WIND POWER EVACUATION

Indonesia Clean Energy Development (ICED) projectIndonesia Wind Sector Impact Assessment

Presented by:Dr. Balaraman, Ph.D.

Preamble The amount of wind generation is growing rapidly and wind farms

are growing in size and complexity. Wind farms are being installed consisting of hundreds of units, with

the wind farm capable of producing hundreds of MW. The location of a wind farm is selected primarily based on good

wind conditions. Good wind conditions often coincide with relatively remote parts of the power

system. Thus the operation of the wind farm and its response to

disturbances or other changing conditions on the power system isbecoming of increasing concern

These concerns will continue to grow in importance as the amountof wind generation increases.

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Wind power major integration issues- Variability & Relatively Uncertain Not despatchable as easily as conventional power

plants. Location specific Generally faraway from load centers Capacity credits during system peaks & wind power

absorption during system minimum loads for generation planning.

Need for grid support for reactive power. Changed in Grid/Grid operation for reliable wind power

evacuation

Wind Energy Development Indonesia Implementation of wind energy technology in Indonesia is

around 1.6MW installed capacity. implementation of wind energy systems is typically seen in

remote area / location or islands, and they are frequentlyinstalled as part of R & D project.

Area along the coastal/shore of northern and southern partof Java Island, eastern part of Madura island, south andnorth Sulawesi island, east Lombok island etc, have seensome activity for electricity generation from wind. Some ofthem for stand alone system and hybrid

4

Wind Energy Development Indonesia

Project activity initiated to develop wind farm ofaround 300 MW install capacity for near future atseveral sites at Bantul Sukabumi Lebak South Sulawesi (Jeneponto and Sidrap) East Nusa Tenggara (Oelbubuk)

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Wind Energy Potential in Indonesia Summary data from conducted activity on wind resources assessment and research that have been

selected for 166 sites (source: Soeripno Martosaputro, (WHyPGen Project) )

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Resources potential

Wind Speed at 50 m

Wind Power density, at 50m, (W/sq.m)

Number of sites

Provinces

Marginal 3-4 5 >150 35 Banten, DKI, Central and West Java, DIY, East and West Nusa Tenggara, South and North Sulawesi, Maluku

Wind farm potential sites

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Other Potential Sites in Sulawesi

North Sulawesi Gorontalo South Sulawesi South East Sulawesi

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Important considerations for wind integration studies

i. Location of Wind Potential vis--vis Load centers inthe state

ii. Diurnal variation of wind generation vis--visdemand variation

iii. Wind Potential Tapped/Untapped Vis--vis existingor projected state demand

iv. Peak Wind Generation Season vis--vis Systemdemand Peak/Minimum during peak wind season

v. Region wise wind potential vis--vis local powerdemand

Important considerations for wind integration studies

v. Diversities in peak wind generationbetween WF/regions and possible totalwind power Injection in to the Grid

vi. Other RE variable/uncertain generation likesolar in the wind rich regions/state

vii. Conventional generation in wind regionsviii. Present grid infrastructure in wind region

500kV, 275kV, 150kV etc..

Power flow analysis

Power flow analysis - an integral part of systemplanning and operation.

The electrical system is modeled by buses withgenerators and loads that are interconnected bybranches and transformers.

The steady-state solution of the network determinesthe bus voltages from which the active and reactivepower flow in branches can be calculated

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Understanding power flow problem formulation

Goal of a power flow study-to obtain voltage angle and magnitudeinformation for each bus in a power system for specified load andgenerator real power and voltage conditions.

In power flow problem, it is assumed that the real power P and reactive power Q at each Load Bus are

known. For this reason, Load Buses are known as PQ Buses. For Generator Buses, the real power generated PG and the voltage magnitude

|V| is known. For the Slack Bus, the voltage magnitude |V| and voltage phase are known.

Therefore, for each Load Bus, the voltage magnitude and angle are unknownand must be solved for; for each Generator Bus, the voltage angle must besolved for; there are no variables that must be solved for the Slack Bus

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Modeling Wind Farms for Load Flow Studies The objective of a load flow calculation is to determine flows on

transmission lines and transformers and voltages on power systembuses.

From the standpoint of the wind farm, these studies are primarily todetermine if the generated power can be transmitted successfully tothe loads or purchasing entity without loading or voltage problems.

The modeling of the ability (or lack of ability) of the wind farm to controlvoltage through control of the reactive power output of the units is veryimportant as well.

Modeling of the wind farm can be considered to have two potentiallevels of representation- Detailed modeling Equivalent modeling as seen from the system

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Modeling Wind Farms for Load Flow Studies A detailed model of the wind farm-

representing individual units and theconnections between these units andthe system.

Detailed model would thus consist of,say, a hundred or more buses and asimilar number of lines.

Very detailed data on the systemconnecting the wind turbine/generators would need to be suppliedby the developer.

These detailed models can be used todetermine voltages and flows withinthe wind farm, as well as the injectioninto the utility grid.

The model can be used to check/design voltage control or reactivepower strategies in the wind farm.

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Modeling Wind Farms for Load Flow Studies

Equivalent modeling the concern is not on the individual wind turbines but on the aggregate

effect of the entire farm on the power system. individual generators are lumped into equivalent machines, generally

represented at the collector buses. Thus size of system representation of the wind farm is reduced to a few

buses and the data requirements are significantly reduced. This level of modeling is often used in system studies where the effects of

the injection into the system on system flows and voltages are the concern,and internal wind farm conditions do not need to be determined

Therefore for the large scale wind penetration studies, detailed modeling maynot be required and thus lumped representation in which an equivalent of thewind farm with PQ bus modeling, would suffice for the evacuation studies

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Evacuation study scenarios renewable energy projects like wind are generally located in remote

locations from load centers and may require long transmission linesto major load centers.

If the local substation loads are low, then the entire wind generationmay have to be transported to the nearest major grid sub-station -this ability of the network has to be checked in the evacuationstudies of wind to avoid backing down of wind generation.

Generally, annual system peak loads generally occur in summermonths (may be due to high cooling demand, agriculture andindustrial/commercial loads)- for wind power evacuation studies areto be analyzed for system peak loads during peak wind generationperiod.

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Evacuation study scenarios

The corresponding minimum load during peak windseason that may occur in night hours when windgenerations hit the peak is another importantscenario that has to be analyzed.

The network data collection therefore has to includethe wind generation pattern month on month andlocal sub-station loads for the corresponding periodsso as to carry out wind power integration studies forthese critical scenarios.

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Key Tasks Involved Data collection and quality checking Portfolio development: determining scenarios to be studied and base

case for comparisons Impact of wind power on short term reserves as statistical data analysis Running capacity resource adequacy analysis to assess capacity value of

wind power Running production cost simulations to see how wind power impacts the

scheduling & dispatch of conventional generation, and operational costs ofthe system

Running transmission network simulations to see that the transmissionnetwork is adequate

Running iterations based on initial results if there is need to change thegeneration or transmission portfolio or operational practices

Analyzing the data and presenting the results

Critical scenarios to be analyzed for wind power evacuation

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Sl. No. Wind generation System demand Local demand Local conventionalLocal non-

conventional

1 Peak wind season

Maximum system demand during peak wind season

corresponding local load Maximum Maximum

2 Peak wind season

Minimum system demand during peak wind season

corresponding local load

corresponding conventional generation

Minimum

3 Peak wind season

Maximum system demand during peak wind season

local S/S light load in peak wind generation Maximum Maximum

4 Peak wind season

Minimum system demand during peak wind season

local S/S light load in peak wind generation

corresponding conventional generation

Minimum

5Off-Peak

wind season

Maximum system demand during off-peak wind

season

corresponding local load Maximum Maximum

6Off-Peak

wind season

Minimum system demand during off-peak wind

season

corresponding local load

corresponding conventional generation

Minimum

Sulawesi system analysis

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Year

2015 Sidrap 70MW

2019Jeneponto-1 62.5MW

Jeneponto-2 64.5MW

Wind Farms Planned in South Sulawesi

Wind Farm Sites South Sulawesi

Sidrap

Jeneponto

Wind Farm DetailsSl. No. Particulars Details

1Name of the wind farm

projectSidrap Jeneponto 1 Jeneponto 2

2 Capacity of wind farm 70MW 62.5 MW 64.8 MW

3Wind generator make &

turbine capacity in MW

Goldwind / 2.5MW

WTGGE / 2.5MW GE / 1.62MW

4 Name of the developer UPC Renewables

PT Energi Angin Indonesia (Consortium Indo

Wind Power Holdings Pte Ltd, Kencana

Energy, IFC)

PT Energi Angin Mandiri (Consortium

Indo Wind Power Holdings Pte Ltd,

Kencana Energy, IFC)

5

Name of the

region/province of the wind

farm

Sulawesi SelatanSulawesi Selatan, Jeneponto regency,

Bangkala subdistrict

Sulawesi Selatan, Jeneponto regency,

Turatea sub district

6 Name of town/village Not available Desa Tombo Tombolo Desa Mangepong

7Assumed year of

commissioning of wind farm

2015 (based on the

initial information

collected during site

visit of IWE)

2016 2017/18

8 Size of the land (hectares) Not available 600 600

9 Current land use Not available Corn farming (one crop cycle per year) Farming

10 Assumedcompletion date Not availableFinancial closure Q3 2014, COD 31 March

2016

Financial closure Q3 2014, COD 31

March 2016

11 Current status of project Not available

Location permit (regency), Principle permit

(regency), Principle permit (BKPMD) are

obtained, the environmental and social

impact assessment under the IFC's

performance standards are expected by

February 2014

Location permit (regency), Principle

permit (regency) are obtained

12Co-ordinates of wind farm

pooling substation Not available S0536'11.77" E11936'14.14" S0535'00" E11943'00"

Wind Farm Pooling SubstationsSl. No. Particulars Sidrap Jeneponto 1 Jeneponto 2

1 MVA Rating 85 72 72

2 Number of transformers 1 1 1

3 Voltage level in kV 150/33 150/33 150/33

5% Positive sequence impedance on its

own rating15 15 15

6% Zero sequence impedance on its

own rating15 15 15

7 Winding configuration Star grounded/Delta Star grounded/Delta Star grounded/Delta

8Type of tap changer (On load or Off-

load)On-load On-load On-load

9 Total number of taps 21 21 21

10 Nominal tap 11 11 11

11 Minimum tap range in pu 12.5% 12.5% 12.5%

12 Maximum tap range in pu 12.5% 12.5% 12.5%

Existing Power Generation around Sidrap

Conventional generations: Sengkang combined cycle power plant

2x42.5MW(GT) + 1x50MW(ST) + 2x60MW(GT) + 1x60MW(ST)

Baru 2x50MW thermal power plant Suppa 6x10.8MW diesel power plant

Existing Transmission System around Sidrap

Sidrap 150/20 kV substation Sengkang 150/20 kV

substation Sopeng 150/20 kV substation Makale 150/20 kV substation Pare 150/20 kV substation Maros 150/20 kV substation

150kV, 19.1km D/C hawk conductor line from Sidrap substation to Pare substation.

150kV, 53.8km D/C hawk conductor line from Sidrap substation to Sopengsubstation.

150kV, 62.33km D/C 2xzebra conductor line from Sengkangsubstation to Sidrap substation.

150kV, 126.54km D/C 2xzebra conductor line from Sidrap substation to Maros substation.

150kV, 105.48km D/C zebra conductor line from Sidrap substation to Makale substation.

Substations Transmission Lines

Existing Power Generation around Jeneponto

Conventional generations:

Jeneponto - 2x125MW thermal power plant

Tallasa 115MW MFO power plant

Sungguminasa 25MW MFO power plant

Existing Transmission System around Jeneponto

Jeneponto 150/20 kV substation Bulukumba 150/20 kV

substation Tallasa 150/20 kV substation Sinjai 150/20 kV substation Sungguminasa 150/20 kV

substation

150kV, 46.35km D/C hawk conductor line from Jenepontosubstation to Bulukumbasubstation.

150kV, 24.5km D/Chawkconductor line from Jenepontosubstation to Punagaya Tip.

150kV, 19.1km D/C 2xzebra conductor line from PunagayaTip to Tallasa substation.

150kV, 63.87km S/C hawk conductor line from Bulukumbasubstation to Sinjai substation.

150kV, 137.2km S/C hawk conductor line from Bulukumbasubstation to Bone substation.

Substations Transmission Lines

Transmission Line Parameters

Sl. No. Conductor typeVoltage in

kV

Positive sequence Zero sequenceThermal

rating in

MVA/ckt

R

(ohm / km/ckt)

X

(ohm /

km/ckt)

B/2

(mho /

km/ckt)

R

(ohm /

km/ckt)

X

(ohm /

km/ckt)

B/2

(mho /

km/ckt)

1 ACSR Hawk 120a 70 0.23602 0.43327 9.42E-07 0.268 1.272 4.87E-07 48.5

2 ACSR Hawk 120b 30kV 30 0.29899 0.42587 1.11E-06 0.268 1.272 1.11E-06 20.78

3 ACSR Hawk 240a 150 0.118 0.424 1.50E-06 0.268 1.272 7.30E-07 155.88

4 ACSR_Hawk_240b 150 0.118 0.424 1.50E-06 0.268 1.272 7.30E-07 155.88

5 ACSR_Hawk_240c 150 0.118 0.424 1.50E-06 0.268 1.272 7.30E-07 155.88

6 ACSR Hawk 240d 150 0.1183 0.424 1.50E-06 0.268 1.272 7.30E-07 155.88

7 ACSR Hawk 240e 150 0.1183 0.424 1.50E-06 0.268 1.272 7.30E-07 155.88

8 ACSR Hawk 240f 150 0.119 0.424 1.50E-06 0.268 1.272 7.30E-07 155.88

9 ACSR Hawk 240g 150 0.0897 0.3222 1.50E-06 0.268 1.272 7.30E-07 155.88

10 ACSR Hawk 240h 150 0.236 0.4333 1.50E-06 0.268 1.272 7.30E-07 155.88

11 ACSR Zebra 430a 150 0.067 0.4026 1.50E-06 0.268 1.272 7.30E-07 207.84

12 ACSR 2xZebra 430b 150 0.0397 0.272 3.00E-06 0.268 1.272 9.11E-07 415.68

13ACSR 2xHawk 24 sq.

mm

1500.059 0.2807 2.09E-06 0.3207 1.197 1.27E-06 311.76

142xZebra 430sq.mm

275kV

2750.0397 0.2952 2.00E-06 0.2688 1.141 9.11E-07 762.1

15 XLPE 400sq. mm 150 0.0619 0.1414 2.12E-05 0.1547 0.3535 1.90E-05 137.69

16 XLPE Cu325 sq.mm 70 0.0781 0.132 3.14E-05 0.1953 0.33 2.83E-05 56.98

Managing variability and uncertainty

Wind power is variable and relatively unpredictable by nature To know the power output at 10minute intervals with certainty is

a challenge. WPPs are treated as must-run in some of the utility grid codes

due to the absence of fuel input unless grid security is at stake. Grid shall be designed to absorb wind generation by backing

down conventional generating sources Compensate for loss of wind energy by ramping up other

generation sources. In South Sulawesi, at present spinning reserves are available

through reservoir hydropower plant which is attractive from anoperational perspective, as it can be ramped up or down.

Assumptions in the System Study

System Parameters Sidrap WPP to be commissioned in 2015 Jeneponto-1 and Jeneponto-2 WPP to be

commissioned in 2016 and 2017 respectively Study is carried out for 2015 and 2019 conditions

Assumptions in the System Study

Transmission network details Interconnection of Sulteng system (central) with South

Sulawesi i.e., through interconnection of 275kV PosoHydroelectric transmission with Palopo is considered forthe year 2015

Transmission system for 2015 network condition has beenmodeled based on the comments provided by PLN ondata report & RUPTL 2012-21 report.

Transmission system for 2019 network condition has beenmodeled based on the RUPTL 2012-21 report exceptSulsel Baru 2 power plant.

Assumptions in the System Study

System demand and load model System demand for the year 2015 & 2019 included in

RUPTL document are used in the study Loads are modeled as constant power type i.e.,

demand would be independent of voltage variation.

Assumptions in the System Study

Wind Farm Sites For the steady state analysis, simple modeling of

wind farm sites is considered and for the impactanalysis, wind farm collector system on 33kV voltagelevel is not modeled. Power is injected at 1 pf

Sidrap WPP Sidrap PLN S/S 150kV line isassumed to be 15km

100% capacity factor is considered for maximumwind generation

Assumptions in the System Study

Load Generation Balance Hydro machines are scheduled to accommodate the

variations in wind generation Minimum system demand scenario (2019), 1 unit of

thermal generator from Jeneponto expansion,Punagaya & Sulsel power plants are kept off

Assumptions in the System Study

Load Flow Analysis N-1 contingency refers to transmission line outage.

Generation & transformer outage is not considered inthe study.

Steady state analysis has been examined byconsidering the loadability and voltage profile limitsas per the Sulawesi grid code.

10% voltage profile limits for various bus voltage areconsidered as indicated in Sulawesi grid code.

Load Generation Balance Scenario WPP Profile

Typical wind generation variation over a day -projection

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Time in hour

Load Generation Balance Scenario Max. Load Profile

Load profile of Sulselrabar for the year 2012 & 2013

Load Generation Balance Scenario Load Duration Curve

Load duration curve of Sulselrabar for the year 2012

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Load duration curve of Sulselrabar for the year 2012

System demand variation during a typical day of maximum wind generation

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Fuel Mix

Fuel Mix for 2012 Condition Fuel Mix for 2013 Condition

MiPower Load Flow Models and Scenarios

Stage-1: Year 2015 Sulawesi transmission system, with total 70MW wind farm capacity (with Sidrap site)

Stage-2: Year 2019 Sulawesi transmission system, with total 197.3MW wind farm capacity(all three sites)

Inter Province Network Connections in 2015

Inter Province Network Connections in 2019

Cases Considered for Load Flow AnalysisDemand scenario

Time

period in

a day

Wind generationDescription

Year

2015

Year

2019

Maximum system demand during

the month of December in MW1300 2266

18:00 hrs

to 21.00

hrs

Maximum wind generation - 100%

Minimum wind generation - 3%

Average wind generation - 29%

Minimum system demand during the

months of January & February in

MW

607 1029

3:00hrs

to

5:00hrs

Maximum wind generation -100%

Minimum wind generation - 1%

Average wind generation - 77%

Average system demand -

throughout the year in MW870 1560

9:00 hrs

to 11:00

hrs

Maximum wind generation - 100%

Minimum wind generation - 3%

Average wind generation -39%

Demand Profile

Sl. No. Province name

2015 network condition - demand 2019 network condition - demand

Maximum

(MW)

Minimum

(MW)

Average

(MW)

Maximum

(MW)

Minimum

(MW)

Average

(MW)

1 South Sulawesi 914 384 585 1303 547 834

2 West Sulawesi 54 23 35 91 38 58

3 Central Sulawesi 150 63 96 274 115 175

4 Southeast Sulawesi - - - 217 91 139

A Sub-Total* 1119 470 716 1885 792 1206

Big industrial loads in South

Sulawesi

1 Tonasa 39 16 25 39 16 25

2 Barwaja 5 2 3 5 2 3

3 Bosowa 32 13 20 32 13 20

4 Keera LNG Plant 105 105 105 105 105 105

5Banteang smelter

plant- - - 200 100 200

B Sub-total* 181 137 154 381 237 354

Total (A+B) 1300 607 870 2266 1029 1560

Generation Schedule 2015 Condition

Fuel Mix for 2015 Condition

Generation Schedule 2019 Condition

Fuel Mix for 2019 Condition

Load Flow Study List of Cases

Results of Load Flow Study Stage 1 (2015)

Results of Load Flow Study Stage 2 (2019)

Inference- Load Flow Study (2015) With Sidrap 70MW wind integration in 2015 system voltages and line

loadings are within acceptable limits The system voltages and loading are acceptable during N-1 contingency

scenario In 2015 maximum wind penetration is 5.4% during maximum demand

condition and 11.5% during minimum demand condition Import of power from Central Sulawesi to South Sulawesi reduces from

76MW in Scenario -2 (minimum wind generation & maximum demand) to32MW in Scenario-1 (maximum wind generation & system demand).

To have the load generation balance during varying wind generation frommaximum to minimum, reserve capacity is accommodated through2x63MW Bakaru & 3x65MW Poso hydro generations

Inference- Load Flow Study (2019) With Jeneponto wind farms integrated in 2019 the system voltages & line loadinggs are

within acceptable limits The system voltages and loading are acceptable during N-1 contingency scenario In 2019 maximum wind penetration is 8.7% during maximum demand condition and

19.1% during minimum demand condition Import of power from Central Sulawesi to South Sulawesi reduces from 112MW in

Scenario -2 (minimum wind generation & maximum demand) to 78MW in Scenario-1(maximum wind generation & system demand). Also import of power from West Sulawesito South Sulawesi reduces from 316MW in Scenario -2 to 220MW in Scenario-1

To have the load generation balance during varying wind generation from maximum tominimum, reserve capacity is accommodated through 2x63MW Bakaru, 3x65MW Poso,3x150MW Karama, 2x55MW Bontobatu, 2x45MW Malea hydro generations

Discussions ???

57

For further information please contact:Office Address of ICED-USAID

(Indonesia Clean Energy Development United States Agency for International Development) ICED-USAID Jakarta Office: Tifa Building, 5th Floor, Jl. Kuningan Barat No. 26 Jakarta 12710;

Phone/Facsimile: +62 21 52964445/ 52964446 ICED-USAID Medan Office: Jl. Tengku Daud No. 7A Medan 20152;

Phone/Facsimile: +62 61 4519675/ 4519058 Contact Person:

Dr. Pramod Jain.President, Innovative Wind Energy, Inc.

pramod@i-windenergy.comDr. Balaraman K.

CGM, PRDC.balaraman@rdcinfotech.com 58