industrial pharmacy prathap
TRANSCRIPT
Mallareddy college ofpharmacy
Guided By Dr.Kishore kumar kadimpati Ph.D, PDF Industrial Pharmacy ll (ppt) Presented By, Y.PRATHAP 256213886031
Monitoring and preventionsystem
CONTENTS• Monitoring (MEDICINE)• Medical monitoring• Cure monitoring• Election monitoring• Environmental monitoring• Network monitoring• System monitoring• Website monitoring• Self monitoring
What is the Monitoring ?
Monitoring: Supervising activities in progress to ensure they are on-course and on-shedule in meeting the objectives and performance targets.
Monitoring (medicine)• In medicine, monitoring is the observation of a disease,
condition or one or several medical parameters over time.• It can be performed by continuously measuring certain
parameters by using a medical monitor (for example, by continuously measuring vital signs by a bedside monitor), and/or by repeatedly performing medical tests (such as blood glucose monitoring with a glucose meter in people with diabetes mellitus).
• EXAMPLE: The PASCAL Dynamic Contour Tonometer. A monitor for detection of increased intraocular pressure.
Ref :(1)
Medical monitor or physiological monitor is a medical device used for monitoring. It can consist of one or more sensors, processing components, display devices (which are sometimes in themselves called "monitors"), as well as communication links for displaying or recording the results elsewhere through a monitoring network.
Components• Sensor• Translating component• Display device• Communication links
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HEART RATE MONITOR
Photo of a Polar RC3 GPS heart rate monitor watch - chest strap not shown
• Interpretation of monitored parameters• Monitoring of clinical parameters is primarily intended to
detect changes (or absence of changes) in the clinical status of an individual. For example, the parameter of oxygen saturation is usually monitored to detect changes in respiratory capability of an individual.
EXAMPLE: The PASCAL Dynamic Contour Tonometer. A monitor for detection of increased intraocular pressure.
cure monitoring
• Real-time computing of cure monitoring is an essential component for the control of the manufacturing process of composite materials. The rationale for cure monitoring relies on the various physical or chemical properties that can be used to follow the transformation of an initially liquid thermoset resin into its final rigid solid form (curing). The relationship between the monitoring output and the requirements for feedback-loop control is the subject of extended research activities including considerations of the modelling of the cure reaction.
Ref:(2)
Techniques
• Optical fiber cure monitoring is performed by measuring – changes in the concentration of specific reactive resin species using spectroscopy
methods (FTIR & Raman)– changes in the refractive index or fluorescence of the resin (optical property)– changes in internal resin strain (mechanical property) with the use of Fibe Bragg
Grating (FBG) sensors• Ultrasonic cure monitoring methods based on relationships between changes
in the characteristics of propagating ultrasound and the real-time mechanical properties of a component by measuring: – ultrasonic time of flight, both in through-transmission and pulse-echo modes– natural frequency using impact excitation and laser-induced surface acoustic wave
velocity measurement.
• Thermal cure monitoring methods based on the amount of heat produced during the thermoset cure reaction by measuring: – the amount of heat flux per second through a given surface– the change in heat capacity for small resin quantities
Election monitoring
• Election monitoring is the observation of an election by one or more independent parties, typically from another country or a non-governmental organization (NGO), primarily to assess the conduct of an election process on the basis of national legislation and international election standards.
• Organizations• International organizations such as the Organization of American States,
the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the European Union, the Commonwealth Secretariat, the Council of Europe and the African Union regularly deploy monitoring teams. The United Nations no longer provides monitoring services, instead it focuses on electoral assistance. Individual governments also participate in monitoring efforts, generally under the umbrella of an international organization.
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• International Election Observation• Standard international election observation missions, as deployed by, for the
example, the European Commission or the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), monitor the entire electoral process.
• Long Term Observers (LTO)• Most observation missions send a small number of long-term monitors (known
as LTOs) for a period of six to eight weeks. A larger number of short-term observers (known as STOs) then join the mission for the final week of the campaign.
• Domestic Election Observation• In addition to international organizations monitoring elections, citizen
organizations—or coalitions of organizations—also monitor elections in their own country.
• Local and regional election monitoring• Though most international observer
organisations have a mandate to observe parliamentary elections, the Congress of the Council of Europe, in cooperation with the Venice Commission, is specifically mandated to monitor local and regional elections and is unique in this regard.
Environmental monitoring
• Environmental monitoring describes the processes and activities that need to take place to characterise and monitor the quality of the environment. Environmental monitoring is used in the preparation of environmental impact assessments, as well as in many circumstances in which human activities carry a risk of harmful effects on the natural environment. All monitoring strategies and programmes have reasons and justifications which are often designed to establish the current status of an environment or to establish trends in environmental parameters.
• Air quality monitoring• Soil monitoring• Water quality monitoring
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Water quality monitoringDesign of environmental monitoring programmes
Water quality monitoring is of little use without a clear and unambiguous definition of the reasons for the monitoring and the objectives that it will satisfy. Almost all monitoring (except perhaps remote sensing) is in some part invasive of the environment under study and extensive and poorly planned monitoring carries a risk of damage to the environment. This may be a critical consideration in wilderness areas or when monitoring very rare organisms or those that are averse to human presence.
• Chemical-Analyzing water samples for pesticides• Biological-In ecological monitoring, the monitoring strategy and
effort is directed at the plants and animals in the environment under review and is specific to each individual study.
• Radiological-Radiation monitoring involves the measurement of radiation dose or radionuclide contamination for reasons related to the assessment or control of exposure to ionizing radiation or radioactive substances, and the interpretation of the results.
• Microbiological-Bacteria and viruses are the most commonly monitored groups of microbiological organisms and even these are only of great relevance where water in the aquatic environment is subsequently used as drinking water or where water contact recreation such as swimming or canoeing is practised.
Network monitoring
• Network monitoring is the use of a system that constantly monitors a computer network for slow or failing components and that notifies the network administrator ( other alarms) in case of outages. It is part of network management.
• Internet server monitoring• Monitoring an internet server means that the server owner always
knows if one or all of his services go down. Server monitoring may be internal, i.e. web server software checks its status and notifies the owner if some services go down, and external, i.e. some web server monitoring companies check the services status with a certain frequency.
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Website monitoring• Monitoring is essential to ensure that a website is available to users, downtime
is minimized, and performance can be optimized. Users that rely on a website, or an application, for work or pleasure will get frustrated or even stop using the application if it is not reliably available. Monitoring can cover many things that an application needs to function, like network connectivity, Domain Name System records, database connectivity, bandwidth, and computer resources like free RAM, CPU load, disk space, events, etc. Commonly measured metrics are response time and availability , but consistency and reliability metrics are gaining popularity. Measuring a website's availability and reliability under various amounts of traffic is often referred to as load testing
• Users of website monitoring (typically network administrators, web masters, web operations personnel) may monitor a single page of a website, but can also monitor a complete business process (often referred to as multi-step transactions).
Ref:(6)
• Types of website monitoring• There are two main types of website monitoring• Synthetic monitoring also known as active monitoring, and• Passive monitoring also known as real monitoring.
• Servers monitoring from around the globe• Website monitoring services usually have a number of servers around
the globe - South America, Africa, North America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia and other locations. By having multiple servers in different geographic locations, monitoring service can determine if a Web server is available across continents over the Internet. Some vendors claim that the more locations the better picture on your website availability while others say that three globally distributed stations are sufficient and more stations do not give more information.
Self-monitoring
• Mark Snyder originally developed a scale to measure whether people were high or low self monitors in 1974 as a 25-item measure. In his original study he found that Stanford University students scored significantly higher on the scale than did psychiatric inpatients, but significantly lower than people in the acting profession. The scale was revised into an 18-item measure that is considered psychometrically superior to the original scale and has been used extensively in self-monitoring studies.There has developed great debate over whether or not the self-monitoring scale is a unitary phenomenon. During the 1980s, factor analysis postulated that the self-monitoring scale was actually measuring several distinct dimensions. The three-factor solution was the most common and usually interpreted as Acting, Extraversion, and Other-Directedness (see willingness to communicate). There has developed consensus about the multifactorial nature of the items on the self-monitoring scale; however, there remains differing interpretations about whether or not that jeopardizes the validity of the self-monitoring concept.
High/Low self-monitorsA score of 0-8 on Snyder's scale indicates low self-monitoring, while a score of 13-25 indicates high self-monitoring. Some traits of high self-monitors include readily and easily modifying their behavior in response to the demands of the situation, whereas low self-monitors care little about modifying their behavior in response to the situation and tend to maintain the same opinions and attitudes regardless of the situation.
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PREVENTION SYSTEM
• Prevention of industrial safety
such as fire mechanical electrical chemical
References
1. Forgerty,y.(1989),medicine monitoring.2. I.partridge&G.Maistros, chapter-17,vol 5, Encyclopeadia of composite material(2001)3. Mark almond August 15 2006, Declaration of principles for international Election observatin.4 . Wrona.F.J; Cash,K.J,1996.The ecosystem approach to Environmental assessment.5. The impact of WAN optimization on Net Flow/IPFIX measurment.6. Ajzen,Icek.(1985),7. Ajzen,I; Timko,c.&white,J.B(1982). Self monitoring&the attitude-behaviour relation.
