individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)
Post on 21-Jul-2015
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類風濕性關節炎漸進性破壞
嚴重度
(arb
itra
ry u
nit
s)
0
發病時間 (年)
5 10 15 20 25 30
早期 中期 晚期 類風濕性關節炎
Adapted from Kirwan. J Rheumatol 1999;26:720–725
發炎反應
患者失能
骨頭關節破壞
早期診斷、早期治療
RA病理機轉
Immune complexes
Complement fixation
Attract inflammatory
cell infiltrates
IL-2IFNγ
TNFaIL-17
RANKL
Pannus
Articularcartilage
IL-4
IL-6
IL-10
IL-6, TNFα,IFNγ, IL-10, lymphotoxin
Adapted from Smolen and Steiner. Nature Rev Drug Discovery. 2003;2;473; Choy and Panayi. N Engl J Med.2001;344:907., Silverman and Carson. Arthritis Res Ther 2003; 59(suppl 4):S1.
APC– B cells– Dendritic cells– Macrophages
Production of metalloproteinases and other effector molecules
Migration of polymorphonuclear cells
Erosion of bone and cartilage
RF, anti-CCP
APC
TNFa, IL-1, IL-6,
metalloproteinases
T
B
C
FLSOC
PC
MΦ
RA的各式各樣的生物製劑
McInnes I. and Schett G. N Eng J Med (2011) 365: 2205; http://www.fda.gov
TNFα inhibitor
1998 EtanerceptInfliximab
2002 Adalimumab
2008 Certolizumab
pegol
2009 Golimumab
B-cell depletion
2006 Rituximab*
IL-6 Inhibitor
2010 Tocilizumab
T-cell Co-stimulation
Inhibitor
2007 Abatacept
* Rituximab was approved for NHL on 1997.
JAK-3 Inhibitor
2013Toficitinib
Anti-CD20
不同機轉的生物製劑
TNF-α inhibitor Anti-IL-6
T-cell co-stimulation
Woodrick, R & Ruderman, E. (2011) Nat. Rev. Rheum. 7: 639.
7
• 類風濕性關節炎的達標治療,其重點在於藉著訂定治療的目標以及發展治療的策略,希望能早期達到治療的目標,而且要繼續維持,以避免骨骼破壞和失能。
• 目前,許多國家都在推動類風濕性關節炎 T2T (Treat to Target) 的治療,在台灣稱為「達標治療」。
Smolen J. et al. Ann Rheum Dis (2010) 69: 631–637; 蔡嘉哲 et al. 中華民國風濕病醫學會 (2011)
Treat to Target (達標治療)
What is “Personalized Healthcare” ?
• Personalized medicine is a medical model that propose the customization of healthcare - with medical decisions, practices, and/or products being tailored to the individual patient.
Different therapies by different biomarker profiles
A group of patient with the same symptoms
Different Targeted Therapies
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalized_medicine, retrieved on 24 March 2013; http://www.roche.com/about_roche/personalised_healthcare.htm, retrieved on 24 March 2013
Personalised/stratified medicine(個人化醫療)
• 現在有非常多種的生物製劑可以選擇
• 在這些治療裡面不同族群的病人有不同的治療效果與副作用
Clinical trials and real-life experience demonstrating significant interpatient
heterogeneity in efficacy as well as important adverse effects of these treatments
• 我們希望有最大的療效最少的副作用來達到減少關節的破壞傷害, 進一步希望能預測不同藥物的治療效果與副作用
In order to maximise their benefit:risk ratios and to minimise later joint
damage, predictors needed to define response and, ideally, adverse effects for each of these drugs
Isaacs J & Ferraccioli G. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:4–7.
Personalised/stratified medicine(個人化醫療)
• 有很多的研究對個人化醫療有興趣
Huge interest in this field of ‘personalised medicine
• 也就是讓治療量身訂做
Matching the treatment to the patient
• 減少疾病活性
Minimises periods of disease activity
• 保護關節維持功能
Protects joints, maintains function
• 減少副作用與共病
Should minimise adverse effects and comorbidity
• 降低治療的花費
Reduces costs of treatment
Isaacs J & Ferraccioli G. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:4–7.
Approaches to personalised/stratified medicine如何來做?
• 臨床徵候
Clinical features
• 血清學
Serology, proteomics
• 組織學
Histology
• 基因體學
Genomics
• 綜合以上各點
Combinations
Isaacs J & Ferraccioli G. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:4–7.
為什麼 RA 會是「個人化醫療」的目標?
• 疾病的診斷主要是以症狀為主。
• 在關節的滑膜腔內
– 有不同的白血球滲入(infiltration)和不同的細胞激素(cytokines)表現模式。
– 在基質細胞內也有不同的基因表現型式。
• 在周邊血液中
– 不同的自體免疫抗體可能會影響診斷結果(RF、Anti-CCP),這些自體免疫抗體的表可以視做不同的疾病起因。
– 不同的基因「簽章」(gene signatures)。
– 對不同的標靶治療有不同的反應。
RA 與其說是一種疾病,還不如說是「一些症狀的總和」
病人可能可以用不同的生物標記分成不同群組
Choy et al. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. (2013) 9, 154–163; Tak, PP. Rheumatology (2012) 51: 600-609
Individualized Medicine in RA (21 May 2014)
然而,因為沒有「有效的」生物標記很難區分不同的 RA 病患
• 相同的症狀可能由不同的原因引起的 –在引發疾病的路徑中,有很多可能、但是還未被確效的生物標記。
• 然而,除了 RF 和 anti-CCP之外,還是有一些非傳統的生物標記可以使用:
– 血液中特定的 T / B 細胞的量?
– 其他的自體免疫抗體?
– 關節液內細胞激素的量?
– 配合影象學檢查的結果?
Macrophage
可能的生物標記來源
發炎反應
Tak, PP. Rheumatology (2012) 51: 600-609
Individualized Medicine in RA (21 May 2014)
為什麼我們會想做 RA 的個人化(Individualized)醫療?
• 目前的 RA 治療方式大致都合手「ACR Rule」--也就是達到 ACR 20, 50, 70 的病患數達到 60%, 40%, 20%。
• 但是,我們要怎麼幫病患選擇「最合適」的藥物?
Risk A Comorbidity B Risk C
Drug A Drug B Drug C
Individualized Medicine in RA (21 May 2014)
基於臨床療效、安全性和生物標記所提出的初步想法
• 在 RA 的疾病上,用「生物標記」來完全區分病患的種類非常的困難…
• 但是有些基本的條件還是可以用來區別不同的病患族群,包括:
– 每個病患不同的 safety profile
– RF 及/或 ACPA [Seropositive or seronegative]
– 使用生物製劑失敗的原因
• Primary failure
• Secondary failure
Non-Personalized Medicine
“Individualized” Medicine
Different RA types
All RA pts
Drug target
Responders
Tak, PP. Rheumatology (2012) 51: 600-609; Karsdal, MA et al. Arthritis Care & Res. (2014) doi 10.1002/acr.22289.
Individualized Medicine in RA (21 May 2014)
Date of preparation: April 2011, RXUKMABR00281m
那些病人對腫瘤壞死因子抑制劑效果好?
丹麥DANBIO registry: 對第一個TNFi 效果差的因素有:
– 年紀較大
– 併用類固醇者
– 關節功能較差者
義大利GISEA study 看哪需因素在第六個月容易達到緩解?
– 類風濕因子陰性
– 年齡小於53
– 男性
Isaacs J & Ferraccioli G. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:4–7.
Date of preparation: April 2011, RXUKMABR00281m
BSRBR/BRAGGSS: 血清陽性或陰性對TNFi 療效的差別
Predictor n (%)*Mean DAS score (SD)
AssociationBaseline Improvement
RF– 59 (11) 6.72 (1) 3.03 (1.7)p=0.02†
RF+ 462 (89) 6.59 (1) 2.43 (1.5)
ACPA– 96 (18) 6.61 (1) 2.90 (1.6)p=0.02†
ACPA+ 425 (82) 6.61 (1) 2.40 (1.5)
BRAGGSS = Biologics in Rheumatoid Arthritis Genetics and Genomics Study Syndicate
* Analyses performed in 521 patients for whom serum samples were available † Linear regression, adjusted for concurrent DMARD use,
sex and baseline HAQ and DAS28 score
Potter C, et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:69–74.
Date of preparation: April 2011, RXUKMABR00281m
29
75
14
44
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Placebo + MTX Rituximab 2 x 1000 mg +
MTX
Placebo + MTX Rituximab 2 x 1000 mg +
MTX
Pa
tie
nts
(%
) (
Go
od
/Mo
d. E
UL
AR
re
sp
on
se
)
RF and/or anti-CCP positive (ITT) RF and anti-CCP negative (ITT)
*
國外臨床研究結果顯示Mabthera對血清陽性RA病患有更高比例達到良好反應
*p<0.05 vs placebo + MTX
Statistical analysis not reported for RF-positive versus RF-negative patients
Tak et al., 2007
血清陽性 血清陰性
Date of preparation: April 2011, RXUKMABR00281m
對第一種腫瘤壞死因子抑制劑(aTNF)治療失敗的RA患者,使用第二種aTNF 與 B 細胞療法(RTX)的比較
RA
疾病活動度
B細胞標靶療法(RTX)療效優於第二種腫瘤壞死因子抑制劑
Finckh et al. ARD 2010
Date of preparation: April 2011, RXUKMABR00281m
RTX對血清陽性RA病患藥物效果更迅速(三個月),血清陰性也有效但較慢
RF+ vs RF- CCP+ vs CCP-
Katerina et al. ARD 2011
Date of preparation: April 2011, RXUKMABR00281m
Dennis and colleagues have identified distinct pretreatment gene expression profiles in affected synovial tissue
specimens and a tissue type-related systemic protein pattern which are associated with a positive or negative
clinical outcome to monotherapy with adalumimab (anti-TNFα) and tocilizumab (anti-IL-6 receptor).
科學家發現滑膜組織或系統性蛋白可以跟TNFi
與anti-IL-6 的治療效果有關
• Cardiovascular disease• Other autoimmune
diseases
• Switch• Comparative
Effectiveness
RA 的個人化醫療(Individualized medicine)考量
• 除了一般的療效和安全性之外,也開始注重病患本身的危險因子及合併症。
RA 治療方式
危險因子
療效
合併症
安全性
• Latent TB Infection• Malignancy
• Infection • Other
complication
pSS, vasculitisCV Risk
TB, Hep B/CHerpes
• CV disease risk
A Proposed Treatment Algorithm For Individualized Medicine in RA
診斷RA安全性考量
1st腫瘤壞死因子抑制劑(TNFi) + 傳統抗風濕藥物 (±類固醇)
原發性TNFi療效不佳 次發性TNFi療效不佳(產生抗藥性)
有沒有惡性腫瘤
有沒有結核病史
Consider RTX**
RF+ and/or ACPA+
RF- and ACPA-RF+ and/or
ACPA+RF- and ACPA-
ABA, RTX, TOC ABA, TOC ABA, RTX, TOC or 2nd TNFi
ABA, TOC or 2nd TNFi
Adapted from Tak, PP. Rheumatology (2012) 51: 600-609.
Take Home Messages (結論)
• 類風濕關節炎的病友很多, 雖然症狀表現很相似, 但個別的病理機轉可能有所不同RA is a disease with the same symptoms but those may come from different
pathogenetic origins.
• 目前有很幾種生物製劑可以選擇, 希望能有更多預測因子讓我們能選擇針對個人更有效的治療Currently, several biologics are available for RA patients, however, there is a “ceiling”
(ACR rules) of their efficacy, which means, we may consider more factors to give patients’ better experiences in RA treatment.
• 個人化醫療很適合應用在類風溼性關節炎, 但仍需要更多的研究資料來提供更好的生物標記Concept of personalized medical may be suitable for RA, however, more studies in
biomarker researches is warranted.
Individualized Medicine in RA (21 May 2014)