india social issues & welfare schemes
TRANSCRIPT
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Is there a need to revamp social sector schemes sponsored by the central
government? Examine why with examples.
Any government scheme is a governance measure to address the prevailing socio-
economic conditions. As the scenario changes, so the need for revamping schemes
originates, to remain in syn with the scenario.
NEEDS FO E!A"#$N% S&'E"ES
(a) elevance* +o mae scheme address the changed socio-economic condition y
adding new goals and removing redundant ones eg "%NE%A needs revamping to
e more realistic.
() educe Duplication* "any schemes often have nuance variation in their
oectives. As they address the similar set of goals their mearger improves targeting
eg S/0, AA/0,$%NO#S.
(c) Administrative convenience* Similar schemes wor under the oversight ofdi1erent ministries creating confusion over monitoring and reporting activities eg
AA/0 under "oF and $%NO#S under "oD.
(d) &ost consideration* Duplicate schemes increase cost witout ringing any
e1ective change.
(e) #opulist politics* Schemes often announces in heat of election su1er from poor
allocation and stagnacy maing their woring impracticale.
(f) "onitoring* Single scheme maes monitoring e1ective thus improving outcomes.
(h) "istargeted* Sometimes schemes fail to address the right target group and
needs to e revamped.
($) Devolution of power* "ore participation needed, its more top down right now.
evamping also poses certain challenges lie redrafting and identifying relevant
goals, training sta1 who are acustomed to earlier schemes along with technical
prolems. +hus revamping though appears as solution ut its actual e2cacy
depends on the udiciousness of revamping e3ercise.
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How and why leprosy is caused. Critically comment on its continued
existence in India and on government’s initiatives to tackle this disease.
4eprosy is a bacterial disease that afects the nervous system. $t is a maor
cause of disaility among people. $ndian government has a dedicated programme
called, 5ational !eprosy Eradication "rogramme6 since 7899. $t follows a two
pronged strategy that includes*
(a) Early detection through increased awareness among masses.
() +reatment of patient using a multi#drug therapy (availale since 78:7).
A multiple stakeholder approach including government, N%O, voluntary
organisation and 4E#A is adopted to ;ght this disease. %overnment also declared
certain states as endemic for special intervention.
Despite a dedicated programme running for the last ==9
has shifted focus from it.
(c) umors aout the disease and the social stigma acts as deterrent to early
detection and treatment.
(d) Symptomatic treatment using "D+ has not achieved a foolproof level.
$E& activities should form the core of leprosy eradication programme together with
development of vaccine through gloal collaoration if this lot is to e removed.
Apart from the physiological prolem faced y the patient, he also su1ers from a lot
psychological e1ect. Due to stigma attached with the disease he faces a lot of
indignity and humiliation from the society. 4eprosy patient are discriminated and
denied access to even asic services lie education, sanitation and community
ased rehailitation which leaves them with no option other than to eg on the
streets.
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*rite a note on the important 'eatures o' recently released government o' India’s new ational +ental Health "olicy.
ecogni?ing that #ersons with mental illness constitute a vulnerale section of
society and are suect to discrimination in our society, %ovt. launched National
"ental health #olicy recently. $ndia already has National "ental 'ealth #rogram from
78:>.
+he "ental 'ealth #olicy calls for recognition of mental disorders and more
accessile and holistic treatment of mental illnesses. Other important features are-
7) $t lays guidelines for the mental health care services being ofered andprovision of 'unds for opening of departments in hospitals related to psychological
and psychiatric care.
>) $t recommends for the decriminali,ation o' attempted suicides ecause it
has een a maor cause of deaths among such people.
@) $t advocates for change in attitude towards mental illnesses. $t plans to ensure
availaility and accessiility of minimum mental health care for all, particularly to
the most vulnerable and underprivileged sections of population.
) A plan -+ental Health ction "lan /0$’ is also launched which spells out
speci;c roles for the centre, state, local odies and civil societies.
An awareness campaign needs to e launched to inform people aout the mental
health prolems and destigmati?ation of people su1ering from mental illness. As we
now, families ear disproportionate ;nancial, physical, mental, emotional and
social urden of providing treatment and care for their relatives with mental illness.
#ersons with mental illness should e treated lie other persons with health
prolems.
+he environment around them should e made conducive to facilitate recovery
rehailitation and full participation in society. +he New "ental health #olicy provides
some hope in this nole direction.
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1 2he 3uality o' healthcare system determines one’s health.1 In thecontext o' India4 critically examine what should be government’s priorities
in the healthcare sector.
+he priority areas for government in health sector are
7) $ncreasing health care centres- +here is a need to increase the outreach of pulic
health care. Opening of #'&s, &'&s and tertiary health centres should e the main
priority. /ut merely opening centres without adeBuate infrastructure or silled
manpower would mae them redundant.
>) $ncreasing the numer of silled manpower C "ost of the hospitals and #'&s
remain understa1ed. FreBuent asenteeism y doctors. 4ac of adeBuate
monitoring mechanisms.
@) $nfrastructure C #ulic health centres lac minimum reBuired technical
eBuipment. Sanitation and hygiene given low priority. No separate laour rooms.
Operation centres inadeBuate. #ulic spending has to e increased.
) &hange of priority from health insurance to health facilities C +oo much reliance
on health insurance. "ost of the spending on health sector goes to insurance, very
little left to upgrade health centres.
9) +onitor and properly private healthcare C Due to failure of pulic health,
people have relied on private centres. hich are themselves e3ploitative, charge
e3oritant rates, over diagnosis. 'ence, a need to monitor them. 'owever, private
health has een e2cient and at least in terms of "edication, is up to the mar.
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8) utrition and 6anitation C #rovision of clean drining water and sanitation
facilities to reduce gastronomical disease which weaens the immune system of
human and a1ect mental and physical growth. $ntegration of nutrition schemes lie
$&DS, "D"S etc
'ealth sector is vital and should get adeBuate priority economically and politically.Need a paradigm shift to ensure universal health care and reduce dependence on
private sector.
ccording to reports and various opinions4 the declining standards o'
medical education coupled with poor health service delivery continue to
be ma)or national concerns. 7iscuss the re'orms needed in the healthsector to improve the standards o' medical education and health delivery.
A ad doctor is worse than having no doctor. eforms which are needed to improve
the poor Bualities of doctor in $ndia or asically the medical education are
- &ommon &ompetitive Entrance E3am C National Eligiility and Entrance +est
(NEE+ ) is the good option and it should e revived. $t will help ring in
meritorious students- &ompensate for lac of Faculty C Adunct professors should e appointed.
Online courses and tele-education can e used
- pdate &urriculum C $mpart practical sills too- $ncrease in the numer of #% seats and ringing all the #% courses under
common regulatory system instead of few eing managed y "&$ and few y
National /oards of E3amination- +o improve Buality of doctors in rural areas, compulsory posting of doctors
after completion of course in #'& for a stipulated time
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- $ndia have only > virology testing centres. +his prolem was reali?ed in theface of '7N7 outrea in >==8. 'ence ministry has decided to open 7>= new
virology testing centres in $ndia to deal with Eola lie cases.
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Critically evaluate the state o' primary healthcare sector in India.
Highlight its importance vs tertiary health care
#rolems
- 4ow doctor to patient ratio.- 4ac of medicines- Opening of New tertiary services will divert the scare resources from primary
health care- Opening up of new A$$"S, will lead to ypass of the #'&s, as oserved in the
case of Delhi A$$"S, overloading the A$$"S with minor health prolem cases
reducing its e2cacy. hereas investment in #'& can help to tae care of
these things as well as prevention of diseases lie immuni?ation, regular
health checup and nutrition awareness drives through #'&s, as they will
have wider and deeper reach- Also, as it is promoted, that A$$"S will help more doctors created which can
then help in rural sector, ut as many as 9=G go aroad. 'ence on a cost-
e1ective asis itHs etter to invest in health professionals lie nurse, A" etc
which can help in improving rural health infrastructure.
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*rite a note on the ob)ectives and importance o' the ational 896H+ission :+;
+he Department of $ndian Systems of "edicine and 'omoeopathy was created in
"arch 7889 and renamed A0S' (Ayurveda, 0oga and Naturopathy, nani, Siddha
and 'omeopathy) in Novemer >==@ to provide focused attention to the
development of education and research in these systems of medicine. 'owever, no
remarale achievements too place in researchIeducation of A0S'.
So, ational 896H +ission was approved to e launched in order to ridge the
gap in health services. $t supports State governments and +s to provide A0S'
health services and education in the country. $ts oectives are*
a) $mprovement of A0S' education through enhancement in the numer of
upgraded educational institutionsJ
) /etter access to A0S' services through increase in numer of A0S' hospitals
and dispensaries, availaility of drugs and manpowerJ
c) #roviding sustained availaility of Buality raw material for A0S' systems of
medicineJ and
d) $mproving availaility of Buality Ayurvedic, Siddha, nani and 'omeopathy drugs
through increase in numer of pharmacies, drug laoratories
$mportance*
- $t can e used e1ectively in remote and far-Kung areas.
- $t promotes preventive health care.
- $t is diverse, Ke3ile, accessile and a1ordale, acceptance y a large pulic and
has a growing economic value.
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$t is even more important in the wae of many patents ;led y foreign companies
on Ayurvedic medicines (most of which are developed in $ndia). $t is our duty to
preserve and protect our rich heritage and culture which should not e stolen y
unscrupulous usiness interests aroad. +he nowledge we received from our
ancestors must e passed onto generations without discrimination from foreign
nations. 'ence, NA" has ecome a signi;cant step in that direction.
2he >> days o' li'e4 between a woman’s pregnancy and her child’s
second birthday4 are critical 'or inuencing li'elong health and intellectual
development o' the child. Elaborate and also explain what measures has
Indian government taken to address this issue.
'D >=7 has de;ned the period of 7=== days from womenHs pregnancy to the > nd
irthday of child as one of the vulnerale period in the life cycle. omenHs health
condition, hygiene and care during the pregnancy very much determine the health
of the orn child. After the irth of the child proper nourishment, immuni?ation and
psychosocial stimulation not only helps in the physical growth of the child ut alsodevelopment of its cognitive sills. &hildren su1er from stunted growth with lac of
intellectual power due to poor health conditions. #hysical strength can e gained
later in the life cycle ut ma3imum rain development taes place in ;rst @ years
and hence a loss in this period ecome Buite permanent and child faces prolem in
his life due to sudued intellectual capacity.
%overnment is aware of the criticality of this cohert and have taen a numer of
steps that can e roen down into three groups. +hese are
AN+ENA+A4
$nvolves various nutrition and immunisation programmes done through AS'A.
!ariuos incentives lie $%"S0 provides conditional cash transfer. #regnancy leaves
are given to woring ladies.
$N+A NA+A4
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$ncludes multiple schemes lie LS0, LSSM, $%"S0, Navat shishu surasha aryaram
etc. +hese schemes target to ma3imises institutional deliveries and post delivery
care.
NEONA+A4
$ncludes facility ased new orn care and 'ome ased new orn care. #romotional
activities lie mothers mil till < months and various immunisation programmes are
undertaen. $&DS , $# etc are integrated under NE&&E policy for a holistic
approach.
Despite these high $", "" and ourgeoning malnutrition and stunted growth
case highlights the discrete approach and lac of $E& activities for etter awareness.
+hus, a policy aimed at speci;c cohert ie =-@y is pressing need if we wish to attain a
healthy and wealthy $ndia.
Comment on the recommendations o' the (amesh Chandra committee4
constituted by the 9nion health ministry to review the Cigarettes and@ther 2obacco "roducts ct :C@2";4 A>>/.
amesh &handra committee was constituted to suggest amendments in &O+#A. $t
has made following recommendations*
(a) /an selling of loose cigarette.
() $ncrease penalty for failing to specify nicotine content and smoing in pulic
place.
(c) /an point of sale advertisements and sale to persons elow >9 years.
(d) Do away with smoe ?ones in hotels and restaurants.
+hese recommendations aims to achieve following measures*
(a) Discourage smoing among youngsters y increasing the cost of purchase. +hus
the smoing hait may e delayed and proaly restricted from developing.
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() educing the visiility of toacco products y discouraging advertisements and
anning smoe ?one. educed visiility will further contain the lure of toacco
product.
(c) 'uge penalties to deter smoers may push many to adicate smoing hait.
+hough the recommendations aim to achieve a etter health status and reduce the
unnecessary health e3penditures, it falls short of suggesting ways to reduce the
potency of toacco products. Suggestions to reduce tar and nicotine content to
reduce the deleterious impact on health status of already e3istant users should also
e proposed if outright an is still not possile.
Critically comment on the situation o' 'ood production and hunger across
the world with special re'erence to India’s contribution.
$t has een widely elieved that the reason ehind hunger is scarcity of food
production but that’s not true. +he world is producing enough food even today to
feed the 7.9 times the current population. $n fact, over the last two decades the rate
of food production has increased faster than population growth rate.
(eal problem* "overty and Ine3uality. #overty leads to low access to food
resources inspite of having surplus lying in %odowns and ineBuality leads to adresource allocation and hence misuse. +he produced food is eing hoarded
legitimately.
'umanitarian considerations should dominate international food maret, not
economics. +o feed the hungry is a solemn duty of the well fed, and the latter are
shiring.
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4arge scale farming, free trade and lifting tari1 on trade will not solve this prolem.
"ulti-pronged approach lie Organic Farming (does well in drought years), shift
from iofuel and fodders to food crops, local farming according to local needs, is
needed.
$ndia is home to the largest numer of the hungryJ however, it has a roust trade
surplus in agriculture and has recorded year on year record food grain production.
Steps taen y $ndia*
- programs lie Food Security and its e1ective implementation will help people
coming out of hunger.
- $ndia has focused on local level, cooperative and family ased farming, it helps
the small farmers to meet their nutritional demands.
- un food and malnutrition* government has increased ta3 on everages and alsofocusing on massive campaign and ground level implementation to move people
towards nutrition ased food intae.
+o e3port food, while the people starve to death is scandalous for a democracy.
$ndia should use the surplus to feed its poor, and the resulting appreciation in
human capital will compensate for the revenue loss.
+he Food should e staggered released to open maret, hoarding prevented and
the poor empowered to uy at the now reduced maret prices.
6anitation
*rite a note on 6wachh Bharat osh and 6wachh Didyalaya schemes.
Sanitation is one of the issue which has een highlighted as responsile for the
malnutrition, decreased immunity and stunted growth of the children.
%ovt of $ndia has launched a 6wachh Didyalaya 6cheme, under which their
goal is to provide functional toilet to every school y Aug 79 >=79. +his is a scheme
under the Beti "adhao Beti Bachao and is run under the 'D.
6wachh Bharat osh is a non-lapsale fund created for the purpose of
;nancing the uilding of toilets under the Swach !idyalaya Scheme. +he corpus of
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+he scheme aims to stop open defecation through construction of IHH!
:individual household latrines;, cluster toilets and community toilets (especially
through ### mode). 6olid and li3uid waste management also forms an
important component of the programme. "aor thrust is eing given to information,
education and communication of importance of cleanliness.
Also, in a &S (corporate social responsiility) initiative, !2 has announced that it
shall construct 9,=== toilets across $ndia. Signi;cantly, the 6B identi
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Mala a?ar is a neglected tropical disease which is the second largest parasite
iller in the world. $t is caused y the bite o' 'emale sandy which is a parasite
carrier. +he parasite attacs liver, spline and immune system. $f left uncheced it
may e fatal.
Four states ie. /ihar, Lharhand, Eastern .#. , and est /engal are endemic to MalaA?ar. $n the asence of any vaccine and drugs for its treatment government taes a
numer of measures which are*
#E!EN+$!E "EASES
(a) Spray of insecticide "yrethroid to ill the larve of sand Ky.
() IEC activities to create awareness aout the causes of Mala A?ar.
(c) Declared states endemic for enhancing focus.
(d) Distriution of insect repellent in endemic areas.
&A+$!E "EASES
(a) Availaility of 'ree medicines for symptomatic treatment.
() Estalishment of special 3uarantined wards 'or patients.
(c) &ommunity drives for early detection.
(d) $ssuing guidelines aout treatment to "edical professionals.
/esides these activities government also collaorate in global research and
development activities aimed at development of vaccines and drugs for this
disease. +hough it hasnHt tasted success so far it is not long efore which a rea
through can e achieved.
%ovt is targeting the disease y 7 pronged strategy
- Indoor residual spraying. $S is more e1ective in pucca houses than the
utcha ones.- &are +reatment protocol- E3tensively reaching out to the patients and searching for them in
endemic district rather than waiting for them- Changing the treatment regime C from talets to inectale medicine.
%ovt has recently issued a ala ,ar rapid diagnosis kit.
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7engue
6ome 5acts
- lah cases of dengue in >=7@ SE Asia egion, this region roughly amounts
to half the dengue occurrence in world
- #oor sewage management, solid waste management, slum development,loced drainage in uran cities provide good reeding ground for the vectors
- +o decrease the spread of disease needs a comprehensive approach involving
not ust the medical facilities ut also awareness campaigns, community
participation, sanitation drives, water supply, uran system improvement etc.
+his disease has roots in socio-economic issues lie poverty, lac of housing
facilities etc.- +he accumulation of modern non-iodegradale products such as automoile
tyres, plastic containers and tin products provides a conducive environment
for proli;c reeding- 7haka 7eclaration on Dector#borne 7iseases - +he Declaration
encourages a Gwhole o' government1 approach against diseases such as
dengue. +his was in recognition of the importance of a multi#sectoral
approach to addressing dengue outreas and in order to advocate utmost
need for 'ealth in All #olicies.
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9niversal Health Insurance 6cheme vs 6ingle "ayer 6ystem
$ndia has een following QSingle #ayer SystemH for delivery of health care facilities
since independence. +he system asically aims to provide free health care facilities
to all through government facilities. +he system is sustained with the ta3 revenues.
Despite its good intention it has not een ale to deliver on the promises due to
poor management and lac of resources. eason of poor performance of the
healthcare facilities till now*
7. $nvestment C %ovt investment in the health care system has een minimal
and health care e3penditure to %D# is one of the lowest in world. e lac
asic facilities in health centres as well as the medicines reBuired.>. 4ac of trained profession in %ovt 'ospitals C Due to meager salary and
unattractive o o1ering, medical students prefer to oin private hospitals
rather than the govt ones. +hey donHt want to serve in rural area when they
can mae multiple amount of salary with the comfort of city life@. #oor or Ethics C Asenteeism, carelessness and poor performance of the
health care sta1 . Focus on speci;c health program C Due to this general health care capacity of
the system gets reduced and neglected sometimes
$n the recent policy declaration %ovt has announced a niversal 'ealth Assurance
under which niversal 'ealth $nsurance will e o1ered. #remium will e susidi?ed
for the poor people. Although a nole concept to o1er '$ this comes with his own
set of drawacs C
7. egulation - E1ective implementation of this reBuires a strict regulation of thehealth insurance providers and health service providers which will increase
the cost of delivery of health care tremendously given the sheer si?e and
population of $ndia. E3ample could e taen from Swit?erland where despite
eing small country its health care e3penditure per capita is very high due to
this ind of system.>. Accreditation of Doctors C &ertifying the doctors would e a enormous tas.
Also, in $ndia we have large numer of non-registered medical practitioner
who are outside the scope of medical system@. "onopoly of $nsurer C $n the case of poor regulation, poor people are at the
mercy of insurance providers, lie in SA, where they charge high premium
for all ut healthy person and deny covering the e3penses of medication on
certain prete3ts. 4itigation cost and its slow nature add to the woes in case
people want to complain. nethical practices y doctor C Due to ;nancial incentives doctors sometimes
increase the cost of medication y doing unnecessary procedures and test.
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9. "isaligned $nterest C #rivate hospitals are not concerned with the
containment of the disease as this does not have ;nancial gain for them.
#revention care is est suited to e handled y government.
7espite eforts 'rom the government4 malnutrition among children persists
in India. Critically examine the reasons.
"alnutrition is an emerging challenge to $ndiaHs gloal leadership pegged on its
demographic dividend. +he main reasons for it are*
Health and 6anitation
(a) "overty* $t is the iggest curse that restricts the availaility and access of good
food causing malnutrition.
() utrition wareness* 4ac of nutrition nowledge creates unalanced nutrient
intae resulting in poor health of otherwise fat children.
(c) Fender biasness* Discrimination of girl child in feeding creates an acute
malnutrition of girl. +he wea mother gives irth to a wea child and the cycle
perpetuates.
(d) 5ood habit* $ndian sweet tooth and their inclination towards fried food create
de;ciency of protein and micronutrients causing malnutrition.
(e) %overnment food security policies have high degree o' exclusion errorsleaving poor out of food security net.
(g) uality o' "76 supply* +hough claimed as fair and average the Buality of food
grains is often unacceptale and hence its outcomes are poor.
(h) Ruality of food* nder inorganic agriculture the ioavailaility of nutrients has
degraded to a great e3tent.
(i) +#Culture* +he fast food culture has increased the intake o' calorie dense
and nutrient de'ucient 'ood.
() Dideo games* Are the iggest threat to uran children which not only maes
their lifestyle sedentary ut also develop ad eating haits.
+hese multitudes of prolems have restricted the health outcomes of nation y
causing malnutrition. +hus, it demands a plethora of activities spreading from food
to food education to mae a dent on malnutrition.
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According to a recent N$&EF report proportion of underweight children in $ndia has
dropped from 9G in >==9-=< to @=.G in >=7@-7. Even so, $ndia still has the
highest numer of underweight children under ;ve in the world and =G of childrenare anaemic.
$F#$ credits the governmentHs push to e3tend nutrition schemes lie
the $&DS along with etter monitoring y a S&-appointed committee, improve
access to health under the N'", provide access to wor under the NE%A and
strengthen the implementation of the #DS for susidised grain to e the reason of
improvement.
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Critically comment on India’s pension policy.
$ndiaHs pension policy, lie any other, aims to provide post retirement income to its
aging population. +he policy covers largely organi,ed sector though inroads are
eing made in unorgani,ed sectors also through co-contriutory schemes lie
N#S-4ite. 0et, the unpredictaility plagued by high market ination has resulted
in diminishing returns.
#ension sector is handled ointly y government through E"5@ and "6, and
private sector y o1ering multiple assets. +hough a transition has een made 'rom
de&. ith the passage o' "5(7 and opening J& 57I in
pension sector, $ndian pension policy has shown symptoms of treading towards
etter gloal practices to attract professional management. +here is a need to
dump the urden of antiBuated law of past to unleash new energy in pension policy.
Simultaneously the interest of the aging population should e protected who
constitute the most vulnerale section in present social milieu.
N#S is slightly etter compared to the E#FO, given it allows investment in various
asset classes for e3ample eBuity, det, credit and commodities and provide the
option to subscriber to switch from one fund manager to another resulting in
more competition for the fund managers. /ut it also share similar woes as the E#FO,lie only 9 year tenor for the fund managers and selection ased on the lowest id
and not the trac-record.
#ension and $nsurance funds have long term liaility and they should e managed
according to this so that there is no asset-liaility mismatch. Allowing a fund
manager to manage only for 9 years is antithetical to asset-liaility concept and
should e done away. 4onger tenor awarded to fund managers with consistent trac
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record will ring stability to 'und which is the most essential reBuirement for a
pension scheme.
"rimary Education
Issues (elated to teachers
#rimary education in $ndia is a tragedy despite SSA and +E. +eacher related issues
are among multiple factors responsile for this dismal state.
!A$OS +EA&'E E4A+ED $SSES
(a) +eacher Buali;cation* !arious studies have shown that even asic graduation
degree is asent in most of the teacher. 'ence their potential is elow standard.
() Salaries* +hough starting salaries are remunerative ut the practice of contract
teachers and fraudulent pay slips maes them vulnerale.
(c) Asenteeism* +eachers often indulge in secondary os to improve their incomeloosing focus on teaching.
(d) Selection* Selection process is highly politici?ed and mired with scams and
litigations.
(e) +raining* Despite training institutes in every district teachers training modules
and the motivation shown y teacher restricts any gains.
(f) Secondary os* sing teachers in secondary os lie census, polio programme,
"D" monitoring utili?es their precious teaching time.
"EASES +O $"#O!E
(a) +eachers selection should e handled y a professional autonomous ody.
() New training modules should e developed.
(c) #ractice of contract teaching should e done away till a foolproof system is
estalished.
(d) +eachers appraisal should e lined with students learning outcomes.
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(e) #ractice of compulsary promotion to ne3t class mandated in +E should e done
away with.
(f) #resident teachers award should e merit ased rather than political, to motivate
teachers.
#rimary education is the foundation on which the future of nation is uilt. ith its
reins in the hands of teachers, it should e ensured that the drivers are ale enough
to guide towards prosperity.
"rimary Education
#rimary education in $ndia is a fundamental right. $t is the fundamental duty of
every individual to provide for primary education for their children. +he right to
education act is the main legislation governing our primary education. +he Sarva
Shisha Ahiyan was launched to ful;ll the constitutional guarantee.
Features and challenges of our primary education
7) +he numer of schools has increased mainly due to the aid given y government
as per the SSA. /ut their location is concentrated. 'ence, some areas completelyneglected.
>) uality o' teaching is dismal. Even though our teachers are paid among the
highest in the world, still signi;cant asenteeism and su standard teaching.
&orruption in teacher allocation and e3amination. +eacher training not given enough
emphasis. +he alanda teacher training pro)ect is in this direction.
@) "id "ay meal scheme has increased student enrolment. /ut still India’s
retention rate very low. &hildren still seen as another source of income and
education given second priority.
) "oor in'rastructure. !ack of toilets is a1ecting girl child attendance.
9) Not much emphasis given to sports. (ote learning encouraged. #oor
e3amination surveillance.
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) $t still lacs the development o' regional and vernacular education model
which are widely accepted as est means to develop intellectual faculty of children.
#rimary education is the foundation of our demography and of we have to reap its
ene;ts then we have to completely revamp our primary education system.
(96 K (ashtriya 9chattar 6hiksha bhiyaan
SA is a &SS aimed at improving the Buality, eBuity and access of the higher
education in $ndia. /asic oectives of the scheme are
Ruality
- Improving the 3uality of e3isting higher educational institutions y
ensuring conformity with the norms and adoption of accreditation process- Ensuring availability o' 'aculty at the institution and focusing on the
capacity building of the faculty and sta1 # &reating an enaling atmosphere for research and innovation
EBuity and Access
- Opening up new universities and colleges in rural and semi#urban areas
to correct the regional imalance- &reating opportunities for the socially deprived sections4 6CL624 women
and economically backward classes to attain higher education
SA is a norm ased and outcome ased scheme. 5unding to the states will e
lined to the per'ormance o' the state and conditional to acceptance of certain
norms and reforms related to education, administrative and governance y state
"roblems 'aced in the higher education system in India
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# #oor infrastructure and technology# #oor and lac of reBuired faculty# @verregulation of the universities and political interference# !ack o' knowledge creation and poor investment in innovation and
research# &losed system and lack o' collaboration with the foreign universities and
industries# !ack o' 'unding from the government
$n the current gloal raning of niversities y +imes none of the universities
;gured in top >==. ange of steps need to e taen to revive higher education
system in $ndia.
- 5unding and uality* $nvestment from the %ovt to improve the
infrastructure, ensuring Buality faculty and opening up new universities.
SA has envisaged all of this and we need to come up with more initiatives
of the ind of Nalanda university
- 2echnology* $mproving pedagogy techniBues and using $+ as much aspossile. !irtual classrooms or open online courses can e the solution
- (esearch* Decreasing the teaching assignment of professors and
encouraging scienti;c research. niversities should have collaoration with
research set up lie $SO, $$S& etc and at the same time with the industries to
eep themselves involved with the latest reBuirements and research going on- Collaboration* "Os with the foreign universities- utonomy* $ndian universities should e given academic as well as ;nancial
and administrative autonomy on the line of world famous universities lie
'arvard, O3ford. %ovt should only set the road framewor of the higher
education.
$ndia with its e3pertise in low cost innovation and tradition of emracing outside
culture should try to launch an educational tourism in $ndia same on the lines of
"edical +ourism. +his will oost the Buality of our higher education with the
e3pertise and nowledge of foreign professors, students and industries Kowing in to
our universities in this gloali?ed world.
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9FC and Issues
%& is an autonomous ody that has the mandate 5of coordination4
determination and maintenance o' standards in institutions of higher
education6 as per the %& Act of 789@ policy does not allow a university to o1er a four-
year undergraduate programme, which allows students the option to e3it after three
years with a achelorHs degree, is a clear e3ample of over-regulation. +his tramples
upon the universityHs autonomy to decide the length of its academic programmes. $t
also smacs of aritrariness. $f a four-year undergraduate programme violates the
7=>@ format, then how is $ndian $nstitute of Sciences, /angalore running a four-
year undergraduate programme in suects lie #hysics and &hemistryT Similarly,
how is Amedar niversity, Delhi running a four-year undergraduate programme,
Q/A 'onours with a Dual "aorHT 'as the %& issued similar directives to other
universities o1ering four-year undergraduate programme as it did with DT
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Second, the %&, surpassing the vice-chancellor and DHs other statutory
authorities, issued a directive to all D-a2liated colleges to replace the F0# with
the old three-year programme. +his ridicules the concept of institutional autonomyJ
D colleges are not accountale to the %&, ut to the statutory authorities of the
university of which they are a part. Also, warning the colleges that their grants
will be cut i' they do not comply with the 9FC’s directive reKects the odyHspatronising attitude toward institutions of higher learning.
+hird, to as a university to scrap its e3isting undergraduate programme and
introduce a new programme in the middle of the admission process is ine3plicale.
Eminent academicians manning the %& should now aout the academic
processes that a university must follow to scrap or start a new academic
programme, and the enormous administrative and academic di2culties the
university will face if it has to do this in the middle of the admission process.
G2he 9FC is not able to do )ustice to its mandate in light o' -massi
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wrong scaling and not visiting the university but deciding based on
presentation given by the universities.
$t is not possile for limited manpower committee to visit more than @:=== colleges
efore giving the status, the solution lies in restructuring the %& to address the
need of the time.
Child !abor
ational Child !abor "ro)ect 6cheme :C!";
%ovt launched a scheme in 78:: to identify and rehailitate child employed in the
ha?ardous industries in speci;c endemic districts. &urrently >9= districts are
covered under this program
Oective of the Scheme*
- +his is the maor &entral Sector Scheme for the rehabilitation o' child
labour.- +he identi;ed children are to e withdrawn from these occupations P
processes and then put into special schools in order to enable them tobe mainstreamed into 'ormal schooling system.
- #roect Societies at the district level are 'ully 'unded for opening up of
special schoolsIehailitation &entres for the rehailitation of child laour.
+he special schoolsIehailitation &entres provide*
- Non-formalIridge education
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- SilledIvocational training- "id Day "eal- Stipend U s.79=I- per child per month.- 'ealth care facilities through a doctor appointed for a group of >= schools.
------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------
------------------ ----------------
Examine how does Indian constitution and the 9 Convention on the
(ights o' the Child ensure and sa'eguard rights o' the children in India.
+he $ndian &onstitution came in force in 789= encompasses most of the provisions
of N convention on ights of the &hild which has een enforced in late 78:=s.
+here provisions are as follows*
N &onvention
7) $t sets out the civil, political, economic, social, health, cultural rights of the
&hildren
>) Almost all the countries have adopted and rati;ed it so far
@) atifying countries are ound y $nternational law and are suect to compliance
monitoring y N committee on ights of the &hild
) two optional protocol adopted in >=== protects child during military conicts
and against industries like "rostitution and "ornography
Indian Constitution
7) rticle A= provisions for +E for &hildren etween age < to 7. ight toEducation Act passed in >==9
>) rticle A ight to e protected from ha?ardous employment. &hild 4aour
#rohiition Act
@) rticle /Je, right to e protected from eing aused and forced into occupations
unsuited for their age or strength. "rotection o' Children 'rom 6exual @fences
ct provides security to children from #ornography and Immoral 2raMcking ct
from tra2cing of children
) rticle /J' , guaranteed protection of childhood and youth against e3ploitation
and against moral and material aandonment.
9) rticle $, right to early childhood care and education to all children until they
complete the age of < years
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Few Other Steps +aen y #arliament to safeguards childHs rights*
- #rotection of &hildren from Se3ual O1ences Act- Luvenile Lustice Act- &hild "arriage estraint Act
'owever, in spite of all the aove international and national provisions and e1orts,the child rights have een violated vehemently. $n $ndia child domestic laor is very
common, even in uran well educated households.
+(EF
5odder "oints
Few amendments to the Schedule 7 of the Act, which de;ne which os can e
taen under the scheme
Earlier
- or related to natural resource management- or that create individual asset for the vulnerale communities- &ommon Assets for the S'% as per the norm estalished y N4"- or that create rural infrastructure
> more points have een added into this
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-
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etter o1 farmer can provide employment to landless laor with the growth
of agriculture- Convergence with the Irrigation schemes of $ndia to increase the
intensity and storage capacity of the small irrigation units lie tans, ponds,
small scale stop dams etc.
# Convergence with the +ission on 6oil Health K Accepting soilreuvenation as asset creation will go a long way in reviving agriculture as
well as improving capaility of a scare resource. Soil health card will mae it
easy to evaluate the improvement after "NE%s wor# Simpler methods of evaluation and validation of wor. +his will help in taing
more os at individual levels as they donHt have the enough means to
scienti;cally Buantify the improvement# Allowing innovation in the "NE%A wor. 4ie allowing S$ proects to e
taen y marginal farmers will not only improve production ut will also
improve water use e2ciency and generation of more employment. +hese
ind of proects should e allowed to e taen up and their power of approval
can e delegated to the State or local level.
------ - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - -- - - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - - - -- - - - -- - - - - -- - - -- - - - - -- - - -
-- - - - -- - -
%ovt recently decreased the man to material ratio from G of the material udget has e used on an average. No
points of increasing it.
"ositive
- ith the use of machinery more productive assets can e created which will
e ene;cial for rural development.
2he +ahatma Fandhi ational (ural Employment Fuarantee 6cheme or
+F(EF6 is now proposed to be implemented only in tribal and backward
districts. Critically analy,e the implications o' this proposal.
estructuring of "%NE%A for implementing only in trial and acward districts
has its own set of positive and negative implications.
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#OS$+$!E $"#4$&A+$ONS
(a) ill allign with the vision o' +F(EF ie to provide livelihood security to
poors and vulnerales.
() *ill reduce the subsidy burden as numer of districts are scaled down to
>== from
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2he plight o' the widows o' Drindavan reects a larger malaise aNicting
Indian society. Critically comment.
#light of widows of !rindavan reKects one of iggest malaise of $ndian society,
which is discrimination against women.
hy such things happenT +hey happen ecause C
(i) $n $ndian society, omen widows are looed with hate and urden. +hey are not
allowed to remarry socially, although legally its allowed. Also, they donHt inherit
property which is given to son. "ale widow donHt face any such prolems.
(ii) >nd point is apathy from the family memers towards widowed women. +hey are
treated so adly that they prefer to stay in !rindavan rather than their homes.
Some of them are forcefully evicted.
(iii) #sychological mentality of $ndians, where ma3. #eople prefer not to marry
widows. Even widowed men, donHt prefer widowed women.
(iv) 4oss of morals C Eviction of mothers y sons, family shows how degraded
atmosphere has developed in some sections of society. Still, these mothers care and
love their children.
(v) #overty and age C Some widows who are very poor and entirely dependent on
their spouse have no choice ut to tae shelter in !rindavan.
(vi) 4ac of social security C %overnment is unale to tae care of all old age, poor
and widows. Even, schemes currently running have leaages and corruptions.
(vii) 4ac of commitment of govt and lac of awareness aout the "aintenance and
elfare of #arents and Senior &iti?ens Act
+hus, only solution could e strict implementation of legal laws, such as inheritance
of property y widow in case of death y spouse.
Also, social security net needs to e tightened. Senior &iti?ens "aintenance 4aw,
>== is a step in right direction, in which it was ounding upon children to tae care
of old parents.
Financial security and change in social attitude can only ring relief from this
menace in $ndian society.
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For Aadhaar to live up to its promise, it is also vital to totally segregate it from the
wor relating to the National #opulation egister. E3amine why and also e3plain
advantages of Aadhaar.
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Fodder #oint for caste system, reservation and politics
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7o you think it’s time to abolish political reservation 'or the 6cheduled
Castes :6Cs;? Critically examine.
#olitical reservation was a contested issue since its inception. !arious views, oth in
support and against are laid. +hese are
Arguments in support of political reservation are
(a) #olitical presence of S& is still roughly eBual to the reservation in central and
state legislature. +hey have not grown.
() 6haring o' power structure is vital for e3istence of democracy in the asence
of which prolems lie na3alite rose head creating internal security issues.
(c) #olitical reservation is a means to compensate the historical deprivations
and asence from power structure.
(d) $t paves way for accessing more opportunities.
(e) #olitical voice of S& helps in designing etter policies for them.
Arguments against
(a) ith >nd revolution that gave political voice to dalits in 78:=Hs they together
with minorities have emerged as electoral maority have een represented y their
governments lie /S# of #.
() $t restricts rights o' electors to choose.
(c) +he reserved seat gave them a secondary status in politics as their electionwas not open.
(d) $t prevents their assimilation in society as they always carry the dalit tag.
+hough oth arguments have their own merit yet, the wide spread ineBuality
demands that politcal reservation should continue. /ut, it never prevents us to
adopt etter methods lie reservation in political partiesH distriution of ticets for
contesting elections.
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2here are many women workers at entry level in corporate and technology
sectors4 but they are nonexistent at the board level. Critically comment on
the reasons behind this gender gap.
+issing women is a common phenomenon witnessed not only in se3 ratio ut also
in access to opportunities. +he great shortage of women worers at oard level is aglaring e3ample of this preudice. +he main reason for unfavorale representation of
women is*
(a) #aternalistic attitude* "ale dominant society ;nds women ;t for laor ut un;t
for decision maing positions. +his restricts her career prospects.
() Dual role* oring women share a dual responsiility of a employee as well as of
a homemaer. +his reduces her professional output as compared to a male coworer
who totally devotes his time to o2ce.
(c) /iological ole* #regnancy and child irth is essential part of womanhood. +his
often leads to the loss of opportunities which is not the case for male worers.
(d) #revailing environment* /oth o2ce and outside environment maes it di2cult
for women to wor at odd hours.
(e) Se3ual politics* #olitics against women often checs her career graph and
escalation in o2ce hierarchy.
(f) 4ac of Security and egulation* Are still not ale to completely isolate her
against the se3ual preudices and inustice causes more often due to natural
reasons lie pregnancy.
(g) Discrimination y ;nancial intermediaries* omen face an uneBual challenge for
availing credit for startups. +hus, their enterprise is suugated. 'ence options for
independent positions at oard is restricted to Mochars and "a?umdars only.
+hough the ideal environment is a wishful thining ut competitive environment
with fair rules is achievale. 4aor laws reforms are the ;rst step to this ongoing
process of reform and should not e delayed.
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Critically evaluate the ob)ectives and design o' Oawaharlal ehru ational
9rban (enewal +ission :O9(+; scheme.
LNN" launched with much fanfare and e3pectations to develop the uran
infrastructure and facilities
has > road su-missions
- ran $nfrastructure and %overnance C ith "inistry of ran development
as the nodal ministry this su-mission looed at the development of the
infrastructure in the uran area as well as the decentrali?ation of power oth
;nancial and decision maing to the 4/s in the domain of uran
development. $t concentrated on the capacity uilding of the 4/- /asic Services for ran #oor C nder the "inistry of 'ousing and ran
#overty alleviation, this su-mission has agenda to provide asic services liesanitation, housing, drining water, sewage disposal etc to the uran poor. $t
aimed to mae cities Slum Free and in the 7> th Five 0ear #lan A0 was
envisaged as one of the component of the LNN"
'owever even with the nolest of the ideas and targets it faced many prolems lie
- 'owever, the scheme su1ered with lack o' coordination etween the
authorities at central and state level which made the approval o' the task
delayed and with lots o' hiccups.- 7elay in ac3uiring land spaces reBuired for the development is also one of
the reason for non-performance- +he central govt. with twin ob)ectives o' allocating the 'und and its
auditing thereafter could not the ustice with these conKicting functions.- An extraordinary amount o' scrutiny and control on part o' union
government efore releasing the fund also contriuted to its failure in
achieving its oectives on time. +he issue of federalism was also raised y
many states on account of the tight control given uran development is in
State 4ist# 6hortage o' 5unds# o (eal increase in the power of 4/s. +hey are still played y the State
%ovt
LN" started with a novel oective has rought the development of the cities to
the forefront and if suitale policy and implementation measures are taen,
schemes lie this can transform our cities.
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"overty !ine 7etermination and Issues
(angara)an 2endulkar"onthly E3penditure per household for a
family of 9 person
#er &apita monthly E3penditure
ran* s =@9 per month for household
ural* s : crores /#4
$t taes normative levels for adeBuate
nourishment including protein and fats,
non fooed e3penses lie clothing, house
rent, conveyance and education, ut
also considers ehaviourally-determined
levels of other non-food e3penses
Only food, education, clothing and
housing, no nutritional funda
Salient point -
- #overty line should e de;ned a household level not at individual level as
e3penditure unit is a household.- +his poverty line should not be used to compare poverty level at
diferent period ut should e used ust to identify the no of poor people for
the purpose of policy formulation- "roposed a oated poverty line idea ased on which ottom @9G in rural
area and ottom >9G in uran area should e considered poor ased on the
monthly e3penditure. 'ence this line accounts 'or ination and rise in
national income and there is always a relatively poor section of poor in a
country with respect to the growth of the other- "overty line should be disengaged 'rom the bene
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7. As pointed out y committee itself, it does not tae into account services
provided y %ovt. schemes such as SSA, "D", $A0, A0. +hus, if pulic service
delivery is taen into account, it may further reduce the numer of poor.
>. &riteria such as fats, proteins, standard of living are intangile and di2cult to
measure. Further, it varies from place to place.
@. ran poverty is multidimensional. !ulneraility is at various levels such as
social, occupational and residential. +he given methodology does not tae this in
account.
In a recent report4 9#E6C" has revealed that there has been an increase
in income ine3uality in many ma)or economies including India4 China and
Indonesia. naly,e the causes and remedies.
+he income ineBuality is the uneBual distriution of household or individual incomeacross the various participants in an economy. $t can either e vertical or hori?ontal,
it is measured using the %ini &oe2cient (ratio of highest to lowest income).
$ncome ineBuality is inherent character of capitalist system and as a country
proceeds towards more and freer maret economy, the nation ecomes more prone
to face this. Some of the causes which have surfaced in the report are
- weaer laour maret institutions,- inadeBuate social protection,- poor Buality education,- inadeBuate access to credit and land and- e3cessive asset concentration.- Sewed egional Development* &oastal and uran areas etter developed
than continental and rural areas
+he %overnment should play a vital role in reducing the impact of this growing
monster y enhancing the ta3 collection mechanism and providing the e2cient
social protection schemes and food security. SSA needs to e implemented while
Buality of education eeping in mind rather than ust targeting enrolment and
retention rate. 4and AcBuisition and ehailitation Act, Forest ights Act and #ESA
need to e implemented in letter and spirit to ensure social and economically
acward people have access to resources. Financial inclusion scheme launched is a
welcome step. N'". 4aor reforms.
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Critically examine India’s achievements in meeting the targets o' the
+illennium 7evelopment Foals.
$ndiaHs achievement in meeting the targets of "illennium Development %oals is
parado3ical. +here are certain goals where our achievements have surpassed the
desired targets while in others we are still plodding.
#overty* +he percentage of population elow poverty is >7.8G, well elow "D%
target of >@.8G. 0et, the aysmal low ase line of poverty estimation is a matter of
concern. ith =G malnurished and an eBual undernurished population the picture
of hunger target is gloomy.
Education* Sarvshisha Ahiyan and +$ have given a great thrust and we are close
to achieving universal education target. +here is a need to lin sill development
along with improvement in education Buality.
%ender EBuality* +he performance in gender eBuality and women empowerment is
dismal with ever rising cases of rapes, domestic violence, low political participation
and wage ineBuality. #atriarcal societal setup is a maor cause of this trend.
$"* /oth &hild mortality and infant mortality is still lagging. Despite universal
immunisation, deaths from preventale diseases lie pneumonia, diarrohea areinhiiting our achievement on this front.
""* 'igh maternal death on account of lac of institutional delivery, poor
antenatal, intra natal and post natal care have restricted "" to 7@8 way elow
"D% target of 7=8.
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A$DS and "alaria* National Aids control program which is in its third phase has
sustantially contain the A$DSI'$! epidemics. 0et, the spread of disease among
infants is an area of concern.
Environment Sustainaility* Environmental sustainaility is gloal arena that needs
oint e1orts on gloal commons. ith rising vagaries of climate, e3treme events lieKoods, land slides, cyclones are ecoming common. $ndiaHs NA#&& is a dedicated
plan to address these issues ut achievements are still meagre and threat Buite
potent.
"D% :* $ndia approach in gloal development is enthusiastic. +he pivotal role it
plays in persuing the concens of %-@@ and 4D& has raised its status to new level.
----------------- ------------------- ------------------- --------------------------------------------------------
$ndia has had mi3ed achievements so far in meeting "illennium Development %oals("D%) targets. /y >=79, most developing countries need to ful;ll these goals, yet
$ndia remains ehind in some targets while it has surpassed some targets.
Successes*
a) #overty eduction- $ndia has already halved its population elow povertyline(/#4) of V7.>9 in ### terms etween 788= and >=7>. 'owever, still a whopping
@== "illion people remain /#4 and more e1orts are needed to pull them out of
poverty.
) eaching safe water to people- Statistics show that more than == per 7==,=== irths which needs to e drastically reduced. hile A$DS
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incidences are slowly stailising, new diseases lie Encephalitis have emerged and
must e tacled properly.
) Environment- $ndia has een unale to provide sustainale livelihoods to its
people. Forest cover has remained stagnant at >@G for over a decade, while @@G
forest cover is needed.
c) Eradicating 'unger- Still millions of people remain hungry and malnourished.
National Food Security Act is for tacling this prolem, yet #DS is plagued with
corruption.
d) Sanitation- $ndiaHs 9=G population practice open defecation, which has to e
removed y providing more toilets to more households speedily.
+herefore, $ndia will fall short of meeting "D%s in several ;elds y >=79. $ndia must
wor at accelerated pace to ful;ll these, for newer set of SD%s (Sustianale Devt
%oals) are already eing proposed. ithout ful;lling "D%s, $ndia cannot mae a
transition towards etter 'D$ or developed country status.
GHuman rights commissions are powerless to render any Greal service1 to
human rights.1 Critically comment.
+he several issues human rights commissions are facing which have to an e3tent
rendered them ine1ective in protecting human rights are as follows
Although '& has all the power of civil and its proceedings has udicial character,still '& cannot impose any ;ne on the perpetrator or award any compensation to
the victim directly. $t has to mae its recommendation to the concerned %ovt and
this is not inding on the %ovt. 'ence it gets neglected Buite a time. +he only
saving grace is that %ovt has to give in writing why the recommendation was not
accepted.
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Also the scope of '& is restricted. +hey cannot tae up cases related to armed
forces.
Few Other #rolems*
7) $nadeBuate infrastructure and manpower. "ost of the '& are situated inside
government o2ces with very limited facilities. "ost of the positions in S'& are
vacant.
>) +here is overlap of urisdiction etween the di1erent commission as in S&,S+
commission, womenHs commission, minorities etc. +his has several issues. Firstly, it
leads yo confusion among people as to whom to approach. Secondly, maes it
di2cult for the government to monitor and evaluate its programmes in protecting
human rights, and also evaluating the performance of these commissions.
9) "ost importantly, their focus is on providing relief to a1ected people rather than
on ;nding the real cause of occurrence of such crimes and preventing them.
'owever, '& have imied a sense of security among the people that their rights
would e protected. "ore importantly it has made people aware of their human
rights. Also, with the rise of media, a case of human rights violation against a
government o2cial or private igshot is a sort of emarrassment to
them,preventing them from indulging in such activities.