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Indonesia’s Science Funding and Review of Quality of Science
Endang Sukara and Syahrul Aiman
Indonesian Institute of Sciences (Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, LIPI)
Presented at 6th ASIAHORCS
Beijing, 9-12 October 2012.
22/10/2012
6th ASIAHORC Meeting in Beijing - 9 - 12 October 2012
Outlines
I. Background :
A. S&T development
B. Major S&T organizations
II. National RD Programs.
III. Resources : HR, R&D Fund.
IV. Science quality.
V. Closing .
22/10/2012 6th ASIAHORC Meeting in Beijing - 9 - 12
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I. Background
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S & T POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
S & T is an important part in the life of a nation
Innovation Initiatives 1-747 Masterplan for Acceleration and Expansion of
Indonesia Economic Development 2011 – 2025
Article 28C Paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution
Article 31 Paragraph (5) of the 1945 Constitution
The promulgation of Law no. 18 of 2002 on the National System of Research, Development and Application of Science and Technology
S & T development plans 2010-2014 (Jakstranas IPTEK)
The National Mid-term Development Planning (NMDP 2010-2014) & National
Research Agenda (NRA)
NIC established July 2010 Cahired by President
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INDONESIAN S&T DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK
• To realize the increase of productivity, Indonesia applies presidential’s innovation initiative 1-747 as a key driver in the
transformation to innovation-based economic system by strengthening the education system (human capital) and technological readiness.
President’s Initiative : 1 – 747 • 1 % of GDP for research
• 7 steps of Innovation systems improvement
• 4 mode of economic growth acceleration
• 7 objectives of Indonesian Vision 2025.
Major S&T Organizations
① 18 Research Agencies at Ministerial Sector
② 7 Research Institutes (Non Ministerial) and directly responsible to the President, e.g. LIPI
③ Research Institutes belong to Private Companies.
④ Other Research Institutes e.g. CIFOR
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II. National R & D Program
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R & D PRIORITY AGENDA THE NATIONAL LONG TERM
DEVELOPMENT PLAN
2005-2025
FOOD SECURITY The expansion of agriculture growing fields; Reduction in yield loss; Increasing the welfare of farmers and rural
communities; Nutrition and food diversity; and Food production system that is responsive to climate change.
ENERGY Mapping of potential sources of new and renewable energy in terms of quality and quantity; Development of
technology in accordance with the results of the mapping; techno-economic studies and sustainability; Dissemination of information to all parties (stakeholders related); and Improving efficiency of energy use.
TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT Development of transport infrastructure technology to support capacity of domestic Industry; Development of
environmentally friendly urban transportation system; Transportation safety and security; Development of goods transportation system suitable to regional needs; and Development of multimode transportation
technology and management.
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ICT infrastructure, consists of telecom-based internet protocol and digital-based multimedia broadcasting; software
development and development of ICT frameworks or platforms based on open source software; ICT content in the form of digital technology for creative industries; ICT devices development; and ICT human resource development
DEFENSE AND SECURITY TECHNOLOGY Research on technology to support military movement; Research on technology to support military combat; Research on
technology to support command, control, communications, surveillance and espionage; Research on technology to support military logistics; Research on technology to support police duty; Research on technology to support special
military equipment; and Military strategic studies.
HEALTH AND MEDICINE Developing technologies in particular medical devices and medicines natural medicines to support
the healthcare industry clusters and the national pharmaceutical industry.
ADVANCE MATERIAL Research themes are focused on the mastery of advanced processing techniques of primary mining and
agricultural materials, such as biomaterials, natural resource-based polymers, as well as manufacturing of magnets, ceramics, and glasses; composite materials, mineral, nano-sized materials, metals and metal alloys.
So
urc
e: C
en
ter
for
Sci
en
ce a
nd
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
ve
lop
me
nt
Stu
die
s (P
AP
PIP
TE
K)-
In
do
ne
sia
n
Inst
itu
te o
f S
cie
nce
s (L
IPI)
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III. Resources: HR, R&D
Fund
CONTRIBUTOR:
S&T INDICATOR TEAM, PAPPIPTEK - INDONESIA
No Area
S1 (Graduate/
Bachelor Degree)
S2 (Master Degree)
S3 (Doctoral Degree)
Number of Researchers
1 Agricultural Sciences 302 2,114 1,111 3,527 2 Medical Sciences 247 1,625 914 2,786 3 Technological Sciences 284 1,582 703 2,569
4 Economic Sciences 116 1,190 330 1,636
5 Pedagogy 151 982 237 1,370
6 Juridical Sciences and Law
93 839 110 1,042
7 Life Sciences 47 655 302 1,004 8 Mathematics 123 602 229 954 9 Chemistry 45 511 337 893
10 Physics 49 471 234 754 11 Sociology 61 452 141 654 12 Political Science 51 348 77 476 13 Linguistics 63 281 94 438
14 Sciences of Arts & Letters 58 280 91 429
15 Psychology 14 237 65 316 16 History 34 175 46 255
17 Earth and Space Sciences 15 104 126 245
18 Geography 13 143 35 191 19 Anthropology 17 94 48 159 20 Philosophy 14 124 17 155 21 Ethics 23 67 14 104 22 Logic 16 29 45 90 23 Demography 57 16 73
24 Astronomy and Astrophysics
6 13 19
TOTAL 1,836 12,968 5,335 20,139
ON THE BASIS OF AVAILABLE EXPERTISE
Source : R&D survey in State University sector, 2009
S1 (Graduate/Bachelor Degree) 9.12%
S2 (Master Degree) 64.39%
S3 (Doctoral Degree) 26.49%
Researchers by Degree of Education
Researchers in state higher education are mostly comes from these area of study: • Agricultural Sciences • Medical Sciences • Technological Sciences • Economic Sciences • Pedagogy
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GROSS EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD)
GERD Rp. 4.72 Trillion
GDP Rp. 5,613.4 Trillion
GERD/GDP 0.08%
National GERD and GERD/GDP Ratio, 2009 Contributions of Government and Private Sector of GDP
Sector GERD (Rp) % of GDP
Higher Education 1,820,718,042,388 0.03%
Manufacturing Industry 880,466,595,998 0.02%
Government 2,019,157,179,958 0.04%
TOTAL 4,720,341,818,344 0.08%
Rp1,820.72
Rp880.47
Rp2,019.16
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
Higher Education Industry Government
Ex
pe
nd
itu
re (
Rp
.Mil
lio
n)
R&D expenditure by sector, 2009
0.03%
0.02%
0.04%
0.00%
0.01%
0.01%
0.02%
0.02%
0.03%
0.03%
0.04%
0.04%
0.05%
Higher Education Manufacturing Industry
Government
GERD/GDP, 2009
Source: R&D survey in University sector (2009), Industry sector (2010), and Government sector (2006) 22/10/2012
6th ASIAHORC Meeting in Beijing - 9 - 12 October 2012
S & T Budget for 2012
Education (included for R&D in University) :
• Education budget is 20 % of government budget.
R&D Budget (out of education budget) :
• Government R&D budget is 1 % of government development budget, or roughly around 0,2 % of GDP.
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IV. Science Quality
Number of Patent Applications in One Year
Number of Internationally Peer-reviewed
Publications
Number of Citations of S&T Publications in One Year
International Collaborations
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ANNUAL NUMBER OF PATENT APPLICATIONS
Year Residents
PCT Non PCT Simple Paten
1991-2000 782 749 782 2001 197 208 197 2002 157 228 157 2003 163 201 163 2004 177 226 177 2005 163 234 163 2006 242 282 242 2007 209 279 209 2008 214 375 214 2009 247 413 247 2010 253 488 253
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Number of Patent Application by Residents
PCT NonPCT Simple Paten
Source: Directorate General of Intelectual Property Rights, Ministry of Justice and Human Rights
Year Foreigner
PCT Non PCT Simple Paten
1991-2000 4,628 23,872 465 2001 2,901 813 24 2002 1,976 633 48 2003 2,620 479 29 2004 2,989 452 32 2005 3,536 533 32 2006 3,805 519 26 2007 4,357 493 34 2008 4,278 469 34 2009 3,761 342 38 2010 4,140 390 362
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Number of Patent Application by Foreigners
Foreigner PCT Foreigner NonPCT Foreigner Simple Paten
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ANNUAL NUMBER OF INTERNATIONALLY PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS
Source: Essential Science Indicator
520 472
508 531
605 655 669
753
910
1,000
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Number of Internationally Peer Reviewed Publication
Year Peer-Reviewed
Publications 2001 520 2002 472 2003 508 2004 531 2005 605 2006 655 2007 669 2008 753 2009 910 2010 1,000
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ANNUAL NUMBER OF CITATIONS OF S&T PUBLICATIONS
Year Citations 2001 85 2002 590 2003 1,282 2004 2,089 2005 3,026 2006 4,311 2007 5,775 2008 7,372 2009 9,137 2010 11,150
85
590
1,282
2,089
3,026
4,311
5,775
7,372
9,137
11,150
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Number of Citations
Source: Essential Science Indicator 22/10/2012
6th ASIAHORC Meeting in Beijing - 9 - 12 October 2012
PUBLICATIONS AND CITATIONS PROFILE ACCORDING TO SCIENCE DICIPLINES
Source: Essential Science Indicator
Note: • Includes data for all papers from
ranked and unranked fields. • Data has been updated as of July 1,
2011 to cover a 10-year + 4-month period, January 1, 2001-April 30, 2011
The highest no. of paper: Clinical medicine Most cited publications: molecular and biology and genetics (highest citations per paper).
No Field Paper Citations Citations Per Paper
1 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & GENETICS 85 1267 14.91
2 MICROBIOLOGY 239 3303 13.82
3 IMMUNOLOGY 96 1299 13.53
4 SPACE SCIENCE 30 406 13.53
5 ENVIRONMENT/ECOLOGY 585 6606 11.29
6 CLINICAL MEDICINE 1,020 11,424 11.2
7 MULTIDISCIPLINARY 8 81 10.12
8 GEOSCIENCES 430 4262 9.91
9 BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY 236 1813 7.68
10 PSYCHIATRY/PSYCHOLOGY 59 450 7.63
11 CHEMISTRY 488 3424 7.02
12 SOCIAL SCIENCES, GENERAL 326 2188 6.71
13 PLANT & ANIMAL SCIENCE 985 5869 5.96
14 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 365 1933 5.3
15 MATERIALS SCIENCE 207 903 4.36
16 PHYSICS 321 1356 4.22
17 PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 119 445 3.74
18 ECONOMICS & BUSINESS 126 429 3.4
19 ENGINEERING 402 1298 3.23
20 COMPUTER SCIENCE 68 191 2.81
ALL FIELDS* 6,312 49,201 7.79
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TOP TWO FIELDS INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATIONS
190 186
138 131
154
190
200 199
229 229
93 93 84
89
112
100
120
173
189
202
0
50
100
150
200
250
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
No
. o
f P
ub
licati
on
s
Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Medicine
Environmental Science
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Earth and Planetary Sciences
Immunology and Microbiology
Chemistry
Social Sciences
Physics and Astronomy
Engineering
Materials Science
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Chemical Engineering
Energy
Veterinary
Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Mathematics
For the last 10 years, Agricultural and Biological Sciences and Medicine are the top two fields of international publications.
Source: Scopus (2009)
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INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH COLLABORATION
No Collaborator
Country Number of Publication
%
1 JAPAN 2,659 16.184
2 USA 2,598 15.813
3 AUSTRALIA 1,745 10.621
4 NETHERLANDS 1,260 7.669
5 ENGLAND 820 4.991
6 GERMANY 767 4.668
7 FRANCE 634 3.859
8 MALAYSIA 603 3.67
9 THAILAND 574 3.494
10 SOUTH KOREA 385 2.343
Total 12,045 73.312
The Most 10 Collaborator Country in International Co-authorship take 73.31% of total publication from 1976 to end of April 2011.
Source: ISI Web of Knowledge 22/10/2012
6th ASIAHORC Meeting in Beijing - 9 - 12 October 2012
V. CLOSING
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Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) in Indonesian Science History
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Directeur tot de
Zaken van
Landbouw, Kunsten
en Wetenschappen
op Java en de
Burige Eilande
1815 1817
‘s Lands
Plantentuin te
Buitenzorg
1928
Natuurwentenscha
ppenlijke Read
voor Nederland-
Indie
1948
Organisatie voor
Natuurwetenschap
1955
Research Agency
for Natural
Resources
1956
MIPI
(Indonesian
Science
Council) –
Indonesian Act
UU No 6 1956
1960, 1962, 1965
Decree of
People
Assembly Tap
MPRS
II/MPRS/1960:
National
Research
Center
Keppres
No.
94/1962:
Durenas
Durenas -
Lemrenas
1967
Decision of
People
Assembly
MPRS No.
18/B/1967:
LIPI;
Presidential
Decree No
128/1967:
LIPI
PD
IN, LP
GN
, LB
N, LO
N, LF
N, LK
N, LM
N,
LIN
, LE
N, LE
KN
AS
, LR
KN
Presidenti
al decree:
No
1/1986;
103/2001;
11/2004
R &
D a
nd
ch
an
ge
to
Ris
et C
en
ter
1. Any scientist who works for Government RD Institutions in Indonesia (except those
who work as lecturers in universities) is mandatory to join training course at LIPI before recruited as researcher, and their
career development is regularly evaluated by LIPI
2. LIPI is National Granting’s Institution for Research Professorship
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LIPI MAIN ASSIGNMENT
ASIAHORC in addition to a forum for exchange our countries experience,
ASIAHORC should be a vehicle to establish research collaborations among member countries for the
benefit of the region
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SUGGESTION FOR ASIAHORC
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