Karuna KhemaneyMay 5, y

Industrial Revolution Portfolio

Essential Question: How do innovations and change affect individuals, communities, and the world?

1. Agricultural Revolution

Terminology:

The definition for crop rotation is when crops rotate from field to field.

The seed drill was a device that plowed the ground, put seeds in, and covered the seed with dirt. Charles ‘Turnip’ Townshend invented this device.

Selective breeding is when humans select animals based on their quality and physical appearance.

A revolution means a major change. In this case, Britain went through a major change called the agricultural and industrial revolution.

Visuals:

Four-field system [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://blything.wikispaces.com/Schoolhouse+Lane

This is a diagram/ image of the four- field system. Charles ‘Turnip’ Townshend, the inventor of the four- field system used it by putting the fields into four parts and then

putting the wheat in the first field, barley in the second field, turnips on the third field, and clovers on the fourth field. Every year, he would rotate the crops and from this idea Charles found out that a lot more crops had grown and a fair amount of nutrients were

in every field.

Seed drill [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttp://theindustrialrevolution.edublogs.org/2012/07/31/the-seed-drill/

This is an image of a seed drill. A seed drill is a device that Jethro Tull invented. It was a new and effective way to plow the ground and put seeds in. As you can see there are

sharp blades sticking out at the bottom, which aligns the line of where the seeds have to be dropped down from the tube. The flat axe blades are for covering the seeds and

putting the dirt back into place. The seed still was a new innovation that was easier and faster to plow the crops.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_CnR0Ak604 (video)This video explains what selective breeding is about and gives two specific examples; one on animals and one on plants. If the farmer wants fatter chickens he would take a

fat female chicken and a fat male chicken and breed it, which would fortunately make a fat baby chicken. The farmer selects animals or plants based on the quality or their

physical appearance.

Main Ideas and Supporting Details:

The agricultural revolution occurred mostly in the 18th century to the end of the 19th century in Britain. It is when agriculture improved and moved on for having higher demands because of new inventions and machines. There were different kinds of industries such as clothing industry, real estate industry, construction industry and more.

Charles ‘Turnip’ Townshend was the person who invented the crop rotation and the four- field system. Crop rotation was when you would rotate crops from field to field for every year or so. Charles ‘Turnip’ Townshend grew on that idea and called it the four- field system, where there were four fields right next to each other and they would rotate the crops that were in it every year. There were different crops like barley, wheat, clover, and turnips. Charles found out that this idea had worked perfectly for the quantity of the crops grew, the crops were growing faster, and there were a fair amount of nutrients in every field.

Jethro Tull created a new effective way to plow, a new innovation, the seed drill. As you can see in the image above, the seed drill looked quite complex but actually it was a simple machine. After the seed drills’ quantity was increased rapidly, there were results of improved farming. England had a lot of land that can be used for farming, but after a while the nobilities (duke, duchess, kings, queens, lords) started to privately own the land. They would have rock walls to separate the farming land and the private land.

Selective breeding was another discovery/ innovation that was based on animals’ DNA. The farmer would choose to breed the livestock based on their quality

and their physical appearance. For this discovery, there was also a big change between the statistics before and after the selective breeding.

Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin to help southern farmers to produce more cotton, but he did not know that he had created a machine that used more slaves in America. Tobacco was one of the most important crops but rice, corn, indigo, and special strain of cotton was also some of the main crops. As the cotton gin was increasing rapidly and taking more interest in buyers, Eli Whitney noticed that people needed machines to clean cotton. He designed a machine that matched the hand motions and the actions of the workers cleaning the cotton. This was called revolutionized manufacturing.

Citation for main ideas and supporting details:

The agricultural revolution. (n.d.). About.com Inventors. Retrieved November 5, 2013, from http://inventors.about.com/od/indrevolution/a/AgriculturalRev.htm

The Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund : The Enclosure Movement. (n.d.). The Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund : The Enclosure Movement. Retrieved November 6, 2013, from http://www.celdf.org/article.php?id=638

Essential Question:How did the agricultural revolution affect individuals, the community, and/or the world?

Before the inventions and ideas like the seed drill or crop rotation, farmers had to work hours and hours in the farm plowing and the amount of time that they worked on something the more percentage of food the farmers got. The farmers also had to share their own crops to nobilities such. After the machines and inventions started growing the quantity and the great variety of crops, there was an adequate amount of food for families, which meant that peoples’ health status improved which made families have healthier babies. People lived longer, and died in an old age. People had a lot more demand on manufactured goods such as clothing, for the machines worked efficiently while workers could not work the whole time for they will be exhausted and do a poor job and end up with a poor product. Unfortunately, because the quantity of the machines was rapidly increasing farmers and workers lost their jobs with nothing else to do so there were quite a lot of riots and protests.

2. Factory Innovations and Labor Changes

Terminology: The Spinning Jenny was where 8 spools of yarn were simultaneously spinning. It was invented in 1764.

The steam engine was a complex machine. It first started out way back around A.D. 60 and different people kept on improving the machine.

Coal was very essential to England and was one of the main sources for producing energy. Coal was heated, which when vaporized and produced steam, which made energy. There was a lot of coal in England so it was used in trading as well as producing energy.

Textile industry was when materials such as cotton, wool, silk, was exported around England and traded over different countries.

Visuals:

Women in coal mines [Photograph]. (n.d.). Retrieved from      http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/Hwindlass.jpg

Women instead of men worked in coalmines. They used windlasses to lift coal and lift women. They would be pulled up between narrow and dark spaces. Just like children

they would work long hours from day to night.

Spinning jenny [Photograph]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.austehc.unimelb.edu.au/tia/269_image.html

This image shows the machine called the Spinning Jenny. This image is a very good image because you can see where there are the tilted spindles and the head wheel.

There was a huge increase in the Spinning Jenny because there were more resources on cotton and thread.

This video is a great video that explains how a spinning Jenny works. The person will explain with an actual Spinning Jenny on what is happening when he is moving the

wheel and how thread is produced.

http://history.howstuffworks.com/31667-industrial-revelations-spinning-jenny-video.htm(Video)

Main Ideas and Supporting Details:

England had a shortage on wood to produce fuel so when it came to resources their reliance was on coal. There was a greater demand for products that used coal such as heating stoves and fireplaces as well as blacksmithing. Because now there main resource was coal that meant that there was an increase in mining. But by the 18th century miners were reaching their limit to where they can mine underground and the main problem was that there were water seepages. Not only were there water seepages but also miners had cave-ins, floods, explosions, and respiratory illness. There were explosives that would break another way

Another great resource other than coal was wool. England had a lot of livestock such as sheep so they spun it into thread. England traded wool all around the world and in exchange they got something new and exciting; cotton. Women would work at home carefully spinning the wool and now, also cotton into thread. This new idea was called the cottage industry. These women were called spinsters.

Because the population growth was increasing, people needed new, efficient ways to produce thread. John Kay invented what he called a fly- shuttle where there was one person rather than two people working on one loom. Unfortunately, nobody thought his invention was good enough and people thought that it would just leave more people to having no jobs so there were some disagreements.

James Hargreaves improved John Kay’s idea in 1765. Rather than a single worker spinning thread onto a single spinning wheel, his new invention allowed 1 spinner to simultaneously spin 8 threads at once. This new effective invention was called the Spinning Jenny names after James Hargreaves’ wife. Years after years, the quantity of Spinning Jenny’s were increasing rapidly. By 1778, 20,000 spinning Jenny’s’ were in working. By 1830, new, improved models finished products faster and the time was reduced to 20 hours.

Richard Arkwright patented a water frame, which had water powered rollers and spindles to make strong thread. In 1770, England worked 8 million pounds of raw cotton into thread and cloth. 20 years later, the amount of cotton increased to 37 million pounds and by 1830 machines was busy working 250 million pounds of raw cotton.

All these new inventions and machines meant that there needed to be more space to produce, and more labor. Machines were more efficient than people because they had a higher quality, they finished products in a shorter time, and they did not stop to take a break. In some places in Europe, peasants would work as agriculturists in summer and spring and, and then they would take jobs at the factories in the winter and fall. On the other side, people who moved from the rural areas to the urban areas, were stuck in cold, unhygienic factories working the whole day whether they liked it or not. When the workers were not paying attention, there would be accidents with people cutting off their arms and legs with machines. Lateness and poor quality led to whippings and harsh punishments.

Main Ideas and Supporting Details Citations:Primary History Victorian Britain. (n.d.). BBC News. Retrieved December 8, 2013, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/victorian_britain/

Essential Question:How did the factory system affect individuals, the community, and/ or the world?England was a drive from dependence on agriculture. In the late 1700s, England led by ministers and parliamentarians who were sympathetic to trade were starting to their resources, iron ore and coal to different countries. England also had a lot of sheep to make wool so they traded wool to countries such as India, Egypt, and later to the United States. There was an increase in population so when it came to making more factories, there needed to be more people working. That meant that more jobs were available, so more people started to move from the rural areas to the urban areas. As years passed by, new innovations and machines were starting to come out people started to lose their jobs. Even though, the workers still had to manage and keep an eye on the machines, the machines mostly did all the work and they gave out faster and higher quality products that workers could not. Now it was hard to get a job, for if you did not work hard or give the product in time there would be consequences.

3. Transportation

Terminology:

Steam engines were a source of transportation at that time. They were used to carry people and resources from another place.

Because England had a shortage of wood, oil could not be a main resource at that time, so something so different came in handy, coal. Miners had to dig deeper and deeper to get more coal and the demand for coal increased.

The demand for transportation vehicles and automobiles increased because people built roads and streets.

The demand for also digging deeper into the mines to get more coal increased because people had more demand on transporting and trading goods to different places.

Visuals:

Newcomen atmospheric engine [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from      http://aero103.blogspot.jp/2011/04/steam-engine.html 

This image shows how Newcomen’s steam engine worked and how energy was produced. As you can see it looks like a very complicated process, from transferring the

water and pumping and heating it. The brick is what separates the two waters. At the top of the brick in the middle is the water reservoir.

Steam ships [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.saburchill.com/history/      chapters/IR/033.html

A Frenchman, Denis Papin, was the first person to put the steam engine that Thomas Newcomen invented on to a ship. It was said that it traveled faster and handed in

resources at a faster time.

Steam locomotive [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://web.branson.k12.mo.us/      school_links/sports/track/History/Industrial%20Revolution/ 

     Borsig_steam_locomotive.jpgThis image represents a steam locomotive. A locomotive is a vehicle to transport goods or people to different places. Power was produced by steam when they burned coal and

the heat vaporized and turned into steam.

Main Ideas and Supporting Details:

Steam was an old- age source of natural power. People were already inventing things with metal in the AD 60. Hero of Alexandria brought up the first steam engine but it technically wasn’t a steam engine it was a small device, which was a metal sphere

with jets coming out of it. Little did he know that this invention was the start of new ideas. In 1702, an Englishman Thomas Savery built a low- powered steam engine that worked as a pump. He called this the atmospheric engine.

Thomas Newcomen’s engine was very efficient, capable with 12 strokes of the piston a minute. By 1760, 100 of the steam engines used in England. Like everyone his goal was also to try to solve the problem of water seepage. As it was written before, Britain had a lot of demand for coal because it was their main resource, so miners had to dig deeper which led out water.

After the steam engines came out, new innovations including stead started overflowing the society. A new transportation device had been created, the steam ship. Denis Papin, a Frenchman, was the first person to try to put a steam engine onto a ship. Denis’s problem was that he could not get the piston to flow in the right direction. Thomas Newcomen also tried to fix the problem but failed to do so when he came upon the same problem. James Watt was the man who improved Thomas Newcomen’s steam engine. James Watt and his partner Matthew Boulton was not only interested in science, they were determined to make improvements on the engine. Watt and Boulton made 18% efficiency on the engine and people all around the world wanted to see Britain’s creations. Countries got resources from all around the world and all the inventions were being improved. For example, one steamboat could carry what 20 horses were carrying. The 18th century was a very crucial century with the telescope giving intellectual freedom to create and innovate anything. After that, people were really enthusiastic to try to make the steam engine work. People came out with new ways to transport goods and people such as the engine car, the steamboat, canals, motorcycle, elevator, etc.

Essential Question:How did transportation affect individuals, the community, and/or the world?

Transportation affected the industry financially, socially, and economically. The machines and inventions such as the steam ships and trains made it easier to transport and trade with other countries for resources and steam took a shorter time when creating a product. But as the machines were developed over the years, that still meant that workers had to work especially hard because they could get fired and they did not need anything done by hand. Transportation was not only to transport goods but also to transport people. With new inventions and improved past inventions, people were carried and reached to a destination faster than the past years. Transportation affected people around the world by having a better relationship through England with trading resources in time with high quality. As new inventions came along, people all around the world wanted to see the magic, and came to England.

4. Labor

Terminology:

From the start of the Industrial Revolution there was a great need of labor, both adults and children. Children worked over 16- 18 hours a day.

Chimneysweepers were people, who cleaned the soot out of the chimneys. The chimney

The transformation during the Industrial Revolution from the use of machines was replaced by manual labor.

As young children entered the factory and mines parents’ supervision was now changed to supervision by foremen. Instead of learning skills, they learned nothing except the work that they were told to do. The children were the foremen’s’ apprentice.

Foremen were men that supervised the children in the factories and farms, richer than the families that gave up their children for money.

Visuals:

Coal tub [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/      commons/7/7b/Coaltub.png

These are one of the drawings of what it would have looked like going inside the tunnel of the mines, narrow and dark. People, even young children, had to crawl underneath

narrow spaces with no light in front of them. They would be inside for hours, which led to respiratory diseases when they were older.

Child in carolina cotton mill [Photograph]. (n.d.). Retrieved from      https://apworldhistorywiki.wikispaces.com/file/view/ 

     Hine,%20Child%20in%20Carolina%20Cotton%20Mill,%201908.jpg/419264124/      Hine,%20Child%20in%20Carolina%20Cotton%20Mill,%201908.jpg

This is an image of a girl in a cotton mill in Carolina. Children from the age 6 and above would work at home with their families or work in factories far away from their parents.

They would work form early morning to late nights, with small ample amount of porridge or gruel, and wear the same clothes everyday.

Women in factories [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://img.ehowcdn.com/      article-new-thumbnail/ehow/images/a08/6p/av/ 

     typical-workday-factories-industrial-revolution-800x800.jpg

This image looks like a typical working day for the women in the picture. This would probably be a cottage where they make cotton into thread. You could see that at the

back of the image there are more women lining up with wheels above, which meant that there were a lot of people hired for jobs such as textile.

Main Ideas and Supporting Details:Labor was used when companies and factories needed more people to work.

People worked in fields, houses, cottages, and industries. People from a young age would start working and sometimes have a far distance between their families. This would be called as the white slaves of England, child labor. Children at a young age such as 12 to 13 would be blacksmiths, carpenters, and bricklayers and work in mines. They were told that life would be good, with great luxury and delicious food to eat all day, they will learn manners from them. So they set off, being transported 100 miles away from home. Once they reached and were signed, they were there until they were 21 years old.

When I think of a word to describe mines, the first word I get is dangerous. The mines were said to be the most crucial places for children to work in. In mines, there was no parental supervision among the children working so there were only foremen. Children in the mines worked for a little amount of salary. The children working in mines’ health, diet, and conditions were very poor for they had no money and the oxygen was not clean. Not only were the mines a dangerous place to work in buy the factories were dark, dirty, and cold too. Injuries occurred when children lost concentration and started dazing off from a 14-15 hour day of work.

Foremen would beat them if they worked slowly or they didn’t have a good product at the end. Children had no education or knowledge about common things as hygiene; neither did they learn any skills. Finally, in 1830 the laws had changed and there were limited working hours and raised wages for children because people thought that it wasn’t the government’s job to regulate the industry.

In the early days the children worked with their parents in the textile industry and the cottage industry for mill owners hired entire families. Large numbers of children who were in the orphanage were apprenticed, turning into virtual slaves. 6 year olds worked from 5am into a late night.

Child labor was first introduced when most of the men were fighting in the Napoleon war. Parishes controlled priests to control children, who made them build churches. Because of all this hard labor, children started dropping out at a younger age and started to marry younger or became soldiers when they grew up. As men were looking for rich ladies, women who couldn’t work would also chase after men.

Women of all ages made income and worked under their father’s or husbands command. It was said that in 1851, 30% of the women in England were working under the direction of men who were mostly mill owners. Mill owners found this easier for women could usually get paid less than men. As almost half of the women were working in textile mills, child labor became less common at the end of the 1800s. People (mostly men) thought that it was best not to train women because at the end they will all be pregnant and retire or escape. However, some people thought that women were simply prejudiced.

Essential Question:Child labor affected individuals in many harsh ways especially when they had to

work long days with low wages. They were not fed nicely, nor where they hygienic. For the communities and the people who were upper class, it was an easy thing to trick the children into working hard with giving them less money and sell needs for a high price. Not only did children suffer from labor but also women. Women were becoming more common because the owners could pay less money to them. Foremen would beat both, women and children, if they worked slowly or their product was poor. Finally, people thought that it was just not right to treat women and children in such miserable ways, so the government made laws that limited working hours and examining labor.

5. Government and Social IssuesTerminology:

Socialism is one of the ways that you can organize a society, which includes wealth and the mostly the economy of the society. People in Britain tried to even out the communities more (upper class, middle class, lower class) so that everyone could at least eat food everyday and have somewhere to live.

Socialists were people who tried to change the societies and communities. They were leaders who wanted to try to spread awareness.

The age of romanticism occurred during the 18th century, when people had enough money to quit their jobs and start to take interest on the arts.

Visuals:

Government [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from      http://uncomprimisingliberal.blogspot.jp/2012/03/greenest-ever-government.html

This image represents the government meetings. The government can come together for many reasons such as having discussions about laws, disagreements, and issues

around the world that involve their country.

Socialism protests [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/  subject/britain/pics/match-girls-1888.jpg

This is an image of people protesting around Britain. There were protests because people were disagreeing about how the upper class factory and company owners were

treating the laborers. They signed petitions and had protests like this image.

Romanticism [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://upload.wikimedia.org/      wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Blake_The_Girl_Found_2.jpg

This image represents the age of romanticism. This book is an illustrated book of poems written by William Blake, an English poet. The book’s title is ‘Songs of Innocence and

Experience’, which was written on 1794.

Main Ideas and Supporting Details:The government was included in most of the topic above: the agricultural

revolution, factory systems, transportation, and labor. There were many politicians and government leaders/ officials that thought different from other people and there were some politicians and government leaders that thought nothing. It was said that from the middle of the early Industrial Revolution the middle class was introduced. As the years passed by, the middle class, were growing with great wealth, they had enough money and power to start questioning the authority of the church.

The government did not interfere with the agricultural side of things becausethere were not a lot of conflicts, but there were a lot more when people had demand for products and factories were introduced. In the late 1700s England led by ministers and parliamentarians were sympathetic to trade, commerce, and get industrial expansion.

Britain was a peaceful country with no wars until World War Two. A man called Adam Smith had published a book saying that the government should not get involved in trade and industry and it was better off without the government because business would stay the same. This act was called laissez-faire, which meant without the government interfering. He emphasized in his book the importance of trade from around the world and the need for labor. He believed that people with their own businesses should be left alone with the government taking care of the military and protecting property.

Factory officials hired children and women and as it was written before, became a disagreement as the labor became harder. The government was accepting the laws for children to work long hours in dirty and cold places. A politician William Pit was one of many other politicians to pass laws to use children as labor. As the government controlled mostly everything, when boys grew older they became soldiers instead of chimneysweepers and sometimes little boys would be soldiers too. The government even controlled the military, which meant that they could pass laws that could let young

boys go to war. Finally, people thought that it was wrong to let children work long hours in dangerous places. The English Parliament looked over child labor in the 1830s and the laws were now to limited working hours and raised wages for children because people thought that it wasn’t the government’s job to regulate the industry. The Industrial Revolution was now spreading all over the European countries too. As child labor was decreasing, the abuse in labor did not. People got exploited, forced to work in more dangerous places. As this crossed the line, critics started to protest against the hard work of labor. Many critics and locals were shocked to see that most of the people who were in charge were people who were rich and wealthy. The word ‘socialist’ was being used from the year 1833 and the word ‘socialism’ was used from the year 1839. Socialism was used when giving emphasis to the society as a whole, which means spreading awareness of recent news. Karl Marx was an influential writer who at a young age, studied and read about socialism. His writings influenced people and the spread of ideas and establishing a new government also came in mind.

As the years passed by, people became devoted to things like the arts. People had enough money to get out of work and start creating and getting interests. This was the age of the romanticism era. There were romantic stories told everywhere and were represented in all sorts of ways: music, writing, novelists, musicians, painters, poets, and more.

Essential Question:How did various government and social issues affect individuals, the community, and/or the world?It affected individuals by having lower class, upper class, and middleclass communities. The lower class did not have anything to live for and they were most likely the people who were controlled by the upper class in factories. The upper class had their own luxury for they lived a wealthy life. As labor was becoming dangerous, communities started to notice that the owners were treating them very poorly and some people decided to take an act on it. That is how the social issues started to take place. People started protesting and started justifying that cruelty to people was wrong and the leaders believed that everybody should be equal with food, shelter, and clothing to live for.

6. Second Industrial RevolutionTerminology:

Refrigeration was an improved idea (innovation) to preserve food and goods when transporting them through a long distance.

Telegraphs were used to transmit messages to other people.

Visuals:

Telegraph [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://fundumoviez.blogspot.jp/2012/02/      technology-money-this-story-starts-in.html

This image shows the telegraph and people surround it. It was said that it was Morse’s eighteenth birthday so to celebrate that was to gather people around and test the

telegraph to see if it really worked out.

Lightbulb [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/      File:Light_bulb_Edison_2.jpg

This image is one of the patents that Thomas Edison designed for the light bulb.

Typewriter [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.xtimeline.com/      __UserPic_Large/133735/evt110926033600418.jpg

This image shows the typewrite which was invented by Christopher Latham Sholes. The typewriters were used for both women and men and it was very efficient because it

gave them the opportunity to type faster and neater.

Main Ideas and Supporting Details:The Second Industrial Revolution took place in the ‘second half’ of the nineteenth

century. The Second Industrial Revolution had huge advances made in transportation and communication, not only in Britain but also in Europe and the United States. New and improved inventions came along the way such as the railroads, telegraphs, telephones, and steamships. There were many inventions that improved the action of transporting goods and information. In the earlier side of the Industrial Revolution, it was a time where they were drawing attention to improving and industrializing products of textile and steam power that was produced by coal. But the Second Industrial Revolution was drawing more attention to heavy industrial production that meant thing that came in handy to communicate, trade, and transport such as bicycles, telephones, and typewriters. Two new power sources came in handy, electricity and gasoline. Electricity was a big improvement. It was cheaper, and was more flexible than the power of steam. Further advancements took place, as people starting innovating ideas and plans. Inventions such as the light bulb, trolleys, subway and radios, were created.

New innovations were not only for factories but also for agriculture. Chemical advances came far too and now, chemical fertilizers were used in farms for plants. New farm machinery was also being invented. The development of refrigeration was also improved and now people could preserve food and it would not get rotten over long distances, travelling from one place to another.

American inventor, Isaac Singer, created the first- ever, original, sewing machine. Not only did the sewing machines produce inexpensive clothing for both home and factories but also gave more people inspiration to innovate more machines such as leather- stitchers, button- holers, and more.

Main Ideas and Supporting Details Citations:

BrainPOP | Industrial Revolution. (n.d.). BrainPOP | Industrial Revolution. Retrieved December 8, 2013, from http://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/ushistory/industrialrevolution/

Essential Question:How did the Second Industrial Revolution affect individuals, the community, and/or the world?The Second Industrial Revolution was in my opinion, the most effective out of all six topics. It affected the world greatly, with a revolution in communication, transportation, politics, and more. Europe and the United States had also experienced a drastic change from the early Industrial Revolution to the Second Industrial Revolution. With inventions like the telephone, people could communicate around the world. Britain also grew economically during this time because of all the higher demand in new and improved inventions.