indira institute of engineering and technology
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INDEX
S.No LIST OF EXPERIMENTS Page No
1 UNIX COMMANDS
1.1 General Purpose Commands 5
1.2 Directory Handling Commands 7
1.3 File Handling Commands 8
1.4 Input and Output Redirection 9
1.5 Pipes and Filters 10
2 SHELL PROGRAMMING
2.1 Program to convert Fahrenheit to centigrade and vice versa 12
2.2 Program to check whether the number is odd or even 13
2.3 Program to Compare two strings 14
2.4 Program to determine the given number is positive, negative or zero 15
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2.5 Program to generate menu driven program 16
2.6 Program to find the square and cube of the first five numbers 18
2.7 Program to find the sum of first N natural numbers 19
2.8 Program to find the sum of digits in the given number. 20
3 C PROGRAMMING ON UNIX
3.1 Program to perform linear search using function 22
3.2 Program to print the elements of an array using pointers 25
3.3 Program to find the length of the string 28
3.4 Program to concatenate two strings 31
3.5 Program to copy the contents of one file to another. 34
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UNIX COMMANDS
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1.1. GENERAL PURPOSE COMMANDS
1. $ date + %d%m%y
13/01/09
Use : Displays the date in the specified dd/mm/yy format.
2. $cal January 2009
January 2009
Use : Displays the calendar for the year Jan 2009
3. $who
2cse12 tty5 2009-12-31 07: 062cse11 tty6 2009-12-31 07: 062cse10 tty7 2009-12-31 07: 062cse15 tty8 2009-12-31 07: 06
Use: Displays the number of users who are logged in to the network
4. $ who b
System reboot 2009 -12-30 08:45
Use : Display the last date and time of reboot of the UNIX server
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5. $ who am i
User1 tty1 Jan15 09:34
Use : Identifies the user and lists the user names, terminal line, the date oflogin.
6. $uname a
Linux ubuntu 2.64-generic #1 SMP Thu Apr 10 13:25:23 UTC 2009 i686GNU/Linux
Use : Display details about your operating system.
7. $ man cat
Use: Displays the help level for the cat command8. $ echo Information Technology
Use : Displays the message on the screen
9. $ login Username
Password:
Use : To login in to the UNIX system
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1.2. DIRECTORY HANDLING COMMANDS
10.$pwd
/home/root
Use : Displays the current working directory
11.$ls a
.esd_auth .config .gvfs .pulse
.cache .gnugp. profile .ssh
.local Template Music Vidoes
Use: Display all the files including hidden files
12.$ls R
Divisors nnsumnsn rns test
Use : Displays all the files in the sub directories
13.$mkdir cse
Use: Creates a new directory cse.
14.$rmdir cse
Use : Removes the existing directory cse
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1.3. FILE HANDLING COMMANDS
15. $ cd stud
$root/stud
Use: To change the directory.
16. $ cat> test
Unix is a open source operating system and its license free of cost
Its mainly used for mainframe and high security networks
Ctr+d
Use: To create a file in the existing directory
17. $ cp m.c new.c
Use : This command copies the m.c to new file new.c
18. $wc m.c
Use : This counts the number of lines, characters and words in m.c file.
19. $rm f.c
Use: This command removes the file f.c
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1.4. INPUT AND OUTPUT REDIRECTION
20. $date>testing
$cat testing
Wed Dec 31 12:47:59 UTC 2008
Use: Redirect the system date contents to a file.
21. $cat test1Welcome to
$cat test2
Information Technology
$cat test1>>test2
$cat test2
Welcome to Information Technology
Use: Concatenate two files and displays the contents of test2
22. $ ls sh*
ShanSureshSaiKumar.cShanthi.c
Use : List the files starting with sh
23. $ls *ha
Radha
AshaUshaSha
Use : List the files ending with ha
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SHELL PROGRAMMING
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2.1. FAHRENHEIT TO CENTIGRADE AND VICE VERSA
AIM:
To write a shell program to convert Fahrenheit to Centigrade and vice-versa
PROGRAM:
read c
f= expr scale=2;(1.8 * $c) + 32 | bc
echo Fahrenheit equivalent is : $f
echo n Enter temperature in Fahrenheit:
read fh
cg= expr scale=2; ($fh 32) / 1.8 | bc
echo Centigrade equivalent is : $cg
OUTPUT
$ Sh Centigrade to Fahrenheit
Enter the temperature in Centigrade: 20
Fahrenheit equivalent is 68.0
Enter temperature in Fahrenheit: 68
Centigrade equivalent is 20.00
RESULT
Thus the above shell program to convert Fahrenheit to centigrade and vice-versa isbeen verified and executed successfully.
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2.2. ODD OR EVEN
AIM
To write a shell program to check whether the given number is odd or even.
PROGRAM
echo n Enter the number:
read a
c= expr $a % 2
if test $c eq 0
then
echo The number $a is even
else
echo The number is $a is odd:
fi
OUTPUT
$ Sh oddeven
Enter the number 6
The number 6 is even
RESULT
Thus the above shell program to check whether the number is odd or even is beenverified and executed successfully.
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2.3. COMPARE TWO STRINGS
AIM
To write a shell program to compare the two given strings.
PROGRAM
echo n Enter the String1:
read s1
echo n Enter the String2:
read s2
if [ $s1 = $s2 ]
then
echo Strings are equal
else
echo Strings are not equal
fi
OUTPUT
$ Sh stringcomp
Enter the String1 : Ramesh
Enter the String1 : Kumar
Strings are not equal
RESULT
Thus the above shell program to compare the two given strings is been verifiedand executed successfully.
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2. 4. CHECK NUMBER IS POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE
AIM
To write a shell program to determine the number is positive, negative or zero.
PROGRAM
echo n Enter the Value:
read a
if test $a -eq 0
then
echo The given number $a is equal to zero
elif test $a -gt 0
echo The given number $a is positive
else
echo The given number $a is negative
fi
OUTPUT
$ Sh nopos
Enter the Value: 5The given number 5 is positive
Enter the Value: -9The given number -9 is negative
Enter the Value: 0The given number 0 is zero.
RESULT
Thus the above shell program to determine the number is positive, negative orzero is been verified and executed successfully.
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2. 5. MENU DRIVEN PROGRAM
AIM
To write a shell program to generate menu driven program.
PROGRAM
echo Menu
echo 1. List of files
echo 2. Todays Date
echo 3. Process Status
echo 4. Logged in Usersecho 5. Quit
echo n Enter your Choice:
read ch
case $ch in
1) ls I;;
2) date;;
3) ps;;
4) who;;
5) exit;;
6) echo Invalid Choice
exit;;
esac
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OUTPUT
$ Sh menu
Enter the your choice 1
.esd_auth .config .gvfs .pulse
.cache .gnugp. profile .ssh
Enter Your Choice 2
13/01/09
Enter Your Choice 3
PID TTY TIME CMD
8547 pts/0 00:00:02 bash4547 pts/0 01:00:42 sh5470 pts/0 00:30:02 ps
Enter Your Choice 4
2cse12 tty5 2009-12-31 07: 062cse11 tty6 2009-12-31 07: 062cse10 tty7 2009-12-31 07: 06
2cse15 tty8 2009-12-31 07: 06
Enter Your Choice 5
RESULT
Thus the above shell program to determine to generate menu driven program is
been verified and executed successfully.
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2. 6. SQUARE AND CUBE OF NUMBER
AIM
To write a shell program to find the square and cube for the first five numbers.
PROGRAM
echo n Number Square Cube:
for i in 1 2 3 4 5
do
square= expr $i * $i
cube= expr $i * $i * $iecho $i $Square $Cube
done
OUTPUT
$ Sh sqcube
Number Square Cube1 1 12 4 83 9 274 16 645 25 125
RESULT
Thus the above shell program to the square and cube for the first five numbers isbeen verified and executed successfully.
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2.7. SUM OF N NATURAL NUMBERS
AIM
To write a shell program to find the sum of N natural Numbers.
PROGRAM
echo n Enter the limit:
read n
sum=0
until [ $i le $n ]
dosum = expr $sum + $i
i= expr $i + 1
done
echo The Sum of first $n natural numbers: $sum
OUTPUT
$ Sh nna
Enter the limit: 5
The sum of first 5 natural numbers: 15
RESULT
Thus the above shell program to find the sum of N natural Numbers is beenverified and executed successfully.
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2.8. SUM OF DIGITS IN GIVEN NUMBER
AIM
To write a shell program to find the sum of digits in the given number.
PROGRAM
echo n Enter the number
read n
sd=0
while [ $n gt 0 ]
do
a= expr $n %10
sd= expr $sd + $a
n= expr $n /10
done
echo The sum of digits in the given number is $sd
OUTPUT
$ Sh sd
Enter the number : 458
The sum of digits in the given number is 17
RESULT
Thus the above shell program to find the sum of digits in the given number is beenverified and executed successfully.
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C PROGRAMMING
ON UNIX
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3.1. LINEAR SEARCH
AIM:
To write a C program to perform linear search using function
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Read the value of n.
Step 3: Read the array of elements a[i].
Step 4: Read the value of x and call the liner()
Step 4: Compute i=i+1
Step 5: if flag==1 then print element is found else not
Step 6: Stop the program
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PROGRAM
#include
void linear(int [],int,int);
main(){int i,x,a[20],n;printf("Enter the limit\n");scanf("%d",&n);printf("\n Enter the elements\n");for(i=0;i
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OUTPUT:
Enter the limit : 5
Enter the elements : 21 56 89 75 41
Enter the element to be searched: 89
The element is fond at 3rd position
RESULT
Thus the above C program to perform linear search using function is been verified
and executed successfully.
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3. 2. ARRAY USING POINTERS
AIM
To write a program to print the elements of an array string manipulation using
pointers
ALGORITHM
Step 1 : Start the program
Step 2 : Read the value of n
Step 3 : Assign i=0
Step 4 : Repeat until the i
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PROGRAM
#include
void main()
{
int *a[10],i,n;
printf("\n Enter the size of array\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the elements");
for(i=0;i
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OUTPUT:
Enter the size of array: 4
Enter the elements: 10 20 30 45
The given elements are:
a[0]=10
a[1]=20
a[2]=30
a[3]=45
RESULT
Thus the above C program to print the elements of an array string manipulation
using pointers is been verified and executed successfully.
3.3. LENGTH OF STRING
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AIM:
To write a program to find the length of the string
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Declare the character array and assign a string char s1[]= anand
Step 3: call length(s1) function and assign to len.
Step 4: print len
Step 5: stop the program
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PROGRAM
#include
#include
int l(char*);
main()
{
int len;
static char s1[]="anand ";
len=l(s1);
printf("\n The length of String s1 %d\n",len);
}
int l(char*ptr)
{
int s=0;
while(*ptr!='\0')
{s+=1;
ptr++;
}
return(s);
}
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OUPUT:
Length of string s1: 5
RESULT
Thus the above C program to find the length of the string is been verified and
executed successfully.
3.4. STRING CONCATENATE
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AIM:
To write a C program to concatenate two strings.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1. Start the program
Step 2. Declare the character pointer variables as s1,s2,s3.
Step 3. Allocate memory for s1,s2 and s3 character pointer variables using
mallloc function
Step 4. Read the string s1 and s2.
Step 5. Repeat the steps 7 and 8 until ((c=*(s1+i)!=\0)
Step 6. Compute i=i+1
Step 7. Assign s3[i+k]=c
Step 8. Compute k=k+1
Step 9. Assign s3[i+k]=\0
Step 10. Print the concatenated string s3
Step 11. Stop the program
PROGRAM
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#include#include#define length 30#includemain()
{char *s1,*s2,*s3,c;int i,k;//clrscr();s1=(char *)malloc(length *sizeof(char));s2=(char *)malloc(length *sizeof(char));s3=(char *)malloc(2*length *sizeof(char));printf("\n Enter the String S1\n");scanf("%s",s1);printf("\n Enter the String S2\n");scanf("%s",s2);
i=0;while((c=*(s1+i))!='\0'){
s3[i]=c;i++;
}k=0;while((c=*(s2+k))!='\0'){
s3[i+k]=c;
k++;}
s3[i+k]='\0';printf("\n the concatenated string is %s",s3);printf("\n");
}
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Output:
Enter the String1: Suresh
Enter the String2: Kumar
Concatenated String is Suresh Kumar
RESULT
Thus the above C program to concatenate two strings is been verified and
executed successfully.
3.5. FILE HANDLING
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AIM:
To write a C program to copy the contents of one file to another.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1. Start the program
Step 2. Declare the file pointers fp1 and fp2.
Step 3. Read the source filename fname1
Step 4. Read the target filename-fname2
Step 5. Open the file fname1 under read mode assigned to file pointer-fp1.
Step 6. Open the file fname2 under write mode assigned to file pointer-fp2.
Step 7. If(fp1==NULL) then step 8 else step 9
Step 8. Print file fname1 cannot be opened for reading and then goto
step16
Step 9. If(fp2==NULL) then step 10 else step 11
Step10. Print file fname2 cannot be opened for writing and then goto
step16
Step 11. Assign c=getc(fp1)
Step 12. Write the character in fp2
Step 13. Assign c =getc(fp1)
Step 14. Close all files(fname1 and fname2)
Step 15. Stop
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Program:
#include#include#includevoid main(){FILE *fp1,*fp2;int c;char fname1[40],fname2[40];clrscr();printf("\n Enter the source file\n");gets(fname1);
printf("\n Enter the target file\n");gets(fname2);fp1=fopen(fname1,"r");fp2=fopen(fname2,"w");if(fp1==NULL){printf("\n Cannot open %s for reading \n",fname1);getch();exit(1);}else if(fp2==NULL)
{printf("\n Cannot open %s for writing \n",fname2);getch();exit(1);}else{c=getc(fp1);while(c!=EOF){putc(c,fp2);c=getc(fp1);
}fclose(fp1);fclose(fp2);printf("\n File successfully copied\n");}getch();}
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Output:
Enter the source file: f1.txt
Enter the target file : f2.txt
File successfully copied.
RESULT
Thus the above C program to copy the content of one file to another is been
verified and executed successfully.