India – Carbon Imports (approx)

Commodity Import, MMT/yr % C Imported C, MMT/yr

Crude Oil 220 85% 190

Coal 200 75% 150

Natural Gas 15 77% 11.6

We need to find about 350 MMT of domestic carbon (on

current basis) to fully replace our carbon imports

Anthropogenic Carbon

Khatiwala, Primeau and Hall, 2009

Domestic Carbon Sources (estimates)• India – Second most populous nation ~18% of World population

• Population growth and rapid urbanization drive increased MSW

• Land limitations in India constrain availability of landfill space and supply-demand economics of urban land planning

• In rural areas, fallow / mono-cropped / under-irrigated land offers upsides on carbon capture through farm activity

Commodity Scope, MMT/yr % C, approx Potential C, MT/yr

Agri-residue (surplus) 120 40% 48

Forest residue 150 42% 63

Bio-gas excl landfill 800 45% 360

MSW 40 25% 10

UCO 5 85% 4

485 MMT of carbon excluding CO/CO2/landfill CH4 !

All the carbon we need is available within our borders

THE CSIR IIP APPROACHSOURCE TECHNOLOGY FUEL HIGHLIGHTS

Inedible oils Esterification Biodiesel Room temperature process for distributed production

Inedible oils Hydroprocessing Green Diesel (HVO), Bio-jet

Drop-in fuel

Agri-residues

Fermentation 2G ethanol Single yeast strain fermentation

Agri- and forest residues

Pyrolysis and variants

Furnace oil substitute;Green gasoline

Economical at modest scales due to high value co-products

Liquid waste Biomethanationand upgradation

Bio-PNG/CNG High recovery, low energy, modular

Stranded gas

Nano-catalysis Bio-methanol / Bio-DME

3-D printed reactor, being scaled up for field demonstration

Quercus leucotrichophora

Melia azedarach

Robinia pseudoacacia

Crambe abyssinica

Bauhinia semla seeds

Prunus Amygladus(wild apricot)

Screening of unexploited tree borne oil seeds of forest origin for edible and non-edible applications

India: Unity in Diversity

Feedstock

LigniteSewage

sludge

Simulated

lignocellulosi

c mixtures

Agricultural

waste

Aquatic

biomass

Woods

&

grassesPlastic

waste

Mixed

solid

wasteAzolla

Corn cob

Rice straw

Rice husk

Coir pithSorghum straw

Rose petal waste

Sargassum T.Polystyrene

Polypropylene

Polyethylene

Brominated plastics

E-waste

DeodarCheed

Lemon grass

Microalgae

Sea weed

Pine

Citronella

Biomass with plastic

Municipal solid waste

Mobile Pyroformer

• Pyrolysis of agriculture waste for production of bio oil for stationary applications

• Aston University, UK sponsored Joint project between EBRI & CSIR-IIP

Schematic of the pyrolysis process

H2O, 280-320 °C

Conversion= 78%

Rice Straw Major Compounds

Co-processing of Vacuum Gas Oil with JatrophaCurcas Cake (JCC) - derived fast pyrolysis oil (FPO)

& HDO oil

[RSC Advances, 5, 398-409, 2015]

Advanced cracking evaluation (ACE-R) assembly

Salient features:

Capacity: 1.2 g/min

Catalyst: Equilibrium FCC cat.

C/O ratio: 3-9

Reactor: Fixed fluidized bed

Temperature: 470-550°C

Pressure: 1 atmosphere

Kayser Technology Inc,

US Patent No.6069012

JCC : Ultimate and structural analysis

Ultimate analysis (wt.%, Dry basis) Structural analysis (wt.%, Dry &

Extractive)

JCC FP Char

Carbon 45.50 88.20 Holocellulose content 45.55

Hydrogen 06.70 04.10 Total lignin content 16.16

Nitrogen 02.47 01.50 Ash content 09.42

Oxygen (by

difference)

45.33 06.20 Pentosan content 07.70

Calorific value,

MJ/Kg

17.00 30.00 Moisture, % 07.20

Physical properties of JCC-derived FPO Tar

Physical properties Fast pyrolysis oil JCC-derived FPO

(Tar fraction)

Heavy fuel oil

Moisture content, % 15-35 2.5 0.1

pH 2.2-3.5 3.4 -

Specific gravity 1.2 1.18 0.94

Elemental composition, wt.%

C 54-58 56.1 85

H 5.5-7.0 7.1 11

N 0-0.2 4.3 0.3

O 30-40 32 1.0

Ash 0-0.2 0.1

HHV, MJ/kg 16-19 32.2 40

Viscosity (50°C,

cP)

20-100 95 180

Solids, wt.% 0.01-1 0.3 1

FPO : Separation of char particles

Ethanol + Tar fraction of fast pyrolysis oil

Membrane filter

Centrifuge

Vacuum distillation

Char free fast pyrolysis oil

Char 1 (> 200 nm)

Char

Ethanol

FPO: Hydrodeoxygenation over Pd/Al2O3

Sample name C, wt.% H, wt.% O, wt.% H/C O/C

JCC 45.50 6.70 45.33 1.767 0.747

Fast pyrolysis oil 56.50 7.10 32.0 1.507 0.424

HDO oil at

250 °C

64.98 8.0 22.0 1.500 0.257

HDO oil at

300 °C

76.18 8.8 10.0 1.404 0.099

HDO of tar-cleaned FPO proceeds without much difficulty

A possible pathway to decentralized-centralized processing

Effect of blending ratioCo-processing of FPO/HDO with VGO

Feedstock VGO:FPO VGO:HDO VGO

Blending ratio 95:5 90:10 85:15 80:20 95:5 100

FCC conversion 75.68 74.69 69.35 64.39 66.96 66.89

Yield, wt.%

Dry gas 2.182 2.05 1.43 1.41 1.507 1.798

LPG 38.876 35.70 28.69 23.77 28.78 15.5

Gasoline 29.038 31.14 35.11 35.04 32.50 44.02

LCO 14.885 15.43 17.99 20.49 18.98 19.84

HCO 8.054 8.48 10.67 14.08 13.27 12.4

Coke 5.48 5.21 4.23 4.16 4.17 5.58

JCC-FPO without tar reduces coke formation!HDO not essential if FCC co-processing route is adopted

Thank you