Industrial Revolution

New Changes

Textile Industry

• Britain Clothed the World– Made wool, linen, and cotton cloth– Cloth merchants increased profit by

speeding up the weaving process– Many inventions were too big to be kept

in home moved to factories – Factories needed water power built

by rivers and streams

Textile Innovations

• Flying Shuttle John Kay 1733•Doubled the amount of work that could

be done in one day

• Spinning Jenny 1764•8 threads at one time

• Water Frame 1769• Water powered spinning wheels• Spinning Mule 1779• Power Loom 1787• Cotton Gin Eli Whitney 1795

New Power

• Steam drove industry in England Steam drove industry in England after 1820after 1820

• Steam Engine was cheap and Steam Engine was cheap and convenient but it needed convenient but it needed efficiency – who fixed it?efficiency – who fixed it?– Steam powered machinerySteam powered machinery

• Entrepreneurship: person who Entrepreneurship: person who organizes, manages, and takes on organizes, manages, and takes on risk of a businessrisk of a business

Water Transportation•Steam BoatSteam Boat•Transports people Transports people

ferryboats in New York ferryboats in New York Robert FultonRobert Fulton

•Leads to the creation of Leads to the creation of canals canals human made human made waterways waterways Erie Canal Erie Canal

Road Transportation

• Improvements were made to roadways

•Old way: Potholes so big people would fall in an drown

•New way: Stone roads no more mud or wagons getting stuck

•Private Investors: built roads and operate them for profit…toll roads

Railroad• Railway Age Begins: Steam driven trains Railway Age Begins: Steam driven trains • EffectsEffects

– Spread industrial growth: cheap Spread industrial growth: cheap transportation of materials and finished transportation of materials and finished goodsgoods

– Created 100’s of 1000’s of jobs: RR workers, Created 100’s of 1000’s of jobs: RR workers, miners (iron- tracks, coal- engines)miners (iron- tracks, coal- engines)

– Boosted agriculture / fishing industries: can Boosted agriculture / fishing industries: can be transported to distant citiesbe transported to distant cities

– Shifted population from the country to the Shifted population from the country to the citycity

City Growth

• Doubled in sizeDoubled in size• Urbanization: city building and Urbanization: city building and

movement of people to citiesmovement of people to cities• Cities created clusters of peopleCities created clusters of people• London 1 million in 1800London 1 million in 1800• Cities with more than 100,000 Cities with more than 100,000

went from 22-47% urban between went from 22-47% urban between 1800-18571800-1857

Living Conditions in CitiesLiving Conditions in Cities• No plans, no sanitary codes, no No plans, no sanitary codes, no

building codesbuilding codes• No adequate housing, education, No adequate housing, education,

police protection, unpaved streetspolice protection, unpaved streets• No drains, garbage everywhere, No drains, garbage everywhere,

crowded bedroomscrowded bedrooms• Wide spread sickness – cholera Wide spread sickness – cholera

epidemicsepidemics• Average lifespan – 17yrs for a Average lifespan – 17yrs for a

working class personworking class person

Class Tensions Arise• Rise of the middle-class

– Social class of skilled workers, professionals, business people and wealthy farmers

– Changes in social structure• Some were becoming wealthier than the

landowners and aristocrats– Upper middle: government employees, doctors,

lawyers, managers– Lower middle: factory overseers, skilled workers, tool

makers, mechanical drafters– Poor: little improvement to their standard of living

» Frustration: machines are taking their jobs

Positive Effects• Jobs for workers• Better housing• Cheaper clothing• Wealth of the

nation• Raised standard of

living

• Technology, progress, and invention

• Education opportunities

• Increased good production

• Healthier diets

Working Conditions

• Average work day 14 hours• 6 days per week• No government regulations to

provide aid or help

Case Study: ManchesterAn example of an Industrialized City

• Northern England• Had access to power and water had

an outlet to the sea• Filthy sewers• Poor working class• Standard of living rose due to the

prosperity of the factory• High profits due to child labor• Major pollution: coal blackened the sky

& air, dyes for cloth poisoned the air

Child Labor

• 6 years old• 6 days a week 6 am – 8 pm • 30 minute lunch • 1 hour dinner• Used them for small hands • to fix machinery hands chopped off• If they fell asleep they were beaten• Factory Act 1892: child labor law

– Set hours and wages children

Labor Unions

• Role: speak for all workers• Collective Bargaining: negotiations

between workers and employers– Bargain for wages and working

conditions– Strike: when union members

refuse to work when their needs aren’t met

Skilled workers

• Have major bargaining power because their skills were specialized

• Management would have trouble replacing workers

• Carpenters, printers, spinners

Unionization

• Started slow in Britain and US• American Federation of Labor

– US 1886 Unions joined together

• Britain outlawed unions– Threat to social order and stability

– People joined them anyway•Eventually government tolerated them

Reform Laws• Factor Act of 1833: restrictions on child hrs

and wages no one under 9 yrs old• Mines Act: no women and children can work

underground• Ten Hours Act: limited hours for women and

children• National Child Labor Committee 1904: US

ended child labor• Abolishment of Slavery: 1833 Great Britain • Women’s Rights• Children’s Education Rights

– Free schools in W. Europe in late 1800s