissor Lifts and Elevated Work Platforms................................ 227 14.6.4 Fall from Trucks or Other Equipment ........................................ 228 Summary .................................................................................................. 229 Flammable and Combustible Liquids............................................ 233

Chapter 15 15.1 15.2 15.3

15.4

15.5

15.6 15.7

Combustible Liquids ................................................................................ 233 Flammable Liquids .................................................................................. 234 Containers and Storage ............................................................................ 234 15.3.1 Container and Portable Tank Storage......................................... 234 15.3.2 Design, Construction, and Capacity of Containers .................... 236 15.3.3 Design, Construction, and Capacity of Storage Cabinets .......... 236 15.3.4 Design and Construction of Inside Storage Rooms ................... 236 15.3.5 Rating and Capacity.................................................................... 237 15.3.6 Wiring ......................................................................................... 237 15.3.7 Ventilation................................................................................... 237 15.3.8 Storage ........................................................................................ 237 Storage Inside Buildings .......................................................................... 238 15.4.1 Egress .......................................................................................... 238 15.4.2 Ofce Occupancies ..................................................................... 238 15.4.3 General Purpose Public Warehouses .......................................... 238 15.4.4 Warehouses or Storage Buildings............................................... 238 Storage Outside Buildings ....................................................................... 238 15.5.1 Fire Control................................................................................. 239 15.5.2 Industrial Plants .......................................................................... 239 15.5.3 Incidental Storage or Use of Flammable or Combustible Liquids .............................................................. 239 15.5.4 Containers ................................................................................... 240 15.5.5 Handling Liquids at the Point of Final Use................................ 240 Flammable and Combustible Liquids in the Service Industry ................ 241 15.6.1 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Checklist......................... 241 Summary of OSHA Regulations for Flammable and Combustible Liquids ......................................................................... 242 15.7.1 Flammable and Combustible Liquids (29 CFR 1910.106) ..................................................................... 242

xii

Chapter 16 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6

Lockout=Tagout ............................................................................. 245

16.7 16.8 16.9

16.10 16.11 16.12

Lockout=Tagout ..................................................................................... 245 Energy Control Program ........................................................................ 247 Lockout=Tagout Devices ....................................................................... 248 Periodic Inspections ............................................................................... 248 Training and Communications............................................................... 250 Energy Isolation ..................................................................................... 251 16.6.1 Established Procedure ............................................................... 251 16.6.2 Lockout or Tagout Device Application .................................... 252 16.6.3 Stored Energy ........................................................................... 252 Release from Lockout or Tagout ........................................................... 252 Testing or Positioning ............................................................................ 253 Personnel-Related Issues........................................................................ 253 16.9.1 Outside Personnel ..................................................................... 253 16.9.2 Group Lockout or Tagout ......................................................... 253 16.9.3 Shift or Personnel Changes....................................................... 254 Applicable Regulations .......................................................................... 254 Lockout=Tagout Safety Checklist .......................................................... 255 Summary ................................................................................................ 258 Machine Guarding ......................................................................... 259

Chapter 17 17.1

17.2 17.3 17.4

17.5 17.6

17.7 17.8

Machine Guarding ................................................................................. 259 17.1.1 Types of Mechanical Components ........................................... 261 17.1.2 Types of Mechanical Motions .................................................. 261 17.1.3 Times When Hazards Are Most Frequent ................................ 262 Machine Guarding Assessment.............................................................. 262 Safeguarding Machines and Equipment ................................................ 265 Guards .................................................................................................... 265 17.4.1 Basic Safeguarding Methods .................................................... 266 17.4.2 Denition of a Guard................................................................ 266 17.4.3 Types of Guards........................................................................ 266 Safeguarding Devices ............................................................................ 267 Other Potential Safeguards .................................................................... 270 17.6.1 Foot Controls ............................................................................ 271 17.6.2 Control Machines with Clutches .............................................. 271 17.6.3 Do I Need to Safeguard Machinery?........................................ 272 17.6.4 Administrative Issues and Safeguarding................................... 272 Amputations ........................................................................................... 273 17.7.1 Machinery Associated with Amputations................................. 273 Summary ................................................................................................ 274

xiii

Chapter 18 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7

Personal Protective Equipment and Controls ................................ 277

18.8

18.9 18.10

18.11 18.12

18.13

18.14

Controlling Hazards ............................................................................... 277 Engineering Controls ............................................................................. 278 Administrative Controls ......................................................................... 278 Personal Protective Equipment .............................................................. 279 Establishing a PPE Program .................................................................. 279 Hazard Assessment ................................................................................ 280 Eye and Face Protection ........................................................................ 280 18.7.1 Face Shields .......................................................................... 281 18.7.2 Eyewear Maintenance ........................................................... 282 Head Protection...................................................................................... 283 18.8.1 Protective Head Wear ........................................................... 284 18.8.2 Care of Hardhats ................................................................... 284 Foot and Leg Protection ........................................................................ 285 18.9.1 Electrical Foot Protection ..................................................... 286 Hand and Arm Protection ...................................................................... 287 18.10.1 Metal Mesh, Leather, or Canvas Gloves .............................. 288 18.10.2 Fabric and Coated Fabric Gloves ......................................... 289 18.10.3 Chemical- and Liquid-Resistant Gloves ............................... 289 Body Protection ..................................................................................... 290 Hearing Protection ................................................................................. 291 18.12.1 Noise Exposure Levels ......................................................... 291 18.12.2 Ear Protection........................................................................ 293 Respiratory Protection............................................................................ 293 18.13.1 Respirator Training ............................................................... 294 18.13.2 Basic Respiratory Protection Safety Procedures .................. 295 18.13.3 Respirator User Policies........................................................ 297 18.13.4 Selection of Respirators ........................................................ 297 18.13.5 Identication of Filters and Cartridges ................................. 298 18.13.6 Respirator Filter and Canister Replacement ......................... 298 18.13.7 Filter and Cartridge Change Schedule.................................. 298 18.13.8 Respiratory Protection Schedule........................................... 299 18.13.9 Physical and Medical Qualications..................................... 300 18.13.10 Additional Medical Evaluations ........................................... 301 18.13.11 Respirator Fit Testing ........................................................... 301 18.13.11.1 Types of Fit Tests ............................................. 302 18.13.12 Respirator Operation and Use............................................... 302 18.13.13 Continuing Effectiveness of Respirators .............................. 303 18.13.14 Procedures for IDLH Atmospheres ...................................... 303 18.13.15 Cleaning and Disinfecting .................................................... 304 18.13.16 Respirator Inspection ............................................................ 304 18.13.17 Respirator Storage................................................................. 305 18.13.18 Respirator Repairs................................................................. 305 Summary ................................................................................................ 306

xiv

Chapter 19 19.1

Power Tools................................................................................... 307

19.2

19.3

19.4 19.5

19.6 19.7

Preventing Power Tool Accidents ........................................................... 309 19.1.1 Steps Used to Control Power Tool Accidents.......................... 309 19.1.2 Carrying Tools .......................................................................... 310 19.1.3 Use of Personal Protective Equipment ..................................... 310 19.1.4 Guards ....................................................................................... 310 19.1.5 Safety Switches ......................................................................... 311 19.1.6 Ergonomics and Power Tools................................................... 311 19.1.7 Old Tools .................................................................................. 313 Power Tools and Their Energy Source.................................................... 314 19.2.1 Electric Tools ............................................................................ 314 19.2.2 Hydraulic Power Tools ............................................................. 314 19.2.3 Liquid Fuel Tools ..................................................................... 314 19.2.4 Pneumatic Tools........................................................................ 315 19.2.5 Powder-Actuated Tools............................................................. 316 Specic Power Tool Safety ..................................................................... 318 19.3.1 Abrasive Wheel Tools .............................................................. 319 19.3.2 Drill Press Safety ...................................................................... 320 19.3.3 Forging Machines ..................................................................... 320 19.3.4 Grinder Safety ........................................................................... 321 19.3.5 Hydraulic Jacks......................................................................... 321 19.3.6 Jointer and Shaper Safety ......................................................... 322 19.3.7 Lathe Safety .............................................................................. 322 19.3.8 Nail=Air Gun Safety (Pneumatic Fastening Tools) .................. 323 19.3.9 Planer Safety ............................................................................. 323 19.3.10 Portable Grinders ...................................................................... 324 19.3.11 Sander Safety ............................................................................ 324 19.3.12 Saw Safety ................................................................................ 324 19.3.13 Woodworking Machinery ......................................................... 325 Use of Power Tools by the Service Industry........................................... 326 Summary of OSHA Applicable Regulations........................................... 326 19.5.1 Abrasive Wheel Equipment Grinders (29 CFR 1910.212, .215, and .243).......................................... 326 19.5.2 Belt Sanding Machines (29 CFR 1910.213) ............................ 327 19.5.3 Hydraulic Power Tools (29 CFR 1910.217) ............................ 327 19.5.4 Pneumatic Tools (29 CFR 1910.243)....................................... 327 19.5.5 Portable (Power-Operated) Tools and Equipment (29 CFR 1910.243) ................................................................... 328 19.5.6 Powder-Actuated Tools (29 CFR 1910.243)............................ 328 19.5.7 Saws, Portable Circular (29 CFR 1910.243)............................ 329 19.5.8 Woodworking Machinery (29 CFR 1910.213) ........................ 329 Power Tool Checklist............................................................................... 331 Summary .................................................................................................. 332

xv

Chapter 20 20.1 20.2

Pressure Vessels............................................................................. 335

Preventing Accidents or Incidents ........................................................... 336 Safety Assessment.................................................................................... 339 20.2.1 Design and Construction............................................................. 339 20.2.2 Vessel Identication and Documentation ................................... 340 20.2.3 Pressure Testing and Labeling.................................................... 341 20.2.4 Service History............................................................................ 341 20.2.5 In-Service Inspections................................................................. 341 20.2.6 Specic Applications .................................................................. 341 20.3 Evaluation of Information........................................................................ 342 20.4 Nondestructive Examination Methods..................................................... 342 20.4.1 Visual Examination..................................................................... 342 20.4.2 Liquid Penetrant Test.................................................................. 343 20.4.3 Magnetic Particle Test ................................................................ 343 20.4.4 Radiography ................................................................................ 343 20.4.5 Ultrasonic Testing ....................................................................... 344 20.4.6 Detection Probabilities and Flaw Sizing..................................... 344 20.5 Recent Cracking Experience in Pressure Vessels.................................... 345 20.5.1 Deaerator Service........................................................................ 345 20.5.2 Amine Service............................................................................. 346 20.5.3 Wet Hydrogen Sulde ................................................................ 347 20.5.4 Ammonia Service........................................................................ 347 20.5.5 Pulp Digester Service.................................................................. 347 20.5.6 Summary of Service Cracking Experience................................. 348 20.6 General Operational Issues ...................................................................... 349 20.6.1 Pressure Equipment Operation ................................................... 349 20.6.2 Maintenance ................................................................................ 349 20.6.3 Storage and Disposition .............................................................. 349 20.6.4 Basic Rules for Operation........................................................... 349 20.6.5 Inspection and Retesting............................................................. 350 20.7 Pressure Vessels in the Service Industry ................................................. 350 20.8 Summary of Regulations ......................................................................... 350 20.8.1 Structure and Scope of Section VIII........................................... 351 20.8.2 Failure Modes for Pressure Vessels............................................ 352 20.8.3 Requirements .............................................................................. 352 20.8.4 Test and Inspection ..................................................................... 353 20.9 Checklist for Pressure Vessels ................................................................. 354 20.10 Summary .................................................................................................. 355 Chapter 21 21.1 Truck Safety .................................................................................. 357

Truckers ................................................................................................... 357 21.1.1 Trucker Illnesses and Injuries ..................................................... 357 21.1.2 Common Trucker Injuries........................................................... 358 21.1.3 Events or Exposures Leading to Trucker Injury ........................ 358

xvi

21.2

21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6

21.7

21.8

21.9 21.10 21.11

21.12

21.13

Trucking Regulations............................................................................. 358 21.2.1 Other Agency Overview ......................................................... 358 21.2.2 Federal Highway Administration............................................ 359 21.2.3 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration......................... 359 Fleet Safety Program.............................................................................. 359 Written Fleet Safety Program ................................................................ 360 Vehicle=Equipment Maintenance........................................................... 361 Truck Drivers ......................................................................................... 362 21.6.1 Records to Maintain................................................................ 362 21.6.2 Operator Recruitment and Selection....................................... 363 21.6.3 Operator Training.................................................................... 364 Operator Safety ...................................................................................... 365 21.7.1 Companys Driver Manual...................................................... 365 21.7.2 Pre-Operation Inspection ........................................................ 365 Safe Driving Guidance........................................................................... 366 21.8.1 Common Driving Mistakes..................................................... 366 21.8.2 Recognizing Safe Driving....................................................... 367 21.8.3 Planning Schedules, Loads, and Routes ................................. 367 Preventing Accidents ............................................................................. 367 Preventive Maintenance Programs......................................................... 368 Components of PMP.............................................................................. 368 21.11.1 Preventive Maintenance.......................................................... 370 21.11.2 Managements Role ................................................................ 370 21.11.3 PMP Program.......................................................................... 370 21.11.4 Drivers Inspections ................................................................ 371 21.11.5 Maintenance ............................................................................ 372 21.11.6 Management Responsibility.................................................... 372 Applicable Regulations .......................................................................... 372 21.12.1 Regulatory Guidance for Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations ............................................................................. 373 Summary ................................................................................................ 374 Scaffolds ........................................................................................ 377

Chapter 22 22.1 22.2

22.3 22.4

22.5

Scaffolds................................................................................................. 377 General Requirements............................................................................ 377 22.2.1 Platforms ................................................................................. 378 22.2.2 Scaffold Components.............................................................. 379 22.2.3 Supporting Scaffolds............................................................... 379 Suspension Scaffolds ............................................................................. 380 Accessing Scaffolds ............................................................................... 383 22.4.1 Stairrails .................................................................................. 384 22.4.2 Stairways and Ramps.............................................................. 384 22.4.3 Integrated Scaffold Access ..................................................... 384 22.4.4 Access during Erecting or Dismantling.................................. 385 Other Scaffold Rules.............................................................................. 385

xvii

22.6

22.7 22.8 22.9

Fall Protection ........................................................................................ 387 22.6.1 Personal Fall Arrest System...................................................... 388 22.6.2 Guardrail Systems ..................................................................... 389 Falling Object Protection ....................................................................... 390 Training Requirements........................................................................... 391 Commonly Used Types of Scaffolds..................................................... 392 22.9.1 Tubular and Coupler Scaffolds................................................. 392 22.9.2 Fabricated Frame Scaffolds ...................................................... 392 22.9.3 Mobile Scaffolds ....................................................................... 393 22.9.4 Pump Jack Scaffolds................................................................. 394 22.9.5 Ladder Jack Scaffolds............................................................... 395 22.9.6 Boatswains Chair ..................................................................... 395 22.9.7 Two-Point Adjustable Suspension Scaffolds (Swing Stages) .......................................................................... 396 22.9.8 Specic Types of Scaffolds ...................................................... 397 WalkingWorking Surfaces........................................................... 399

Chapter 23 23.1 23.2

23.3

23.4

23.5 23.6 23.7 23.8 23.9 23.10 23.11

WalkingWorking Surfaces ................................................................... 399 General Requirements............................................................................ 399 23.2.1 Housekeeping............................................................................ 399 23.2.2 Aisles and Passageways............................................................ 400 23.2.3 Covers and Guardrails .............................................................. 400 23.2.4 Floor Loading Protection .......................................................... 400 Guarding Floor and Wall Openings and Holes ..................................... 401 23.3.1 Protection for Floor Openings .................................................. 402 23.3.2 Protection of Open-Sided Floors, Platforms, and Runways..... 402 23.3.3 Stairway Railings and Guards .................................................. 402 Fixed Industrial Stairs ............................................................................ 404 23.4.1 Handrails and Stair Rails .......................................................... 405 23.4.2 Treads........................................................................................ 405 23.4.3 Safety Precautions..................................................................... 405 Portable Ladders .................................................................................... 405 Fixed Ladders......................................................................................... 407 Safety Requirements for Scaffolding..................................................... 408 Manually Propelled Mobile Ladder Stands and Scaffolds (Towers) .......................................................................... 409 Other Working Surfaces ........................................................................ 410 Applicable OSHA Regulations .............................................................. 410 Summary ................................................................................................ 411 Welding and Cutting ..................................................................... 413

Chapter 24 24.1

Welding.................................................................................................. 413 24.1.1 Arc Welding.............................................................................. 413 24.1.2 Gas Welding ............................................................................. 414

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24.2

24.3

24.4

24.5 24.6 24.7

Gas Cylinders........................................................................................... 415 24.2.1 Identication ............................................................................... 417 24.2.2 Securing Gas Cylinders .............................................................. 417 24.2.3 Gas Cylinder Precautions............................................................ 417 24.2.4 Use of Gas Cylinders.................................................................. 419 24.2.5 Leaking Cylinders....................................................................... 419 24.2.6 Disposing of Cylinders ............................................................... 420 24.2.7 Welding Gases ............................................................................ 420 24.2.8 Storing Fuel Gases ...................................................................... 421 24.2.8.1 Use of Fuel Gases for Welding and Cutting .............. 421 24.2.8.2 Acetylene Storage ....................................................... 422 24.2.8.3 Oxygen Storage........................................................... 422 24.2.8.4 Fuel Gas Storage ......................................................... 422 24.2.8.5 Usage of Oxygen ........................................................ 423 24.2.8.6 Usage of Acetylene ..................................................... 423 Welding Hazards...................................................................................... 423 24.3.1 Fumes.......................................................................................... 423 24.3.2 Eye Injuries ................................................................................. 425 24.3.3 Burns ........................................................................................... 427 24.3.4 Fire .............................................................................................. 427 24.3.5 Noise ........................................................................................... 428 Prevention and Control of Welding Hazards........................................... 428 24.4.1 General or Dilution Ventilation .................................................. 428 24.4.2 Local Exhaust Ventilation .......................................................... 428 24.4.3 Conned Spaces.......................................................................... 428 24.4.4 Electricity .................................................................................... 430 24.4.5 Fumes.......................................................................................... 430 24.4.6 Personal Protective Equipment ................................................... 431 24.4.7 Training....................................................................................... 432 OSHA Welding Regulations.................................................................... 433 Welding Checklist.................................................................................... 435 Summary .................................................................................................. 436 Other Hazards ................................................................................ 441

Chapter 25 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6

Aerial Lifts (1926.556) ............................................................................ 441 Air Receivers (29 CFR 1910.169)........................................................... 442 Compressors and Compressed Air (29 CFR 1910.242).......................... 443 Fire Protection and Prevention (1926.150).............................................. 443 25.4.1 Fire PreventionStorage (CFR 1926.151) ................................ 446 Loading Docks......................................................................................... 447 Power Transmission and Distribution (1926.950)................................... 448 25.6.1 Tools and Protective Equipment (1926.951) .............................. 448 25.6.2 Mechanical Equipment (1926.952)............................................. 449 25.6.3 Material Handling (1926.953) .................................................... 449 25.6.4 Grounding for Protection of Employees (1926.954) .................. 450

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25.7 25.8

25.9 25.10

25.6.5 Overhead Lines (1926.955) ...................................................... 450 25.6.5.1 Metal Tower Construction ........................................ 450 25.6.5.2 Stringing and Removing De-Energized Conductors ......................................... 452 25.6.5.3 Stringing Adjacent to Energized Lines ..................... 452 25.6.5.4 Live-Line Barehand Work ........................................ 452 25.6.6 Underground Lines (1926.956) ................................................ 453 25.6.7 Construction in Energized Substations (1926.957) .................. 454 25.6.8 External Load Helicopters (1926.958)...................................... 454 25.6.9 Linemans Body Belts, Safety Straps, and Lanyards (1926.959) .......................................................... 454 Radiation, Ionizing (1926.53) ................................................................ 454 Rigging (1926.251) ................................................................................ 455 25.8.1 Rigging Equipment for Material Handling (1926.251) ............ 455 25.8.2 Welded Alloy Steel Chains (1926.251).................................... 456 25.8.3 Wire Ropes (1926.251)............................................................. 457 25.8.4 Synthetic Rope (1926.251) ....................................................... 458 25.8.5 Web Slings (1926.251) ............................................................. 459 25.8.6 Shackles and Hooks (1926.251) ............................................... 460 Signs, Signals, and Barricades............................................................... 460 25.9.1 Accident Prevention Signs=Tags .............................................. 460 Tire Ination .......................................................................................... 461 Summary........................................................................................ 463

Chapter 26 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6

26.7 26.8 26.9 26.10

Chemicals............................................................................................... 463 Conned Spaces..................................................................................... 464 Driver and Vehicle Safety...................................................................... 465 Electrical ................................................................................................ 466 Emergency Response and Planning....................................................... 468 Ergonomics ............................................................................................ 469 26.6.1 Manual Material Handling........................................................ 469 26.6.2 Physical Energy Demands ........................................................ 469 26.6.3 Other Musculoskeletal Demands .............................................. 470 26.6.4 Computer Workstation.............................................................. 470 26.6.5 Environment.............................................................................. 470 26.6.6 General Workplace ................................................................... 470 26.6.7 Tools ......................................................................................... 471 26.6.8 Gloves ....................................................................................... 471 26.6.9 Administration .......................................................................... 471 Excavations=Trenches ............................................................................ 471 Fall Protection ........................................................................................ 472 Fire Protection and Prevention .............................................................. 474 Flammable and Combustible Materials ................................................. 476

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26.11

26.12 26.13 26.14 26.15 26.16 26.17 26.18 26.19 26.20 26.21 26.22 26.23

26.24

26.25

Hand and Portable Powered Tools ........................................................ 477 26.11.1 Hand Tools and Equipment .................................................... 477 26.11.2 Portable (Power-Operated) Tools and Equipment.................. 478 26.11.3 Powder-Actuated Tools........................................................... 478 26.11.4 Walk-Behind and Power Mowers........................................... 479 26.11.5 Jacks........................................................................................ 479 Hazardous Chemical Exposure .............................................................. 479 Hazard Communication ......................................................................... 481 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (Hazwoper) ...... 482 Health Hazards....................................................................................... 483 Lifting Safety ......................................................................................... 483 Lockout=Tagout Procedures................................................................... 484 Machine Guarding and Safety ............................................................... 485 Means of Exit......................................................................................... 486 Medical Services and First Aid ............................................................. 487 Personal Protective Equipment .............................................................. 487 Pressure Vessels..................................................................................... 488 Scaffolding ............................................................................................. 489 26.23.1 Suspended Scaffolds ............................................................... 490 26.23.2 Aerial Lifts .............................................................................. 490 WalkingWorking Surfaces ................................................................... 490 26.24.1 Walkways................................................................................ 491 26.24.2 Floor and Wall Openings........................................................ 491 26.24.3 Stairs and Stairways................................................................ 492 26.24.4 Elevated Surfaces.................................................................... 492 Welding and Cutting.............................................................................. 493 26.25.1 Gas Welding and Cutting ....................................................... 493 26.25.2 Arc Welding............................................................................ 494 26.25.3 Fire Prevention........................................................................ 494 26.25.4 Ventilation and Protection in Welding, Cutting, and Heating ............................................................................. 494 Common Exposures or Accident Types ...................................... 495

Appendix A A.1

Accident Types ...................................................................................... 495 A.1.1 Struck-Against Types of Accidents ........................................ 495 A.1.2 Struck-By Types of Accidents................................................ 495 A.1.3 Contact-By and Contact-With Types of Accidents ................ 496 A.1.4 Caught-In and Caught-On Types of Accidents ...................... 496 A.1.5 Caught-Between Types-Of Accidents .................................... 496 A.1.6 Fall-to-Same-Level and Fall-to-Below Types of Accidents... 496 A.1.7 Overexertion and Exposure Types of Accidents .................... 497 The 50 Most Common Chemicals Found on Hazardous Waste Sites by Frequency of Occurrence .................................... 499

Appendix B

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Appendix C Appendix D D.1

Sample Conned Space Entry Permit.......................................... 501 Welding Fumes and Gases and Their Hazards ............................ 503

Chemical Agents ....................................................................................... 503 D.1.1 Acetylene..................................................................................... 503 D.1.2 Aluminum.................................................................................... 503 D.1.3 Antimony..................................................................................... 503 D.1.4 Arsenic ........................................................................................ 503 D.1.5 Asbestos ...................................................................................... 503 D.1.6 Beryllium..................................................................................... 504 D.1.7 Cadmium ..................................................................................... 504 D.1.8 Carbon Monoxide ....................................................................... 504 D.1.9 Chromium.................................................................................... 504 D.1.10 Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Solvents ............................................. 504 D.1.11 Cobalt .......................................................................................... 504 D.1.12 Fluorides...................................................................................... 505 D.1.13 Iron Oxide ................................................................................... 505 D.1.14 Lead............................................................................................. 505 D.1.15 Magnesium .................................................................................. 505 D.1.16 Manganese................................................................................... 505 D.1.17 Mercury ....................................................................................... 505 D.1.18 Molybdenum ............................................................................... 506 D.1.19 Nickel .......................................................................................... 506 D.1.20 Nitrogen Oxides .......................................................................... 506 D.1.21 Ozone .......................................................................................... 506 D.1.22 Phosgene...................................................................................... 506 D.1.23 Phosphine .................................................................................... 506 D.1.24 Vanadium .................................................................................... 506 D.1.25 Zinc.............................................................................................. 506 Checklists for Use in Addressing Ergonomic, Material Handling, and Lifting Tasks .......................................... 507

Appendix E

Design Principles for Carrying Tasks................................................................... 507 Design Principles for Pushing and Pulling Tasks ................................................ 507 Design Principles for Lifting and Lowering Tasks .............................................. 508 General Workstation Design Principles................................................................ 509 Design Principles for Repetitive Hand and Wrist Tasks...................................... 509 Materials-Handling Checklist ............................................................................... 510 Bibliography ........................................................................................................ 513 Index..................................................................................................................... 517

PrefaceIndustrial Safety and Health for Infrastructure Services deals with the utilities, transportation, and waste management and remediation sectors. These three sectors provide the essential support and foundation for all of the other service industries. The energy, movement, and disposal of the by-products of the service industry are essential to production and life. These three sectors provide for the delivery of electricity, natural gas, and water, and the removal of sewage and waste. The transportation sector provides for the physical movement and delivery of goods, commodities, and mail as well as the transportation of passengers on air, boats, rail, taxis, and buses. The infrastructure services workforce is subject to many of the hazards that construction workers face, such as hazardous chemicals, conned spaces, handling electrical equipment, trenches, falls, ammable liquids and gases, machines, motor vehicles, heavy equipment, power tools, pressure vessels, scaffoldings, work surfaces, and welding. Some health-related issues are prevalent with these workers and the use of personal protective equipment is critical for many of the tasks they perform. Training these workers on safety and health issues is also of the essence in developing a safe and healthy workplace. Although the aforementioned hazards are not the only hazards faced by the workers in these sectors, they are the most common ones. Because of the diversity in the utilities, transportation, and waste management and remediation sectors, other job-specic hazards may result. This workforce is susceptible to several hazards because of the constant installation; maintenance; and repair of machines, equipment, vehicles, and transmission lines. These hazards can be managed by applying the principles of identication, intervention, and prevention, all of which are proven techniques of occupational safety and health. In todays work environment, workers must be trained for emergencies and security must be provided for both workers and patrons. By adhering to acceptable safe work practices and occupational safety and health regulations, the safety and health of the workforce can be ensured while running a productive business. This book serves as a guide in achieving this objective. Charles D. Reese, PhD

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AuthorFor 30 years, Charles D. Reese, PhD, has been involved with occupational safety and health as an educator, manager, and consultant. In his early career, Dr. Reese was an industrial hygienist at the National Mine Health and Safety Academy. He later became manager for the nations occupational trauma research initiative at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Healths Division of Safety Research. Dr. Reese has played an integral role in trying to ensure workplace safety and health. As the managing director for the Laborers Health and Safety Fund of North America, he was responsible for the welfare of the 650,000 members of the laborers union in the United States and Canada. Dr. Reese has developed many occupational safety and health training programs, which range from radioactive waste remediation to conned space entry. He has also written numerous articles, pamphlets, and books on related issues. Dr. Reese, professor emeritus, was a member of the graduate and undergraduate faculty at the University of Connecticut, where he taught courses on Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations, safety and health management, accident-prevention techniques, industrial hygiene, and ergonomics. As professor of environmental=occupational safety and health, he was instrumental in coordinating the safety and health efforts at the University of Connecticut. He is often invited to consult with industry on safety and health issues and is asked for expert consultation in legal cases. Dr. Reese is also the principal author of the Handbook of OSHA Construction Safety and Health (Second Edition); Material Handling Systems: Designing for Safety and Health; Annotated Dictionary of Construction Safety and Health; Occupational Health and Safety Management: A Practical Approach; and Ofce Building Safety and Health and Accident=Incident Prevention Techniques.

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1 Introduction to the Service Industry

Electricity generation by wind or other means is a part of the utilities sector in infrastructure services.

The service industry consists of many different places of work, called establishments. Establishments are physical locations in which people work, such as a branch ofce of a bank, a gasoline station, a school, a department store, or an electricity generation facility. Establishments can range from large retail operations with corporate ofce complexes employing thousands of workers to small community stores, restaurants, professional ofces, and service businesses employing only a few workers. Establishments should not be confused with companies or corporations that are legal entities. Thus, a company or corporation may have a single establishment or more than one establishment. Establishments that use and provide the same services are organized together into industries. Industries are in turn organized together into industry sectors. These are further organized into subsectors. Each of the industry groups requires workers with varying skills and employs unique service techniques. An example of this is found in utilities, which employs workers in establishments that provides electricity, natural gas, and water. The service industry is broken down into the following supersectors: Trade Retail trade (44 and 45) Wholesale trade (42)1

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Industrial Safety and Health for Infrastructure Services

Transportation and utilities Transportation (48) Warehousing (49) Utilities (22) Information services (51) Financial activities Financial and insurance sector (52) Real estate and rental and leasing sector (53) Professional and business services Professional, scientic, and technical services (54) Management of companies and enterprises (55) Administrative and support and waste management and remediation (56) Education and health services Educational services sector (61) Health care and social assistance sector (62) Leisure and hospitality Arts, entertainment, and recreation sector (71) Accommodation and food sector (72) Other services (81) The service industry is the fastest growing industrial sector in the United States and has seen growth in the international arena. The service industry accounts for approximately 70% of the total economic activity in the United States according to the U.S. Bureau of Census. This non-goods-producing industry, which includes retail trade, wholesale trade, and other service-related industries as previously mentioned, has a very diverse grouping.

1.1 NAICSWith the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), it became apparent that the long employed standard industrial classication (SIC) was no longer very useful when dealing with industries found in Canada and Mexico. Consequently, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has developed a new system entitled the North American Industrial Classication System (NAICS). NAICS uses a six-digit hierarchical coding system to classify all economic activity into 20 industry sectors. Five sectors are mainly goods-producing sectors and 15 are entirely services-producing sectors.

1.2 EMPLOYMENT IN THE SERVICE INDUSTRYTo have some idea of the numbers of employees addressed when speaking of the service industry, the worker population in each of the service industry sector is provided. The fast growing service industry as well as the number and variety of

Introduction to the Service Industry

3

TABLE 1.1 Employment in the Service Industry (2004)Service Industry Sectors Wholesale trade Retail trade Warehousing Transportation Utilities Administrative and support and waste management and remediation Information Finance and insurance Real estate Management of companies and enterprises Professional, scientic, and technical services Education services Health and social services Art, entertainment, and recreation Accommodation and food services Other services Employment 5,642,500 15,060,700 555,800 3,450,400 583,900 7,829,400 3,099,600 5,813,300 2,077,500 1,696,500 6,768,900 2,079,200 14,005,700 1,852,900 10,614,700 3,785,200 Percentage of Service Industry (84,896,300) 6.6 17.7 0.65 4.1 0.69 9.2 3.7 6.8 2.4 2.0 8.0 2.4 16.5 2.2 12.5 4.5 Percentage of All Private Industries (107,551,800) 5.2 14.0 0.52 3.2 0.54 7.3 2.9 5.4 1.9 1.6 6.3 1.9 13.0 1.7 9.9 3.5

Source: From Bureau of Labor Statistics. United States Department of Labor. Available at http:= =www. bls.gov, Washington, 2007.

occupations within each sector provides a window into the safety and health hazards that need to be addressed within each sector of the service industrys workforce (Table 1.1).

1.3 SAFETYOne of the most telling indicators of working condition is an industrys injury and illness rates. Overexertion, being struck by an object, and falls on the same level are among the most common incidents causing work-related injuries. The service industry is a large umbrella that encompasses many types of businesses, each of which has its own safety and health issues. Some of the service industries businesses are more hazardous than others. This book does not address each sector independently, but provides the tools and information needed to address the hazards and safety and health issues within each sector of the service industry. The service industry is made up of a large number of widely dissimilar industry sectors. Each sector has its own unique functions that result in each sector having its own set of unique hazards that the individual workforces must face and that their employers must address.

4

Industrial Safety and Health for Infrastructure Services

The functioning of each sector results in different types of energy being released, and therefore the differences in the types of accidents, incidents, injuries, and illnesses that occur. Thus, the hazards and energy sources dictate the specic Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations that each sector is compelled to be in compliance with. For these reasons, it is not possible to describe or address the service industry in the same manner as construction, shipyard, or ofce building industries, where workforces perform similar tasks and thus face similar hazards. Each hazard is discussed based upon the type of energy released, and its ability to cause specic accidents or incidents. In each section that describes hazards, the best practices for intervention and prevention of the release of the specic energy are emphasized. This approach will allow for the identication and prevention of hazards, and for framing regulations by any service industry sector. It will allow for a similar approach to address areas where the service industry sectors are alike and can be addressed as a collective industry rather than as individual sectors, for example, the same sectors will need to address areas such as compliance with OSHA regulations, conducting training, and effective management of safety and health. The intent of this book is to provide a source for the identication and prevention of most of the injuries and illnesses occurring in the service industry. Also, it summarizes applicable safety standards that impact the service industry as well as address how to work with and around OSHA to comply with its regulations. The book covers safety hazards involved with conned spaces, electrical equipment, falls, forklifts, highway vehicles, preventive maintenance activities, handling chemicals, radiation, welding, etc. The content describes the safety hazard as applied to the type of energy released or to the unique event that occurs from exposure to the hazard. The question that we should be asking, is the kind of safety being practiced prevent the destruction that we see in the American workforce? Maybe we ought to ask how we dene safety for a start. Here are some denitions of safety that may be useful: 1. Doing things in a manner so that no one will get hurt and so the equipment and product will not get damaged 2. Implementation of good engineering design, personnel training, and the common sense to avoid bodily harm or material damage 3. Systematic planning and execution of all tasks so as to produce safe products and services with relative safety to people and property 4. Protection of persons and equipment from hazards that exceed normal risk 5. Application of techniques and controls to minimize the hazards involved in a particular event or operation, considering both potential personal injury and property damage 6. Employing processes to prevent accidents both by conditioning the environment as well as conditioning the person toward safe behavior 7. Function with minimum risk to personal well-being and to property 8. Controlling exposure to hazards that could cause personal injury and property damage 9. Controlling people, machines, and the environment that could cause personal injury or property damage

Introduction to the Service Industry

5

10. Performing your daily tasks in the manner that they should be done, or when you do not know, seek the necessary knowledge 11. Elimination of foreseen hazards and the necessary training to prevent accidents or to provide limited acceptable risk to personnel and facilities Do any of these denitions match the safety guidelines practiced in workplaces where you have responsibility? If so, have you had any deaths or injuries to any of your workforce? When injuries and illnesses are not occurring anymore then the ultimate goals have been reached. Now comes the task of maintaining what has been gained. As one can see, safety can be dened in many different ways. Nearly all of these denitions include property damage as well as personal injury. It shows that the thinking is in the right direction and that safety consists of a total loss-control activity. The books content contains only one facet of a comprehensive safety effort, which is a never ending journey.

1.4 WHY TRAUMA PREVENTION?There are very real advantages when addressing trauma prevention, which do not exist when addressing illness prevention. The advantages are. . . . . .

Trauma occurs in real time with no latency period (an immediate sequence of events). Accident=incident outcomes are readily observable (only have to reconstruct a few minutes to a few hours). Root or basic causes are more clearly identied. It is easy to detect cause and effect relationships. Traumas are not difcult to diagnose. Trauma is highly preventable.

1.5 ACCIDENTS OR INCIDENTSThe debate over the use of the term accidents versus incidents has been long and continual. Although these terms are used virtually interchangeably in the context of this book, you should be aware of the distinction between the two. Accidents are usually dened as an unexpected, unplanned, or uncontrollable event or mishap. This undesired event results in personal injury and property damage or both and may also lead to equipment failure. An incident is all of the above as well as the adverse effects on production. This denition for an accident underlies the basic foundation of this book. The philosophy behind this book is that we can control these types of events or mishaps by addressing the existence of hazards and taking steps to remove or mitigate them as part of the safety effort. This is why we spend time identifying hazards and determining risk. Thus, the striving for a safe workplace, where the associated risks are judged to be acceptable, is the goal of safety. This will result in freedom from

6

Industrial Safety and Health for Infrastructure Services

those circumstances that can cause injury or death to workers, and damage to or loss of equipment or property. The essence of this books approach is that we can control those factors, which are the causing agents of accidents. Hazard prevention described in this book is addressed both from practical and regulatory approaches.

1.6 COMPREHENSIVE ACCIDENT PREVENTIONAccident prevention is very complex because of interactions that transpire within the workplace. These interactions are between. . . .

Workers Management Equipment=machines Environment

The interaction between workers, management, equipment=machinery, and the workplace environment have enough complexity themselves as the