INDONESIA'S EXPERIENCE OF FISH AGGREGATING DEVICES (FADS)

BY

HARDJONO'

1. INTRODUCTION

As an archipelagic state, Indonesia is endowed with a vast area of marine waters amounting to 5.8 million km, comprising 2.8 million km of internal waters, 0.3 million km of territorial waters, and 2.7 million km of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

Large areas of marine waters in Indonesia offer good resource potential typical of the tropics and marine fisheries play an important role in the Indonesia fisheries.

Among the multispecies tropical resources available in Indonesia waters those of great value are skipjack, tuna, promfret, Spanish mackerel, snapper, grouper and some carangids. Among shellfish, shrimp (Penaeus sp.) and spiny lobster are the most expensive.

Recent estimates of the fisheries potentials of the country indicate a.potentia1 reaching 6.6 million mt, comprising of 4.5 million mt ib archipelagic and territorial waters and 2.1 million mt in the EEZ.

The development of marine fish production in Indonesia during the the years 1980-1987 shows an average increase of 6.22% a year. At present marine fisheries contribute 76% of the total fisheries production which by 1987 reached 2.017 million mt.

As a result of diverse characteristics of the Indonesian archipelago, the country's marine fisheries are complex and varied, and are dominated by traditional fishing activities operating a large number of very small vessels. Various kinds of fishing gear are employed which are dominated by gill nets comprising nearly one third of all fishing units operated.

When the amount of fish landed by different types of fishing gear is considered, payang: and purse seine contribute the largest part of fish landed amounting to about 26% of total annual fish landings. Payang and purse seine are operated in the area where rumponb are placed. Hundreds of rumpons are employed especially for catching small pelagic fish using payang and purse seine, and more than 170 payaosC are operated in West Sumatera, South Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, North Maluku, East Java, and Irian Jaya for catching skipjack and tuna. It is obvious that rumpon as fish aggregating devices have an important role in the Indonesian fisheries.

' Directorate General of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture. Indonesia.

" Payang is a seine bagnet which basically comprises 3 parts namely: wing, body and bag used for catching small pelagic fish. (Subani, W. and H.R. Barus, 1989)

" Rumpon is the general name of fish aggregating device operated in relative shallow water to catch small pelagic fish such as scad. sardine, mackerel, etc.

Payao is a fish aggregating device operated in the deep sea to catch large pelagic fish such as tuna, skipjack, etc.

2. INDONESIAN PRE-FAD FISHERIES

There is no record as to when rumpon were first used in Indonesian fisheries. However, operation of payang was described by van Kompen (1909, reported by Hudenberg 1932 and sited by Bailey, C. et.al, 1987) who reported round scads to be the most important species exploited by this gear. Instituut voor de Zeevishcherij te Batavia Mededeeling No.5 Jaarverslag 1939 reported that Payang, Djabour (a kind of cast net) and Sero (guiding barriers) were layang/scads, kembunghdian mackerel, selarltrevalie, tongkolleastern little tuna, bawallpromfret, terilanchovies, rebontsmall shrimp, etc. Layanglround scads represented the dominant fish caught, amounting to 14.7% of the total fish landed in the north coast of Java. Whether rumpon was already used at that time as usually happens in fishing operation of payang at present still needs to be studied.

At that time, fish was landed and auctioned in several landing places such as Eretan, Indramayu, Sawodjadjar, Tegal, Tanjungsari, Wonokerto, Batang, Tawang, Bandengan. Semarang, etc. all of which are located along the north coast of Java.

Rusman, A.M. (1954) reported that "Pukat Selar" which was operated using unjan or rumpon had been employed in Serdang, North Sumatera in 1921, mainly for catching selarltrevalies. Unjan was placed at a depth of 15-30 m around 10-30 miles away from the coast line.

Gears used for catching tuna and skipjack during the pre-FAD period were mainly long-line and pole and line, the same gears as were used during the FAD (payao) period. There are distinct differences in the national annual tunalskipjack production of these two periods. During the years 1981-1984 (pre-payao period), the average national production of tuna was 27,526 mtlyear and skipjack was 69,114 mt, while during payao period (1985-1987) it increased to 37,913 mtlyear for tuna and 91,732 mtlyear for skipjack, or an increase of 37.74% and 32.74% for tuna and skipjack respectively. Study of the effectiveness of the use of payaos for tunalskipjack fishing in Maluku waters by Tuasamu (1985) revealed that there ware significant increases in skipjack production after the introduction of payaos for skipjack fishing.

3. THE USE OF RUMPONIPAYAOS IN INDONESIA

1. The Objectives of Using RumponIPayaos

The main objective of employing rumpon andlor payaos is to concentrate fish in the rumpon in order to make fishing operations more efficient either in terms of time and cost.

Much effort has been devoted to increasing fish production. ~odernizi t ion and motorization of fishing vessels and their facilities and improvement of fishing technology are carried out for this purpose. As a consequence, investment, operational cost, and maintenance cost become higher and higher, and at a certain stage the cost of fishing exceeds the revenue from the fish caught.

Traditional fishermen such as those who operated payang and other traditional gears for catching small pelagic fish, have to fish during off season for their livelihood, and try to catch as much fish as possible during the season. As traditional fishermen their capital and capability to improve fishing facilities and technology are limited. Long experience of fishing activities lead them to use rumpon or blabar (fish Idre) to increase the number of fish caught.

The advantages of using rumpon in pelagic fishing have been realised by fishermen. In the Java sea where fishing of pelagic fish is conducted intensively, there is a "special business" dealing with the placing and utilization of rumpon. A number of fishermen construct and set rumpon in certain areas of the pelagic fishing grounds which can be fished by all fishermen. However, there is an un-written regulation obligating the user to give a certain amount of the fish caught in a rumpon to the owner of

the rumpon. This situation reflects the usefulness of rumpon for fishermen in catching pelagic fish in the area.

In the eastern part of Indonesian waters where skipjack and tuna fishing are carried out, the use of payaos is now developing. Although payaos have been already employed by Indonesian fishermen for a long time, their development was very slow.

Research on the use of payaos as FADS for tuna and skipjack fishing was carried out by BPPL (Balai Penelitian Perikanan LautIMarine Fisheries Research Institute) in Prigi,, East Java (1983), and Mamuju, South Sulawesi (1985), while fishing trials were done by BPPI (Balai Pengembanga Penangkapan IkanIFishing Technology Development Centre) among others in Teluk Tomini.

Following the success of fishing trials using payaos, and realizing the success of the Philippines and other countries in using payaos, Indonesia led by PT. Usaha ~ i n a * is now developing PIRINES (Perusahaan Inti RakyatINucleus Estate and Smallholder) system for tuna and skipjack fishing in Eastern Indonesian waters where PT. Usaha Mina acted as Nucleus and small-scale fishermen as small holders. This type of joint management of fishing is called "Armada Semut" which literally means "Ant Fishing Fleet" in English.

The use of FADS is not limited to the direct improvement of fish catch, but also aimed at improving environment quality of certain areas of the sea, which in turn will increase the productivity of the area. Jakarta bay and its surrounding waters including Kepulauan Seribu are well known as the area In which coral fish are fished. Intensive exploitation combined with the use of dangerous substances such as dynamite and pollution from upland areas, seriously threathens the environment and fish stock in the area. Therefore, an effort to restore its quality is now being made since November 1985 by utilizing discarded tricycles and buses for creating artificial reefs in the area. So far 54,600 tricycles and 85 buses have been dumped into the water around Kep. Seribu (Table 1; Fig.l).

According to the plan, the programme of dumping tricycles and buses will be terminated in 1992 when Jakarta is expected to be free of tricycles. In 1989 another 3,400 tricycles and 400 buses will be dumped for this purpose.

2. Site Selection for Placing RumpodPayaos

The main fishing grounds for small pelagic fish are the Java Sea, Malacca Strait, Makasar Strait and Bali Strait,especially in the area where there is a meeting of water currents bringing nutrients or where upwelling exists. The fishermen, especially experienced fishing master fishermen already know the areas chosen to place rumpon. Those areas are traditionally exploited by fishermen, and considered nearly over exploited.

Usually fishermen transfer the rumpon to other places whenever they periodically realise that the fish catch in the area in which rumpon are placed is insufficient. They will then choose a new site for their rumpon simply according to their experience of previous fishing. Continuous trials are done until they find a good fishing ground.

In the joint fishing following NES system applied by PT. Usaha Mina, all payaos required are provided by PT. Usaha Mina, including their deployment in the fishing grounds. Payaos are placed in the expected migration route of skipjack and tuna, among others, by considering the environmenal condition of the sites, their nearness to the fishing communities and bait fish grounds. All costs are provided by PT. Usaha Mina.

* PT. Usaha Mina is one of the Indonesian Fisheries State Enterprises. The others are : PT Samudra Besar, PT. Perikani Maluku, PT. Perikani Sulawesi Utara Tengah, and PN. Tirta Raya Mina.

Certain parts of Jakarta Bay and waters around Kep. Seribu are continuously used for the movement of ships from and to the Jakarta Port (Tanjungpriok). Therefore, in emplacing rumpon using discarded tricycles and buses these trafffic lines have to be avoided. The entire costs of selecting sites for placing rumpon are borne by the Province of Jakarta through Jakarta Province Fisheries Services.

Matters considered in placing rumpon are mostly concerned with biological and physical aspects. The economic apsect is considered in placing payaos for tuna and skipjack fishing in eastern Indonesian waters as indicated by choosing the nearest possible site from fishermen community as small holder.

In emplacing rumpon for creating artificial reefs, water depth of less than 30m, low turbidity rate. hard sea bottom, absence of strong water currents, freedom from sea navigation, and nearness to small-scale fishermen village, are aspects to be considered. For the payaos the following aspects are considered:

- the depth of water should be between 600-1,500 fathoms

- the area should be in the migration route of tunalskipjack

- the distance from fishing base and bait ground should not be more than 40 miles.

All costs incurred in acquiring this information are entirely borne by the Nucleus (in the case of joint fishing following NES system), and the province of Jakarta (for creation of artificial reefs).

3. Materials Used and Design of RumpodPayaos

Rumpon are usually placed at a depth of 20-25 m (Subani, 1986). Some rumpon can be lifted up during the catching of fish, while others are permanently set using a relatively heavy sinker. For the former, the weight of the sinker is between 25-35 kg and for the latter the sinker is 75-100 kg.

Rumpon used in Java mainly comprises 3 main parts, namely the floating part, connecting rope, and sinker and anchor (Husen, E.S. 1985). The floating part and sinker is connected with a rope to which attractors are attached. Material used for attractors are usually coconut leaves, while floating materials used are 3-4 bamboos measuring 4-7 m. Ropes made of braided young bamboo, palm fibre or synthetic materials are used measuring 1.5-2 times the water depth of the area.

Fishermen prefer to use coconut leaves as attractors since they can last for a long time submerged in seawater and are readily available almost everywhere. However, in some places in West Java fishermen use thatch-grass ("ilalang" or lmyeratd sp.) or other grasses for making attractors.

As mentioned earlier, payaos have been employed in some parts of Indonesian waters, among others: West Sumatera, East Java, Sulawesi, Maluku and Irian Jaya. Payaos operated in different Indonesian waters have essentially the same components namely: floating part, attractor, rope, and sinker. However, in the shape and material used, there are differences as can be seen in Tables 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 and Figures 2; 3; 4; 5; and 6.

The use of discarded tricycles and buses for creating artificial reefs in Jakarta Bay is mainly based on the abundant availability of such materials in Jakarta especially after gradual banning of the use of tricycles there.

Before emplacement into the water, tricycles or buses are tied into one unit measuring 4X4X3 m comprising 60 tricycles and 12x 1 2 . 5 ~ 2 m comprising 6 buses. For tricycles a quadrangular frame made of bamboo or iron is used, while for buses the materials used for making the frame are iron or aluminum (Fig. 7 and 8). In addition, coconut leaves are tied in the rumpon in order to make it more attractive.

Rumpon for small pelagic fish which is relatively simple, are made by the fishermen who are directly involved in fishing activities, or by individuals or groups of people who sell them to the fishermen concerned. The cost of constructing 1 unit of rumpon is about Rp. 100,000".

The programme for the improvement of Jakarta Bay environment is mostly handled by the Jakarta Province Fisheries Services. People who work in preparing and emplacing the rumpon are paid by the government.

To construct 1 unit of rumpon made of tricycles two workers are needed.for one day, while for constructing one unit rumpon of buses require two workers for three days. The workers are daily unskilled labourers and they earn Rp. 10,000 per day. The workers need no special expertise but those employed are persons who live in Muara Angke (fishermen village) and surrounding areas.

The number of workers employed during the operational stage depends on the frequency of activities and number of rumpon dumped. For one trip, loading 2 units of rumpon of 120 tricycles by employing 3 flat-bottomed boats 15 workers for 5 days are needed. Wages for one worker are Rp.1,500 per day (excluding cost of meals, etc.). Thus, the cost of constructing and placing 2 units of rumpon made of tricycles is Rp.132,500, without including the cost of constructing the iron frame and the cost of transporting rumpon to the site.

4. Socio-economic Aspects of the Use of RurnponlPayaos

In developing the payao fishery in eastern Indonesian waters, all materials required for constructing payaos are prov'ided entirely by PT. Usaha Mina. The cost of constructing 1 payao is about Rp. 6 million, while the cost of emplacing in the sea is about 10-15% of its construction cost or about Rp. 600,000-Rp. 900,000.

The use of rumpon has certainly increased the production of marine fish, especially small pelagic fish. Its high producivity namely 9.86 tonlunitlyear for payang and purse seine respectively contributed a large volume of the fish produced (9.4% and 17% of total fish production a year), although the number of gears operated was relatively small (Table 7).

The effectiveness of payaos for skipjackltuna fishing using pole and line (huhate) has been studied by Tuasamu, A.R. (1985). He reported that the volume of the fish caught during the 16 days fishing in the area surrounding payaos was higher than that outside payaos, viz: 22,096 kg and 15,231 kg respectively (Table 8 and Fig. 9). The size of skipjack caught in the payao area was smaller than that in the area outside the payaos. 20,129 kg of skipjack caught in the payao area comprised 8,613 fish having an average weight of 2.3 kg. while skipjack caught outside payaos had an average weight of 2.5 kg. SkipjacklKatsuwonus pelamis, madidihianglyellowfin tunalThunnus albacares, tongkolleastern little tunalAuxis thazard, and KomolEuthynnus affinis having a weight of 1-10 kg each were attracted to concentrate around payaos and were found in the depth of 0-75 m, while those larger fish usually found 0.25-3 miles away outside payaos during day time came back to the payaos during night.

Comparing the effectiveness of payaos for pole and line fishing indicated that average catch ratelfishermanlday in fishing using payaos was higher than that without payaos, i.e. 2.08 and 1.39 respectively. Coefficient of fertility in the payaos area was smaller than that outside payaos (0.169 compared to 0.268). Lower coefficient of fertility indicated its higher productivity, which means that the use of payaos increased the efficiency of pole and line fishing.

As mentioned earlier, P.T. Usaha Mina is developing PIRINES for skipjackltuna fishing in Maluku and Sorong waters. Average annual fish prodgction of P.T. Usaha Mina during the pre-payao era (1979-1985) which was 3,294.17 mtlyear, increased to an average of 3,681.16 mtlyear during the payao era (Table 9).

The number of fishing vessels operated during the pre-payao era decreased from year to year, possibly due to the uncertainty of the fishing ground. After payaos were deployed, the number of vessels operated increased, with smaller day fishing operation compared to the position during the pre-payao era.

Table 10 and Figure 10 show the monthly fluctuation of Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) of shipjackl tuna during the pre-payao era and the payao era. The CPUE during the payao era is higher than that during the pre-payao era, i.e. a range of 20-36 mt and 38-78 mt respectively.

Fishing of skipjackkuna using pole and line requires live bait. During the pre.-payao era, use of live bait showed an increasing trend every year. But after payaos were deployed the use of live bait showed a decreasing trend. The same is true of the use of Bahan Bakar Minyak or gasolineldiesel oil (BBM) for fishing. During the pre-payao era the average use of BBM was 7,796 mtlmt fishlmonth, while during the payao era it decreased to 2,227.9 mtlmt fishimonth. The concentration of fish around the payaos made the use of live bait and BBM more efficient for attracting skipjackltuna to concentrate around fishing vessels. Tables 11, 12 and Figures 11 and 12 show the fluctuation in the use of live bait and BBM during the pre-payao and payao eras.

A financial analysis of skipjackltuna fishing using payaos, semi payaos (sometimes fishing in the payao area, sometimes outside of payaos), and without using payaos revealed the following results (Table 13):

a) In general skipjack fishing is profitable (Benefit CostIBC ratio is higher than 1 at Degree of FreedomIDF lgoh). BC ratio for payao fishing was 1.76, higher than that of semi-payaos and fishing without payaos (1.6 and 1.28 respectively). Thus, the use of payaos increased the profit obtained by fishermen.

b) The Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of payao fishing is much higher than those of semi-payaos and fishing without payaos.

c) By employing, payaos, the incomes of fishermen increase. NPV at DF 18% of payao fishing is Rp.18,805,102.4lyear, while for semi-payaqs and fishing without payaos they are Rp.16,579,920 and RpS,823,500/year respectively.

d) The BC ratio at DF 18% of bait fish fishing was higher after the introduction of payaos (1.87 compared to 1.53). This is because the demand for bait fish during the pre-payao era was relatively smaller, so that excess of live bait fish had to be dried and salted, incurring additional cost.

The response by fishermen of the area concerning the use of payaos \-,as positive. Table 14 shows the perception and appreciation of fishermen regarding the deployment of payaos. 100% of fishermen interviewed by the team (Anonymous, 1988) already knew about payaos, while 86.7'/0 agreed with the installation of payaos. Only 13.3% did not know about or did not require payaos for their fishing activities.

Anonymous (1988) reproted the structure of rumpon made of tricycles in Jakarta BayIKep. Seribu had been much over grown by peryphyton. The emplacement of rumpon had a direct positive effect on the growth of artificial reef in the area. Wasilun (in lsom et.al. 1989) reported that artificial reefs made of concrete blocks were able to concentrate many species of fish, including Lethrinus ornatus, Lutjanus

monostigma, Caesio erythorogaster, Spratelloides delicatus, Hemipterus peconii, Taeneura lymna, Holocaeres, spp. Epinephelus spp. and Siganus spp. Certain species of coral reef transplanted to the new areas revealed good growth, namely : 12.8 cmlyear for Acopora spp, 2.65 cmlyear for Podogacia spp, 3.55 cmlyear for Calaxea spp, 2.1 cm./year for Parites spp, and 5.51 cmlyear for Pavona spp.

The investment cost of construction of 20 units of rumpon made of 10,000 tricycles was Rp. 87,400,000, while for 11 units of rumpon made of 85 buses was Rp. 53,093,000.

A financial analysis of NPV on the use of rumpon in Jakarta Bay indicates that the profit obtained after 10 years would be Rp. 29,741,000 for tricycle rumpon and Rp. 7,844,000 for bus rumpon. The IRR would be 28% and 21% for tricycle and bus rumpon respectively, higher than the opportunity cost of savings in the bank at 15% rate of interest. The BC ratio is higher than 1.0, i.e. 1.51% for tricycle rumpon and 1.21% for bus rumpon.

Since rumpon were dumped into Jakarta Bay in 1985, the catch showed an increasing trend especially for the hook and line fishery. During the pre-rumpon era (before 1985) the average annual fish production was 659 mtlyear which increased to 3,117 mtlyear during the rumpon era, a 5-fold increase. (Table 15 and Figure 13).

5. Management Measures and Control

The development of payao fishing in eastern Indonesian waters involved small-scale fishermen and the fishing industry (P.T. Usaha Mina). Both parties involved have to maintain close collaboration in order to create the appropriate climate in which all the targets can be achieved satisfactorily. Each party involved has to obey all conditions agreed on and follow the rules of the game and obligations.

The following are obligations to be undertaken by each party in order to achieve smooth collaboration and maximum benefit:

a. Fishing Industry (P.T. Usaha Mina) as Nucleus:

- Provide the required payaos.

- Provide capital (operational cost, live bait, BBM, spare parts, etc).

- Provide credit for fishing vessels, engines and gear.

- Purchase all fish caught by fishermen at reasonable agreed prices.

- Give guidance on the management of employment and fishing

- Obey and follow all conditions agreed on by both parties.

b. Fishermen as Small-holder:

- Sell all fish caught to the Nucleus.

- Obey and follow all conditions agreed on by both parties.

- Give information on the fishing activites in the area of payaos to the Nucleus.

In general in the emplacement of rumpon or payaos either by fishermen or the fishing industry, except for the emplacement of rumpo on in Jakarta Bay, not much consideration is given to the existing regulations enacted by institutions involved in the management of the sea such as the Department of Transportation, Navy, and Directorate General of Fisheries, Department of Agriculture. Being

emplaced and deployed in relatively remote areas and since there is still plenty of room for placing payaoslrumpon, an undesirable situation or conflict among the parties involved in using the sea can still be avoided. However, the likelihood of rapid growth of the deployment of payaoslrumpon within Indonesian waters, which in turn might create conflict and have adverse effects on the resources has to be anticipated, by regulating the allowable n u m k r , and distribution of rumpon/payaos within Indonesian waters and more specifically in certain areas.

Realizing the relative high cost of construction and emplacement of rumponlpayaos, monitoring of the quality of the environment needs to be considered. Data and information on the quality of the environment could be obtained by placing a simple instrument in the rumponlpayaos which is able to record the required data and information. Such data and information would be useful for improving the design, construction, and siting of rumpon/payaos for increasing fish production or measures that need to be taken for management of the resources. In addition, fishermen have to be equipped with a "data sheet" for collecting information on the quality of water and environment and number of fish caught in each rumponlpayao.

Special consideration- has to be given to the possibility of the accumulation of Fe++ in the water and sea bottom due to the use of tricycles and buses for rumpon in Jakarta Bay, especially if there are a large number of rumpon deployed over a large vast area of water. Monitoring this possibility has to be carried out by means of obtaining data and information regularly on the content' of Fe+ + in the water and sediment.

As the fish resources increase in certain areas, the number of fishermen willing to exploit these resources will also increase. The possibility of conflict has to be avoided, among others by means of:

- Establishment of "Rumpon Fishermen Groups". Such groups of fishermen are new in the country. Therefore much thought and ideas are still needed in regard to the formation of this kind of fishermen group.

- Enforcement will be required to ensure that fish concentrated in rumpon are not exploited by other parties.

- Fishermen would have to be equipped with instruments for monitoring, maintenance, and exploitation of rumpon such as fish finders, radio communication, etc.

- Fishermen/people outside the group of rumpon fishermen would have to be educated not to exploit fish in the rumpon areas.

4. CONCLUSION

1. FADs in the form of rumpon and payaos have been deployed in Indonesian fisheries for a long time. The exact starting date of the use of rumpon is not known. However, the "payang:' a gear usually combined with the use of rumpon., had been generally used in the early nineteenth century.

2. In Indonesian fisheries 3 kinds of FADs are recognized to be in specific use namely: rumpon which are usually used for small pelagic fishing, payaos which are usually used for skipjackltuna fishing, and "rumpon" used for creating artificial reefs. The first device is widely employed in Java Sea, Malaca Strait, and Makassar Strait, the second is now being developed in eastern Indonesian waters, while the last is being developed in Jakarta Bay waters.

3. In general, the shape and design of rumpon and payaos operated in Indonesia are the same, comprising float, attractor, rope, and sinkerlanchor. The payaos used in Maluku waters (Maluku and Sorong) where attractors are cylinders made of iron (iron cage) combined with coconut leaf and plastic, are sharply different.

4. The use of rumpon for small pelagic fishing using payang and purse seine contributed a large volume of fish amounting to about 26% of the total marine fish produced annually. While the deployment of payaos in eastern Indonesian waters increased skipjackltuna production, it decreased the use of live bait fish and BBM (Bahan Bakar Minyaklgasoline or diesel), and made fishing operations more efficient. The introduction of "rumpon" in Jakarta Bay waters increased fish production especially from hook and line fishing.

5. Financial analysis of skipjackltuna fishing in eastern Indonesian waters has revealed that payao fishing, is the most profitable activity relative to semi payao fishing and fishing without payaos, as indicated by its highest BIC and IRR. Economically, the NES system developed by PT Usaha Mina increased the fish produced by small-scale fishermen.

6. The use of rumpon in Jakarta Bay for creating artificial reefs shows bright prospects for the future. Analysis of NPV indicated high value of IRR and BC ratio both for tricycle rumpon and bus rumpon.

7. Management measures and controls on the use of rumponlpayaos in Indonesia are still limited. Proper management measures, control, and monitoring of the use of rumponlpayaos need to be developed in order to avoid undesirable effects on the fishing communities such as conflicts and adverse effects on the resources and environment.

REFERENCE

1. ANONYMOUS, 1987. Laporan Akhir Survey Lokasi dan Disain Rumpon di Ternate, Tidore, Bacan dan Sekitarnya (Terminal Report on the Site Selection and Design of Payaos in Ternate, Tidore, Bacan and Surrounding waters), Directorate General Fisheries and Bogor Agriculture University, 1987, 165 p.

2. ANONYMOUS, 1988. Studi Penyajian Evaluasi Lingkungan Pembuatan Rumpon di perairan Teluk Jakarta (Study on the Environment Evaluation of the use of Rumpon in Jakarta Bay), Jakarta Province Fisheries Services and Bogor Agriculture University, 1988, 138 p.

3. ANONYMOUS, 1988. Indonesian Fisheries Statistics, Directorate General of Fisheries, Jakarta, 1988.

4. ASIKIN. T, 1985. Petunjuk Teknis Usaha Perikanan Payaos (Technical Guidance on Payaos Fishery), Directorate General of Fisheries, Jakarta, 1985, 26 p.

5. BAILEY, C., A. DWIPONGGO AND F. MARAHUDIN, 1987. Indonesian marine capture fisheries. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 10, 196 p. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines; Directorate General of Fisheries, and Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta, Indonesia.

6. HUSEN, E.S, 1985. Pecggunaan Lampu Pada Penangkapan dengan Purse Seine di Daerah Tegal (The Use of Lamp on Purse Seine Fishing in Tegal Waters), Jakarta Fishery Academy, 1985,48 p.

7. INSTITUUT VOOR DE ZEEVISCHERYJ TE BATAVIA, Mededeeling No. 5, Jaarverslag 1939, 162 p.

8. ISOM, H.S, D.G. SYAHASTA, AND SUTART0,1989. Artificial Reef, Balai Pengembangan Penangkapan Ikan, Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan, 1989, 19 p.

9. NURBAMBANG, SUGIONO, AND RAHARDJO, 1985. Laporan Uji coba Pancing dan Payaos di Sulawesi Utara (Report on the Fishing Trial using Hook and Payaos in North Sulawesi Waters), BPPI, Semarang, 38 p.

10. SUBANI. W, 1986. Telaah Penggunaan Rumpon dan Payaos Dalam Perikanan di Indonesia (Study on the Use of Rumpon and Payaos in lndonesian Fishery), Marine Fisheries Research Journal, No. 35, 1986, P: 31-47.

11. SUBANI. W, AND H.R. BARUS, 1989. Alat Penangkapan Ikan dan Udang Laut di Indonesia (Fishing Gears for Marine Fish and Shrimp in Indonesia). Journal of Marine Fisheries Research Institute, lSSN 0216 - 7727, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, Departemen Pertanian, Jakarta, 1989, 248 p.

12. SUHARIYANTO AND B. SETIONO, 1986. Uji Coba Effectivitas Purse Seine Disekitar Payaos di Teluk Tomini (Fishing Trial on the Effectivity of Purse Seine Arround Payaous in the Tomini Bay), BPPI, Semarang, 1986, 26 p.

13. RUSMAN. A.M., 1954. Perusahaan "Pukat Selar" di Sumatera Timur. Berita Perikanan VI, NO. 6, August 1954, p: 89 - 92.

14. TUSAMU. A.B, 1985. Effectivitas Penggunaan Alat Bantu Rumpon Terhadap Hasil Tangkap Ikall Cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis) dengan Pole and Line di Perairan Sorong, Irian Jaya (The effectivity of the Use of Payaos for skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) fishing using Pole and Line in Sorong Waters, Irian ~ i ~ a , University of Brawijaya, Malang, 1985, 56 p.

Table 1. Number and distribution of tricycle and bus rumpon for creating artifical reef in Jakarta Bay 1985 - 1988.

Step Year # Tritycle # Bus Location *

Untung Jawa, Ubi, Lancang Tidung

Ubi, Lancang, Air, Kr. Be ras, Kelor, Dapur, Onrust

Panggang, Kr. Beras, Pari Damar

Kelapa, Untung Jawa, PangJgang , Rambut, Kr. Beras

Untung Jawa, Panggang

Edam, Dapur, Air

Around Edam

Air, Damar

Tara, Air, Edam, Kr. Beronang

Kr. Baru, Kr. Krawang Utara, Edam

Dapur, Pramuka, Edam, Gs. Sekati, Kr. Baru

Total: 54,600 85

Note: * Waters around the island mentioned. Source: Anonymous, 1988.

Table 2. Materials used for constructing payaos in South Sulawesi.

Component Materials Size Number Weight

- Main raft

- Atiractor

- Rope

- Sinker rope

- Sinker

Bamboo L : 9 m 80 - 100 - T : 1.6 - 1.8 m

Coconut leaf - 20 - 30 -

PE D : 4 - 6 m - - L : 3 0 - 5 0 m

PE D : 1 4 - 1 6 m 10 - 14 roll - Rattan D : 8 - 1 0 m m 5,000 m -

Stone - 60 - 70 @ 25 - 30 kg

Source: Anonymous, 1987. Note: D : Diameter; T: Thickness; L: Length

Table 3. Materials used to construct payaos in North and Central Sulawesi.

Component Materials Size Number Weight

- Raft Bamboo Diameter Length

- Platform Iron plate Length Width Height

- Attractor Coconut leaf

- Rope PE Diameter

- Swivel Iron Diameter

- Sinker Cement & iron frame

- Anchor Iron

: 16 mm 6 roll

Source: Anonymous, 1987.

Table 4. Materials used for constructing payaos in Prigi, East Java.

Component Materials Size Number Weight

RaftlAttractor:

- Raft

- Float

- Attractor

- Rope

- Sinker

Rope of Anchor

- Rope

- Counter weight

- Swivel

- Shackle

- Thimble

Anchor

- 1st Anchor

- 2nd Anchor

- 3rd Anchor

- Chain

Bamboo

Plastic

Coconut leaf

PE

Cement

Wire

PE

Iron chain

Cement

Iron

Iron

Iron

Cement

Cement

Cement

Iron

Length Width Thickness

Diameter

Diameter

Diameter Length

Diameter Length

Diameter Length

Diameter

Diameter

Diameter

Length

Source: Anonymoub. 1987.

Table 5. Materials used for constructing payaos in West Sumatera.

Component Materials Size Number Weight

- Float Bamboo

Fibreglass

- Attractor Coconut leaf

- Rope Wire rope

- Sinker Drum & ce- ment & iron vol. 200 1

Stone & iron chain

Diameter length

Diameter Thick

Diameter Length

Diameter Diameter

Diameter

6-8 kg Diameter Length

Source: Anonymous, 1987.

Table 6. Materials used for constructing payaos in Sorong, lrian Jaya (PT. Usaha Mina).

Component Materials Size Number Weight (1) (2) (3) (4) ( 5 )

Float

- Platform Flat Iron Thickness : 4 mm Length : 3.66 m 1 Width : 2.2 m Height : 0.61 m

- Ear hanger Reinforced cement Diameter : 5/8"

- Swivel Iron Diameter : 718"

Iron Cage

- Main rope :

- wire rope Iron Diameter : 518" Length : 100 m

- seal Steel Diameter : 518"

Continue

- Frame

- Cage:

- Rope

- Coconut leaf

- Tassel

Sinker

Connecting '-Ope

- Rope-I

- Swivel

- Sinker rope

- Rope-I1

Anchor

- Anchor

- Anchor rope:

- Rope-I

Reinforced cement

Tyre

PE

-

Plastic

Reinforced cement

Tyre.

PE

Iron

Steel

PE

Reinforced cement

Steel

Steel

Steel

Diameter Length

Length

Diameter Length

Length

Diameter Diameter

Diameter length

Diameter

Diameter

Length

Big drum

Diameter Length

Diameter Length

Diameter Length

: 518" : 100 m

: 1.5 m

: 318" : 12 m

-

: 60 cm

: 30 cm : 518" -

: 518" : 0.5 times

depth

: li2"

: 518"

: as depth of water

: 518" : 5 m

: 518" : 5 m

: 518'' : 40 m

Source: Anonymous, 1987.

Table 7. Marine fish production, unit of gear used, and productivity of payang and purse seine, 1981- 1987.

Year Ftsh production* Unit of gear ~roductivit~**

Total PY PS PY PS PY PS

Average 15.02 1.41 2.55 13,533 3,992 9.86 46.45

Source: Fisheries Statistics of Indonesia, 1988.

Note: * production : x 100,000 rnt ** productivity : mtiyear PY : payang PS : purse seine

Table 8. Catch composition of .fishing using payao and without payao in Sorong waters.

Species Production (kg)

Using payao % Without payao %

- SkipjacklKatsuwonus 20,129 91.1 13,662 89.7 pelamis

- MadidihianglYellow- fin tunalThunnus ulhacares 1,531 6.9 1 SO8 9.9

- TongkollAuxis thuzard 436 1.9 6: 0.4

and KomolEuthynnus affirtis

Total

Syurce: Tuasamu, 1985

TaMe 9. Fish production of PT. Usaha Mina, 1979 - September 1986.

Year Production (m. t) Average (m. t)

Pe-payao era

r979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

Payao era

Source: Tuasarnu, 1985 * :until September 1986.

Table 10. The fluctuation of monthly CPUE during pre-payao era (1979 - 1984) and payao era (1985 - 1986).

Month Pre-payao era Payao era % increase

January February March April May June July August September October November December

Source: Tuasamu, 1985

Table 11. Percentage of the monthly decrease of the use ot BBM during pre-payao and payao era (tonsltons of fish).

Month Pre-payao era P a y a ~ era % decrease

January February March April

May June July August September October November December

Source: Anonymous, 1983.

Table 12. Percentage of the monthly decrease of the use of live bait fish during pre-payao and payao era (paiVton fish).

Month Pre-payao era Payao era % decrease

January February March April

May June July August September October November December

Source: Anonymous. 1987.

181

Table 13. Financial analysis of SkipjacWTunia flshig (payao fphing, semi-payao fishing, nondpayao fmhing, and bait fishing).

Items PF SPF NPF BE' PPE PE

- Investment (Rupiah)

- Operational costlyear

- Operation daylyear

- Average prodyear (kg)

- Total reve- nue/ year

- BC ratio at - DF 18%

- NPV at DF 18%

- IRR

Source: Anonymous, 1987 Note: PF : Payao Fishing

SPF : Semi Payao Fishing NPF : Non Payao Fishing BF : Bait Fishing PPE : Pre-Payao Era PE : Payao Era IUSS: Rp. 1. 870.-

Table 14. The perception and appreciation of fishermen on the placement of payaos.

PerceptionIAppreciation Responses yes (%) Less (%) Non (%)

- Already knew about payaos

- Agree wifh the placement of payaos

I - Willing to utilize the payaos

Source: Anonymous, 1987.

Table 15. Fish production from hook fmhing in Jakarta Bay during pre-rumpon era and during rumpon era (mt).

Year Production Average

Pre-rumpon era

Rumpon era

Source: Anonymous, 1988.

: expected site for tricycle rumpon : expected site for bus rumpon o : site of existing rumpon : special site for hook fishing

Source: Anonymous, 1988. Environmental Assessment of Artificial Reef, "Rumpon", in Jakarta Bay, Jakarta: 138p.

184

BAMBOO RAFT

-- -- .. __

Figure 2. "Rompong Mandar" used in Mamuju waters, South Sulawesi.

Source: Anonymous, 1987. A Terminal Report on Site Selection and Design of Fish Aggregating Device, "Payaos", in Ternate, Tidore, Bacan and Adjacent Waters, Jakarta, 1 6 5 ~ .

185

BAMBOO RAFT Length : 11 m

PE ROPE QI 14-16 rnm

TWINED RATTAN i- AROUND. PE ROPE

Figure 3. "Rompong Tuna" used in Mamuju waters, South Gulawesi,.

Source: Anonymous, 1987. A Terminal Report on Site Selection and Design of Fish Aggregating, Device, "Payaos", in Ternate, Tidore, Bacan and Adjacent Waters, Jakarta, 165p.

BAMBOO RAFT

Width : 1.6 m (front) 1.8 m (back)

, .

COCONUT LEAF

PE ROPE 0 14-16 mm

TWINED RAlTAN

I Figure 4. "Rompong Pajala" used in Mamuju waters, South Sulawesi,.

Source: Anonymous, 1987. A Terminal Report on Site Selection and Design of Fish Aggregating Device, "Payaos", in Ternate, Tidore, Bacan and Adjacent Waters, Jakarta: 165p.

187

-BAN FLOAT MADE OF I a,.-

FIBREGLASS 0 12 m

[BOO RAFT -llgth : 12 m I *

steel cable 0 16 mm, 30 m PE ROPE

$3 1.5 mm 30 m

PE ROPE

J 3 ,IRON CHAIN / STEEL CABLE

SINKER

Figure 5. Payaos used in West Sumatera waters.

Source: Anonymous, 1987. A Terminal Report on Site Selection and Design of Fish Aggregating Device, "Payaos", in Ternate, Tidore, Bacan and Adjacent Waters, Jakarta: 165p.

Figure 5a. Details of design of some parts of payaos used in West Sumatera waters.

Source: Anonymous. 1987. A Terminal Rcport on site Selection and Design of Fish Aggregating Dcvicc. ..Pijyaos". in Ternate, Tidore. Bacan and Adjacent Waters. Jakarta: 165p.

INTERMEDIATE

ROPE 9 d 3 - -- PE 0 518" ROPE

WIRE \ ROPE SINKER

Figure 6. Payaos used by PT. Usaha Mina, Sorong, lrian Jaya.

Source: Anonymous, 1987. A Terminal Report on site Selection and Design of Fish Aggregating Device, "Payaos", in Ternate, Tidore, Bacan and Adjacent Waters, Jakarta: 165p.

190

Figure 6a. Details of design of some parts of Payaos used by PT. Usaha Mina in Sorong waters, Irian Jaya .

Source: Anonymous, 1987. A Terminal Report on site Selection and Design of Fish Aggregating Device, "Payaos". in Ternate, Tidore, Bacan and Adjacent Waters, Jakarta: 165p.

Figure 7. Rumpon made of buses used in Jakarta Bay waters.

Source: Anonymous. 1988. Environmental Assessment of Artificial Rcef. "Rumpon". in Jakarta Bay, Jakarta: 13Xp.

Figure 8. Rumpon made of tricycles used in Jakarta Bay waters.

a. Cage made of bamboo measuring 4X4x3m and discarded tricycles are transported to the site using flat bottomed boat.

b. Bamboo cage is dumped to the sea bottom

c. Tricycles are then dumped to the sea bottom

d. Tricycle rumpon as embryo of "artificial reef" located at the sea bottom about 30 meters from water surface.

Source: Anonymous, 1988. Environmental Assessment of Artificial Reef, .'Rumpon" in Jakarta Bay, Jakarta: 138p.

Thousands kg 2 6

skipjack Yellowfin Tuna Tongkol

Fish species

Using payaos Without payaos

Tuasarnu. 1985

Figure 9. Catch composition of fishing using payaos and without payaos in Sorong waters.

CPUE

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Tuasamu, 1986

Figure 10. The fluctuation of monthly CPUE during pre-payao era and payao-era in Sorong waters.

tons BBM/tons of fish 2.0 r

.. . - Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month Pre-payao era Payao era

Anonymous, 1987

Figure 11. The monthly use of BBM during pre-payao era and payao era in Mnluku waters.

pail bait fishlton fish

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

re-payao era Payao era

Anonymous, 1987

Figure 12. The monthly use of bait fish during pre-payao era and payao era in Maluku waters.