indigenous tourism
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IndigenousTourism
Indigeneity Primary characteristic of indigeneity
strong sense of unity with the environment
Secondary characteristics
a relationship with the environment that has endured over time;
distinctive culture and custom
distinctive system ofknowledge
environmentalsustainability
Unique language
Indigenous Peoples: Definition Issues
The concept of indigenous is not capable of a precise, inclusivedefinition that can be applied in the same manner to all regions of theworld Erica-Irene Daes (Chairperson of the Working Group onIndigenous Populations)
Indigenous communities, peoples and nations are those, which, havinga historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies thatdeveloped on their territories, consider themselves distinct from othersectors of the societies now prevailing in those territories, or parts of
them. They form at present non-dominant sectors of the societies andare determined to preserve, develop and transmit to future generationstheir ancestral territories, and their ethnic identity, as the basis of theircontinued existence as peoples, in accordance with their culturalpartners, social institutions and legal systems - United Nationsspecial Rapporteur Martinez Cobo
The noble savage
A contrasting view of indigenous people
that survives today:
Does civilization actually improve the
quality of human life?
Negative affects of European
colonialism coupled with local
experiences with the industrial
revolution drew into question the
benefits of civilization.
From a romanticists perspectiveprimitive people lived a fuller more
egalitarian life. They were untouched by
the corrupting influence of civilization
and industrialization.
The Lost/stolen Generation In Australia, Aboriginal
people were seen to both apeople without history and apeople without a future.
From 1885 to the 1970s theAustralian government tookaboriginal children from theirfamilies and placed them inEuropean homes and fostercare.
Indigenous people and citizenship rights
Until 1993 Aboriginal peoplehad land rights because withintheir culture they had no fixedabode, fields or flocks, norinternal hierarchicaldifferentiation
Into the 1960s Aborigines hadextremely limited citizenshiprights (like the right to vote)and the government maintainedan extremely paternalisticattitude toward Aborigines, likemaking it illegal for them toconsume alcohol.
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Framework for Indigenous Tourism
Occurs within context of globaltourism industry
Dominated by non-indigenousactors
Characterised by temporal andspatial dimensions of theenvironment
Part of broader externalenvironment
Cultural Commodification
Commodification (or commoditization) is thetransformation of goods and services (or things that may not
normally be regarded as goods or services) into a
commodity.
When we apply this to a culture, it means that parts of the
culture; artefacts, clothing, dance, music, folklore,
architecture, heritage and geographic landscapes; are being
packaged and offered for sale.
Loss of Culture
Many indigenous cultures feel that they suffer a form of cultureloss because they do not control the commodification of theirculture through tourism.
Culture can be seen as a form of intellectual propertymeaning that it is owned by an individual or group, and no-onehas the right to take or use it without the permission of the
owners.
This means that tourism that is focussed around, and profits
from, indigenous cultures without their consent or approval
could be theft (financial and intellectual) and can also be very
offensive.
Interactions with dominant cultures also means the spread of
dominant values and beliefs, some of which may contradict the
values of the indigenous group and cause conflict within the
culture.
Reduction of Culture They also run the risk of reducing their culture to a single
element.
Loss of Land Another concern is when tourist industries hamper indigenous
cultures ability to carry on their way of life.
For example, In 2002, the Botswana Bushmen were forcibly expelledfrom the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR), part of theirtraditional ancestral lands and essential to maintaining a sustainablelifestyle. This area sees huge revenues from Eco-tourism and safaris.After going to court, their land was reinstated in 2006. Despite thecourt ruling, the government has since banned them from accessing aborehole, which they rely on for water.
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Environment With an increase in tourists,
comes an increase in garbage,pollution, resource use,infrastructure development,etc., all of which can upset thebalance between humans andenvironment and couldpotentially affect indigenouspeople in a negative way.
Promotes Sustainability
It can be a positive, however, if it takes place on their own
terms, serves their interests and promotes the image they
wish to share about themselves and their cul ture.
Many cultures want to share and interact with other groups,
but few want to be just a sideshow attraction.
Common Concerns of Indigenous
Peoples
Cultural and linguistic preservation
Land rights
Ownership and exploitation of natural resources
Political determination and autonomy
Cultural/Intellectual property rights
Commodification of culture (eg. haka, koru, moko)
Environmental degradation
Poverty
Health
discrimination
Indigenous Tourism:
key features
Connected with indigenous culture, values and traditions
-focuses on indigenous knowledge of culture and nature
Tourism products owned and operated by indigenous people - basedon indigenous land and cultural identity, controlled from within byindigenous groups
Typically involves small touri sm businesses owned by tr ibes or families
4Hs - Includes indigenous habitat, heritage, history and handicrafts(Smith V. 1996)
Based on Swain (1989); Parker (1993); Hinch & Butler (1996); Smith (1996)
Control of Tourism
For Maori or iwi tribes the key issue in tourism is control, notwealth (Hall 1996)
If the relationship between tourism and culture is to be sustainable,however, tourism will have to be developed in harmony withcommunity interests. It will have to protect and preserve traditionalcultures, fostering sensitivity to and appreciation for cultural practices(Moscardo, 1999; Sofield, 1991).
It is therefore essential that indigenous peoples maintain ownershipand control over product development and cultural experiences
Maori Involvement in Tourism 1800sMaori Involvement in Tourism 1800sMaori Involvement in Tourism 1800sMaori Involvement in Tourism 1800s
Maori involvement in NZs tourism industry has a history of over
140 years (in particular in Rotorua)
First hotels and guiding operations in the district were either wholly
or party owned and operated by Maori. They acted as guides,
accommodation providers and entertainers to tourist
Dept of Tourist and Health Resorts est. 1901
the first Govt dept in the world. Linked with trade,
Tourism and overseas funds saw Maori culture
as important to economic growth of tourism in the
region
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Maori Tourism Icons: Rotorua
Showpiece of Maoridom
Maori Arts and Craft Institute est. 1963 byAct of Parliament to preserve Maori
culture Concerns were voiced about culture
exploitation for touristic purposes
Creation of 3 main attractions thermalreserve, centre where arts andperformance were regularly on view, andthe carving school
Re-branded TE PUIA (2006) as 3 distinctmarketable products
$17million upgrade includes:
(new visitor centre, 500 seat restaurant,new innovative interactive attraction,interpretive walks, carving & weavingschools)
Maori tourism operations
such as Whalewatch Kaikouraand Tamaki Tours were
benchmark success stories for
MT development in the
1990s
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=VmNqtJRmbGA
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=B9_WKOIOobQ
Maori Tourism Icons: Whalewatch
Kaikoura
DEFINITIONS of Maori Tourism There has been a lack of a recognised definition of Maori tourism due to the
conceptual difficulty in defining a Maori tourism business and product. The conceptencompasses different elements: Maori culture and identity, tourism, business,and product.
Therefore relative lack of understanding of Maori participation in the tourismindustry
MOT has 2 categories:
- Maori in Tourism (people related)- Maori Cultural Tourism (activities related
involving Maori culture)
Demand for Maori Cultural TourismTe Ahu Mai he whao tapoi Maori (Dec 2004)
20% international visitors experience Maori culture during their stay in NewZealand
report highlighted what travellers think about Maori cultural products Identified opportunities for MT operators provided specific guidance for development Maori cultural products rates more favourably than products of other
indigenous cultures overall satisfaction tended to be highest where there was physical &
emotional involvement with the particular activity being experienced Clear message that better translation and explanation will help engage the
visitor and increase the satisfaction levels Maori culture is the one thing that sets us apart from other countries (domestic
traveller)
Maori Tourism Today what is it?
The analogy of
the past was that
Maori were merely
Passengers in the
back of the bus.
Today, Maori own
The bus and the
Company (DoverSamuels Associate
Minister Tourism, 2004)
Kaupapa (traditional Mori ways of
doing, being, and thinking ) Maori
Manaakitanga - Hospitality
Kaitiakitanga - Stewardship
Wairuatanga - Spirituality
Tau utu utu - Reciprocity
Whanaungatanga - Family
Aroha - Love
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Tourism NZ Strategic Plan
The principles of kaitiakitanga (guardianship) and
manaakitanga (hospitality) are the basis for a uniquely New
Zealand approach to sustainability. By delivering on these
principles, the tourism sector will provide hospitality to its
visitors while protecting and managing our culture and
environment.
The Culturally significant landscapeThe Culturally significant landscapeThe Culturally significant landscapeThe Culturally significant landscape
Symbolic intangible historical associations
May be natural or modified Significant to iwi turangawaewae & kaitiakitanga (a place to stand &
stewardship)
NZs landscape under increasing pressure recreational and leisure needs of national
and international visitors
Traditional interactions altered with Treaty settlements political associations;
ownership and management issues
Sense of place (Relph 1976) - Pepeha
Interpretation of the Cultural Landscape
The interpretation of Maori perspectives of the environment i s
therefore considered a way of strengthening iwi relationships with
traditional resources and historic heritage (Keelan 1996)
The increased use of this taonga as subject matter in interpretive
material widens the audience from a traditional Maori base to other
community members, and, consequently, visitors to the area
DoC NZ governments primary land manager encouraged to
preserve & protect values held by Maori
Recommended reading Butler, R. and Hinch, T. (2007) Tourism and indigenous peoples: issues
and implications. Butterworth-Heinemann
Ryan, C. (2005) Indigenous tourism: the commodification and
management of culture. Elsevier
Whitford, M., Bell, B. and Watkins, M. (2001) Indigenous Tourism
Policy in Australia: 25 Years of Rhetoric and Economic
Rationalism.Current I ssues in Tourism 4(2-4): 151-181.
Hall, C.M. and Mitchell, I. and Keelan, N. (1993) The implicationsof Maori perspectives for the management and promotion of
heritage tourism in New Zealand. GeoJournal 29(3): 315-322.
Workshop
NEDC, British ColumbiaNEDC, British ColumbiaNEDC, British ColumbiaNEDC, British Columbia
Indigenous in BusinessIndigenous in BusinessIndigenous in BusinessIndigenous in Business,,,,
AustraliaAustraliaAustraliaAustralia
Financial Viability
Customer Service
Innovative Practices
Exposure (recognition within
the Nuu-chah-nulth and other
communities)
Years of Operation
Environmental Footprint
Nature of Product/Service
Cultural Preservation
Contributions to society
Hardship endured
Financial obstacles overcome
Social obstacles overcome
Company financial viability
Fiscal application to company
Positioning in the marketplace
Potential future growth in themarketplace
Ingenuity and creativeness in themarket place
Contribution to Australia and itssocial fabric
Contribution to the community