industrial development in rajasthan and madhya pradesh, india

7/26/2019 Industrial Development in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, India

1/18

Industrial Development in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, IndiaAuthor(s): Judith A. DaveyReviewed work(s):Source: Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, No. 49 (Mar., 1970), pp. 183-199Published by: Wiley-Blackwellon behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of BritishGeographers)Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/621648.

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2/18

Industrial

evelopment

n

Rajasthan

nd

Madhya radesh,

ndia

JUDITH

A.

DAVEY, B.A.,

PH.D.

(formerly

esearch

ssistant,

entre

f

SouthAsian

Studies,

niversity

f

Cambridge)

Revised

MS.

received

7

May

1969

ABsTRAcT-Industrialization

as

now been

accepted

s

a

necessarytep

owards

conomic

rogress

n

India,

ut

more

controversy

urrounds

ocational

olicy

or

ndustry-the

entralization-decentralization

ssue.This

problem,

nd the

economic,

ocial

nd

political

actors hich ffectocational

ecisions,

an

be

illustrated

y

an

examinationf ndustrial

growth

n

Rajasthan

nd

Madhya

radesh,

wo statesn Centralndia. n

a

survey

f

arge-scale

ndustrialnits

n

these

states,atawere ollectedn ocational ecisionsnddates f stablishment.ourperiods f ndustrialevelopmentan

be defined. he role of British

nterprise

nd the

part

layed

by

Indian

rinces

were

mportant

efore

ndependence.

Since

1948,

government

olicies

have affectedndustrialocation nd

growth,

nd

public

ector

rojects

ave

been

established.

resent

roblems

f

power hortages,

he

carcity

f

certain

aw

materials,

nd

deficienciesf nfra-structure

should

e overcome n time.The

paper

lso considershe

governmental

ole n

establishing

nd

promoting

ndustrial

development,

nd

the

patterns

hat

will

emerge

f

he

ndian

overnment's

olicy

fbalanced

egional evelopment

s

put

nto ffect.

INDUSTRIALIZATIONas

now been

largely accepted

as

a

necessary

step

towards economic

progress

n

India. There are

several

rguments

upporting

his onclusion.

s

with

many

of

India's

ocial

nd

economic

roblems,

he

ssue s

immediately

omplicated

y

herenormous

population. ll attemptstprogressre burdened ysheerweight f numbers ndanysmall

success

s

immediately

wallowed

up

by

the

annual

growth

ate

of

2.2

per

cent,

which dds

12

million o India's

population

veryyear.

The

1961

Census

of ndia

gave

a

population

f

439

million;

he total

s

now estimatedo have

passed

5oo

million.

Of

these,

0

per

cent

re

dependent irectly

n

agriculture

or their ivelihood.

Few

areas remain

where

and can

economically

e

brought

nder

ultivation

y

irrigation,

learance

r

reclamation

nd,

in

view of the

high

rateof

underemployment

nd

the

uneconomic se

of

abour

n

agriculture,

it s

unlikely

o absorb

larger

work-force.

esides,

mprovements

n

agriculturalechniques

are

ikely

o

make his

ector ess

abour-intensive,

ertainly

ot

more o. Lack of

employment

and economic

pportunity

n

rural

reas

have

already

ccasionedmassive

migration

o

cities,

eventhough nemploymentn urban reashasbeen estimatedt 10percentof the abour

force,

ising

o

I8

per

cent n

the

metropolitan

entres

f

Bombay,

Calcutta,

Delhi and

Madras.

Underemployment

n urban

reas dded

nother

I

per

ent

o

that

ust

overone-fifth

of the

workforce as

not

fulfilling

tswork

potential.1

Employment

ust

e

found

or his

arge

nd

growing

ool

of

abour.The

development

of

ndustry

ould

ppear

o

provide

ot

only

source f

workbut lso

of

profit

o the

conomy

in

general,

hich s beset

y

difficulties

ith

oreignxchange

hat

make

ightmport

ontrols

necessary.

ndia

lacks

capital,

ntrepreneurship

nd

technological

kills,

nd

labour,

albeit

largely

nskilled,

s a

major

nd

abundant

esource

f

which he must ake

full

dvantage

f

economic

rogress

s to be

achieved.

183

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3/18

Industrialization

s also

necessary

o

support griculturalevelopment,

specially

n

the

drivefor

elf-sufficiency

n food.

ndustry

ot

only

provides

many

f

the

inputs

or

modem

farming,

uch

s

fertilizers

nd

mproved

mplements,

ut lso

supplies

market or

gricultural

products,

hus

timulating

urther

rowth.

Anotherrgumentnsupportf ndustrializationn ndia sthe xistence ithin erbound-

aries

f valuable esources

hich an

provide

aw

materials or

ndustry

nd

which hould

e

developed.

hese

nclude

gricultural

roducts

uch s

sugar,

otton,

ilseeds,

wool,

hides nd

skins,

nd lso

minerals.ndia

possesses

ome f heworld's

argest

eserves

f ron

re,

haematite

and

magnetite

f

high

ron

ontent,

nd s

among

he

eading

world

producers

f

manganese,

mica and

bauxite.Thus ndia

s

well ahead of

many

underdeveloped

ountries,

otably

er

neighbour,

akistan.

he

position

n

respect

f

ead,

zinc

and

copper

s less

favourable,

ut

shortage

f

foreign

xchange

ncourages

he

exploitation

f

whatever ocal

deposits

re

available

n order o save

mports.

ower

potential

n India s also

high

nd

progress

s

being

made,

although

t is restrained

ainly

y

the need for

heavy

nvestment

n

the

building

f

coal-firedndatomic ower tationsndof damsforhydro-electricaleneration.

More

controversy

urroundsocational

olicy

or

ndustry,

specially

he

entralization-

decentralization

ssue.

Among

Asian

nations,

ndia

lready

anks

high

s

an ndustrial

roducer,

for

example

n

cotton extiles

nd

ute products,

nd is

beginning

o

export

manufactured

goods

to her

neighbours.

owever,

argely wing

o her

history

fcolonial ule

by

he

United

Kingdom,

ndia's

ndustry

as

become

oncentrated

n

the

great

ort

ities,

specially

ombay

and

Calcutta.

hese

cities,

with

he

apital,

elhi,

have

developed

s thedominant conomic

magnets

f

the

country.

oth

cause

and effect

f

this entralized

evelopment

s the

virtual

absence f

any

ndustrialnfra-structure

n

nterior

egions,

ith he

xception

f a

few

entres

such s

Bangalore, yderabad

nd

Kanpur.

Continuing

olarization

s shown

n thedistribu-

tionof ndustrialicences, hichbecameobligatoryn I95I for ndustriesf

a

certain

nvest-

ment

ize.

Up

to

I964, 3618

icences

ad

been

granted,

f

which

I

per

ent

went o

cities

with

populations

f

over

one million.

In

the

past,

ndustry

as

been

given

free

and n ts hoice f ocation

nd this

as

ed to

agglomeration

n

the

hief

rban entres hich

ould

well

continue.

he

metropolis

ffers

o

the

private ntrepreneur

he

advantages

f a concentrated

arket,

n established

usiness

community,roximity

o

suppliers,

host ffinancial

nd

other

ervices,

nd

a

greaterppor-

tunity

f

finding

orkerswith the

skills

ecessary

o his

enterprise.

he overall

mpression,

gained

romnterviews

ith

ndustrialists,

s that onsiderable

ifficulties

nd

probably

inancial

loss

mustbe

faced

by entrepreneursstablishing

way

from

metropolitan

entres

nd that

concentration ould

result

n

the

maximum conomic

benefit,

t least

to themselves.

his

would,however,nvolve heurban rea, nwhich heunitswere ocated,ncommunityosts

suchas the

provision

f

housing,

ublic

ransport

nd other

menities,

ost

of which

grow

with

he

ize of

the

city.2

Yet

overcrowding

nd

the

proliferation

f slums

n

urban

reas

n

India s

already pressing roblem;

t

is

estimated

hat

7

per

cent

of

families

n

Bombay,

Calcutta,

elhi and Madras ive

n one room

only.3

he

inadequacy

f

uchbasic

menities

s

water,

lectricity,rainage

nd

ewerage

s felt

ll

over

ndia,

ut

hese eficiencies

re

specially

acute where

people

are

massed

ogether

n

very arge

numbers

nd

where

shortages

re

aggravated

y ever-rising

emands.

The

concept

f

decentralization,

n

the ndustrial

nd

other

ields,

as

an

integral

art

f

the

Gandhian

heory

f

self-sufficiency

nd

the

preservation

f traditional

ultural

alues.

Thisphilosophyeactedgainsthe vils fmetropolitanoncentrationndthefactoryystem

I84

J.

A. DAVEY



4/18

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

IN

RAJASTHAN

AND MADHYA PRADESH

I85

which

ncouraged

t,

and

theview was thus

ut

forward

hat

ndustry

hould

be

completely

decentralized,

ispersed

nd based

n

villages,

nd that

nly

abour-intensive,

anual

methods

shouldbe used. Studies ave

shown

hat

he

financial

ondition f

city-dwellers

s

betterhan

that

f

the

rural

opulation,

ut the

benefits

f

cheap

food and

housing

nd

a

healthy

ocial

andmental nvironment,oundnvillages,revery aluable, lthoughmpossibleomeasure

in

money

erms.

Whatever he

social

advantages

f the

village,

his deal of a static nd

tradition-based

society

as

many isadvantages

rom he

point

f

view

of

ndustrialocation. t cannot

rovide

an

adequate

market

wing

to

scattered

opulation

nd

undeveloped

onsumer

emand;

kills

of

labour and

management

re absent

nd

there

s a

lack of

services,

ocial

overheads nd

amenities.

n

addition,

mostmodem

production

s not

adaptable

o methods hichdo

not

use

power.

Nevertheless,

here s a

strong

movement

mong

some

politicians,specially

n

the

Congress arty,

o followGandhian

hought

ven

n

economic

olicies,

nd

this

rend an

be

seen

n

the

encouragement

f

cottage

ndustries

n

the

ndianPlans.

The influence f

such

views shouldnotbe underestimated.

Political

pressures

rom

the federal

tates

f

independent

ndia,

which have

become

increasingly

ocal

n

the

pastyears,

nd which

vie

for

he tatus

ymbols

f modern

ndustry,

also

encourage

ecentralization.

owever,

n

the

absenceof

government

ntervention,

he

economic

orces f

concentration

re

likely

o

outweigh

he

advantages

f

decentralization,

which

re

mainly

ocial

benefits.

The

authorities

hus

ace n

unfortunateilemma. f

they

llow thefree

evelopment

f

industry

t

may

ead to even

greater

oncentrationnd

social

distress,

ut

bring

onsiderable

economic enefits.

he

enforcement

f

controlsimed t

dispersal

nd

morebalanced

evelop-

ment would

spread

modernizing

nfluencesmore

evenly throughout

he

country,

with

resultant

olitical

nd social

gains, ut

t would

be themore ostlylternative.here hen rises

a

double

danger.

Over-strictontrol f

industrialocation

would

discourage ntrepreneurs,

a

consequence

hichno

Indian

overnment

an allow

to

happen,

whilevital esources

ay

be

unprofitably

issipated

n

an

attempt

o

spread

hem oo

thinly

ver wide areas.

Perhaps

he

most beneficial

rocedure

would be

the creation f

'counter-magnets'

o divert

migrant

streams hichwould

otherwise ave

been attractedo

metropolitan

entres nd to

promote

regional

evelopment.

his

mustbe

done

by

providing pportunities

or

mployment

n a

decentralized

asis.

Balanced

regional

development

nd

a

more

widespread

diffusion

f

manufacturing

units

have been

inherent

rinciples

f

Indian

government

olicy,

but

only

with the

Third

Five-year

lan

did

decentralization

ecome

a

major planning

im. This

document tated

clearly hat, s far s possible, ewindustrieshouldbe establishedwayfromarge ndcon-

gested

ities.4

n

Actof

1951

equired

ll ndustrial

nits bove

a

certain ize o

be

icensed,

nd

locations or

new

units

ave

to

be

approved,

utthishas had

ittle uccess

n

directing rivate

industryway

from

metropolitan

entres.

he

policy

f

decentralization

oes,

however,

eem

to

be

operating

more

efficiently

n

locational

ecisions

regarding

ndustrial

rojects

n

the

public

ector. t is

obvious

hat he ocation f

steelworks

must e

related o occurrencesf

iron

ore

and coal.

However,

he

gitation

urrounding

he

ocation f ndia'sfifthteel

plant

shows

hat

olitical

onsiderations

re

lso a

pressingrgument.

ther

ndustriesre ess

losely

tied

to local

raw

materials nd

here

nteriorocations

ave

been

chosenboth

for

strategic

reasons nd

to

promote

egional

evelopment.

he

establishmentf

aircraft,

achine

ool,

telephone ndelectronicsactoriesn Bangalores anexample f this.Others,ncludinghe



5/18

Bhilai

steel

plant

and

Heavy

Electricals

td.,

Bhopal,

are discussed

n

more detailbelow.

Madhya

radesh

nd

Rajasthan

Some ofthe

problems

f ndustrializationnd decentralizationn ndia, nd the conomic,

social and

political

actors

hichhave

affected

ocational

ecisions

an

be illustrated

y

an

FIGURE

-India:

position

f

Rajasthan

nd

Madhya

radesh

examination

f

industrial

rowth

n

Rajasthan

nd

Madhya

Pradesh.

These states

over

a

quarter

f

ndia's

rea,

but

hey

have

only

2

per

ent

f

her

population

nd have

escaped

he

overwhelmingressure

n land

which

holds

back

development

lsewhere.

ajasthan

as

I6

per

ent

f

ts

population

n urban

reas,

nd

Madhya

radesh

4

per

ent,

s

against

8

per

ent

for

ndia

s a whole.

The

corresponding

igures

or

population

n

centres

f over

oo,ooo

re:

Rajasthan .2percent,MadhyaPradesh .6percent nd ndia8.7percent.

J.

A.

DAVEY

86



6/18

INDUSTRIAL

DEVELOPMENT

IN

RAJASTHAN

AND MADHYA PRADESH

These tates aveconsiderable

ealth

n raw

materials,

specially

minerals,

ncluding

ron

ore,

copper,

zinc, imestone,

efractory

lays,

alt,

mica,

soapstone

nd

coal;

agricultural

products

uch

s

cotton,

wool,

oilseeds

nd

cereals;

nd

various orest

roducts.

ll

these

ould

form

ases or

ndustry.

ines

f

ommunicationetween he

metropolitan

entres f

Bombay,

Calcutta, elhiandMadras un hrough ajasthanndMadhya radesh nd revery

mportant

to their

conomic

ife

Fig. ).

The

development

f

Kota

n

Rajasthan

nd of

Gwalior,

hopal

POPULATION OF

STATE CAPITALS

150,000

----

50,000

---

25,000

10,000

* under

10,000

*

other

centres over

15,000

FIGURE

2-Rajasthan

nd

Madhya

Pradesh,

s

in i88i

and

Raipur

n

Madhya

Pradesh

wes

much

o their

ocation

n

broad-gauge

runk

ines.

Before

ndependence,

ajasthan

nd

Madhya

Pradesh

were

a

collection f

native

tates,

each

centred

n

a

capital

ity

which

reflectedts

rulers'

wealth

nd

prestige.

he

capitals

f

large

nd

mportant

tatesuch

s

Jaipur,

ndore,

Gwalior

andJodhpur

ere,

nd

remain

oday,

the

leading

ities

f

the

area.

n

addition

here

were

British

nclaves,

uch s

Ajmer,

which

occupied centralpositionnRajputana,ndpartoftheBritish entral rovincesFig.

2).

I87

0o 200



7/18

These

factors,

eographical,

istoricalnd

demographic,

ave all

affectedndustrial

evelop-

ment n

thetwo

states.

Industrialurvey

A

detailed

urvey

f

ndustrialnits

n

Rajasthan

nd

Madhya

Pradesh

was

carried

ut

by

the uthor

n

1966-67.

hese

were

large-scale'

stablishments

s defined

y

the

1951

icensing

Act,

ach

having

ver

500,000

upees

f nvestment

apital.

f

arge

entral

nd state

overn-

ment

nterprises

re

also

included,

here re

63

such units n

Rajasthan

nd

114

n

Madhya

Pradesh,

r a

total

f

I77.

Interviews

ere

obtainedwith

managers

nd

proprietors

f about

half

f

hese

nits,

mainly

hose

n

the

arger

rban

entres. aterial ollected elated

articularly

TABLE

Large-scalendustrialnitsnRajasthanndMadhya radesh

Number

f

units

Madhya

Category

Rajasthan

Pradesh Total

Cotton

pinning

nd

weaving

I

I8

29

Cotton

pinning

3

4

7

Wool

treatment

nd

spinning

2

- 2

Jute

mills

-

I

I

Silk nd artificialilk

weaving

-

3

3

Staple

ibre

weaving

-

I I

All

textiles

I6

(25 )

27(23 ) 43(24 )

Sugar

mills

2

5

7

Flour

nd starch

mills

4

4

8

Oil,

vanaspathi

nd

solvent

xtraction I

7

8

Guar

gum

I

-

I

Bone

crushing,

lue

and

gelatine

1 2

3

Opium

manufacture

-

I

I

Distilleries

nd alcohol

manufacture I

I

2

Cattle

nd

poultry

eed

-

i

I

All

other

griculturalroducts

ased

0o

i6 )

2I

(i8 )

31

i8 )

Cement

actories

3 5

8

Refractories

nd firebricks

I

7

8

Stoneware

ipes

nd tiles I

3

4

Othermineral ased 5 6

All

mineral

ased Io

(I6 )

I6

(I4 )

26

25 )

Wood

products

I

2

3

Strawboard

nd

paper

I 7

8

Engineering

nd

machinery

5

12

17

Metal

working

10

14

24

Electric

ables

3

2

5

Electrodes

-

2

2

Chemicals

nd ndustrial

ases

5

6

II

Miscellaneous

2

5

7

Total

63

I

4

177

Percentagesre of state rgrand otals f units.

I88

J.

A.

DAVEY



8/18

INDUSTRIAL

DEVELOPMENT

IN

RAJASTHAN

AND

MADHYA

PRADESH

to choiceof

ocation ndthe

dvantages

nd

disadvantages

f the

ite or he

particular

ype

f

industry.

Industrial

nits ave been classifieds in Table

I

and

broadly

rouped

ccording

o

their

raw material

ase. Textile

mills orm he

argest ategory

nd

are

mainly

otton

pinning

nd

weavingmills.Theseandotherndustriesased nagriculturalroductso notnecessarilyse

raw materials

rom

Rajasthan

nd

Madhya

Pradesh,

orcertain

pinning

mills

import

aw

cotton rom

Gujarat

nd

Maharashtrand some

of

the

flour

s

milled rom

mported

wheat;

but,

n

general,

hey

depend

on

local

products.

he

mineral-basedndustries

o

so

almost

entirely.

hus

units ased n local

raw

materials

omprise

0

per

ent f

the

total,

with imilar

percentages

n both states.

ajasthan

as a

slight

ias towards extile- nd

mineral-basedn-

dustries

nd

Madhya

radesh owards

gricultural-based

nits,

specially

ugar

ndoil

mills,

ut

theoverall ndustrialtructure

f the

two

states

n

these ectors

s

very

imilar.

Measured

n

units,

metal-working,ngineering

nd

chemical ndustrieslso

occupy

n

important

lace.

They

nclude wide

range

f

ndustries,

ld

and

new,

with

products

anging

fromwatermetersoarmamentsndfrommatches otransformers.anyunits laim n all-

India

market,

or

whicha

central

osition

s

advantageous.

hey

draw

their aw

materials

from ron nd steel

lants

n ndia

nd

manufactured

omponents

rom ndustrial

entres ut-

sidethese

tates,

nd

mport significant

art

f their

eeds.Restrictionsn

foreign

urchases

and

the

scarcity

f

Indian ron and steel

n

the

open

market ave

hit these ndustriesard.

Shortages

re felt

especially

y

those

using

non-ferrous

etals,

pecial

steels

nd

certain

chemicalswhich

re

allocated

y

the

government

n a

none-too-efficient

uota

system.

Dates

of

stablishment

Large-scalenitsnRajasthanndMadhyaPradesh avebeenclassifiedccordingotheir

dates

f

establishment

ntofour

periods.

n

each

an

increasing

umber

f

new units as been

founded

Table

I).

The most

ecent

eriod

has thus

een themost

prolificlthough

t

covers

only

6

years,

nd

n

Rajasthan,

verhalf heunits ate

from

96I

or

ater;

n

Madhya

Pradesh

the dates f establishmentre more

evenly

paced hrough

he

four

periods.

This

contrast

s

repeated

n a

longer

view,

for

three-quarters

f

Rajasthan'sarge

unitswerefounded

fter

Independence,

s

against

o

per

cent

n

the

case

of

Madhya

Pradesh.

Certain

ypes

f

ndustryeveloped

arlier han

thers. he

general icture

sof ndustries

based

on

local

raw

materials,

specially

extile

nd

mineral-based

nits,

eveloping

efore

Independence,

ith

greater

iversification

f

production

n

the ast wo

decades.

Pre-i925Period

The most

mportant

ndustrial

entres

f the

pre-I925

period

were

Beawar,

Ajmer,

Jabalpur,

ndore

nd

Gwalior

(Fig.

3),

thefirsthree f

which

were

n

British

erritory.

eawar,

an

mportant

arket or

otton,

cquired

hree

extile

mills

efore

9IO;

Ajmer

housed

rail-

way

workshop

which

erved he

growing

metre-gauge

etwork f

Rajputana;

while

three

out

of

four nits n

Jabalpur

ounded

efore

9Io

were

basedon

local

clay

deposits,

he

other

being

gun-carriageactory

or he

British

orces f

entral

ndia.

These

nterprisesepresented

a

mixturef ndian

nd

Britishnvestmentnd

were able

to

flourishn

the

more

progressive

atmosphere

f

Britishndia t a time

when

factory

ndustry

as

still n

nnovation,

t

east

n

this

egion.

Incontrast ith hegenerallyackwardndreactionaryovernmentsfthenative tates,

I89



9/18

TABLE II

Large-scale

ndustrial

nits n

Rajasthan

nd

Madhya

radesh

Dates

of

stablishment

Centres

pre-1925

1925-47

1948-60

1961-67

Not kznown Total

Number

f

units

(a)

Rajasthan

5

(8/)

II

(I7 )

13

(2I )

33

(52 )

I

63

(100 )

Class

I

cities i

5

4

21

31(49 )

Jaipur

-

4

I

6

II

Ajmer

I -

-

I

2

Jodhpur

-

-

2

I

3

Kota

-

- -

11

II

Udaipur

-

I

2

4

Class

2

towns

3

I

I

-

I

6

(9.5 )

Class

3

towns

-

4

6

4

I4

(22 )

Class

4

towns I

-

I

3

5(8 )

Class

5 towns

-

- 3 4 (6.5 )Rural reas -

I

-

2

3(5 )

(b)

Madhya

Pradesh

I8

(16 )

27

(24 )

31

(27 )

38

(33 )

II4

(IoO )

Class I

cities

13

13

15

19

60

(53 )

Indore

4

2

6

4

16

Jabalpur

4

2

I

I

8

Gwalior

4

3

2

3

12

Bhopal

-

3

2

4 9

Ujjain

I

2

2

3

8

Raipur

-

I

-

I

2

Durg

and Bhilai

-

-

2

3

5

Class2

towns

2

3

4

4

13

)

Class

3

towns

I

7

4

7

19

17 )

Class 4 towns I 2 3 7(6 )

Class

5

towns

-

-

I

((I )

Rural reas

2

4

7

14

12 )

Towns

are

classified

s

by

Census f

ndia, 961,

s

follows:

Class

-population

ioo,oo0

and over

Class

2-50,000-99,999

Class

3-20,000-49,999

Class

4-10,000-19,999

Class

5-

5,00o-

9,999

The

percentages

fthe otal

nits

n

each tate

re

hown n

parentheses.

the rulers fGwalior ndIndorebecame nterestednmodern

ndustry

t an

early

date. n

Gwalior

he

Maharaja

himself

ounded

pottery

orks nd eather

actory

o

serve

his

court

and

army,

nd a

railway

workshop

with a

mint ttached.

arly

ndustrial

evelopment

n

Indore ook theform f four

extile

mills ounded

y

ocal

and

Bombay

businessmen.

hey

were

ncouraged y

the

vailability

f otton n theMalwa

Plateau

nd

by

concessions

ranted

by

the

Maharaja

f

ndore.

n

return,

he

princes

eceived othrevenue

rom hefactories

nd

considerable

restige

or

heir

aringly rogressive

nterprise.

1925-47

Period

In

the

subsequent

eriod

more

princes

ttempted

o ride he

bandwagon

f

ndustrializa-

tion ndvied withoneanotheroattractndustryyofferingoncessions,ften isregarding

I90o

J.

A.

DAVEY



10/18

INDUSTRIAL

DEVELOPMENT IN

RAJASTHAN

AND MADHYA

PRADESH

a

'

TV

IAn

INDUSTRIAL

CATEGORIES

*

Textile mills

A

Cement

works

V Refractory

and firebricks

works

T Stoneware pipes and tile works

A Other mineral

based

industries

]

Machinery

and

engineering

works

*

Metal

working

industries

X

Other

industries

FIGURE

-Large-scale

ndustrial

nits

n

Rajasthan

nd

Madhya

Pradesh,

ounded

efore

925

economic

onsiderations

n

ocation.

hey

owered r

waived

taxes nd

customs,

ffered

ree

land,

heap

power

and

water

supplies

nd,

especially

mportant,

ave

their

oyal

nterestnd

patronage

ithoutwhich

t would

have

been

difficultor

factory

o

survive

n an

autocratic

state.Rulingfamiliesnvested n industryutwere rarely he

entrepreneurs

hemselves.

Branches f

the

great

ndustrial

empires

f ndia

were now

extended o this

rea.

While Indore nd

Gwalior

dded to

their

ndustrial

ase,

Jaipur

nd

Bhopal,

both m-

portant

tate

apitals,

ow

entered hefield

(Fig.

4).

InJaipur

our

large

units

werefounded

n

the

940s

under

he nfluencef n

energetic

rime

minister.

he

Nawab

of

Bhopalpatronized

industry

n

the ate

3os

and

40s

when

three

actories

ere

founded n

Bhopal

and

one

in

Sehore,

nd

many

other

xamples

f

princely

ncouragement

o

industry

ould be

quoted.

In

fact,

ompared

withthe

pre-I925

period,

he

native

tates

ow had a

much

higher

ro-

portion

f

new

industrial nits.

Only

six

out

of

thirty-eightarge

units

ounded etween

1925

and

I947

were

n

British

ndia.

Princely

ndia

appeared

o have

risen o

the

challenge

f

modem ndustryt last.

I9I

0

200

Km



11/18

192

J. .

DAVEY

.

AO

*

A

V

*.

INDUSTRIAL

CATEGORIES

*

Textile Mills

O

Sugar

Mills

(

Flour and

starch mills

Oil mills

e

Board and

paper

mills

e

Other

agricultural

product

based

industries

A

Cement works

VRefractory

and

firebricks works

Other

mineral

based industries

[-

Machinery

and

engineering

works

*

Metal

working

industries

O

ndustrial

gases

and

chemical works

X

Other

industries

FIGURE

-Large-scale

ndustrialnits

n

Rajasthan

nd

Madhya

Pradesh,

ounded

925-47

1948-60

Period

Once

India

was

independent,

ew factors

egan

to

operate

n

industrial

ocation.

Con-

cessionswere wept waywithprincelyuthorityndwerereplaced ycontrols rom entral

and

state

governments,

nd

contrasts etweenBritishndia and

the native tates

o

longer

operated.

owever,

he

egacy

of

former

olicies

emained

nd the

patterns

f

development

to

which

hey

had

given

rise

persisted.

New industrial nitsfound

hemselvesttracted

owards he

former

rincely

apitals

which

were

now the

regional

entres f

Rajasthan

nd

Madhya

Pradesh

Fig.

5).

Indoremade

considerable

rogress

nd

Gwalior,

hopal

and

Jodhpur

lso

gained.

n

numbers

fnew

units,

the

1948-60

period

hows

ittle

mprovement

verthat

efore

ndependence.

he removal f

concessions

essened

he

ttraction

f

these

tates,

hile

he

upheaval

f

partition

nd

delay

n

defining overnment

ttitudes o

industry

ast doubts

n

the mindsof

industrialists.

he

First ive-Year lanconcentratedn agriculturendturnedtsattentiono industry ainly

I92

0

200

Km

J.

A.

DAVEY



12/18

INDUSTRIAL

DEVELOPMENT

IN

RAJASTHAN

AND

MADHYA

PRADESH

0

O

V.

A

x

v

*

e

INDUSTRIAL

CATEGORIES

*

Textile

mills

0

Sugar

mills

(DFlour

and starch mills

Oil mills

e

Board

and

paper mills

?

Other

agricultural

product

based

industries

A

Cement works

V

Refractory

and

firebricks works

Stoneware

pipes

and tile works

A

Other mineral

based

industries

] Machinery

and

engineering

works

*

Metal

working

industries

Ondustrial

gases

and

chemical

works

X

Other

industries

FIGURE

-Large-scale

ndustrialnits

n

Rajasthan

nd

Madhya

Pradesh,

ounded

948-60

to

regulate

nd

control.

certain

tagnation

s therefore

nderstandable,

t

east

n

these tates

where

he ndustrial

ase

was

not

strong

nough

o overcome uch

uncertainties.

The two

most

ignificantrojects

fthis

eriod

re

governmentnterprises,

new feature

ofthe ndustrialcenen these tates. he site ftheBhilai teelworkswas chosennrelationo

iron-ore eserves

t

Dhalli-Rajhara,

bout

go

km

away,

oal from

engal

nd

Bihar,

nd

ime-

stone

from

Madhya

Pradesh;

he

township

f

Bhilainagar

s

situated n

the main

Bombay-

Calcutta

railway.

This choice

also

exemplifies

he central

overnment's

im to

promote

modern

ndustry

n

less

well-developed

reas

nd the tate

overnment's

uccess

n

acquiring

such

prestigious

roject.

A

moredirect

xample

f

decentralization

s

the

Heavy

Electrical lant t

Bhopal.

Bhopal

was

not hosen

or conomic

easons,

lthough

he

ity

as

good

rail

inks,

ts

limate

smoderate

and

relatively

ust-free

nd andwas

offered

y

the

tate

overnment,

ut

rather ecause

f

ts

position

n a

backward

nd

under-industrialized

tate.

Over

20,000

people

from

ll over

ndia

havealreadyettledn theHeavyElectricallant ownship. ecentralizedocationsremore

I93

0 200

K,m



13/18

194

J.

A.

DAVEY

feasible

where

government

rojects

re

concerned,

ecause

profit-making

s

not so

vital

a

considerationnd

funds

re

available or he

necessary

nfrastructure,

uch s

housing,

nd for

training

abour.

1960-67Period

The

years

ince

1960

have seen

a

rapid

growth

n the number

f

large-scale

nits

n

Rajasthan

nd

Madhya

Pradesh

nd

also

in

the

diversity

f

their

roducts.

arge

cities

till

A

x

*-

X

V

V

^

E

e

INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES

v

Textile mills

(

Floor

and

starch

mills

Oil

mills

e

Board and

paper

mills

3

Other

agricultural

product

based

industries

A Cement works

VRefractory

and tirebricks works

Stoneware

pipes

and tile

works

A

Other

mineral based industries

Machinery

and

engineering

works

Metal

working

industries

-

Industrial

gases

and chemical

works

X

Other

industries

FIGURE

-Large-scale

ndustrial

nits n

Rajasthan

nd

Madhya

Pradesh,

ounded fter

960

retain

strong

ttraction

or

ndustry,

ith

orty

ut of

seventy

ew units

n

cities

f

oo,ooo

and

above

Fig.

6).

This

category

ow includes ota

and the

Durg-Bhilai

own

group.

The

rise f

Kota has

been

meteoric;

leven nits avebeen

stablished

here

ince

96I,

attracted

y

prospects

f

hydro-electricower

from

he

Chambal

Valley

ams,

y

cheap

and,

y

good

rail

linkson the

Bombay-Delhi

ine,

and

by encouragement

rom

he

government.

hemical

industriesre importantnd the central overnmentasbuilt large precisionnstrument

0

200

Km



14/18

INDUSTRIAL

DEVELOPMENT

IN

RAJASTHAN

AND

MADHYA PRADESH

plant

here.

Raw

materials

re

argely

mported

rom

ther

arts

f ndia nd

abroad.

Despite

acute

hortages

f

power

n

1967,

fter

wo

years

f

drought,

nd

of

raw

materials,

specially

imported

tems,

ota

shows

great

romise

or hefuture

hen

he

hydro-electric

tationsnd

atomic

ower

station

re n full

peration.

Rajasthan'smineralwealthhasnow come nto tsownas a basisfor ndustrialevelop-

ment.

he salt

eposits

f

Sambhar

ndDidwana

are

being

xploited

y

chemical nits nd

two

important

on-ferrous

melters

ame

nto

operation

n

1967,

or

opper

t Khetri

n

thenorth

and for

inc at

Debari

near

Udaipur.

In

Madhya

radesh

he

main

eaturesf

development

ince

961

have

been he

grouping

f

industrial

nits

round

Heavy

Electricals

td.

nd

theBhilai teelworks.

hey

nclude

ncillary

concerns,

y-product

nits

ndothers

ttracted

y

the

tmosphere

f ndustrial

progress.

Investment

n

this

eriod

has been

mixed;

central nd

state

overnments,

ll-India

om-

panies

nd

ocal

entrepreneurs

ave all

participated.

ew

lines

f manufacture

ave

ppeared,

such

as

electrodes,

opeds,

lectric

ables,

xygen

nd

acetylene,

elatine

nd

teakveneers.

Industryasedon ocalrawmaterialsccountsor ess han alf ftheunits oundedince

960.

The

local

markets

small,

ut hese tates

rovide

entral

ituationsn

major

ail

outes,

hich

is

especially

mportant

s

many

f

thenew units erve

country-wide

arket.

The state

governments

ave

played

their

part

n

attracting

ndustry y

offering

ax

exemptions

nd

by

mproving

acilitiesuch

s water

nd

power

upplies.

ack

of

power

had

long

been

a

major

drawback

o industrial

xpansion

n central

ndia,

but

the

development

f

hydro-electricower

n

theChambal

valley,

hermal

tationsuch

s

Satpura

ndAmarkantak

in

Madhya

Pradesh nd the

extension f an inter-connected

rid

will overcome his.

The

industrial

states

rogramme

rimarily

enefits

mall-scale

nits,

ut ndustrial

reas,

where

firms

may

ease

and and build

o their

equirements,

re

beingdeveloped,

s

in

ndore,

Kota

andBhopal.

Many

firms

ewly

stablished

ncentralndia

omplain

f

problems

n

obtainingupplies,

spare arts

nd

pecialized

echnical

ndfinancial

ervices,

nd

n

attracting

abour,

wing

o

the

distances

rom

metropolitan

entres,

ut

thesedifficulties

re unavoidable

n

the

transitional

stage

twhich

Rajasthan

nd

Madhya

Pradesh

ow

find hemselves.

ell-organized

nd

well-

connected

irms

o notfind hem

nsuperable,

utconsiderable

apital acking

nd

experience

is

needed.

Others

ave uffered

rom

elays

n

government

ealings, specially

hen

xpected

concessions o

not materialize.

The chief

roblems

aced

by industry

n

this

rea are

shortages

f

power,

partly

rom

natural

auses,

nd

of

raw

materials,

hich

may

be

an

all-India

roblem,

eyond

he

capabil-

ities

f the

ocal

authoritieso solve.

Given hat

hese

an

be

overcome

n

time,

Rajasthan

nd

MadhyaPradesh avea goodchance fcatchingp theirmore dvanced eighbours.

Summary

f

Locational

rends

In these tates e

may

recognize

n

early

eriod

when ndustrial

evelopment

ook

place

in

British

erritories

nd

n ndian tates ith

progressive

ulers.

ater,

nterest

rew mong

he

princes

nd,

by givinggenerous

oncessions,

hey

were

able

to

attract

ndustries,

specially

those

based on

agricultural

roducts.

ome

remainedither

ndifferent

r

hostile

o

modern

industry,

nd

there re

cases

of a

ruler's

pathy

n

the

past

ondemning

is

domain o remain

backward

ven

today.

After

ndependence

ame

a

period

of

uncertaintymong

private

industrialists,uthuge rojects ere oundedy he entralovernment.ince

960

industryas

I95



15/18

196

J.

A.

DAVEY

blossomed

n both stateswith

great

variety

f

new

products,

eaping

he

advantages

f

a

centralocation ndthe ttractiveerms ffered

y

central

overnment

ommittedo

promote

decentralization

f

ndustry

nd

by

state

overnments

nxious

o

pursue policy

f economic

expansion.

rom hefactst

might

e

concluded hat

conomic actorsuch s the

elative osts

ofrawmaterials,abour,

ower

ndsoon,havebeen

econdary

o

political

nfluencesndecid-

ing

the

pattern

f ndustrialocation

n

Rajasthan

nd

Madhya

Pradesh.

* 0 0

?O..

POPULATION

SIZE CLASSES

0

O

Classl

100,000

and

over

(with initials)

0

Class2

50-99,999

0

Class

3

20-49,999

*

Class4

10-19,999

*

ClassS

5-

9,999

*

Class6 under

5,000

NUMBER

OF

CENTRES

IN SIZE

CLASSES

Rajasthan

Class

1 6

Class

2

4

Class

3

23

Class

4

52

Class

5

51

Class 6 9

TOTAL-TOWNS AND

TOWN

GROUPS

145

tee?

QO

?

*.

??

C

;000

.@

O

*

.0P

**

0

* 0

,

**

*

?

?

Madhya

Pradesh

8

5

30

55

96

16

210

FIGURE

7-Rajasthan

and

Madhya

Pradesh,

urban

centres,

96I

Decentralization

ith

espect

o

large-scale

ndustry

as made

ittle

rogress

s

yet,

ut

a

pattern

s

emerging

f

regional

entresuch

s

Jaipur,

ota,

Gwalior, ndore,

abalpur,

hopal

and

Raipur,

ll with

populations

f

between

oo,ooo

and

500,000

Fig.

7).

These

offer

he

facilities

f

well-developed

rban

uclei,

ut

void

the vils

f

over-concentration.

uch

cities

could act

as the

counter-magnets'

eeded

to

divert

he

flowof

migration

o

metropolitan

centresnd topromotemore vendevelopmentfallparts f ndia.

o

200

K.m



16/18

INDUSTRIAL

DEVELOPMENT IN

RAJASTHAN

AND

MADHYA

PRADESH

Industrial

ecentralizationn ndia

Points

rising

rom his

pecific egional tudy

may

erve o throw

ight

n

more

general

industrial

nd

economic

roblems

n

ndia s a

whole.These

nclude

he

question

f

ndustrial

decentralizationhich, or arious easons,sexercisingconomicplannersnmany ountries,

not

only

he

underdeveloped

tates. he

creation f

'counter-magnets',

here

ttractive

erms

are offeredo

ndustry,

arge

or

small,

s

the

positive

spect

f

government

ction

o

promote

decentralization.

s

a

compromise

etween

metropolitan

oncentration,

hich

obtains

t

present

n

ndia,

nd

total

decentralization

ith

village-basedndustry,

xisting

medium-sized

towns

may

be set

up

as

growth oints.

This

approach

s

implicit

n

a

Ministry

f

Industry

report

f

965

which

uggests

hat,

uring

he

period

f the

Fourth

lan,

ll

centres f

5,000-

50,000

hould

e

selected

s

growth-points'

nd,

rather

ptimistically,

hat hese

entres

hould

absorb he

greater art

f

the

population

moving

ntourban

reas

n

the

next

decade.5

On

the

one

hand,

he ize of

centre

pecified

eems

ow,

even for

mall-scale

ndustry

f

the

modem

type.John . Lewisrecommendsowns n the

0,000-300,000

range s growth oints fhis

'town-centred

evelopment',6

hile

Britton

arris

would

put

the

imit

higher;

as

between

independent

ities

f

different

izes,

hose

in

ndia]

under

present

opulation

f

200,000

end

to be

unable

o

supply

o

many

f

thedesirable

eaturesf an

environment

hich

timulates

manufacturingrowth

hat

hey

annot

t

present

e

seriously

onsidereds

potential

rowth

centres'

cf.

Fig.

7).7

However,

otential

nd

readiness or

development,

ather han

ize,

hould

eterminehe

choice

to

be

made.

ndia cannot fford

o

waste

carce

esourcesn

subsidizing

nprofitable

industrial

entures,

ven

n

deserving

reas.

E.

Staley

nd

R.

Morse

make the

point

that t

is

better o

find

parks

f

ncipient

evelopment

ndfan

hem

nto

flame han o

try

o

energize

a

locality

which has

shown

ittle

igns

of

readiness or ndustrial rowth.8Once growth

points

avebeen

ocated,

t

s

necessary

o

make n

all-out

ffort

o

promote

ndustry

here

y

providing

ervices

nd

all

possible

ncentives

or

ntrepreneurs,

s

with

the

oncessions

iven

by

state nd

central

overnments

n

Rajasthan

nd

Madhya

Pradesh.

The

negative

anctions f

government

ontrol n

industrial

ocation

nd

restrictionsn

expansion

hroughicensing

nd

axation

ave

lsobeen

ried,

ut

he

metropolitan

entres ave

proved

exceptionally

enacious

nd have

retained

heir

ttraction

espite overnment

fforts

and a

correspondingrowth

n

ndustrial

evelopment

lsewhere.

he Third

Plan

period

aw

the

million'

ities f

ndia

reduce

heir hare

f

ndustrial

icences

ranted

o

39

per

cent,

s

opposed

o

46

per

cent

during

he

First nd

Second

Plans,

nd

those

ranted

or

ural reas

ose

from

.6

per

cent

to

I.4

per

cent.

These

figures

re

perhaps

he

beginning

f

a

movement

whichwillgrow.

The

role

of

the

public

ector

n

industry

n

general

nd in

industrial

ecentralization

n

particular

s

also a

matter fwide

debate.

ince

ndependence,

ndia

hashad a

mixed

conomy,

but

the

hare f

the

public

ector n

ndustry

as

ncreased nd

become

morediversified

ith

each

succeeding lan.

n

the

First

lan,

public

nvestmentn

ndustry

as

ow,

at Rs.

55

crores

(I

crore

=

ten

million)

s

against

s.

3 3

croresn

the

rivate

ector. ublic

nterprisexpanded

massively

n

the

Second

Plan,

mainly

wing

o

the ron nd

teel

works

t

Rourkela,

urgapur

and

Bhilai,

nd

nvestmentose

rapidly

o

Rs.

938

crores,

urpassingrivate

utlay,

lthough

this

lso

increased

ramatically

o

Rs.

850o

rores.

espite

this

ncrease,

he

public

ector till

produced

nly

one-tenth

f

the

output

f

organized

ndustry

n

India

n

i960-6I.

The ThirdPlan sought o raise his hare o 24 percentby I965-66,at the same time

I97



17/18

shifting

nd

diversifying

roduction

rom

eavy

metallurgy

nto

apital oods

f

he

ngineering

type,

uch as

precision

nstruments,

achine

ools,

electronic

nd

other

machinery.

he

moderateuccess

f

ndustry

n

theThird

lan,

t

east

ompared

ith ther

ectors,

ncouraged

the

framers

f the

Fourth

lan

to an even

higher

arget

or

public pending

n

industry.

his

amounted o Rs. 3900crores,utofa total fRs. I6,ooocroresnthepublic ector,nd was

the

argest

tem

on

the

ist;

planned

nvestment

n

agriculture

nd

rrigation

as

Rs.

3374

crores,

nd that

n

transport

nd

communications

s.

3010

crores.9

he

figure

f Rs.

3900

crores

s

very

high

onsidering

ndia's

financial ituation

nd

the avowal of the

planners

o

strengthen

he

agricultural

ector

s a matter

f

urgency.

The

DraftOutline

f

the

Fourth lan

was

published

n

August

966,

ut

ts

mplementa-

tion

was

postponed,

nd the

ndian

government

as taken

three-year

planning

oliday',

proceeding

ith

development

rogrammes

n

a

yearly

asis.

External onflicts

ith

Pakistan

and

China,

s well as

internal

pheavals

nd the

growing

risis

f

relations

etween he tate

and central

overnments,

ave

disrupted

he

ndian

conomy

nd the

1967

lections

pset

he

hierarchyfthePlanning ommission.t remainsobe seen f hegovernmentill ver eturn

to

planning

n

the

same

basis as

before,

lthough

he

Fourth lan

document

was

finally

approved

y

theNational

Development

ouncil

n

Delhi

in

April

1969.

Nevertheless,

he

public

ector

as

played

n

mportant

ole

n ndustrial

ecentralization,

as

n

the

ases

f

the

Bhilai teelworks

nd

Heavy

Electricals

td.,

Bhopal.

The relativemerits

of

uch

induced'

ndustry

s

against

natural'

rowth

re

rguable,

s the

ubsidizing

f

ndustrial

development

y

the tate

ould nterfere

ith

he

free

lay

of

ocational

nd

market

mechan-

isms

and

thusresult

n diseconomies.

ather,

he

government

hould

build

up

the

infra-

structure

ecessary

or

ndustrial

evelopment-roads

nd

railways, ower upplies,

inancial

and

commercial

ervices,

abour

raining,

nd

thereby

ttract

rivate

nterprise

nd

facilitate

itsrunning. owever, hese woexamples ave shownhowpublic nterprisesaveattracted

other

ndustry

nder heir

umbrella'

ffect,

s ancillaries

r

users f

by-products,

o

share

improved

ransport

acilities,

r to

exploit

newmarkets

rought

y

ncreased

opulation

nd

wealth

n the

region.

n

many

ountries

t

has been

found

hat,

n

attempts

o

help

backward

areas,

ocial

questions

mustbe considered

ith economic

spects,

nd

may

even

outweigh

them.

hus

artificiality'

nterms

f

economicocational

orces

may

be tolerated

or he ocial

benefits

hich

ccrue.

Whatever

he

position

f

government

n industrial

ecentralization,

he

basic

questions

remain:which entres

re to be

developed,

which

ndustriesrebest

uited

or

dispersal

nd

at

what

scaleof

production,

ndwhat

are the

regional

atterns

f

growth

which

emerge?

All

these

must

be considered

n

depth

fthe

movement

owards

ndustrial

ecentralization

in

anycountry

sto

gain

momentum.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The

research

or

his

aper

wascarried ut

during

he

period

965-68,

while he

uthor,

hen

Miss

Judith

rown,

was Research

ssistant

t

the Centre

f South

Asian

Studies,

niversity

f

Cambridge.

he

is

verygrateful

o the

Director

nd Committee

f

Management

f

the

Centre

or hefacilities

hich

were

provided

n

Cambridge

ndfor

grants

or ravel

n ndia.

During

herfieldwork

he uthorwas

helped y

numerous

ndustrialists,

overnment

fficials

and

academics

n

ndia,

o whom

he

xpresses

er hanks.

NOTES

'National

ample urvey,

enth

Round,

ecember

955-May

1956,

No.

34,

Tableswith

otes

n

employment

nd

unemployment'

Govt.

of

ndia,Delhi,

960).

See also

W. MALEMBAUM,

Urban

unemployment

n

India',

Pacif.

ff.

30I957),38-50

I98

J.

A.

DAVEY



18/18

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

IN

RAJASTHAN

AND MADHYA

PRADESH

I99

2

G.

M.

NEUTZE,

conomic

olicy

nd

he ize

of

ities

Canberra, 965),

6-9

3

National

ample urvey,

eventh

Round,

October

1953-March 954,

No.

26,

Preliminaryeport

n

housing

condition'

Govt.

of

ndia,

Delhi,

1960).

See also R. R.

PARK,

The

urban

hallenge

o local

and

state

government:

West

Bengal,

with

pecial

eference

o

Calcutta,

n

ndia's rban

uture

Berkeley,

962)

4

Government

f

ndia,

lanning

ommission,

hird

ive-year

lan

New

Delhi,

1961),

689

5Governmentf ndia,Ministryf ndustryndSupply, eportf he ub-groupnsmall-scalendustriesJuly

965);

Working

roup

n mall-scale

ndustry,

andicrafts

nd ericulture

New

Delhi,

1965),

149

6

J.

P.

LEWIS,

Quiet

risisn ndia

Washington

.C.,

1962),

174

7

BRITTON

ARRIS,

Urban centralization

nd

planned

evelopment',

n

India's rban

uture

Berkeley,

962),

68

8

E. STALEY

nd

R.

MORSE,

odernmall

ndustryor

developing

ountries

1965),

313

9

Government

f

ndia,

lanning

ommission,

ourth

ive-year

lan-A

draft

utline

New

Delhi,

1966),

41

REsuME-Developpement

ndustriel

ans e

Rajasthlan

t

e

Madhya

radesh,

nde.A

present,

'industrialisationete

cceptee,

en

nde,

omme n

pas

necessaire

ers e

progresconomique,

mais a

politique 'implantation

e

'industriest

oujours

l'objet

d'une

ontroverse

ur a

question

e a

centralisationu

de a

decentralisation.

n

peut

llustrer

e

probleme,

insi

que

les

facteurs

conomiques,

ociaux

t

politiques

ui

influentur

es

decisions

'implantation,ar

un examendu

developpement

ndustrielans

e

Rajasthan

t e

Madhya

radesh,

eux

tats

u

centre

e 'Inde.

Les materiauxassembles

a la suite 'uneetude ur uelques omplexesndustrielseces etats omprennentes ndicationsur esdecisions'im-

plantation

t sur

es datesd'etablissement.n

peut

definir

uatreperiodes

e

developpement

ndustriel.

e

role de

l'initiative

ritannique

t

celui

oue

par

es

princes

ndiens

taient

mportant

vant

'Independance.

epuis

I948,

la

politique

u

gouvernement

influeur

'implantation

t e

developpenlent

ndustrielle,

t des

projets

u

secteur

ublic

ontete

etablis.

es

problemes

ctuels e

manqued'energie,

a rarete e certaines

ati&res

remieres,

t

es

deficiences

d'infra-structure

evaient te urmontes

temps.

eci accroit

'importance

u

role

du

gouvernement

ans

'etablissement

et a

promotion

u

developpement

ndustriel,

t

des

types

'implantationuiemergeront

i a

politique

e

developpe-

ment

egional

quilibre

u

gouvernement

ndien

st

mise n

application.

FIG. -Inde:

position

u

Rajasthan

t du

Madhya

Pradesh

FIG.

2-Rajasthan

et

Madhya

Pradesh,

omme n

1881

FIG.

3-Complexes

industrielsans e

Rajasthan

t e

Madhya

radesh,

ondesvant

925

FIG.

-Complexes

industriels

ans

e

Rajasthan

t

e

Madhya

Pradesh,

ondes

925-47

FIG.

5-Complexes

industrielsans

e

Rajasthan

t e

Madhya

Pradesh,

ondes

948-60

FIG. -Complexes industrielsans e Rajasthant eMadhyaPradesh ondespres

960

FIG.

-Rajasthan

et

Madhya

Pradesh,

entres

rbains,96I

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG-Industrielle

ntwicklung

n

Rajasthan

nd

Madhya

radesh,

ndien.

ndustrialisierung

st u notwendi-

gen

Massnahmeur

den

wirtschaftlichen

ortschrittndiens

eworden,

ber

mehr

treitfragen

mgeben

ie 6rtliche

Verteilungs-Police

ur

ie

ndustrie,

ie

Zentralisations-Dezentralisationsfrage.

ies Problem nddie

wirtschaftlichen,

sozialen

nd

politischen

aktoren,

elche

die

Entscheidungen

er

Verteilung

eeinflussen,

onnen urch

ine

Unter-

suchung

es Anwachsens

er

ndustrie

n

Rajasthan

nd

Madhya

Pradesh,

wei Staatenn

Zentralindien,

nschaulich

gemacht

werden.

Bei

einer

Vermessung rosser

ndustrieller

nternehmungen

n

diesen

taaten,

wurdeMaterial

gesammelt,

as Informationen

rtlicher

erteilungsEntscheidungen)estimmungen,

owie

Daten der

Entstehung

enthalt.

ierZeitabschnittendustrieller

ntwicklung

6nnen

estgestellt

erden. ie

Rolle

die

britischer

nternehm-

ungsgeist

nd ndische tirstenorder

Unabhangigkeitpielten,

ar

wichtig.

eit

1948

hatdie

Regierungspolitike

en

Standorter ndustrie,owiedaswachsen eeinflusstndProjekte ffentlicherektorenind ntstanden.egenwartiger

Mangel

an

Kraftversorgung,angel

an bestimmten

ohmaterialiennd

Unvollkommenheiten

er

Infra-Struktur

konnenmit

er

Zeit iberwunden erden. ies

zeigt

ie

Aufgaben

er

Regierung

ei

der

Griindung

nd

Forderung

er

industriellen

ntwicklung

nd

das

Muster,

as

entstehen

ird,

wenn

die Police

gleichmassig

erteilter

ntwicklung

er

indischen

egierungngewandt

ird.

ABB.

i-Indien: die

LageRajasthan

nd

Madhya

Pradesh

ABB.

2-Rajasthan

und

Madhya

Pradeshwie in 1881

ABB.

3-Grosse

industrielle

nternehmungen

n

Rajasthan

nd

Madhya

Pradesh

or

1925

gegriindet

ABB.

4-Grosse

industrielle

nternehmungen

n

Rajasthan

nd

Madhya

radesh wischen

925

und

947

gegriindet

ABB.

5-Grosse

ndustrielle

nternehmungen

n

Rajasthan

nd

Madhya

radesh wischen

948

und

1960

gegriindet

ABB.

6-Grosse industrielle

nternehmungen

n

Rajasthan

nd

Madhya

Pradesh

ach

1961

gegrtindet

ABB.

7-RajasthanundMadhyaPradesh, tadtzentrum

industrial development in rajasthan and madhya pradesh, india

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