industrial hazards and plant safety

8/10/2019 Industrial Hazards and Plant Safety

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Industrial Safety

INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS AND PLANT SAFETY

INTRODUCTION

In the present Factories Act (Act No.LXIII1948) Drugs and

Pharmaceutica Industries ha!e "een inc uded in the ist o# Industriesin!o !ing ha$ardous process as amended "% Act No.&' o# 198 . In the saidpro!ision occupier has "een as ed #or compu sor% disc osure o# in#ormationregarding dangers inc uding hea th ha$ards and the measures to o!ercomesuch ha$ards arising #rom the e*posure to or hand ing o# the materia s orsu"stances in the manu#acture+ transportation+ storage and other processes tothe ,or ers emp o%ed in the #actor%. In -u" section (1) in#ormation has "eenas ed to inc ude the /uantit%+ speci0cation and other characteristics o# ,astesand the manner o# their disposa and to dra, up an on site emergenc% p anand detai ed disaster contro measures #or the #actor% and ma e no,n to the,or ers emp o%ed therein and to the genera pu" ic i!ing in the !icinit% o# the#actor%.

A sa#et% committee has to "e #ormed consisting o# three to #ourmanagement personne "eing headed "% the sa#et% o icer. Function o# thesa#et% committee ,i co!er the tota super!ision starting #rom the incoming2a, 3ateria s+ their storage+ the materia under process and the ,ho emanu#acturing process up to the e*tent o# 0nished goods in connection tosa#et%+ ha$ard and the measure to "e ta en to that e ect.

List o# 2a, 3ateria s to "e made ,ith their chemica name+ #ormu a+/uantit% stored+ ,hether to*ic+ poisonous or corrosi!e and the ha$ard andad!erse e ect ,hich ma% "e caused due to the mishand ing and the instante ecti!e measures needed to "e ta en in case o# an accident. rie# detai s o# manu#acturing process ,ith ine diagram o# !esse s+ ocation+ chemicareactions in!o !ed ,ith #ormu a+ temperature+ pressure ande*othermic5endothermic reactions in the respecti!e !esse s must "e mentionedand the sa#et% measure #or operations i e #encing o# machiner%+ ,or on ornear machiner% in motion+ restriction o# %oung persons on dangerous

machines+ proper precaution a"out se # acting machines+ precautionar%measure #or i#ting machines+ chains+ ropes and i#ting tac es and their propermaintenance are a so to "e stated c ear %. I# an% p ant is operated at a pressurea"o!e atmospheric pressure+ e ecti!e measures shou d "e ta en to ensurethat the sa#e ,or ing pressure o# such a p ant or machiner% has "eenmaintained. A chart ma% "e enc osed stating the sa#et% arrangement o# !esse s

i e sa#et% !a !e detai s+ pressure gauge detai s+ rupture disc+ stop !a !e+ !ent

NAGARAJA Y S , De t !f P"ar#a$euti$s, Pa%e &


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Industrial Safety

pipe etc.+ and the method o# discharge o# #umes5 gas o# tan and the open airdischarge i# an%. I# an% manu#acturing process produces dust+ gas #umes or

!apor o# such character and to such e*tent as to "e i e % to e*p odeoriginated+ a practica measures sha ha!e to "e ta en to pre!ent an% suche*p osion and to "e stated c ear %. Precautionar% measures are to "e ta en "%pro!iding suita" e 0re 0ghting app iances in respecti!e p aces and the othermeans i# an% so that e ecti!e measures can "e ta en in the e!ent o# 0re. Athe ,or ers must "e #ami iar ,ith the means to escape in case o# 0re and tooperate the e*tinguishers.

Hazard is a term associated ,ith a su"stance that is i e ihood to cause in6ur%in a gi!en en!ironment or situation.

Industrial Hazard ma% "e de0ned as an% condition produced "% industriesthat ma% cause in6ur% or death to a personne or oss o# product or propert%

Safety in simp e terms means #reedom #rom the occurrence o# ris or in6ur% oross.

Industrial Safety or Employee Safety re#ers to the protection o# ,or ers#rom the danger o# industria accidents.

7o*ic and corrosi!e chemica s+ 0re+ e*p osions and personne #a ing intoaccidents are the ma6or hea th and sa#et% ha$ards encountered in theoperations o# chemica and pharmaceutica re ated industries.

Identi0cation o# the ha$ards and emp o%ing the protecti!e measures to controthe ha$ards are important to protect the peop e #rom their conse/uences.

Accident pre!ention needs s%stematic and technica stud% o# e!er% aspect o# the p ant design and operation. 7oda% s industr% emp o%s user #riend %machiner%+ ,hich can ,ithstand human error and e/uipment #ai ure.

P ant sa#et% di ers #rom the traditiona approach o# pre!ention o# accidents ina num"er o# ,a%s

7here is more concern ,ith accidents that arise out o# techno og%.7here is more emphasis on #oreseeing ha$ards and ta ing action "e#oreaccidents occur.7here is more emphasis on s%stematic methods o# identi#%ing ha$ardsand estimating that pro"a"i it% that the% ,i occur and theirconse/uences.7here is concern ,ith accidents that cause damage to p ants and oss o# pro0t.7raditiona practices and standards are oo ed at more critica %.

NAGARAJA Y S , De t !f P"ar#a$euti$s, Pa%e '


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Industrial Safety

hen com"usti" e construction is in!o !ed+ 0re ,a cuto s shou d "epro!ided. 7he cuto s shou d "e standard+ 0re,a o# at east 1; inch o# "ric oro# e/ua construction ,ith a door openings proper % protected ,ith sing e ordou" e automatic 0re doors.

EXIT POINTSB!er% #actor% or ,or ing space shou d "e ha!e at east t,o e*it points#rom each store%.7he e*it points o# ade/uate capacit% shou d "e pro!ided so as to ena" e theemp o%ees to reach a p ace o# sa#et% outside the "ui ding+ in case o# 0re.

B/uipment shou d "e designed to meet the speci0cations and codes o# recogni$ed authorities such as Indian -tandards Association+ AmericanPetro eum Institute (API) and American -ociet% o# 7esting 3ateria s.

B!er% t%pe o# mechanica de!ice shou d "e e*amined periodica % "% acompetent person.

FIRE ALAR$ E%UIP$ENTFire a arm s%stems are p aced in conspicuous ocations in a parts o# the

p ant #or prompt % noti#%ing the 0re "rigade and #or e*it o# the emp o%ees. 7hes%stems operate on e ectrica % super!ised circuit. 7he% shou d "e pre#era" %

ocated near e*its.

FIRE EXTIN#UISHERSFire e*tinguishers are insta ed inside the hose. 7hese are designed #ore*tinguishing the incipient 0res.

Classi&cation o &res' Depending upon the e*tinguishing methods the 0rehas "een di!ided into 0!e categories

Class (A) Fires 7hese 0res originate #rom ordinar% com"usti" e materia ssuch as ,ood+ paper rags+ ru""er and ru""ish. 7hese 0res are contro ed using,ater or so utions containing arge percentage ,ater ,hich produces/uenching and coo ing e ects.Class (") Fires 7hese 0res are originated #rom oi s+ greases+ :amma" e

i/uids etc. 7he e*tinguishing agent shou d produce a " an eting orsmoothening e ect. ? ass C 0res can "e #ought ,ith #oam+ ?ar"on di o*ide.

Class (C) Fires 7hese 0res are originated in e ectrica e/uipment. 7hee*tinguishing agent produces a non conducting propert%. ? ass C? 0res can "ee*tinguished ,ith car"on di o*ide and dr% chemica po,der e*tinguisher.

Class (D) Fire' Fires that occur ,ith com"usti" e meta s such as 3agnesium+7itanium+ Lithium+ -odium etc. 7hese 0res can "e e*tinguished on % "% dr%po,der e*tinguisher.

NAGARAJA Y S , De t !f P"ar#a$euti$s, Pa%e )


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Industrial Safety

Class (E) Fire' Fires in!o !ing e ectricit% in an% #orm. 7hese 0res can "ee*tinguished ,ith dr% chemica po,der and ?ar"on di o*ide.

B*tinguishers are designed and ocated suita" % #or a c asses o# 0res

depending on the re/uirements.T*pe o Extin+uis,ers'a. -oda Acid". ater >as 5 Light aterc. Foamd. @a on or @a ogenated @%dro ?ar"one. ? & B*tinguisher#. Dr% po,der

Operation o &re extin+uis,er'

a- So!a Aci! Extin+uis,er'7his e*tinguisher consists o# a c% indrica container made up o# steeined ,ith ead. 7he charge o# the e*tinguisher consists o# -u phuric Acid

and a so ution o# -odium "i car"onate.

7he -u phuric acid ma% "e in a tu"e or "ott e sea ed o# 0tted ,ith a ooseead stopper. 7he e*tinguisher is a turno!er t%pe i# it is not 0*ed ,ith a

discharge tu"e. hen the e*tinguisher is "rought into action due to mi*up o# the acid ,ith a a i+ car"on di o*ide gas is #ormed together ,ithsodium su phate.

@&-o 4 E &Na@?o ; Na&-o 4 E &@ &'

7he car"on di o*ide gas produced gi!es the pressure to thro, a"out =meters 6et o# the so ution. 7he sodium su phate ta es not part in puttingout the 0re.

7,o t%pes o# -oda acid e*tinguisher are a!ai a" e in!erti" e and nonin!erti" e. It is suita" e #or CA c ass 0re on %.

.- /ater #as0Li+,t /ater Extin+uis,er'7his is an e ecti!e a ternati!e #or -oda acid 0re e*tinguisher and emp o%smore ad!anced techno og% #or sa#er 0re 0ghting. Idea #or CA c ass 0re.

It consists o# one gas cartridge 0 ed ,ith ? & and outer container (main"od%) is 0 ed ,ith #resh ,ater. During operation ? & gas is re eased ,hichpro!ides the necessar% pressure to thro, ,ater in the #orm o# a po,er#u

6et. A!ai a" e in in!erti" e as ,e as non in!erti" e t%pes.

NAGARAJA Y S , De t !f P"ar#a$euti$s, Pa%e *


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Industrial Safety

peration7a e the e*tinguisher to the 0re. 2emo!e the discharge #rom the housing.-tri e the no". Direct the ,ater to the 0re.

c- Foa1 Extin+uis,ers'

7hese are a!ai a" e as on % in!erti" e t%pe. 7here are three t%pes o# #oam

1. ?hemica Foam B*tinguishers7he inner container o# a #oam t%pe e*tinguisher contains genera %

A uminium -u phate (acidic) disso !ed in c ean ,ater ,hi e the outercontainer houses a so ution that contains -odium i ?ar"onate (A a i),ith #oam sta"i i$er.

A uminium -u phate and -odium "i ?ar"onate produce #oam and?ar"on di *ide.

Foam ,ithstands heat and pre!ent re ignition o# sur#aces a read%co!ered. Foam a so spreads #ree % o!er the sur#ace o# the " a$ing i/uid.-o #oam is more e ecti!e than an inert gas.

&. 3echanica FoamGsua % contains a ; to =H so ution o# sta"i i$ed protein "ase su"stancein ,ater that is aerated to produce #oam. 7his is cheaper and easi %a!ai a" e. -ta"i i$er norma % used is Ferrous -u phate. Protein "asedsu"stances used are anima hoo# and horn mea and h%dro %sed " oodand sodium h%dro*ide so ution.

;. Detergent Foam

7his is again aerated detergent so ution in ,ater. At present usage isimited due to

(a)Poor heat response(")Poor sta"i it%

peration o# Foam B*tinguishers7a e the e*tinguisher to the scene o# 0re. Pu the no$$ e up+ turn it right and

et it rest on the ?ap. In!ert (on % porta" e mode ) the e*tinguisher and directthe 6et to the 0re.

!- HALONE 2 3433 5"CF6 Extin+uis,ers'It is the sa#est and most e ecti!e !apori$ing e*tinguisher #or use on A+ + ?and B c ass 0res. It is non to*ic+ non conducti!e+ odour ess+ co or ess andtransparent i/uid and has no ad!erse e ect on the materia s on ,hich it isapp ied. It is discharged as a semi i/uid 6et a high no$$ e !e ocit% and

!apori$es rapid % and penetrates 0res in the #orm o# mist. 7he high no$$ e !e ocit% has the ad!antage o# a ong thro,+ ena" ing its use #rom a sa#edistance.

NAGARAJA Y S , De t !f P"ar#a$euti$s, Pa%e +


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Industrial Safety

hen @a one 1&11 is discharged on a 0re+ the heat o# the 0re decomposes@a one 1&11 and the product o# this decomposition+ particu ar %+ "romine+inter#eres ,ith the process o# com"ustion and puts o the 0re /uic %.

e. Car.on !i Oxi!e 5CO 4 6 Extin+uis,ers?ar"on di o*ide is a co or ess gas ,hich is one and ha # times hea!ier thanair. It is 0 ed in the e*tinguisher as i/uid "% the app ication o# pressure (


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Industrial Safety

3agnesium -u phate 1 15&H3agnesium ?ar"onate 1H7rica cium phosphate H

peration o# the B*tinguisher

7a e the e*tinguisher to the 0re. 2emo!e the discharge tu"e #rom the housing.-tri e the no". Direct the po,der to the 0re.

SPRIN8LER S9STE$ Auto1atic sprin:ler s%stem is a de!ice #or discharging ,ater

automatica % on a 0re. It ,i either e*tinguish the 0re or ho d it in chec .hen heat #rom the 0re reaches the point ,here so#t so dered compound

me ts+ head automatica % sprin es ,ater.In case o# "ul. t*pe o sprin:ler + operation is secured through "ursting o# the "u " o,ing to e*pansion o# the i/uid present in the "u ".

H9DRANTS@%drants ,ith at east t,o streams are usua % ocated #or each "ui ding+,ithout the use o# more than 1


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Industrial Safety

Factor% "ui ding shou d "e made o# 0re resistant materia s i e stee +#erroconcrete+ and "ric . and rein#orced concrete ,a s.

-uita" e emergenc% e*its must "e there in the #actories. Fire a arms+temperature a arms+ sensors and 0re e*tinguishers shou d "e insta ed in#actor% at suita" e ocations and e!er% "od% shou d "e made a,are a"outits use.

Ade/uate !enting is necessar% and it is ad!isa" e to pro!ide protection"% using "oth spring oaded !a !es and rupture discs.

Proper automatic sprin ers ,ith ade/uate ,ater supp %. B/uipment shou d design to meet the speci0cations and codes o#

recogni$ed authorities such Indian -tandards Association+ AmericanPetro eum Institute (API) and American -ociet% o# 7esting 3ateria s(A-3B).

7he design and construction o# pressure !esse s and storage tan sshou d #o o, AP7 and A-3B codes.

B!er% t%pe o# mechanica de!ice shou d "e e*amined periodica % "% acompetent person.

CHE$ICAL HAZARDS'

7he "u drug industr% manu#acturers products "% contro ing reacti!echemica s. 7he reacti!it% ma es these chemica s to "e ha$ardous. 2eactionsare a ,a%s carried out ,ith proper p an so as to #ace an% mishaps.Gn#ortunate %+ sometimes chemica reactions get out o# contro + "ecause o#

se!era pro" ems. A #e, o# them are rong ra, materia 2a, materia s containing trace impurities ?hanged operating conditions Gnanticipated time de a%s B/uipment #ai ure rong materia s o# constructions-uch mishaps can "e ,orse+ i# the chemistr% is not #u % understood.

?h oro#orm+ "en$ene+ ch orinated h%drocar"ons+ o, "oi ing #ractions o# petro eum+ etc+ are some o# the common so !ents are used in the e*traction o# drug princip es #rom p ants+ puri0cation o# s%nthetic drugs and in chemicaana %sis. 7he% shou d "e hand ed ,ith care.

So1e !e&nitions'

NAGARAJA Y S , De t !f P"ar#a$euti$s, Pa%e .


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Industrial Safety

?hemica ha$ards re#erred here are occupationa hea th ha$ards. 7he#o o,ing de0nitions impro!e the understanding o# concepts

Toxicity is the a"i it% o# a su"stance to cause in6ur% to the "io ogicatissue.

Hazard is a term associated ,ith a su"stance that is i e ihood to causean in6ur% in a gi!en en!ironment or situation.

7he ha$ard o# a su"stance depends on

Its to*icit% ho, is it a"sor"ed+ meta"o i$ed and e*creted+ ho, rapid % itacts and its ,arning s%mptoms. I# the to*icit% o# a su"stance is higher+ it,i "e more to*ic.

Its ph%sica characteristics the manner in ,hich a su"stance ,i "eencountered in ,or p ace. For e*amp e+ a i/uid ,ith a high !apour

pressure ,i reach a higher air"orne concentration and ,i "e moreha$ardous than an e/ua % ha$ardous i/uid ,ith a o, !apour pressure+

Units

7he #o o,ing terms are used in the measurement o# concentration o# aha$ardous su"stance present in the air.

pp1 parts o# !apour (or gas) per mi ion parts o# air "% !o ume. 1+01


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Industrial Safety

Stan!ar! Settin+ Process

A ist o# thresho d imit (7LJs) #or appro*imate % 8'' su"stances ,asprepared. 7he ,or ers shou d not "e e*posed to the su"stances more thanthese imits. 7he #o o,ing three categories o# 7LJs are speci0ed

1. T,res,ol! li1it =alue2ti1e 7ei+,te! a=era+e 5TL;>T/A6' 7his isthe time ,eighted a!erage concentration #or a norma 8hr ,or 5da% and4'hr ,or 5,ee to ,hich near % a ,or ers ma% "e repeated % e*posed+da% a#ter da%+ ,ithout ad!erse e ects.

2. T,res,ol! li1it =alue2s,ort ter1 exposure li1it5TL;2STEL6' 7his isthe highest concentration to ,hich ,or ers can "e e*posed #or shortperiods o# time ,ithout su ering #rom (a) irritation+ (") chronic orirre!ersi" e tissue damage or (c) necrosis o# su icient degree to increaseaccident proneness+ impair se # rescue or materia % reduce ,or e icienc%.

3. T,res,ol! li1it =alue2ceilin+' 7his is the concentration that shou dnot "e e*ceeded during an% part o# the ,or ing da%.

7he numerica !a ues o# the 7LJs do not ta e into account the to*icit%that might resu t #rom s in a"sorption. It shou d "e emphasi$ed that 7LJsare on % guide ines and are not intended as a"so ute "oundaries "et,eensa#e and dangerous concentrations. B!er% occupationa hea th pro#essionashou d ha!e a cop% o# the current thresho d imit !a ues and "io ogicae*posure indices.

7hough man% common su"stances are apparent % innocuous+ pro onged"reathing and5or s in contact produce irritation and ma% "ring a"outpermanent impairment o# hea th or e!en death. 3an% chemica s can causese!ere "urns+ i# these come into contact ,ith i!ing tissue. Li!ing tissuema% "e destro%ed "% the #o o,ing chemica reactions.

Deh%dration "% strong deh%drating agents. Digestion "% strong acids and "ases. *idation "% strong o*idi$ing agents.B%es and mucous mem"ranes o# the throat are particu ar % suscepti" eto the e ect o# corrosi!e dust+ mist and gases. In addition+ man%chemica s are !er% to*ic+ :amma" e or detona" e. 7he ist o# chemica sand c inica s%mptoms on e*posure are gi!en in ta" e.

System/Organ Symptoms Chemicals

NAGARAJA Y S , De t !f P"ar#a$euti$s, Pa%e &&


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Industrial Safety

E*es ?ornea and con6uncti!adistur"ances.

Lens+ iris and anteriorcham"er distur"ances.

Posterior segment andoptic ner!e distur"ances.

Intra ocu ar pressuree e!ation.

-u phur dio*ide+ dimeth%su phate+ h%drogen su phide.

Anticho inesterase agents+copper+ phen% mercuricsa ts.

?ar"on disu phide+ eth% eneg %co + ,ar#arin.

Forma deh%de+ ammonia.

Ner=ous s*ste1 Dro,siness+ disorientation

eha!iora change

?N- depressants.

?N- depressants+con!u sants

Nose 2hinitis.

Per#orated septum.

Acetic acid+ aceticanh%dride.

?hromic acid mist.

$out, an!t,roat

>reen tongue.

-a i!ation.

Janadium.

3ercur%+ arsenic.

Pul1onar* s*ste1

Pneumonia

Asthma

Fi"rosis

Ammonia+ ch orine+ o*ides o# nitrogen

Phtha ic anh%dride+ p atinumsa ts.

As"estos+ ao in+ si ica+ ta c.

Car!io=ascular s*ste1-

@%potension

@%pertension+ arrh%thmia.

?N- depressant+ nitrites.

Diphen% trich oroethane+car"on tetrach oride.

"reast >%necomastia Bstrogens

Di+esti=e s*ste1 Nausea+ !omiting

Kaundice

?N- depressants+cho inesterase inhi"itors.

@%dra$ine+ car"ontetrach oride+ ch oro#orm.

#enitourinar* 7o*ic nephrosis Nephroto*in (dio*ane)+

NAGARAJA Y S , De t !f P"ar#a$euti$s, Pa%e &'


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Industrial Safety

s*ste1 o*a ic acid+ picric acid.

$usculos:eletals*ste1

steonecrosis Phosphorus

S:in e o, stains

Acute ec$ematousdermatitis+ contact t%pe.

Picric acid

Aceta deh%de+ "ariumcompounds+ en$%ch orides+ copper dust+epo*% resins.

In pharmaceutica industr%+ dermatitis reactions can "e attri"uted tos%nthetic drugs+ especia % to acridines and phenothia$ine compounds. It has"een notices that #air peop e are genera % more suscepti" e to s in irritationthan dar peop e. 7he on % protection #rom s in reactions is to o"ser!ec ean iness and to remo!e the peop e #r'om the areas as soon as the 0rst signo# s in reactions are noticed. here!er practica" e+ app ication o# "arriercreams "e#ore commencing the ,or has "een #ound use#u in protectingindi!idua s.

hi e grinding !egeta" e drugs+ dust e!o !ed is irritating. For e*amp e+capsicum and podoph% um a ect the e%es and irritation is pain#u . 7here#oregogg es are to "e ,orn. -ome indi!idua s are sensiti!e to ipecacuanha thatthe% de!e op s%mptoms o# asthma+ ,hen e*posed e!en to minute traces o# itsdust.

7he data o# in:amma"i it% and detona"i it% o# chemica s are a!ai a" e inmost hand"oo s. @a$ards due to industria chemica s can "e minimi$ed i# there is strict o"ser!ance o# sa#et% regu ations and protecti!e measures o# good house eeping princip es+ "esides their inte igent hand ing o# dangerouschemica s and drugs.

$ana+e1ent o o=er2exposure to c,e1icals'

hi e thousands o# chemica s are used routine % in industr%+ the medicamanagement o# acute o!er e*posure is nonspeci0c and inc uded in #our "asic

steps (,ith a #e, e*ceptions).

3- Re1o=al ro1 exposure' Prompt remo!a o# the person #rom thee*posure site is the 0rst step. I# rescue o# a disa" ed !ictim is re/uired+rescuers must protect themse !es in the contaminated atmosphere. Airrespirations and i#e ines are mandator% 0rst aid. ?hemica % imper!ioussuits are sometimes ,orn.

NAGARAJA Y S , De t !f P"ar#a$euti$s, Pa%e &(


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Industrial Safety

4- Resuscitation' means restoration o# i#e o# one ,ho is apparent % dead(co apsed or shoc ed). I# the !ictim is apnoeic+ resuscitation must "eginas soon as he is ta en out o# the area. Further supporti!e care shou d "epro!ided as ,ith an% other medica emergenc%.


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Industrial Safety

HU$AN FACTORS

P,*sical 7he ph%sica capa"i ities o# ,or er ma% not meet the 6o"re/uirements. @is !isua acuit% and5or hearing ma% "einade/uate.

P,*siolo+ical

actors

Sex' 3en are more prone to accidents than ,omen. According to A India Institute o# @%giene and Pu" ic @ea th (AI@P@)+ the ratio,as &4 < reported accidents in 194= in enga .

A+e' ounger peop e are in!o !ed more in accidents than o derage groups.

Ti1e' 3inimum at the "eginning o# the da% and more in the atehour due to #atigue o# the ,or ers.

Experience' Around


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Industrial Safety

a- F oors must "e uns id5non s ipper% t%pe+ p ane and must ha!e theproperties that the% can "e easi % c eaned.

.- B!er% emp o%ee must ha!e enough space to mo!e and operate.

c- Passage "et,een ,or ing p aces must ne!er "e o"structed.

!- indo,s must "e o# ade/uate dimensions to ma e #u use o# da% ight.

e- Bas% access o# a ,or er to the sa#et% s,itches.

- Proper arrangements o# temperature contro i e #ans+ A.?.+ roomheaters (in case o# co d p aces).

4- Sa e 1aterial ,an!lin+'

a- ?are ess hand ing o# hea!% materia s and components is a ma6or sourceo# "ac and #oot in6uries.

.- Fu use o# mechanica materia hand ing e/uipment shou d "e made toa!oid premature #atigue o# ,or ers.

c- A materia s hand ing e/uipment shou d "e repaired and maintainedproper %.

!- ?ontainers or !esse s emp o%ed to transport i/uids shou d not "ede#ecti!e or ea ing as the% ma% contain corrosi!e or in:amma" e

i/uids.


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Industrial Safety

decreased e icienc% and increased #atigue. 3an% industries ha!e oca hotspots as o!ens and #urnaces+ ,hich radiate heat. @igh temperature is a so#ound in some industries i e mines Bg Oo ar go d mines+ the deepest mine o# the ,or d+ around 11''' #eet deep+ is ha!ing a temperature o# 1


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Industrial Safety

a- At source' Noise can "e reduced at its source "%

i- -ource o# noise can "e enc osed ,ith an insu ation materia or aconcrete ,a .

ii. Ade/uate and regu ar maintenance o# machiner% to decrease the noisecaused "% the ac o# u"rication and ,ear and tear.

E uip1ent noise sourcesB le=els an! potential control solutions

E uip1ent Soun! le=elin !"A at

industrial hazards and plant safety

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