industrial geography: 1. classification of industry penicuik hs higher geography

Industrial Geography:Industrial Geography:

1. Classification of Industry1. Classification of Industry

Penicuik HS

Higher Geography

Why Industry exists:Why Industry exists:

• It is important to remember all Industry is work performed for economic gaineconomic gain.

Classification of IndustryClassification of Industry

• As you will remember from Standard Grade we divide Industry into 4 main groups:

• Primary• Secondary• Tertiary• Quaternary

Look at the following pictures and in your groups, create definitions for these 4 types of Industry.

Primary IndustryPrimary Industry

Secondary IndustrySecondary Industry

Tertiary IndustryTertiary Industry

Quaternary IndustryQuaternary Industry

To Summarise:To Summarise:

• Primary industries involve the sourcing of raw materials

• Secondary economic activity involves taking raw materials from a primary industry and turning them into manufactured goods or products

• Tertiary industries or the service sector involves the provision of services

• Quaternary industry involves activities such as training and research and development e.g. high technology and information services

Industrial SystemsIndustrial Systems

• All categories of industry operate as systems based on inputs, processes and outputs

Inputs Processes Outputs

Location FactorsLocation Factors

• Why are Location factors important?• Physical Factors affecting the location of

industry• Human and Economic Factors affecting the

location of Industry

Physical Location FactorsPhysical Location Factors

• Raw Materials: the bulkier and heavier these are to transport, the nearer the factory should be located to raw materials. This was very important when communication links were less developed.

• Power: Early industry needed to be sited near to fast flowing rivers, woodlands or coal reserves

Physical Location FactorsPhysical Location Factors

• Natural Routes: River valleys and flat areas were essential in the past when

transport was poor but even today industry tends to favour these areas

• Site and Land:

This ideally should be cheap, poor quality farmland with room to expand

Human Location FactorsHuman Location Factors

• Labour: All industries need labour. Industry is not just concerned with locating near a supply of workers but with the level of skills of those workers

• Capital: Early industry depended on investment from wealthy entrepreneurs and tended to locate near the investors, nowadays investment comes through banks and Governments.


• Markets: The size and location of markets has become a more important factor than the source of raw materials. Historically the British Empire was an essential market for British Firms


• Transport: Costs increase when items moved are bulky, fragile, perishable or heavy

• Government and EU Policy: Companies can be attracted to areas by a range of grants, subsidies, rent-free accommodation and other financial incentives

Industrial Growth: Raw MaterialsIndustrial Growth: Raw MaterialsS.Wales and location of raw materialsS.Wales and location of raw materials

Industrial GrowthIndustrial Growth

• The land was cheap and the valley floors were flat and easy to build on.

• Coal and Iron Ore were easily found in horizontal seams.• They were close to the surface, making them easy to mine.

• Limestone was located a few kilometres North in the Brecon Beacons.

HousingHousing

• Workers flocked to the area, due to the large amount of available jobs. They mainly came from rural areas where they had lost their jobs due to machines replacing them.

• The main market for Welsh exports was to The British Empire, which provided a guaranteed market for Welsh Iron and Coal. Any large scale projects undertaken in the Empire imported goods from factories at “home” meaning they could not be undercut by local businesses in the colonies

• A docks was built in Cardiff to export the coal from.

• Towns and cities in the UK were growing and they needed coal to power the factories and also to heat homes.

• Coal was also needed in large quantities in the newly expanding railway system.

Changing LandscapeChanging Landscape• Canals and later Railways were built on the flat valley floor, making transport of the raw material easier.

Changing LandscapeChanging Landscape


• However this landscape was to change dramatically over the next 50 years

• In 2010 the Welsh Valleys are almost unrecognisable from those at the turn of the 20th Century as traditional industries have crumbled

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The rapid industrialisation and urbanisation of South Wales changed a tranquil rural landscape into a maze of tight streets and smoke bellowing factories

Often the fire from the Ironworks would give the illusion the Valleys were on fire as so much of the available land was taken up by Industry


Thus began the spread of the well known industrial landscape of the Valleys. Pits crammed themselves into the narrow valley bottoms, vying for space with canals, housing and later railways and roads. Housing began to trail up the valley sides, line upon line of terraces pressed against the slopes.


The opening up of the underground coal seams resulted in massive immigration, much of it from rural areas. Working, living conditions and wages were deplorable while conditions underground were poor. Housing was overcrowded as their provision lagged behind the supply of jobs

Stage 2Stage 2

Industrial DeclineIndustrial Decline (1940(19401990)1990)

South Wales: Changing Industry: NotesSouth Wales: Changing Industry: Notes

• Iron Ore and Limestone has run out

• Coal is running out and is becoming more difficult and expensive to mine as the coal seams get thinner. This means machines can no longer be used.

• The coal seams are more faulted making it more expensive to dig out.

• No demand for coal to be used in steam trains

• Houses no longer used coal to heat them

• Iron and steel could be made cheaper abroad

• Ship building lost a local source of steel and closed down

• The demand for coal and iron from overseas drops dramatically as the breakup of the British Empire removes the guaranteed market

• Hydro, gas and nuclear were increasingly used as a power source in power stations.

• Car transport does not require coal as a power source.

Industrial Decline: Raw materialsIndustrial Decline: Raw materials

050

100150200250300350400450500

1925 1981 2000

number ofcolleries

number ofminers('000s)

Industrial Decline: The British EmpireIndustrial Decline: The British Empire

Welsh Miners Strike 1984-1985Welsh Miners Strike 1984-1985

Spiral of DeclineSpiral of Decline

/ alcohol and drug abuseincreases

/Bus services and shops close down

Young people leave the area. Older people and young families are left

Impacts of Change? Impacts of Change? Problems and ProspectsProblems and Prospects

• Need to retrain staff• Workers accept lower paid, part time work• Workers need to move to where the work is (New

Steelworks at the coast)• No investment and areas became run down

– Increased crime– Increased poverty– Alcoholism

• Government Grants, Skilled workers, Good transport links and a close market have attracted new industry to the region

Stage 3Stage 3

New Industrial New Industrial GrowthGrowth

(1990(1990))

New Industries: TransportNew Industries: Transport

• New Industrial Estates were built next to motorways as good access was essential for cheaply importing raw materials and distributing their finished goods.

• The new road system also meant the labour force could get there easily.

New Industries: GovernmentNew Industries: Government

• Firms, both British and Foreign were attracted to the older industrial areas of South Wales by the offer of financial incentives made available by the Government. Enterprise Zones were created which were areas where companies can locate free of local taxes.


• The Government also moved Government owned business to South Wales to help stimulate economic growth.

• The Royal Mint moved to South Wales in the 1960s whilst more recently the DVLA moved to Swansea.

New Industries: Enterprise ZonesNew Industries: Enterprise Zones

• Firms, both British and Foreign were attracted to the older industrial areas of South Wales by the offer of financial incentives made available by the Government. Enterprise Zones were created which were areas where companies can locate free of local taxes.

• There was a readily available workforce.• Excellent access to international markets in the EU


• Incentives included:– Rent free

accommodation– Grants for new

machinery– Subsidies to assist with

labour costs– Grants to help with

retraining schemes– Tax incentives to

encourage foreign investment

Workbooks Page 9!

•BBC film studios

• Independent film studios

• Admiral Insurance

• Legal and General

• Honda

industrial geography: 1. classification of industry penicuik hs higher geography

Documents

location of industry

primary industry slide

tertiary industry slide

secondary industry slide

quaternary industry

location of industry

early industry

categories of industry