indirect cost
TRANSCRIPT
Cost accounting Classification of costs
1 By Nature or Traceability:Direct Costs and Indirect Costs. Direct Costs are Directly attributable/traceable to
Cost Object. Direct costs are assigned to Cost Object. Indirect
Costs are not directly attributable/traceable to Cost Object.
Indirect costs are allocated or apportioned to cost objects.
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Cost accounting Activity-based costing
1 ABC gets closer to true costs in these areas by turning many costs that
standard cost accounting views as indirect costs essentially into direct
costs
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Consolidation (business) Accounting treatment (US GAAP)
1 Regardless of the method of acquisition; direct costs, costs of
issuing securities and indirect costs are treated as follows:
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Management accounting Activity-based costing (ABC)
1 For example, increased automation has reduced labor, which is a direct
cost, but has increased depreciation, which is an indirect cost.
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Diffusion of innovations - Benefits vs. Costs
1 Indirect costs may also be social, such as social conflict caused by
innovation Marketers are particularly interested in the diffusion process as it determines the success or failure
of a new product
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Spam (electronic) - Cost-benefit analyses
1 There are the direct costs, as well as the indirect costs borne by the victims—both those related to the spamming itself, and to other crimes that usually accompany it, such as financial theft,
identity theft, data and intellectual property theft, virus and other
malware infection, child pornography, fraud, and deceptive marketing.
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Reliability engineering - Reliability engineering vs safety engineering
1 due to high repair times or due to unexpected demands for non-
stocked spares) and many other indirect costs.
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Total cost of ownership
1 Total cost of ownership (TCO) is a financial estimate intended to help buyers and owners determine the
direct and indirect costs of a product or system. It is a management
accounting concept that can be used in full cost accounting or even ecological economics where it
includes social costs.
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Hypertension - Economics
1 The American Heart Association estimated the direct and indirect
costs of high blood pressure in 2010 as $76.6 billion
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Autism - Management
1 Treatment is expensive; indirect costs are more so
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Alzheimer's disease - Social costs
1 AD-associated costs include direct medical costs such as nursing home
care, direct nonmedical costs such as in-home day care, and indirect costs
such as lost productivity of both patient and caregiver
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Alzheimer's disease - Caregiving burden
1 Direct and indirect costs of caring for an Alzheimer's patient average
between $18,000 and $77,500 per year in the United States, depending
on the study.
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Intellectual disability - Society and culture
1 Of that $1,014,000, about 14% is due to increased medical expenses (not including what is normally incurred
by the typical person), 10% is due to direct non-medical expenses, such as the excess cost of special education compared to standard schooling, and 76% is indirect costs accounting for reduced productivity and shortened
lifespans
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Parkinson's disease - Cost
1 Indirect costs are high, due to reduced productivity and the burden on caregivers
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Fossil-fuel power station - Alternatives to fossil fuel power plants
1 Generally, the cost of electrical energy produced by non fossil fuel burning power plants is greater than that
produced by burning fossil fuels. This statement however only includes the cost to produce the electrical energy
and does not take into account indirect costs associated with the many
pollutants created by burning fossil fuels (e.g. increased hospital
admissions due respiratory diseases caused by fine smoke particles).
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Chronic disease - Economic impact
1 Obesity results in significant health care spending and indirect costs, as
illustrated by a recent study from the Texas comptroller reporting that
obesity alone cost Texas businesses an extra $9.5 billion in 2009, including
more than $4 billion for health care, $5 billion for lost productivity and
absenteeism, and $321 million for disability.Texas Comptroller of Public
Accounts “Gaining Costs, Losing Time: The Obesity Crisis in Texas”
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Infant mortality - Cultural
1 Failure to register is mainly due to the potential loss of time and money and other indirect costs to the family
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Deceased - Society and culture
1 For many impoverished families, the indirect costs and burden of filing for
a death lead to a more appealing, unofficial, local, cultural burial, which
in turn raises the debate about inaccurate mortality rates.
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Migraine - Society and culture
1 including $15 billion in indirect costs, of which missed work is the greatest component
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Type 1 diabetes - Economics
1 In the US in 2008, about one million people were diagnosed with type 1
diabetes. The disease was estimated to cause $10.5 billion in annual
medical costs ($875 per month per diabetic) and an additional $4.4 billion in indirect costs ($366 per month per person with diabetes).
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Global public good - Challenges to the traditional definition
1 Many of the challenges to traditional definitions have to do with how to handle externalities, which pose
fundamental economic policy problems when individuals, households,
governments or firms do not include, in their total cost accounting, the
indirect costs of or the benefits from their Financial transaction|economic transactions.Helbling, Thomas (2010)
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Group purchasing organization - Non-strategic, or indirect spend horizontal market GPO
1 A horizontal indirect spend GPO succeeds in reducing procurement
costs by aggregating the demand for non-strategic, or indirect cost supplies
and services used by a broad horizontal market spectrum of member
client organizations by consolidating purchasing power and establishing
contracts to achieve preferred pricing, terms, and service standards.
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Financial management for IT services - IT accounting
1 Indirect costs: One specific service provision which cost needs to be
distributed in between several customers in a fair breakdown. A fair example is
the cost associated to overall Local Area Network on which every customer are
connected to. Breakdown could be done using total amount of users per customer or total amount of bandwidth usage per
customer to accurately distribute the cost of providing this service.
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Medical malpractice - The case for medical liability reform
1 Malpractice has both direct and indirect costs, including defensive medicine. According to the American Medical
Association, defensive medicine increases health systems costs by between $84 and $151 billion each year. Studies place the direct and indirect costs of malpractice
between 5% and 10% of total U.S. medical costs, as described
below:[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087sid=az9qxQZNmf0o
Bloomberg-Malpractice Lawsuits are Red Herring in Obama Plan]
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Health economics - Economic evaluation in Germany and in the United Kingdom
1 health service use, patient co-payments and out of pocket
expenses), indirect costs (the value of lost productivity from time off
work due to illness), and intangible costs (the 'disvalue' to an individual
of pain and suffering)
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Environmental full cost accounting
1 It is a conventional method of cost accounting that traces direct costs
and allocates indirect costs
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Environmental full cost accounting - Concepts
1 #Accounting for overhead and indirect costs
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Environmental full cost accounting - Overhead and indirect costs
1 Environmental costs as indirect costs include the full range of costs
throughout the life-cycle of a product (Life cycle assessment), some of which even do not show up in the
firm's bottom line
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Management accounting in supply chains - Cross-company activity-based costing
1 Activity-based costing is a model to assign indirect costs into direct ones.Drucker, P
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Application Portfolio Management - Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)
1 Total Cost of Ownership is a way to calculate what the application will cost over a defined period of time. In a TCO
model, costs for hardware, software, and labor are captured and organized into the various application life cycle stages. An in depth TCO model helps management
understand the true cost of the application as it attempts to measure build, run/support, and indirect costs.
Many large consulting firms have defined strategies for building a complete TCO
model.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-indirect-cost-toolkit.html
US defense budget - Emergency and supplemental spending
1 Some experts estimate the indirect costs will eventually exceed the direct costs.
[http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20081215.Cost_of_the_Wars_i/R.20081215.Cost_of_the_Wars_i.pdf
Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments-Cost of the Iraq
Afghanistan Wars Through 2008] As of June 2011, the total cost of the wars was
approximately $3.7 trillion.
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Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse - 2002 Compensation deal and the question of blame
1 Given that Catholic Orders insisted on educating all the children in
question , it unfairly imposes indirect costs on non-Catholic or non-
Christian taxpayers.
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Fixed cost
1 In economics, 'fixed costs', 'indirect costs' or 'overheads' are business
expenses that are not dependent on the level of goods or services produced by
the business. They tend to be time-related, such as salaries or rents being
paid per month, and are often referred to as overhead costs. This is in contrast to variable costs, which are volume-related
(and are paid per quantity produced).
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Downmass - Propellant transfer
1 :Indirect costs considered in developing the CPS architecture include licensing requirements
associated with International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) and the
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) commercial launch and entry
licensing requirements
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Turnover (employment) - Costs
1 Direct costs relate to the leaving costs, replacement costs and
transitions costs, and indirect costs relate to the loss of production,
reduced performance levels, unnecessary overtime and low
morale
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Low latency trading - Market making
1 Menkveld (2010): \Does algorithmic trading improve liquidity?, Journal of
Finance this renewed competition among liquidity providers causes
reduced effective market spreads, and therefore reduced indirect costs
for final investors.
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Bozeman Campus, Montana State University, USA - Resurgence and retrenchment under Tietz
1 Tietz's major goal, increasing research funding, was greatly helped by a 1981 decision of the legislature
to refund indirect cost payments back to the university
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Budget management - Classification of costs
1 # By Nature or Traceability:Direct Costs and Indirect Costs. Direct Costs are Directly attributable/traceable to
Cost Object. Direct costs are assigned to Cost Object. Indirect
Costs are not directly attributable/traceable to Cost Object.
Indirect costs are allocated or apportioned to cost objects.
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Project management triangle - Cost
1 Tools used in cost are, risk management, cost contingency, cost escalation, and indirect
costs
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Activity-based costing
1 'Activity-based costing' ('ABC') is a costing methodology that identifies
activities in an organization and assigns the cost of each activity with resources
to all products and services according to the actual consumption by each. This
model assigns more indirect costs (overhead (business)|overhead) into
direct costs compared to conventional costing.
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Activity-based costing - Historical development
1 Traditionally, cost accountants had arbitrarily added a broad percentage
of analysis into the indirect cost.Y [
http://www.managementaccountancy.com/2009/05/overhead-cost-
allocation/ Overhead cost allocation]
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Activity-based costing - Historical development
1 However, as the percentages of indirect or overhead costs rose, this
technique became increasingly inaccurate, because indirect costs
were not caused equally by all products
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Activity-based costing - Historical development
1 For example, increased automation has reduced labor, which is a direct
cost, but has increased depreciation, which is an indirect cost.
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Activity-based costing - Methodology
1 Direct labour and materials are relatively easy to trace directly to products, but it is more difficult to directly allocate indirect costs to
products
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Internal Ratings-Based Approach (Credit Risk) - Risk Quantification
1 Loss, when estimating LGD, is economic loss and not accounting loss. This means that all material
direct and indirect costs, as well as recoveries, must be discounted back
to the point of default. The bank must clearly demonstrate the choice
of the discount rate to the supervisor.
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Peace and conflict studies - Cost of conflict
1 The approach considers direct costs of conflict, for instance human
deaths, expenditure, destruction of land and physical infrastructure; as well as indirect costs that impact a
society, for instance migration, humiliation, growth of extremism and
lack of civil society.
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Cost of conflict - Methodology
1 The approach considers direct costs of conflict, for instance human
deaths, expenditure, destruction of land and physical infrastructure; as well as indirect costs that impact a
society, for instance human migration|migration, humiliation,
growth of extremism and lack of civil society
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-indirect-cost-toolkit.html
Cost of conflict - Cost of Conflict in the Middle East
1 Lastly, the Cost of Conflict in the Middle East calculates the direct and indirect costs of successive wars in
the Middle East
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Cost of conflict - US War on Terror
1 This is because the report takes into account indirect costs such as
disability pensions and the price of oil
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Islands of automation
1 Davenport (1998) argued that islands of automation create indirect costs for firms with fragmented systems.That is, if a company's system is fragmented,
its business is fragmented. What is more, islands of automation leads to a decrease of productivity, efficiency and customer responsiveness. ERP systems
provide solution to this problem.
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Overhead (business)
1 The term overhead is usually used when grouping expenses that are necessary to the continued functioning of the business
but cannot be immediately associated with the products or services being offered
(i.e.,do not directly generate profit (accounting)|profits).[http://www.pmhut.co
m/pmo-and-project-management-dictionary PMO and Project Management Dictionary] Closely related accountancy|accounting concepts are fixed costs and
variable costs as well as indirect costs and direct costs.
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Campaign finance reform - Voting with dollars
1 Lessig (2011, p. 269) notes that the cost of this is tiny relative to the cost of
corporate welfare, estimated at $100 billion in the 2012 US federal budget.
However, this considers only direct subsidies identified by the Cato Institute.
It ignores tax loopholes and regulatory and trade decisions, encouraging
business mergers and other activities that can stifling competition, creativity
and economic growth; the direct subsidies can be a tiny fraction of these
indirect costs.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-indirect-cost-toolkit.html
Safety management systems - Description of SMS
1 There is an implied moral obligation placed on an employer to ensure that work
activities and the place of work to be safe, there are legislative requirements defined in just about every jurisdiction on how this is to be achieved and there is a substantial
body of research which shows that effective safety management (which is the
reduction of risk in the workplace) can reduce the financial exposure of an organisation by reducing direct and
indirect costs associated with accident and incidents.
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Law of value - Conceptual criticism
1 insofar as they refer to reproducible goods) are again reducible to direct and indirect costs in human labour
time
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Blood transfusion - Inefficacy
1 Many physicians have adopted a so-called restrictive protocol - whereby transfusion is held
to a minimum - due in part to the noted uncertainties surrounding storage lesion, in
addition to the very high direct and indirect costs of transfusions, along with the increasing view
that many transfusions are inappropriate or use too many RBC
units.[http://www.patientsafetysummit.org/_assets/documents/Action%20Plan%20-%20RBC
%20Overuse%20-%20January%2013,%202013.pdf ] Of course, restrictive protocol is not an option
with some especially vulnerable patients who may require the best possible efforts to rapidly restore
tissue oxygenation.
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Indirect costs
1 'Indirect costs' are costs that are not directly accountable to a cost object (such as a particular project, facility, function or
product). Indirect costs may be either fixed or variable. Indirect costs include
administration, personnel and security costs. These are those costs which are not
directly related to production. Some indirect costs may be overhead (business)|overhead. But some overhead costs can be
directly attributed to a project and are direct costs.
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Indirect costs
1 There are two types of indirect costs. One are the fixed indirect costs which
contains activities or costs that are fixed for a particular project or company like transportation of labor to the working
site, building temporary roads, etc. The other are recurring indirect costs which
contains activities that repeat for a particular company like maintenance of
records or payment of salaries.
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Indirect costs - Indirect vs direct costs
1 Indirect costs do not vary substantially within certain
production volumes or other indicators of activity, and so they
may sometimes be considered to be fixed
costs.http://www.accountingtools.com/questions-and-answers/what-are-
indirect-costs.html
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Indirect costs - Indirect vs direct costs
1 It is possible to justify the handling of almost any kind of cost as either direct or indirect. Labor costs, for example, can be
indirect, as in the case of maintenance personnel and executive officers; or they
can be direct, as in the case of project staff members. Similarly, materials such as
miscellaneous supplies purchased in bulk—pencils, pens, paper—are typically handled as indirect costs, while materials required for specific projects are charged as direct
costs.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-indirect-cost-toolkit.html
Indirect costs - Examples
1 Be cautious here, because the nature of the cost depends on the industry. For example, fuel cost in a telecom is usually allocated as an indirect cost, while for an airliner it is a direct cost.
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Indirect costs - Costs usually charged directly
1 * Directors Salary (this is usually an indirect cost)
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Certified Research Administrator - Financial Management
1 Candidates are also tested on their knowledge of facility and
administrative costs (including indirect costs), indirect cost rates, cost sharing, and fund matching
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Reverse merger - Drawbacks
1 Reverse mergers may have other drawbacks. Private-company CEOs may be naive and inexperienced in the world of publicly traded companies unless they
have past experience as an officer or director of a public company. In addition,
reverse merger transactions only introduce liquidity to a previously private stock if there is bona fide public interest
in the company. A comprehensive investor relations and investor marketing
program may be an indirect cost of a reverse merger.
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Occupational asthma - Compensation
1 The employer not only pays compensation to the employee, but will
also have to spend a considerable amount of time and energy and funds for
hiring and training new personnel.[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003443.htm MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Peak expiratory flow rate]
In the United States, it was estimated that the direct cost of occupational
asthma in 1996 was $1.2 billion and the indirect cost $0.4 billion, for a total cost
of $1.6 billion.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-indirect-cost-toolkit.html
Prevention through design
1 The annual direct and indirect costs have been estimated to range from $128 billion to
$155 billion
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1998 Australian waterfront dispute - Waterfront productivity
1 Together with other problems in the transport chain, this under-performance was not only resulting in higher direct costs to shippers, but also significant
indirect costs from delays and unreliability which could have been reduced. Overall, the international benchmarking revealed significant
scope for improvement in Australia's performance.
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Irritable bowel syndrome - Economics
1 The aggregate cost of irritable bowel syndrome in the United States has
been estimated at $1.7–$10 billion in direct medical costs, with an
additional $20 billion in indirect costs, for a total of $21.7–$30 billion
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Performance-based budgeting - Achieving PBB
1 Many public bodies fail to figure out how much it costs to deliver an
output, primarily due to problems with indirect cost allocation
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Net profit - Construction
1 #Operating profit = Gross profit minus
overheads and other indirect costs
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Environmental full-cost accounting
1 'Environmental full-cost accounting' ('EFCA') is a method of cost accounting that traces direct costs and allocates indirect costs
Schaltegger, S
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Operating margin
1 It is a measurement of what proportion of a company's revenue is left over, before taxes and other indirect costs (such as rent, bonus, interest, etc.),
after paying for variable costs of production as wages, raw materials,
etc. A good operating margin is needed for a company to be able to pay for its fixed costs, such as interest on debt. A
higher operating margin means that the company has less financial risk.
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Flu - Society and culture
1 In the United States, influenza is responsible for a total cost of over
$10 billion per year, while it has been estimated that a future pandemic could cause hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs.
[http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html
Statement from President George W
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Irritable bowel - In the US
1 The aggregate cost of irritable bowel syndrome in the United States has
been estimated at $1.7–10 billion in direct medical costs, with an
additional $20 billion in indirect costs, for a total of $21.7–30 billion
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Rate of adoption - Benefits versus costs
1 Indirect costs may also be social, such as social conflict caused by innovation
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Videotelephony - Major categories
1 Each of the systems has its own advantages and disadvantages,
including video|video quality, capital cost, degrees of sophistication,
Transmission (telecommunications)|transmission capacity requirements,
and Indirect costs|cost of use.
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Effects of the automobile on societies - Costs
1 Consumers often make choices based on those costs, and
underestimate the indirect costs of car ownership, insurance and
maintenance
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Cost-plus pricing
1 Cost-plus pricing is often used on government contracts (cost-plus
contracts) and has been criticized as promoting wasteful expenditures in the form of direct costs, indirect costs, and
fixed costs whether related to the production and sale of the product or
service or not. These costs are converted to per-unit costs for the product; then a
predetermined percentage of these costs is added to provide a profit margin.
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Influenza A virus - Annual flu
1 A pandemic, or worldwide outbreak of a new influenza virus, could dwarf
this impact by overwhelming our health and medical capabilities,
potentially resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of
hospitalizations, and hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and
indirect costs
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Concussions - Epidemiology
1 Due to the lack of a consistent definition, the economic costs of MTBI are not known,
but they are estimated to be very high. These high costs are due in part to the
large percentage of hospital admissions for head injury that are due to mild head
trauma, but indirect costs such as lost work time and early retirement account for the
bulk of the costs. These direct and indirect costs cause the expense of mild brain trauma to rival that of moderate and
severe head injuries.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-indirect-cost-toolkit.html
Speciation - The effect of sexual reproduction on species formation
1 The cost of rarity not only involves the costs of failure to find a mate, but also indirect costs such as the
cost of communication in seeking out a partner at low population density
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Absorption costing - Machine hour rate
1 Absorption costing is a means of incorporating a fair share of indirect cost or overheads into the cost of a unit of product or service provided.
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Variable cost
1 For example, variable manufacturing Overhead (business)|overhead costs are variable costs that are indirect
costs, not direct costs
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Deinstitutionalization - Reducing costs
1 A process of indirect cost-shifting may have led to a form of re-
institutionalisation through the increased use of jail detention for those with mental
disorders deemed unmanageable and noncompliant. When laws were enacted
requiring communities to take more responsibility for mental health care,
necessary funding was often absent, and jail became the default option, being
cheaper than psychiatric care.
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Foreign object damage
1 Internationally, FOD costs the aviation industry United States dollar|US$13 billion per year in direct plus indirect costs. The indirect costs are as much as ten times
the direct cost value, representing delays, aircraft changes, incurred fuel costs,
unscheduled maintenance, and the like. and causes expensive, significant damage to aircraft and parts and death and injury
to workers, pilots and passengers.
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Foreign object damage
1 It is estimated that FOD costs major airlines in the United States $26 per flight in aircraft repairs, plus $312 in
such additional indirect costs as flight delays, plane changes and fuel
inefficiencies.
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Foreign object damage - Studies
1 Here, data was broken into 'Per Flight Direct Costs' and 'Per Flight Indirect
Costs' for the top 300 global airports, with detailed footnotes on the
supporting data
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Foreign object damage - Studies
1 This earlier effort was ‘The’ first document detailing the direct and
indirect cost of FOD that was based on airline maintenance data (the
entire document was a single page of
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Foreign object damage - Studies
1 'Per Flight Indirect Costs' include a
total of 31 individual categories:
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Foreign object damage - Studies
1 The study concludes that when these indirect costs are added, then the
cost of FOD increases by a multiple of up to 10x.
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Gerhard Casper - Stanford University
1 In 1992, Casper became the ninth president of Stanford University. His concerns as president ranged from
resolution of the indirect cost dispute with the federal government to
restoration of the campus after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake to
innovation in curriculum, programs, and physical plant.
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Cost driver
1 The Activity Based Costing (ABC) approach relates indirect cost to the
activities that drive them to be incurred.
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Cost driver
1 Some examples of indirect costs and their drivers are: indirect costs for
maintenance, with the possible driver of this cost being the number of machine hours; or, the indirect cost of handling
raw-material cost, which may be driven by the number of orders received; or, inspection costs that are driven by the number of inspections or the hours of
inspection or production runs.
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Parking - Economics of parking
1 In the graph to the right the value above the line represents the out-of-pocket cost per trip, per person for each mode of transportation, the value below the line accounts for subsidies, environmental impact,
social and indirect costs
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History of psychiatric institutions - United States
1 A process of indirect cost-shifting may have led to a form of re-
institutionalization through the increased use of jail detention for
those with mental disorders deemed unmanageable and noncompliant
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Health care reforms proposed during the Obama administration - Medical malpractice liability costs and tort reform
1 Counting both direct and indirect costs, other studies estimate the
total cost of malpractice is linked to between 5% and 10% of total U.S
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Health care reform debate in the United States - Medical malpractice costs and limits on redress (tort)
1 Critics have argued that medical malpractice costs are significant and
should be addressed via tort reform. At the same time, a Hearst Newspapers
investigation concluded that up to 200,000 people per year die from
medical errors and infections in the United States. None of the three major
bills under consideration lower recoverable damages in tort suits.
Medical malpractice, such as doctor errors resulting in harm to patients, has
several direct and indirect costs:https://store.theartofservice.com/the-indirect-cost-toolkit.html
Health care reform debate in the United States - Medical malpractice costs and limits on redress (tort)
1 Counting both direct and indirect costs, other studies estimate the
total cost of malpractice is linked to between 5% and 10% of total U.S
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Autism therapies
1 Treatment is expensive; indirect costs are more so
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Total absorption costing
1 whereas the indirect cost cant be easily identified with the
cost center
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Financial distress - Cost of financial distress
1 A common example of a cost of financial distress are bankruptcy costs. These direct costs include
auditors' fees, legal fees, management fees and other
payments. Cost of financial distress can occur even if bankruptcy is
avoided (indirect costs).
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Financial distress - Cost of financial distress
1 Another source of indirect costs of financial distress are higher costs of capital as usually banks increase the interest rates if a state of financial
distressed occurs.
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Social effects of H5N1 - Compared to annual flu season
1 A pandemic, or worldwide outbreak of a new influenza virus, could dwarf this
impact by overwhelming our health and medical capabilities, potentially resulting
in hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of hospitalizations, and hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs.[http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html Message
from President Bush]
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World War I casualties - Footnotes
1 Direct and indirect costs of the great world war New York : Oxford University Press, 1919
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Parex Bank
1 The total direct and indirect cost to the Latvian government is estimated at more than a billion dollars, making
it a factor in a 2008–2010 Latvian financial crisis which forced the state
to borrow money from the International Monetary Fund and the
European Commission to cover a balance of payments deficit.
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Missile approach warning - Cost considerations
1 Procuring EW self-protection systems has direct and indirect cost implications.
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Missile approach warning - Cost considerations
1 Indirect cost on the other hand involves degradation of the aircraft’s performance as a result of having the
system on-board which in turn impacts negatively on the operating
cost of the aircraft.
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Sexual coercion - Indirect
1 Indirect costs are those that affect females in
the future
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UNOPS - Financing
1 UNOPS is a fully self-financing organization. It covers direct and indirect
costs by charging a small fee on each project supported. UNOPS new pricing policy was released in July 2013 and
outlines how the organization aims to finance its projects. UNOPS is not-for-
profit, and meets the highest international standards of accountability and transparency in all its transactions.
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Hurricane Mitch - Honduras
1 Overall, Hurricane Mitch killed about 7,000people in Honduras, and
damage was estimated at Honduran lempira|L52,345,000,000
($3.8billion), of which $2.005billion was from direct damages and the
remainder from indirect costs
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Human flu - Impact
1 A pandemic, or worldwide outbreak of a new influenza virus, could dwarf
this impact by overwhelming our health and medical capabilities,
potentially resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of
hospitalizations, and hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and
indirect costs
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Renewable energy commercialisation - Public policy landscape
1 Lester Brown states that the market does not incorporate the indirect costs
of providing goods or services into prices, it does not value nature's
services adequately, and it does not respect the sustainable-yield thresholds
of natural systems. It also favors the near term over the long term, thereby
showing limited concern for future generations.
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Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand - Policies
1 In its Economy of New Zealand|economic policies, the Green Party
stresses factors such as sustainability, taxing the indirect
costs of pollution, and fair trade. It also states that measuring economic
success should concentrate on measuring well-being rather than analysing economic indicators.
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Whiplash (medicine) - Epidemiology
1 Estimated indirect costs to industry are $66,626 per year, depending on the level and
severity
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Polyploidization - The effect of sexual reproduction on species formation
1 The cost of rarity not only involves the costs of failure to find a mate, but also indirect costs such as the
cost of communication in seeking out a partner at low population densities.
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Piracy in Somalia - Costs
1 Besides the actual cost of paying ransoms, various attempts have been
made at gauging indirect costs stemming from the piracy; especially those
reportedly incurred over the course of anti-piracy initiatives.Tim Besley, et al.
[http://www.trfetzer.com/?p=36 One Kind of Lawlessness: Estimating the Welfare
Cost of Somali Piracy], Besley et al., June 2012; accessed 25 June 2012
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Piracy in Somalia - Costs
1 A 2011 report by Oceans Beyond Piracy (OBP) suggested that the
indirect costs of piracy were much higher and estimated to be between
$6.6 to $6.9 billion, as they also included insurance, naval support,
legal proceedings, re-routing of slower ships, and individual protective
steps taken by ship-owners.
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Higher education in Ontario - Funding
1 Canada Foundation for Innovation, Canada Research Chairs program,
the [http://www.indirectcosts.gc.ca/ Indirect Costs of Research program], and through [http://www.nce.gc.ca/ Networks of Centres of Excellence]. Both governments of Canada and
Ontario provide funding and support for post-secondary students.
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City Life (computer game) - Economy
1 Buildings also have indirect costs with regards the energy they consume and waste
they produce
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Lester Brown - Issuing warnings
1 How much are we willing to spend to avoid a 23 foot rise in sea level? He
explained that indirect costs are shaping our future, and by ignoring these, we're doing exactly the same thing as Enron- leaving costs off the
books
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Piracy in the Strait of Malacca - Modern piracy
1 Violent, armed pirates robbing crews at sea get attention-getting headlines, but the direct economic impact of robbery at
sea is small relative to the volume of global trade in the area. Typical pirate booty is limited ship's stores, engine parts, and crew members' cash and
personal property. But piracy also has indirect costs, including increased
security measures and spikes in shipping insurance premiums.
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