Indian National Movement

▪ Goals of Revolutionaries

▪ Causes of its rise

▪ Main Areas of Operation

▪ Abroad

▪ Maharashtra

▪ Bengal

▪ Causes of Failure

▪ Contributions of Revolutionaries

▪ Some Landmarks of Revolutionaries

▪ Foreign rule must be ended by violent means

▪ Great faith in Individual heroism and sacrifice

▪ To terrorize the officialdom by assassinating unpopular British Officials – hoped that this will arouse the patriotic instincts of the people, inspire them and remove the fear of authority from their minds.

▪ Propaganda of dead

▪ Organizing a popular mass uprising and subverting the loyalty of the army – long term goal

▪ Provided means of expressing their patriotism

▪ Inspiration – Great revolt of 1857

▪ Assassinate unpopular officials, thus strike terror in hearts of rulers and arousepeople to expel the British with force; based on individual heroic actions on lines ofIrish nationalists or Russian nihilists and not a mass-based countrywide struggle.

▪ Impatient Youth- no better way to express their patriotism and heroism

▪ Got incensed at the official arrogance and repression and the mendicancy of the congress

▪ Failure of Extremist leaders

▪ Indian press frequently incite the people to fight against the tyranny of foreign rule and rescue the country from foreign dominion

▪ Large number of political assassinations in Europe by the anarchists

▪ Defeat of some European countries at the hands of Asian countries:▪ Russia by Japan (1904-05)

▪ Younger elements not ready to retreat after the decline of open phase.

▪ Leadership’s failure to tap revolutionary energies of the youth.

▪ Government repression left no peaceful avenues open for protest.

▪ Abroad

▪ Maharashtra

▪ Bengal

▪ Punjab

▪ Shyamji Krishna Varma – Kathiawar –

▪ India House – London – 1905

▪ The Indian Sociologist (Journal)

▪ New Centre at Paris and Geneva

▪ VD Savarkar, Lala Hardayal and Madan Lal Dhingra

▪ 1909 – Madan Lal Dhingra –

▪ shot dead Col William Curzon Wylle, Political ADC to the India Office

▪ Hanged for this murder

▪ VD Savarkar was arrested and sentenced to transportation for life

▪ Shyamji left London and settled in Paris

▪ Bal Gangadhar Tilak

▪ Ganapati Festival – 1893

▪ Shivaji Festival – 1896

▪ Chapekar Brothers (Damodar, Vasudev and Balkrishna)

▪ First political murder of Europeans- 22 June 1897

▪ Wanted to attack Mr Rand, President of Plague Committee – Poona

▪ Lt Ayerst was shot dead

▪ VD Savarkar

▪ Mitra Mela – Nasik -1904 – merged into the secret society Abhinav Bharat

▪ P. Mitra – Anushilan Samiti▪ 1907 – unsuccessful attempts to kill Lt Governors of Eastern Bengal and Bengal

▪ Muzaffarpur Murders – 30 April 1908▪ Attempt to murder – Mr Kingford – Chief Presidency Magistrate

▪ Profulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose

▪ Bomb thrown mistakenly on the carriage of My Kennedy – killing two ladies

▪ Chaki shot himself dead

▪ Bose was tried and hanged

▪ Alipore Conspiracy Case▪ Illegal arms in Calcutta – arrest of 34 persons – Ghosh brothers

▪ Narendra Gosain – Approver – shot dead in Jail

▪ 15 found guilt – Barindra Kumar Ghosh – transported to life

▪ Rash Behari Bose – escaped to Japan

▪ Act of Individual violence could not able to mobilize masses – easily be dealt with by a great imperialist power

▪ Stern actions by the Government

▪ Lack of a common plan and a central leadership

▪ No base among people

▪ Moderate openly disowned and Extremists were reluctant to accept them

▪ Filled the people’s mind that no sacrifice is greater than that where country’s interests are involved.

▪ Maximum sacrifices of the minimum chosen persons

▪ Strengthened the spirit of manhood and valour amongst the masses.

▪ 1902—First revolutionary groups in Midnapore and Calcutta (The Anushilan Samiti)

▪ 1906—Yugantar, the revolutionary weekly started By 1905-06—Several newspapers started advocating revolutionary terrorism.

▪ 1907—Attempt on life of the former Lt. governor of East Bengal and Assam.

▪ 1908—Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose attempt to murder Muzaffarpur Magistrate, Kingsford.

▪ Alipore conspiracy case involving Aurobindo Ghosh, Barindra Kumar Ghosh and others.

▪ 1908—Burrah dacoity by Dacca Anushilan.

▪ 1912—Bomb thrown at Viceroy Hardinge by Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal. Sandhya, Yugantar—newspapers advocating revolutionary activity.

▪ Jatin Das and Yugantar; the German Plot during World War I.

▪ 1879—Ramosi Peasant Force by Vasudev Balwant Phadke.

▪ 1890s—Tilak’s attempts to propagate militancy among the youth through Shivaji and Ganapati festivals, and his journals Kesari and Maharatta.

▪ 1897—Chapekar brothers kill Rand, the plague commissioner of Poona and Lt. Ayerst.

▪ 1899—Mitra Mela—a secret society organised by Savarkar and his brother.

▪ 1904—Mitra Mela merged with Abhinav Bharat.

▪ 1909—District Magistrate of Nasik—Jackson—killed.

▪ 1905—Shyamji Krishna Varma set up Indian Home Rule Society and India House and brought out journal The Sociologist in London.

▪ 1909—Madan Lal Dhingra murdered Curzon-Wyllie; Madame Bhikaji Camaoperated from Paris and Geneva and brought out journal Bande Mataram.

▪ Ajit Singh also active.

▪ Berlin Committee for Indian Independence established by VirendranathChattopadhyay and others.

▪ In North America, the Ghadr was organised by Lala Hardayal,

▪ Ramchandra, Bhawan Singh, Kartar Singh Saraba, Barkatullah, Bhai Parmanand.

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