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INDEX – GJRMI - Volume 5, Issue 9, September 2016

INDIGENOUS MEDICINE

Prasuti Tantra & Stree Roga - Ayurveda

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF SHATAVARYADI

KSHEERAPAKA IN IUGR

Suprabha K*, Dei LP, Harisha CR, Shukla VJ 244–252

Kriya Shareera – Review - Ayurveda

INFLUENCE OF DEHA PRAKRITI ON LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES - A REVIEW

NR Navoday Raju*, S Deepika, Kekuda TR Prashanth, Kulkarni Pratibha 253–260

Cover Page Photography: Dr. Hari Venkatesh K.R.

Plant ID: Inflorescence of Sittharathai (Siddha) / Rasna bheda (Ayurveda)

[Alpinia calcarata (Haw.) Roscoe]* of the family Zingiberaceae; Place: Koppa,

Chikkamagalur District, Karnataka, India

*Botanical Name validated from www.theplantlist.org as on 29/09/2016

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 244–252

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF

SHATAVARYADI KSHEERAPAKA IN IUGR

Suprabha K1*, Dei L P

2, Harisha C R

3, Shukla V J

4

1PhD Scholar, Department of Prasutitantra & Streeroga, I.P.G.T & R.A., Gujarat Ayurved University,

Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. 2Prof. and H.O.D., Department of Prasutitantra & Streeroga, I.P.G.T & R.A., Gujarat Ayurved University,

Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. 3Head, Pharmacognosy Laboratory, I.P.G.T & R.A., Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.

4Head, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory. I.P.G.T & R.A., Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar,

Gujarat, India.

Received: 06/07/2016; Revised: 29/08/2016; Accepted: 20/09/2016

ABSTRACT

Ayurveda advocates a unique therapy for the management of fetal growth restriction in the form

of Ksheera Basti [medicated milk enema] containing anabolic drugs for proper growth and

development of the fetus. In the present work, pharmacognostical and physicochemical profile of

different ingredients of Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka were studied following standard guidelines.

Results of Pharmacognostical study have shown the presence of scalariform vessels of Shatavari,

prismatic crystals of Bala, stellate trichomes of Arjuna. Physicochemical analysis of Shatavari,

Arjuna and Bala showed loss on drying 4.890%, 6.240%, 3.758%, pH 7, 6.5 and 7 respectively. In

HPTLC fingerprinting profile of individual drugs, with 254nm and 366nm, Shatavari showed 6 spots

and 2 spots, Arjuna had 7 spots and 5 spots and Bala showed 8 spots and 7 spots respectively.

KEY WORDS: HPTLC, Pharmacognosy, Physicochemical, Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka

Research article

Cite this article: Suprabha K, Dei LP, Harisha CR, Shukla VJ (2016), PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF SHATAVARYADI KSHEERAPAKA IN IUGR,

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 5 (9): 244–252

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 244–252

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

INTRODUCTION:

Intrauterine growth restriction [IUGR] is a

term used to describe the condition of a fetus

whose size or growth is subnormal when

compared to the gestational age. A fetus is

growth restricted if its weight is less than 10th

percentile for its gestational age (Dutta D. C.,

2001). The growth restriction in-utero is

evaluated with the Anunnata Kukshi [fundal

height less than the period of gestation] and

Garbha Aspandana [reduced fetal activity

mainly due to the reduced amniotic fluid]

which are the salient features of Garbha

Kshaya [IUGR] (Sharma P.V., 2000). For its

management, Acharya Susrutha has mentioned

the usage of Ksheera Basti [medicated milk

enema] and Medhya [nootrophic] drugs from

8th

month onwards to nourish the growth

restricted fetus (Yadavji Trikamji Acharya,

2013). Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka is a poly

herbal formulation containing Shatavari,

Arjuna and Bala as ingredients. Due to Medhya

and anabolic effects of these drugs, the

formulation can be used in the management of

IUGR.

Lack of standardization of polyherbal

formulations creates difficulty in validating the

efficacy and establishing the quality standards

of the product. Therefore, proper identification

of raw materials at the basic level with the help

of microscopic and morphological

characteristics along with adequate analytical

methods are essential to ensure the quality and

standardize the prepared medicine. Review of

literature shows no published data is reported

regarding pharmacognostical and

pharmaceutical standardization of this

formulation. Thus, in the present study, an

initial step has been taken to evaluate

pharmacognostical, physico-chemical profile,

fingerprints of Thin Layer Chromatography

(TLC) and High Performance Thin Layer

chromatography study (HPTLC) of

Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka.

MATERIALS AND METHOD:

Procurement of raw materials

The raw drugs Shatavari, Bala and Arjuna

(Table 1) were collected from the Pharmacy,

GAU, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. Milk for

preparing Ksheerapaka was obtained from the

PG Hospital, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar,

Gujarat, India

Identification and authentication

The procured raw drugs were identified,

authenticated and microscopically evaluated in

the Pharmacognosy Laboratory by the

Pharmacognist, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar and

cross verified with API. The study included

organoleptic evaluation and microscopic

evaluation following standard guidelines

(Anonymous, 1999).

Method of preparation of Shatavaryadi

Ksheerapaka

Ksheerapaka is prepared by following

classical guidelines (Yadavji Trikamji Acharya,

1947). Fine powder of Shatavari, Bala and

Arjuna in equal quantity of 10 g each ratio

(total 30 g) with 15 parts of Ksheera (450 ml)

and 15 parts of water (450 ml) are boiled in

Mandagni [mild flame] until only milk part

remains.

Pharmacognostical evaluation:

The identification was carried out based on

the morphological features, organoleptic

features and powder microscopy of the

individual drugs. Later, pharmacognostical

evaluation (K.R. Kandelwal, 2008) of the fine

powder of Shatavari, Arjuna and Bala were

carried out. Fine particles of the powder, both

in powder mixture form and in Ksheerapaka

form were studied under the Carl Zeiss

trinocular microscope attached with camera,

with stain and without stain. Micro photographs

of the slides were taken and documented (T.E.

Wallis, 2002).

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Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Organoleptic Study

Contents of Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka

both in dry powder form and in Ksheerapaka

form were evaluated for organoleptic characters

like taste, odour and colour etc. (Trease and

Evans, 1996).

Pharmaceutical evaluation:

Physico-chemical analysis

Physico-chemical parameters like loss on

drying, pH etc. of the fine powder of the drugs

were analyzed by using qualitative and

quantitative parameters as per the API

guidelines (Anonymous, 2007).

HPTLC Profile

Instrument used was CAMAG make

HPTLC with WINCATS 1.4.3 software and

Linomat 5 sample applicator. The stationary

phase used was HPTLC plate’s silica gel 60

F254 and mobile phase was Toluene: Ethyl

Acetate: Formic acid (6:3:1) v/v. The sample

was prepared in methanol, and 2 ml sample was

applied as 8 mm band for each spot. The plate

was visualized under short and long ultraviolet

(UV) radiations and density of the separated

spots was recorded using scanner III. The plate

was sprayed with vanillin-sulphuric acid

reagent and observed in daylight. The Rf values

were recorded. HPTLC and peak display

densitogram were noted at 254 and 366 nm (E

Stahl, 1969).

OBSERVATION & RESULTS:

Organoleptic characters

Organoleptic characters of the drugs in dry

powder form and in Ksheerapaka form were

scientifically studied as shown in the Table 2

and Table 3 respectively.

Microscopic study

Diagnostic microscopic characters of

Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka ingredients i.e.,

Shatavari, Bala and Arjuna under the

microscope revealed annular vessels, acicular

crystals of Shatavari, simple and compound

starch grains, stellate trichomes, simple

trichomes, pitted vessels, septate fibers,

prismatic crystals of Bala, tannin content,

rosette crystals of Arjuna. Further after

staining, it showed lignified fibers, cork cells,

lignified fibers through medullary rays of

Arjuna, lignified pitted vessels, spiral vessels of

Bala (Plate 1, 1–16).

The microscopic characters of the

Ksheerapaka showed oil globules of milk,

acicular crystals, fragments of annular vessels,

raphids, scalariform vessels of Shatavari, cork

cells with tannin contents, disturbed fibers

passing through medullary rays, stone cells,

disturbed walls of rosette crystals, fibers with

smoothened walls of Arjuna, fragment of

border pitted vessels, prismatic crystals, septate

fibers, simple trichomes, stellate trichomes of

Bala along with fat globules of milk (Plate 2,

1–15).

Physico-Chemical Parameters

Physico-chemical parameters of fine

powder like loss on drying, ash value, water

soluble extract, methanol soluble extract and

pH were all found to be within the normal

range as per API guidelines. Details are

tabulated in Table 4. Also the particle

consistencies of each drugs were studied as

represented in Table 5.

HPTLC study results:

Chromatographic study (HPTLC) was

carried out under 254 and 366 nm UV to

establish fingerprinting profile. Shatavari

showed 6 spots at 254 nm with Rf values and 2

spots at 366 nm with Rf values. Arjuna had 7

spots and 5 spots with 254 nm and 366 nm

respectively with Rf values. In Bala 8 spots at

254 nm and 7 spots at 366 nm with Rf values

were recorded which may be responsible for

expression of its pharmacological and clinical

actions (Plate 3 & Plate 4).

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 244–252

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Table 1: Ingredients of Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka

Raw Drugs

Name of drugs Latin name Part used (Dry) Quantity

Shatavari Asparagus racemosus Willd. Root 1 part (10 g)

Bala Sida cordifolia L. Whole plant 1 part (10 g)

Arjuna Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex

DC.) Wight & Arn.

Stem bark 1 part (10 g)

Ksheerapaka dravya

Dravya Parts Quantity

Ksheera (milk) 15 parts 450 ml

Jala (potable water) 15 parts 450 ml

Table 2: Organoleptic characters of powder of Shatavari, Bala & Arjuna mixture

Sr. no Various parameters Shatavari, Bala & Arjuna

1 Colour Creamish white

2 Odour Slightly fragrant

3 Taste Astringent Bitter

4 Touch Fine Coarse

5 Texture Smooth

Table 3: Organoleptic characters of the drugs in Ksheerapaka form

Sr. no Various parameters Shatavari, Bala & Arjuna

1 Colour Light chocolate brown

2 Odour Slightly fragrant

3 Taste Astringent Bitter

Table 4: Physico-chemical parameters of Shatavari, Bala & Arjuna

Sl no. Analytical Parameter Shatavari Arjuna Bala

1 Loss on drying (% w/w) 4.890% 6.240% 3.758%

2. Ash value (% w/w) 3.489% 20.868% 7.096%

3 Water solubility (% w/w) 61.775% 42.730% 9.976%

4 Alcohol solubility (% w/w) 41.733% 21.511% 3.905%

5 Acid insoluble Ash (% w/w) - 0.149% -

6 pH (5% v/v aqueous solution) 7 6.5 7

7 Specific gravity of Ksheerapaka 1.026

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 244–252

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Table 5: Particle consistency of Shatavari, Bala & Arjuna

Characters Shatavari Arjuna Bala

Weight of sample 10 g 10 g 10 g

Moderately coarse powder (>60 mesh) 6.52% 2.26% 15.84%

Moderately fine powder (60 - 85 mesh) 7.62% 10.18% 52.40%

Fine powder (85 - 120 mesh) 24.28% 65.81% 26.34%

Very fine powder (<120 mesh) 60.20% 16.54% 1.26%

Table 6: High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)

Sample No. of peak Rf value

Shatavari 6 Observed under short

UV Light (254 nm)

0.01,0.13,0.39,0.65,0.71,0.82

2 Observed under long

UV Light (366 nm)

0.01,0.90

Arjuna 7 Observed under short

UV Light (254 nm)

0.00,0.08,0.14,0.26,0.49,0.67,0.83

5 Observed under long

UV Light (366 nm)

0.00,0.08,0.13,0.25,0.87

Bala 8 Observed under short

UV Light (254 nm)

0.01,0.12,0.18,0.38,0.57,0.67,0.75,0.83

7 Observed under long

UV Light (366 nm)

0.01,0.11,0.17,0.23,0.70,0.83,0.90

Plate.1. Microphotographs of powder drugs in mixture

1.Acicular crystals of

Shatavari

2.Annular vessels of

Shatavari

3.Cork cells of Arjuna (on

staining)

4.Lignified fibres of

Arjuna (on staining)

5.Lignified fibres passing

through medullary rays of

Arjuna

6.Rosette crystal of Arjuna 7.Tannin content of Arjuna 8.Lignified septate fibers

of Bala

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 244–252

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

9.Lignified pitted vessel of

Bala (on staining)

10.Pitted vessel of Bala 11.Prismatic crystal of Bala 12.Septate fibers of Bala

13.Simple and compound

starch of Bala

14.Simple trichome of Bala 15.Spiral vessels of Bala 16.Stellate trichome of

Bala

Plate.2. Microphotographs of Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka

1.Acicular crystal of

Shatavari

2.Fragments of annular vessels

of Shatavari

3.Raphids of Shatavari 4.Scalariform vessels of

Shatavari

5.Disturbed rosette crystals

of Arjuna

6.Cork cells with tannin

contents of Arjuna

7. Fibers of Arjuna (wall

smoothened)

8.Stone cells of Arjuna

9.Fibres through medullary

rays of Arjuna

10.Prismatic crystal of Bala 11.Septate fibres of Bala 12.Stellate trichome of Bala

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 244–252

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

13.Fragment of border pitted

vessels of Bala

14.Simple trichome of Bala 15.Oil globules of milk

Plate 3: Densitogram of Shatavari, Bala & Arjuna

Densitogram at 254 nm UV light Densitogram at 366 nm UV light

Shatavari

Arjuna

Bala

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 244–252

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Plate 4: TLC of Shatavari, Bala & Arjuna

At 254 nm UV light At 366 nm UV light After spray

DISCUSSION:

The mixture of dry drugs under

pharmacognostical evaluation showed their

particular microscopical characters which

prove the purity and quality of the drug.

Preliminary step to reach the goal of

standardization in case of a new drug

combination is to strictly follow the

pharmacognostic and physico-chemical

parameters. The finished product i.e

Ksheerapaka when pharmacognostically

evaluated showed certain

alterations/modifications in the microscopic

characters due to the processing/boiling. For

example, walls of rosette crystals of Arjuna

became disturbed; walls of the Arjuna fibers

were smoothened etc. These changes may bring

about positive effect in the form of easy

disintegration, easy absorption and assimilation

of the drug into to the body system. It increases

the efficacy of the finished product and also

boosts the cellular absorption. The study profile

mainly intended to qualify the raw materials.

Accordingly, the results obtained after

conducting the primary physicochemical

analysis of the individual drugs were within the

API norms which indicate good quality of the

product. Hence results of this study can be used

as standard in future quality control studies.

CONCLUSION:

Though management of fetal growth

restriction with medicated milk fortified with

anabolic drugs is stated in Ayurveda, detailed

description of the drugs are not mentioned.

Hence this formulation being an Anubhuta

Yoga [newly perceived formulation], its

administration in pregnant women stresses the

need for quality control and standardization of

the drug. Accordingly, the formulation meets

the minimum qualitative standards as reported

in the API at the preliminary level. These

parameters of pharmacognosy and

pharmaceutical analysis can become the

guideline for future studies.

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 244–252

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

REFERENCES:

Anonymous, (1999), Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia

of India, Part-I, Volume 1 - 4, Govt. of

India, Dept. of Ayush, New Delhi, p.

155–56.

Anonymous, (2007), Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia

of India, Part-1, Volume-5, Govt. of

India, Dept. of Ayush, Delhi, p. 214.

D.C. Dutta, (2001), Text book of Obstetrics,

New Central Book Agency (P) LTD,

Calcutta, 5th Edition, p. 461.

E Stahl, (1969), Thin-layer chromatography-A

laboratory hand book, 2nd Ed., Springer

- Verlag, New York, p. 125–133.

K.R. Kandelwal, (2008), Practical

Pharmacognosy, 19th Ed., Nirali

publication, Pune, p. 137–190.

P.V.Sharma, (2002), Nibhandhasamgraha of

Dalhana on Susruta Samhita of Susruta,

1st Ed., Chaukhambha Vishwabharati

Oriental Publishers, Varanasi, p. 162.

TE Wallis, (2002), Text book of

Pharmacognosy, 5th Ed., CBS

Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi:

p. 123–132, 210–215.

Trease and Evans, (1996), Pharmacognosy,

15th Ed., W.B. Sunders Company Ltd,

p. 569, 570.

Yadavji Trikamji Acharya, (2013), Sushruta

Samhita, Dalhana Commentary, Reprint

2013, Chaukambha Sanskrit Sansthan,

Varanasi, p. 70.

Yadavji Trikamji Acharya, (1947), Dravyaguna

Vignana, 2nd Ed.,

Satyabhamabaipanduranga

Nirnayasagaramudrana Yantralaya,

Mumbai, p. 33–34.

Source of Support: NIL Conflict of Interest: None Declared

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 253–260

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

INFLUENCE OF DEHA PRAKRITI ON LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES

- A REVIEW

NR Navoday Raju1*, S Deepika

2, Kekuda TR Prashanth

3, Kulkarni Pratibha

4

1Post- Graduate Scholar, Department of Kriya Shareera, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of

Ayurveda & Hospital, Hassan- 573201, Karnataka, India 2Post- Graduate Scholar, Department of Kriya Shareera, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of

Ayurveda & Hospital, Hassan- 573201, Karnataka, India 3Associate Professor, Department of Kriya Shareera, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of

Ayurveda & Hospital, Hassan- 573201, Karnataka, India 4HOD & Associate Professor, Department of Kriya Shareera, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College

of Ayurveda & Hospital, Hassan- 573201, Karnataka, India

*Corresponding Author: Email: drnrnraju@gmail.com; Mobile No.: +919533009553

Received: 12/08/2016; Revised: 25/09/2016; Accepted: 30/09/2016

ABSTRACT

The concept of Prakriti (constitution) is a unique contribution of Ayurvedic science. Ayurveda

lays great emphasis on the examination of Prakriti which is the natural physical constitution of an

individual. Individuals with Vatala, Pittala and Sleshmala types of Deha (physical) Prakriti are

supposed to have different strength, span of life etc. Ventilator functioning of lungs can be assessed

by lung volumes and capacities which can be measured with the help of spirometer. Vital capacity is

the index of physical fitness and greater chest expansion. The vital capacity of physically fit people

is always high. This review is intended to understand the influence of Deha Prakriti on lung volumes

and capacities of an individual. Most probable reasons for the variations in lung volumes and

capacities are being highlighted.

KEYWORDS: Vatala; Pittala; Sleshmala; Prakriti; lung volumes; capacities.

Review article

Cite this article: NR Navoday Raju*, S Deepika, Kekuda TR Prashanth,

Kulkarni Pratibha (2016),

INFLUENCE OF DEHAPRAKRITI ON LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES - A REVIEW,

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 5(9): 235–243

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 253–260

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

INTRODUCTION

The concept of Prakriti (constitution) is a

unique contribution of Ayurvedic science.

Ayurveda lays great emphasis on the

examination of Prakriti which is the natural

state of an individual because only by

understanding the original state of the body

function one can understand the possible

derangement in the functioning. The primary

aim of Ayurveda is to maintain health in a

healthy person (Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014)

and hence knowledge of Prakriti is imperative.

There are many differences at the physical and

psychological levels of different Prakriti

individuals (Dhargalkar ND, 2009). Individuals

with Vatala (Vata predominant) type of

constitution possess strength, span of life etc.,

in lesser quantity (Sharma RK & Dash B,

2014). Pittala (Pitta predominant) type of

constitution is endowed with moderate

strength, span of life etc. (Sharma RK & Dash

B, 2014). Sleshmala (Sleshma predominant)

type of constitution is gifted with excellence of

strength, energy and longevity etc. (Sharma RK

& Dash B, 2014).

Spirometer is the instrument used to

measure lung volumes and capacities (Kim EB,

2012) (Tables 5, 6, 7). Vital capacity is the

index of physical fitness and greater chest

expansion. If person is strong, vital capacity

will be more (Chaudhari SK, 1994).

Prakriti is formed as a result of

predominance specific Dosha. Dosha have

their individual Guna. So, different Prakriti

individuals are endowed with specific Guna

which are dominating their functions in both

physical and Psychological dimensions.

Therefore there must be some change in the

pulmonary functions i.e. lung volumes and

capacities in individuals of different Prakriti. In

this review influence of Prakriti on lung

volumes and capacities is being discussed.

LITERARY REVIEW

Prakriti

People are borne with various proportions

of Dosha. Their body constitution is referred

accordingly (Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014) (T

Sreekumar, 2008). Those borne with equal

proportion of three Dosha are Sama Prakriti.

These individuals are generally healthy people

and remain healthy. Few of them show

predominance of one Dosha (humour). Those

exhibiting predominance of Kapha, Pitta and

Vata are called Sleshmala, Pittala and Vatala

respectively (Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014).

Dominance (Utkata) (Acharya YT, 2010) and

unchangeable nature of Dosha are called as

Prakriti (T Sreekumar, 2008). Prakriti denotes

individual‟s natural body constitution (Monier

W, 2002).

Dosha

Vata, Pitta and Kapha are the Dosha

responsible for the formation of Prakriti.

Dosha are classified into two components:

Prakrita and Vaikrita Dosha (Sharma RK &

Dash B, 2014). Prakrita Dosha are congenital,

maintain homeostasis, regulate physiological

processes and responsible for health. Vaikrita

Dosha are generated in metabolic processes

and is responsible for diseases.

Types of Prakriti

Prakriti based on Tridosha and Triguna are

Deha Prakriti, and Maanasa (psychological)

Prakriti respectively (Dhargalkar ND, 2009).

Deha Prakriti

Prakriti with reference to Dosha is known

as Dosha Prakriti or Deha Prakriti as it

expresses mainly physical characters (Sharma

RK & Dash B, 2014) (T Sreekumar, 2008).

Ekadoshaja (single Dosha) types are concerned

with one dominant Dosha they are three Vata,

Pitta and Kapha. Dwidoshaja types exhibit

dominance of two Dosha and they are three

(Vata Pitta, Pitta Kapha, Vata Kapha) while

Sama Prakriti has three Dosha in balanced

state. Thus there are 7 types of Deha Prakriti

(Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014).

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 253–260

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Maanasa Prakriti

It mainly deals with attributes of mind.

Gunaja Prakriti is again classified into the

following types: Shuddha/Sattva, Rajas and

Tamas (Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014).

As this review is based on Deha Prakriti,

more emphasis is given to Deha or Doshaja

Prakriti.

Features of individual Deha Prakriti

The Guna (attributes) of Dosha are

expressed in physical and psychological

characteristics. The Lakshana as per the Guna

are mentioned below in Table 2, 3 & 4.

Because of the features mentioned in table

2 individuals with Vatala constitution will be

endowed with strength, span of life,

procreation, accessories of life and wealth in

lesser quantity (Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014).

By virtue of the qualities mentioned in table

3 individuals with Pittala constitution will be

endowed with moderate strength, span of life,

spiritual and materialistic knowledge, wealth

and accessories of life (Sharma RK & Dash B,

2014).

By virtue of mentioned qualities in table 4

individuals, a man having Sleshmala type of

constitution will be endowed with the

excellence of strength, wealth, knowledge,

energy, peace and longevity (Sharma RK &

Dash B, 2014).

Respiration and Prana Vata

Prana Vata is responsible for respiration

(Dhargalkar ND, 2009). According to

Gheranda Samhita, the natural speed of Prana

Vata is decreased, the life span increases and if

it is increased, the lives span decreases (Bhat S

& Giri GP, 2014).

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Pulmonary function tests or lung function

tests are useful in assessing the functional

status of the respiratory system both in

physiological and pathological conditions

(Sembulingam K & Sembulingam P, 2012).

Lung function tests are based on the

measurement of volume of air breathed in and

out in quiet breathing and forced breathing.

Table 1: Dosha Guna (attributes) (T Sreekumar, 2008)

Vata Pitta Kapha

Vagbhata Ruksha (dry)

Laghu (light)

Sheeta (cool)

Khara (rough)

Sukshma (subtle)

Chala (mobile)

Bahu (abundance)

Snigdha (unctuous)

Teekshna (penetrating)

Ushna (hot)

Laghu

Visra (foetid)

Sara (flowing)

Drava (liquid)

Snigdha

Sheeta

Guru (heavy)

Manda (slow)

Slakshna (fine)

Mritsna (sticky)

Sthira (stable) Sushruta Ruksha, Laghu,

Sheeta, Khara

Teekshna, Drava, Pooteegandha

(foul smelling), Neela (blue),

Peeta (yellow),Ushna, Katurasa

(pungent), Amlarasa (sour) in

Vidagdha (decomposed) state

Shweta (white), Guru, Snigdha,

Picchila (sticky), Sheeta,

Madhura (sweet), Lavana (salt)

in Vidagdha state

Charaka Ruksha, Laghu,

Chala, Bahu,

Sheeghra (swift),

Sheeta, Parusha

(harsh), Vishada

(transparency)

Ushna, Teekshna, Drava, Visra,

Amla, Katu

Snigdha, Slakshna, Mridu,

Madhura, Saara (firm), Sandra

(viscous), Manda (slow),

Sthimita (stable), Guru, Sheeta,

Vijjala (compactness), Achha

(clear)

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Table 2: Vata Pradhana Prakriti

Guna Features

Ruksha Dry, slightly built physique dry, low, broken obstructed and hoarse voice, alert in

approach.

Laghu Light and inconsistent in actions, movement, likes and dislikes.

Chala Unstable joints, eyes, eyebrows, jaws, lips, tongue, head, shoulder, hands and legs.

Bahu Talkativeness, abundance in visibility of tendons and veins.

Sheeghra Quick in initiating actions, quick in getting irritated and quick in the onset of ailments.

Quick in affliction with fear, quick in likes and dislikes, quick in understanding and

forgetting things.

Sheeta Intolerance for cold things, often getting afflicted with cold, tendency towards

shivering and stiffness.

Parusha Roughness in the hair of the head, face and other parts of the body, nails, teeth, face,

hands and feet.

Vishada Cracking of the limbs and organs, production of cracking sounds in joints when they

move.

Table 3: Pitta Pradhana Prakriti

Guna Features

Ushna Intolerance for hot things. Tender and clear body. Abundance of freckles,

black moles and birthmarks. Excessive hunger and thirst. Quick advent of

wrinkles, greying of hair and baldness, the hair will be soft and will have a

tinge of light brown colour in the scalp and face.

Teekshna Sharp (demonstration) of physical strength, strong digestive power, intake

of food and drink in large quantity, intolerance to stressful conditions.

Drava Looseness and softness of joints and muscles, voiding of sweat, urine and

faeces in large quantity.

Visra Putrid smell of axilla, mouth, head and body in excess

Amla and Katu

Pradhana

Insufficiency of semen, less sexual desire and procreation power.

Table 4: Kapha Pradhana Prakriti

Guna Features

Snigdha Unctuousness of organs.

Slakshna Smoothness of organs.

Mridu Pleasing appearance, tenderness and clarity of complexion.

Madhura Semen of good quality, desire for sexual act and number of procreation.

Saara Firmness and stability of the body.

Saandra Plumpness and roundedness of all organs.

Manda Slow in action, intake of food and movement.

Sthimita Slowness in initiating actions, getting irritated and morbid manifestations.

Guru Non-slippery and stable gait with the entire sole of the feet, pressing against the earth.

Sheeta Lack of intensity in hunger, thirst, heat and perspiration.

Vijjala Compactness in joints.

Accha Happiness in the look and face, happiness and softness of complexion and voice.

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Table 5: Static Lung Volumes

Volumes Definition Normal

Value

1. Tidal Volume (VT) Volume of air breathed in and out of lungs in a single

normal quiet respiration.

500 mL

2. Inspiratory Reserve

Volume (IRV)

Additional volume of air that can be inspired

forcefully after the end of normal inspiration.

3,300 mL

3. Expiratory Reserve

Volume (ERV)

Additional volume of air that can be expired out

forcefully, after normal expiration.

1,000 mL

4. Residual Volume (RV) Volume of air remaining in lungs even after forced

expiration.

1,200 mL

Table 6: Static Lung Capacities

Capacities Combination Normal Value

1. Inspiratory Capacity

(IC)

Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume 500 + 3,300 = 3,800

mL

2. Vital Capacity (VC) Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume +

Expiratory Reserve Volume

3,300 + 500 + 1,000

= 4,800 mL

3. Functional Residual

Capacity (FRC)

Expiratory Reserve Volume+ Residual Volume 1,000 + 1,200 =

2,200 mL

4. Total Lung Capacity

(TLC)

Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume +

Expiratory Reserve Volume+ Residual Volume

3,300 + 500 + 1,000

+ 1,200 = 6,000 mL

Table 7: Dynamic Lung Function Tests

Definition Normal Value

1. Forced Vital

Capacity (FVC)

The volume of air that can be exhaled forcefully

and rapidly after a maximal or deep inspiration.

4800 mL

2. Forced Expiratory

Volume (FEV)

Forced expiratory volume is the volume of air,

which can be expired forcefully in a given unit of

time.

FEV1- 83% of VC,

FEV2- 94% of VC

FEV3- 97% of VC

After- 100% of VC

3. Maximum

Voluntary

Ventilation

Maximum volume of air, which can be breathed in

and out of lungs by forceful respiration per minute.

Male - 150 to 170

L/minute

Females - 80 to

100 L/minute.

4. Peak Expiratory

Flow Rate

Maximum rate at which the air can be expired after

a deep inspiration.

400 L/minute.

Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume,

expiratory reserve volume, residual volume are

the lung volumes and total lung capacity, vital

lung capacity, inspiratory capacity, functional

residual capacity and forced vital capacity are

the lung capacities. Spirometer is the

instrument used for the measurement of lung

volumes and capacities (Sembulingam K &

Sembulingam P, 2012).

Ventilation

In general, the word „ventilation‟ refers to

circulation of replacement of air or gas in a

space (Sembulingam K & Sembulingam P,

2012). In respiratory physiology, ventilation is

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 253–260

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the rate at which air enters or leaves the lungs.

Ventilation in respiratory physiology is of two

types:

1. Pulmonary ventilation and

2. Alveolar ventilation.

Compliance

It is the ability of the lungs and thorax to

expand or it is the expansibility of lungs and

thorax. (Sembulingam K & Sembulingam P,

2012). It is defined as the change in volume

per unit change in the pressure.

Significance of determining Compliance

Determination of compliance is useful as

it is the measure of stiffness of lungs. Stiffer

the lungs, less is the compliance.

Spirometry

Itis the method to measure lung volumes

and capacities. Simple instrument used for this

purpose is called spirometer (Sembulingam K

& Sembulingam P, 2012). Modified spirometer

is known as respirometer. Nowadays

plethysmograph is also used to measure lung

volumes and capacities.

By using simple spirometer, respirometer or

computerized spirometer, not all the lung

volumes and lung capacities can be measured.

Volume, which cannot be measured by

spirometry, is the residual volume. Capacities,

which include residual volume, also cannot be

measured. Capacities that include residual

volume are functional residual capacity and

total lung capacity. Volume and capacities,

which cannot be measured by spirometry, are

measured by nitrogen washout technique or

helium dilution technique or by body

plethysmograph (Sembulingam K &

Sembulingam P, 2012).

DISCUSSION

In a study titled “Assessment of the relation

between different Prakritis and basal metabolic

rate” differences were noticed among different

Prakriti groups (Sivaram Anjali, 2006). In

other study titled “The study of physiological

pattern of electrocardiogram in different Deha

Prakriti persons” different physiological ECG

patterns were recorded in different Prakriti

persons (MUHS, 2015) and in another study

titled “Analytical study of seasonal variations

of vital signs in different healthy young

individuals of different Shareera Prakriti”

variations of vital signs in physiological limits

were recorded in different Shareera Prakriti

persons (Hiremath R Anupama, 2015).

Dosha Guna will show their influence over

Prakriti. The Chala, Sheeghra, Laghu

Guna of Vata; Ushna, Snigdha, Teekshna

Guna of Pitta and Manda, Sthimita, Guru

Guna of Kapha Prakriti will have specific

effects on all functions of the body (Tables

1, 2, 3, 4) along with respiratory

functioning i.e. increase or decrease of lung

volumes and capacities within their

physiological limits.

The main function of lungs i.e. gaseous

exchange is carried out by Prana Vayu.

Prana Vayu must have more or less

influence of these Guna of Prakriti which

will affect its function i.e. Shwasana

(respiration).

According to Gheranda Samhita, span of

life will be more for individuals with more

rates of respiration and vice versa.

Prakriti and Lung Volumes/ Capacities

In physiology of respiration, lung volumes

and capacities are dependent upon age, gender,

height, weight, occupation of the individuals,

strength of individuals and respiratory muscles

strength.

Strength depends on muscles of the body

especially skeletal muscles. Strong people are

supposed to have more vital capacity and vice

versa. So, lung volumes and capacities must

vary with strength of an individual so also with

Prakriti of an individual. Height, weight,

strength of individual as well as respiratory

muscle strength must vary with Prakriti.

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 253–260

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Vatala/ Vata Pradhana Prakriti

These individuals are supposed to have less

life span. Because of dominance of Laghu,

Chaladi Guna those individuals are supposed

to have more rate and rhythm of respiration.

So, life span of Vatala individuals should be

less with more rate of respiration. They are

supposed to have rapid ventilation with shallow

breathing. Total lung capacity must be less

because persons will be lean. Compliance may

be less because of predominance of Ruksha and

Khara Guna.

Pittala/ Pitta Pradhana Prakriti

These individuals are supposed to have

moderate span of life with the dominance of

Ushna, Snigdha, Teekshna Guna. Moderate

rate and rhythm of respiration are because of

absence of Chala Guna/ Sheeghrata and

counter action of Ushna Guna and Snigdha

Guna with Teekshana Guna. Compliance and

lung volumes and capacities must be more

compared to Vatala individuals because of

presence of Snigdha Guna and Laghu Guna

respectively.

Sleshmala/ KaphaPradhanaPrakriti

These individuals are supposed to have

more life span. Because of dominance of

Manda, Guru, Sthira, Snigdha Guna those

individuals are supposed to have less rate and

rhythm of respiration. So, life span of

Sleshmala individuals should be more with less

of rate of respiration. Rate of ventilation must

be less and deeper because of Sthira Guna

predominance. Compliance must be more

because of predominance of Snigdha Guna.

lung volumes and capacities must be more

because of good body built.

Thus Prakriti plays vital role in the

functionality of the body system i.e. respiratory

system thereby controls the Lung Volumes and

Capacities.

CONCLUSION

Predominance of specific Dosha at the

time of conception leads to Prakriti formation

and it is permanent throughout the life of an

individual. Guna of the dominant Dosha are

supposed to influence all the activities in the

body. So, lung volumes and capacities must

vary with Prakriti along with all other

physiological activities in the body because

Prakriti is the entity which decides the

structural and functional makeup of the body.

Therefore, research works in the direction of

evidence based science to prove the influence

of Prakriti on respiratory system as well as

other bodily systems is the need of the hour.

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Source of Support: NIL Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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