industrial revolution
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Industrial Revolution
By J. Collins/ D McDowell/ A. Anders
Industrial Revolution
The IR is when people stopped making stuff at home and started making products in factories.
Cottage Industry
On the F
arm
• Farm life difficult, but cyclical • Homes built and maintained by
farmer and family• Intense periods of work during
planting and harvesting seasons with slower work schedule in between
• Daily schedule set by work load, daylight, farmer’s ambition
Agrarian
(Agricultural)
Revolution
• Draw two large rectangles divided into nine squares each. Each one of these symbolizes a field of nine different crops. *In the first rectangle, *In the second, put an
draw crops in each square X in any three of the boxes Draw crops in the remaining squares
Now make a little fence around the entire fields of the rectangle with the Xes.
X X X
• Agricultural Revolution – New farming methods invented
• Lord Townshend in England introduced crop rotation – land could now be used year-round; certain crops revitalized soil
• Enclosure movement had large land owners buying and then fencing public land
Shift AW
AY
from
Agrarian M
ovement
• Smaller farmers pushed off of land to work as wage laborers for various land owners or to move to the growing cities (urbanization)
• More food produced = population increase
• In 1700 there were about 100 million people in Europe, by 1800 the population had grown to 190 million.
Review
• What was the agrarian or agricultural revolution?
Why did the IR
begin in G
reat Britain?
Rise of science Increasing productivity in agriculture Expanding population Merchant tradition- entrepreneurial spirit capitalist philosophy (Adam Smith!) Geography
Coal and iron deposits Navigable rivers Natural harbors Island location
Global trading, slave labor, gold & silver of the New World- COLONIES (in America, Africa, India)
State-supported economic development Constitutionalism; Locke’s philosophy (property!)
Quest for colonies!-
giant map
Britain Industrializes
First
• 1715-1850• Many natural
resources available in Britain, including large amounts of coal and iron
Britain Industrializes
First
• Geographical advantages include a large river system for water power and many natural harbors for easy trade
• A strong, stable government allowed a strong, stable economy to develop which resulted in extra money to invest
Britain Industrializes
First
• Colonial empire provided much needed raw materials and markets
• Spreads to continental Europe, United States of America, and Japan between 1850 and 1914
Slavery
England dominated slave trade 1690-1807 in Atlantic
• Transported 1.7 million slaves to West Indies (Caribbean area) for plantations on their COLONIES
• Abolished first in UK and later in US with Emancipation Proclamation 1863
Urbanization
• Growth largely unplanned leading to numerous sanitary and social problems
• Typhoid and cholera epidemics swept through the cities
• Families lived in tiny, dirty, rat-infested, crime-infested, disease-ridden housing communities
New
Cities-
Urbanization!
QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Labor C
hanges
• Dramatic changes in work patterns occur in the factories
• Concept of time introduced to work, people arrive at factory at specific time, work for pre-set number of hours – “Time was money”
Coal D
iscovered
Iron +
Coal=
PO
WE
RF
UL
!
Immigration
Pull factors
• Immigrants come to the USA for jobs and opportunities.
• Pull factors are good stuff to bring immigrants here like jobs.
• Jobs pulled immigrants here.
• Free land was a pull factor
Push factors
• Push factors are bad stuff to push immigrants away like war or disease. This is potato famine.
• Many immigrants lived in tenements.
Tenem
ent
UR
BA
NIZ
AT
ION
• These advancements resulted in the movement of work from the home to the factory
• Move from country to city for opportunities
Child labor
• Many immigrants put their children to work ASAP.
Child L
abor
Small B
odies 1 Shilling a W
eek
Child labor
• Shoeshine boys
Child labor
• Bowling pin boys
Child labor
• Coal miner boys
Child labor
• Young miner
Deep in the C
oal M
ines
• Girls were preferred over boys. They were paid less, had smaller hands.
Child L
abor
• Parliament in GB begins to investigate! They hold hearings, calling in witnesses.
• Primary Document Reading
Breaker B
oys
Breaker B
oys
Charles D
ickens
Play itunes Dickens
Turn to p. 716 in your textbook.
Read the top under “What are Fair Working Conditions?”
With your partner, discuss the two questions in the blue box
Factory system
New
Technology
Divide your entire paper into six large boxes
At the top of each box, label them accordingly:1. Electricity and Power2. Transportation3. Products4. Communication5. Medicine6. OtherAs you view the following slides and films, record all the new inventions in the appropriate boxes!
1. Electricity/Power 2. Transportation
3. Products 4. Communication
5. Medicine 6. Other
Into the 20th Century
QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Cotton gin
• Eli Whitney’s cotton gin removed the seeds out of raw cotton.
Steam E
ngine
• The steam engine was not just a transportation device. It ran entire factories the way rivers used to.
Improved
Transportation
QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Railroads
Transcontinental R
R
• The transcontinental railroad made travel across the country faster, cheaper and more efficient.
• The transcontinental RR met in Utah
Canals
• Canals are manmade waterways dug between 2 large bodies of water.
• The Erie Canal was a short cut from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes.
Erie C
anal 1825
Panam
a Canal
• The Panama Canal was a shortcut from the Atlantic to the Pacific (or backwards).
Panam
a Canal
Telegraph
• Samuel Morse invented the telegraph. It communicated using a series of beeps (Morse code).
telephone
• Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.
Robber B
arons
• Andrew Carnegie owned US Steel.
• Steel Mill at night.
Robber B
arons
• John D. Rockefeller owned the railroads and the oil industries
Monopoly
• Carnegie and Rockefeller ran their competition out of business.
• A monopoly is when one company controls the entire industry.
Thom
as Edison
• The light bulb allowed factories to work at night.
• Phonograph
Science
• 1869-Dmitri Mendeleyev grouped elements according to weight (periodic table)
• Earth formed over millions of years• Charles Darwin (On the Origin of
Species)-evolution
Disease P
revention
• 1870-Louis Pasteur showed link between germs and disease, developed a vaccine for rabies and developed pasteurization
• 1914- knew yellow fever and malaria were caused by mosquitoes
• People bathed more
• 1846-anesthesia
• Joseph Lister-insisted surgeons sterilize instruments and wash hands
Edison’s inventions
• Motion picture camera
Efficient industry
• While some progressives fought industry with labor unions and government regulation, others helped industry by using science in the workplace.
Ford’s assem
bly line
Industrial efficiency
• Henry Ford learned that the less people had to move, the faster they would work.
• The first cars were very expensive.
Model T
• The Model T was the first car that middle class people could afford.
Model T
• The assembly line lowered the cost of the Model T from $825 to $300.
Philosophical Reactions to Industrialization
Adam Smith
Thomas Malthus
David Ricardo
Charles Darwin Social Darwinism
John Stuart MillsUnions
Women’s Suffrage
Slavery Abolition
Adam
Smith-
CA
PIT
AL
ISM
• Free market- Laissez- Faire
• S/C/S laws=
1. Self interest
2. Competition,
3. Supply and
demand
Thom
as Malthus
• Population increases faster than the food supply!
• Malthusian……..• Is this true? When?
“Iron law
of wages”
• David Ricardo • Believed that workers should
only be paid enough to survive• If they make more, they will
only have more children and therefore become poor again or die off from starvation
• Permanent Underclass (like Malthus)
“Iron law
of wages”
• Workers should be satisfied with their wages because they are maintained at a natural level
• Leads to the idea that poverty is caused by character flaws in an individual
• Natural selection of the fittest
• Species develop specialized traits to fit their environment
Social
Dar
wini
sm
Separate notion from the biological argument. Not something Charles Darwin would have likely advocated!
1. Society should allow the weak and less fit to fail and die.
2. Pre-existing prejudices were rationalized by the notion that colonized nations, poor people, or disadvantaged minorities must have deserved their situations because they were “less fit” than those who were better off. (rationalized colonies and eugenics)
RE
FO
RM
Brought by
the IR
• Invention of the steam engine in 1763 by James Watt shifts labor from humans and animals to machines
• Inventions continue to make life, manufacturing, and farming easier and better
• Continuous reinvestment of profits fuel even greater growth
• Inventions in one area often led to inventions in others
• Transportation and communication systems are greatly enhanced
Changes B
rought by the Industrial
Revolution
• Cities begin to dominate the western world
• Creates a new social order with the rise of an influential middle class
• Poor working conditions for lower classes eventually lead to new social and political movements-Getting organized for reforms!
• Need for markets and resources force Europeans to take over foreign lands (imperialism)
Reform
s
• By late 1800’s most European countries granted all men right to vote
• Child labor laws• 1909-8 hour work day for
miners• Public schools set up- kids
required to have basic education
Wom
en’s Suffrage and Slavery A
bolition
Suffragists
• We hold these truths to be self evident that all men and women are created
equal.
Suffragists
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton was the grandmother of the movement
•Open up the text to p. R 57 in the back. •Stanton Group reading
• Women all over the USA and Britain paraded and protested for suffrage.
Wom
en’s suffrage
• Stanton and Susan B. Anthony fought for women’s rights.
• WWI helped women get the vote because they worked so hard during WWI.
• The Nineteenth Amendment gave women’s suffrage.
Labor R
eform
• Labor unions struggled in the 1800s to fight for better working conditions (shorter work day, workers’ comp).
Labor reform
• Unions went on strike, and they turned violent most of the time.
Workers Strike
Labor unions
• Skilled labor unions were more successful because they were harder to replace.
• Progressives got laws passed that prohibited child labor.
• Progressives passed laws limiting hours women worked.
• Progressives passed laws requiring workplace safety.
• Workplace safety.
Rise of Socialism
• Critics of the Industrial Revolution began advocating for a more even distribution of the wealth.
• Utilitarianism- government needed only to create greatest good for greatest number of people.
• John Stuart Mills- Questioned unregulated capitalism– More reforms in legal system and
education
Robert Owen
Rise of Socialism
• Robert Owen set up an utopian system in his factories, creating an ideal working community – workers worked less, children were taken care of while parents worked, productivity and profit increased
Tw
o Conflicting
Econom
ic Systems
• CAPITALISM
(Adam Smith)
• COMMUNISM
(Marx and Engels)
Marx and E
ngles
• Karl Marx and Frederick Engels witness the horrors of industrialization.
• Together they write the Communist Manifesto
• Believed capitalism would fail.
• Took socialism to a new level
• Proletariat will rise up against Bourgeoisie
Karl Marx
Marx and EngelsProletarian cry for justice against the growing bourgeoisie:
“ The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite!”
Founders and their
Works
Capitalism Communism
Adam Smith Karl Marx/ Frederick Engels
Wealth of Nations The Communist Manifesto
View
s on Governm
ent
Capitalism CommunismGovernment should not interfere with economy – laissez faire
Everything owned by governmentGovernment closely regulates economy (sets prices, etc.)
View
on people
People become wealthy because they offer something – a product or service, that others wantEveryone has the opportunity to succeed
People should cooperate to obtain success, eliminating competitionEveryone should have an equal share of the available wealth/property
Social Conditions
Capitalism CommunismThrough hard work people can lift themselves out of poverty
Government ownership of the economy will end unemployment, poverty, hunger, and slave-like working conditions
Individual Freedom
Capitalism CommunismPeople are free to choose their own careersFreedom of religionFreedom is more important than security
Government determines job placementReligion considered a burdenSacrifice freedom for security
Future
Capitalism is the only efficient economic system
Capitalism is self-destructiveWorkers will eventually rise up in a violent revolution and take powerThe future of the world is communism