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    IndigenousTourism

    Indigeneity Primary characteristic of indigeneity

    strong sense of unity with the environment

    Secondary characteristics

    a relationship with the environment that has endured over time;

    distinctive culture and custom

    distinctive system ofknowledge

    environmentalsustainability

    Unique language

    Indigenous Peoples: Definition Issues

    The concept of indigenous is not capable of a precise, inclusivedefinition that can be applied in the same manner to all regions of theworld Erica-Irene Daes (Chairperson of the Working Group onIndigenous Populations)

    Indigenous communities, peoples and nations are those, which, havinga historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies thatdeveloped on their territories, consider themselves distinct from othersectors of the societies now prevailing in those territories, or parts of

    them. They form at present non-dominant sectors of the societies andare determined to preserve, develop and transmit to future generationstheir ancestral territories, and their ethnic identity, as the basis of theircontinued existence as peoples, in accordance with their culturalpartners, social institutions and legal systems - United Nationsspecial Rapporteur Martinez Cobo

    The noble savage

    A contrasting view of indigenous people

    that survives today:

    Does civilization actually improve the

    quality of human life?

    Negative affects of European

    colonialism coupled with local

    experiences with the industrial

    revolution drew into question the

    benefits of civilization.

    From a romanticists perspectiveprimitive people lived a fuller more

    egalitarian life. They were untouched by

    the corrupting influence of civilization

    and industrialization.

    The Lost/stolen Generation In Australia, Aboriginal

    people were seen to both apeople without history and apeople without a future.

    From 1885 to the 1970s theAustralian government tookaboriginal children from theirfamilies and placed them inEuropean homes and fostercare.

    Indigenous people and citizenship rights

    Until 1993 Aboriginal peoplehad land rights because withintheir culture they had no fixedabode, fields or flocks, norinternal hierarchicaldifferentiation

    Into the 1960s Aborigines hadextremely limited citizenshiprights (like the right to vote)and the government maintainedan extremely paternalisticattitude toward Aborigines, likemaking it illegal for them toconsume alcohol.

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    Framework for Indigenous Tourism

    Occurs within context of globaltourism industry

    Dominated by non-indigenousactors

    Characterised by temporal andspatial dimensions of theenvironment

    Part of broader externalenvironment

    Cultural Commodification

    Commodification (or commoditization) is thetransformation of goods and services (or things that may not

    normally be regarded as goods or services) into a

    commodity.

    When we apply this to a culture, it means that parts of the

    culture; artefacts, clothing, dance, music, folklore,

    architecture, heritage and geographic landscapes; are being

    packaged and offered for sale.

    Loss of Culture

    Many indigenous cultures feel that they suffer a form of cultureloss because they do not control the commodification of theirculture through tourism.

    Culture can be seen as a form of intellectual propertymeaning that it is owned by an individual or group, and no-onehas the right to take or use it without the permission of the

    owners.

    This means that tourism that is focussed around, and profits

    from, indigenous cultures without their consent or approval

    could be theft (financial and intellectual) and can also be very

    offensive.

    Interactions with dominant cultures also means the spread of

    dominant values and beliefs, some of which may contradict the

    values of the indigenous group and cause conflict within the

    culture.

    Reduction of Culture They also run the risk of reducing their culture to a single

    element.

    Loss of Land Another concern is when tourist industries hamper indigenous

    cultures ability to carry on their way of life.

    For example, In 2002, the Botswana Bushmen were forcibly expelledfrom the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR), part of theirtraditional ancestral lands and essential to maintaining a sustainablelifestyle. This area sees huge revenues from Eco-tourism and safaris.After going to court, their land was reinstated in 2006. Despite thecourt ruling, the government has since banned them from accessing aborehole, which they rely on for water.

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    Environment With an increase in tourists,

    comes an increase in garbage,pollution, resource use,infrastructure development,etc., all of which can upset thebalance between humans andenvironment and couldpotentially affect indigenouspeople in a negative way.

    Promotes Sustainability

    It can be a positive, however, if it takes place on their own

    terms, serves their interests and promotes the image they

    wish to share about themselves and their cul ture.

    Many cultures want to share and interact with other groups,

    but few want to be just a sideshow attraction.

    Common Concerns of Indigenous

    Peoples

    Cultural and linguistic preservation

    Land rights

    Ownership and exploitation of natural resources

    Political determination and autonomy

    Cultural/Intellectual property rights

    Commodification of culture (eg. haka, koru, moko)

    Environmental degradation

    Poverty

    Health

    discrimination

    Indigenous Tourism:

    key features

    Connected with indigenous culture, values and traditions

    -focuses on indigenous knowledge of culture and nature

    Tourism products owned and operated by indigenous people - basedon indigenous land and cultural identity, controlled from within byindigenous groups

    Typically involves small touri sm businesses owned by tr ibes or families

    4Hs - Includes indigenous habitat, heritage, history and handicrafts(Smith V. 1996)

    Based on Swain (1989); Parker (1993); Hinch & Butler (1996); Smith (1996)

    Control of Tourism

    For Maori or iwi tribes the key issue in tourism is control, notwealth (Hall 1996)

    If the relationship between tourism and culture is to be sustainable,however, tourism will have to be developed in harmony withcommunity interests. It will have to protect and preserve traditionalcultures, fostering sensitivity to and appreciation for cultural practices(Moscardo, 1999; Sofield, 1991).

    It is therefore essential that indigenous peoples maintain ownershipand control over product development and cultural experiences

    Maori Involvement in Tourism 1800sMaori Involvement in Tourism 1800sMaori Involvement in Tourism 1800sMaori Involvement in Tourism 1800s

    Maori involvement in NZs tourism industry has a history of over

    140 years (in particular in Rotorua)

    First hotels and guiding operations in the district were either wholly

    or party owned and operated by Maori. They acted as guides,

    accommodation providers and entertainers to tourist

    Dept of Tourist and Health Resorts est. 1901

    the first Govt dept in the world. Linked with trade,

    Tourism and overseas funds saw Maori culture

    as important to economic growth of tourism in the

    region

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    Maori Tourism Icons: Rotorua

    Showpiece of Maoridom

    Maori Arts and Craft Institute est. 1963 byAct of Parliament to preserve Maori

    culture Concerns were voiced about culture

    exploitation for touristic purposes

    Creation of 3 main attractions thermalreserve, centre where arts andperformance were regularly on view, andthe carving school

    Re-branded TE PUIA (2006) as 3 distinctmarketable products

    $17million upgrade includes:

    (new visitor centre, 500 seat restaurant,new innovative interactive attraction,interpretive walks, carving & weavingschools)

    Maori tourism operations

    such as Whalewatch Kaikouraand Tamaki Tours were

    benchmark success stories for

    MT development in the

    1990s

    http://www.youtube.com/

    watch?v=VmNqtJRmbGA

    http://www.youtube.com/

    watch?v=B9_WKOIOobQ

    Maori Tourism Icons: Whalewatch

    Kaikoura

    DEFINITIONS of Maori Tourism There has been a lack of a recognised definition of Maori tourism due to the

    conceptual difficulty in defining a Maori tourism business and product. The conceptencompasses different elements: Maori culture and identity, tourism, business,and product.

    Therefore relative lack of understanding of Maori participation in the tourismindustry

    MOT has 2 categories:

    - Maori in Tourism (people related)- Maori Cultural Tourism (activities related

    involving Maori culture)

    Demand for Maori Cultural TourismTe Ahu Mai he whao tapoi Maori (Dec 2004)

    20% international visitors experience Maori culture during their stay in NewZealand

    report highlighted what travellers think about Maori cultural products Identified opportunities for MT operators provided specific guidance for development Maori cultural products rates more favourably than products of other

    indigenous cultures overall satisfaction tended to be highest where there was physical &

    emotional involvement with the particular activity being experienced Clear message that better translation and explanation will help engage the

    visitor and increase the satisfaction levels Maori culture is the one thing that sets us apart from other countries (domestic

    traveller)

    Maori Tourism Today what is it?

    The analogy of

    the past was that

    Maori were merely

    Passengers in the

    back of the bus.

    Today, Maori own

    The bus and the

    Company (DoverSamuels Associate

    Minister Tourism, 2004)

    Kaupapa (traditional Mori ways of

    doing, being, and thinking ) Maori

    Manaakitanga - Hospitality

    Kaitiakitanga - Stewardship

    Wairuatanga - Spirituality

    Tau utu utu - Reciprocity

    Whanaungatanga - Family

    Aroha - Love

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    Tourism NZ Strategic Plan

    The principles of kaitiakitanga (guardianship) and

    manaakitanga (hospitality) are the basis for a uniquely New

    Zealand approach to sustainability. By delivering on these

    principles, the tourism sector will provide hospitality to its

    visitors while protecting and managing our culture and

    environment.

    The Culturally significant landscapeThe Culturally significant landscapeThe Culturally significant landscapeThe Culturally significant landscape

    Symbolic intangible historical associations

    May be natural or modified Significant to iwi turangawaewae & kaitiakitanga (a place to stand &

    stewardship)

    NZs landscape under increasing pressure recreational and leisure needs of national

    and international visitors

    Traditional interactions altered with Treaty settlements political associations;

    ownership and management issues

    Sense of place (Relph 1976) - Pepeha

    Interpretation of the Cultural Landscape

    The interpretation of Maori perspectives of the environment i s

    therefore considered a way of strengthening iwi relationships with

    traditional resources and historic heritage (Keelan 1996)

    The increased use of this taonga as subject matter in interpretive

    material widens the audience from a traditional Maori base to other

    community members, and, consequently, visitors to the area

    DoC NZ governments primary land manager encouraged to

    preserve & protect values held by Maori

    Recommended reading Butler, R. and Hinch, T. (2007) Tourism and indigenous peoples: issues

    and implications. Butterworth-Heinemann

    Ryan, C. (2005) Indigenous tourism: the commodification and

    management of culture. Elsevier

    Whitford, M., Bell, B. and Watkins, M. (2001) Indigenous Tourism

    Policy in Australia: 25 Years of Rhetoric and Economic

    Rationalism.Current I ssues in Tourism 4(2-4): 151-181.

    Hall, C.M. and Mitchell, I. and Keelan, N. (1993) The implicationsof Maori perspectives for the management and promotion of

    heritage tourism in New Zealand. GeoJournal 29(3): 315-322.

    Workshop

    NEDC, British ColumbiaNEDC, British ColumbiaNEDC, British ColumbiaNEDC, British Columbia

    Indigenous in BusinessIndigenous in BusinessIndigenous in BusinessIndigenous in Business,,,,

    AustraliaAustraliaAustraliaAustralia

    Financial Viability

    Customer Service

    Innovative Practices

    Exposure (recognition within

    the Nuu-chah-nulth and other

    communities)

    Years of Operation

    Environmental Footprint

    Nature of Product/Service

    Cultural Preservation

    Contributions to society

    Hardship endured

    Financial obstacles overcome

    Social obstacles overcome

    Company financial viability

    Fiscal application to company

    Positioning in the marketplace

    Potential future growth in themarketplace

    Ingenuity and creativeness in themarket place

    Contribution to Australia and itssocial fabric

    Contribution to the community