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Index
Symbols1800, population of Jews, 5
1866, Austro-Prussian War, 5
AAASW (American Association ofScientific Workers), 192
“The Ambassador,” 125
abstract mathematics, 98
accelerating creation of hydrogenbombs, 300
accelerators and meson absorptionproblem, 271-272
accusations of J. RobertOppenheimer as a spy, 309-311
fighting, 312
ACDIF (American Committee forDemocracy and IntellectualFreedom), 192
Acheson, Dean, 276
Acheson-Lilienthal report, 276
ACLU (American Civil LibertiesUnion), 26, 51
Addams, Jane, 58
Adler, Dr. Samuel, 24
Adler, Felix, 24-25
advanced dynamics, 83
Advisory Committee on Uranium, 217
AECbudgets, 331civilian AEC, 333
AEC’s General AdvisoryCommittee, 273
AFL (American Federation ofLabor), 27
Air Force, replacement of Robert J.Oppenheimer, 301
Alcuin Preparatory School, 35
Alien Act, 58
Alien and Sedition Acts, 53
alien races, 66
alloys, conductivity of, 93
Alvarez, Luis, 292
American Association of ScientificWorkers (AASW), 192
American Century, xi-xiv, 81,206-207, 253
“The American Century,” xii
American Civil Liberties Union(ACLU), 26, 51
American Committee forDemocracy and IntellectualFreedom (ACDIF), 185, 192
Cassidy_25index 7/15/04 1:06 PM Page 441
442 American Communists
Association of Los AlamosScientists, 263
astrophysicists, 176
atomic bombs, 212. See also bombsdropping on Japan, 211Soviet Union, 255testing by Soviet Union, 292
atomic energy, international con-trol of, 275-279
Atomic Energy Act of 1946, 264security clearance, 309-310
Atomic Energy Commission, 257,262, 264
Seaborg, Glenn, 348
atoms, 84discovery of parts of, 159
Atoms for Peace, 308
Auerbach, Matilda, 40, 44
Austro-Prussian War of 1866, 5
Auxiliary Red Cross, 53
BBacher, Robert, 264, 274
Bainbridge, Kenneth, 243
ballistic missile technology, 334
Bamberger, Louis, 272
Baruch, Bernard, 276-278
Baruch Plan, 276-279
Battery Park, 1
Bay Shore, 21
beer brewing, 7
Bennett, Sandra Dire, 152
Berkeley, 123, 135-136after World War II, 328autonomy from state, 145-146budget cuts because ofDepression, 138-139faculty diversity, 147-148free elective system, 146
American Communists, 27, 191
American Federation of Labor(AFL), 27
American Hebrews, 11
American Jews, 12
American Physical Society, 152, 268
American pragmatic movement, 37
American pragmatism, 38
American Union AgainstMilitarism, 49, 51
Americanism, 57
Analysis of Mind, 64
Anderson, Carl, 154, 192cosmic rays, 164, 166cosmic-ray showers, 163
Anderson, Herbert, 263
Ann Arbor summer school in theoretical physics, 113, 140
anti-Communism,McCarthyism, 280
compared to post-September 11fears, 283
anti-Semitism, 12
anti-war activities, Ethical CultureSociety, 49-51
antiproton, 163
appeal for J. Robert Oppenheimer,324-325
approval for hydrogen bombs,298-299
aristocrats, 6
Armistice Day, 56
arms control, 275-279
Army, replacement of J. RobertOppenheimer, 301
Ashkenazic Jews, 5
Asian immigrants, 66
assimilation, 3, 32language, 13
Cassidy_25index 7/15/04 1:06 PM Page 442
443Bremsstrahlung
Journal Club, 153student population, 146-147
Bernstein, Barton, 279
Bernstein, Jeremy, 332
Bertrand, Russell, 68
best science, 190
Bethe, Hans, xv, 174, 269-270,284, 328
leader of theoretical physics formilitary research, 238
Bhabha, Homi, 166
Big Bang, 174
Birge, Raymond T., 135, 273-274
Black, Algernon, 71, 274
black holes, 173, 176-177
Blackett, Patrick M. S., 100
Bloch, Felix, 93, 127
Boas, Franz, 185
Bohemian Joachimstal, 61
Bohm, David, 282
Bohr, Niels, 82, 84-85, 101, 269, 276common world, 344liquid-drop model, 172
Bohr-Kramers-Slater theory, 85
Bolshevik revolutions, 57
Bolshevism and Germans, 58
bomb research, 202-205, 208separating U-235 from uraniumore, 210uranium, 205-206
bombing of New York StockExchange in September 1920, 58
bombsatomic bombs, 212
dropping on Japan, 211Soviet Union, 255
boosters, 291creating, 219-220, 237-238
dropping on Japan, 251-252fission-fusion booster bombs, 301fusion, 222hydrogen bombs, 239, 256, 261,287-288, 296
approval for, 298-299creating, 291-292morality of, 288-290necessity of, 287Oppenheimer, J. Robert’s opposition to, 310opposition to, 294-297recommendations, 293-298
non-combat demonstration of, 248plutonium, 222, 239
bombs, testing, 243preparations for droppingatomic bombs, 239, 243-244
researching, 217-219rush to create before end ofWorld War II, 242Super, 222testing, 250
plutonium bombs, 243thermonuclear devices, 222
boosters, 291
Borden, William, 308
Born, Max, 96, 102-103, 105-106
Born approximation, 102
Born-Heisenberg calculation, 112
Born-Oppenheimer approximation, 112
Bowman, Isaiah, 204
Bradley, Omar, 298
Brandeis, Louis, 28, 58
breeder reactors, 224
Breit, Gregory, 203
Bremsstrahlung, 110
Cassidy_25index 7/15/04 1:06 PM Page 443
444 Bridges, Harry
CIO (Congress of IndustrialOrganizations), 228
Civil Liberties Bureau, 51
civilian AEC, 333
Clinton Laboratories, 224
clothing industry, 8
Cohen, Julius H., 28
Coit, Staunton, 29
Cold War, 305-306nuclear weapons, 289
collective bargaining, 28
colloquium, 233
Columbia School of Social Work, 30
Columbia University, 269, 274
Committee on Political and Social Problems, 246
Committee on Public Information, 57
common world, 344
communismAmerican Communists, 27Griffiths, Gordon, 196Oppenheimer, J. Robert,194-197, 201
turning away from, 201-202Popular Front, 191and scientists, 191-194
Communist Party, 182encroachment of, 289Oppenheimer, Frank and Jackie(membership in), 281-282Oppenheimer, J. Robert, allegedmembership in,197-200Popular Front, 192
co-moving coordinate systems, 175
compartmentalization ofknowledge, 232
Bridges, Harry, 192
Bridgman, Percy W., 81, 92, 116
budgets. See also fundingAEC, 331cuts during Great Depression, 189
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,263, 328
Burnham, Mabel T., 22
Bush, Vannevar, 204-206, 275, 279
Byrnes, James F., 255, 275-276
CCaen, Estelle, 152
Caltech (California Institute ofTechnology), 116, 118-119,121-122, 136, 141-142, 272-273
Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory, 94
carbon-nitrogen nuclear cycle, 174
Cario, Dr., 106
Carnegie, Andrew; Mt. WilsonObservatory, 80
cascade showers, 166, 170
Catholics, 70
Cavendish Laboratory, 90, 94
Chamberlain, Owen, 163
Chemical Warfare Service, 80
Cherniss, Harold, 275
Chevalier, Haakon, 193, 227,279-280, 316, 318
betrayed by Oppenheimer, J.Robert, 319communism, 195-197
Chevalier incident, 227-231,279-281, 315
children of J. Robert Oppenheimer, 187
Christ’s College, 94
Cassidy_25index 7/15/04 1:06 PM Page 444
445Dyson, Freeman
Compton, Arthur H., 81, 85, 203,209, 219
Committee on Political andSocial Problems, 246Franck Report, 249
Compton, Karl T., 81, 106, 115
Compton effect, 85
Conant, James Bryant, 46, 76, 80,205-207, 275, 279, 328
support forOppenheimer, J.Robert, 320
Condon, Edward, 233, 238, 284
conductivity of alloys, 93
conferences, RochesterConferences, 268-272. See alsoShelter Island Conference
Congress of IndustrialOrganizations (CIO), 228
controllingnuclear arms, 262-264nuclear weapons, 285-287
cosmic rays, 159, 164, 166cascade showers, 170explosion showers, 168
cosmic-ray mesons, 269, 271-272
cosmic-ray showers, 163, 166
Council on Foreign Relations, 279
critical mass, 205
Curie, Marie, 68
cyclotrons, 160
DDallet, Joe, 186
Dean, Gordon, 301
deathof Ella Friedman, 20of J. Robert Oppenheimer, 337of Julius Oppenheimer, 21
dedication of Ethical Culture
Society building, 29
degenerate systems, 110
DeLeon, Daniel, 28
Department of Defense, 257
Depression. See Great Depression
derogatory information, 314
deuterium, 291
deuterons, 173discovery of, 159
development of reactors, 286
Dewey, John, 38, 68Laboratory School, 37
Didisheim, Jane, 42, 64
Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice, 96, 98,106-107
equation for energy ofelectrons, 162positron, 164
Dirac equation, 128
Dirac’s relativistic quantum electrodynamics, 270
Dirac-Heisenberg commutationrule, 98
disarmament panel (StateDepartment), 303
discipline, 54
discovery of parts of atoms, 159
discussion groups, 75
Downtown Ethical Society, 29
dropping atomic bombs on Japan,211, 251-252
Duane, William, 85
DuBridge, Lee, 259
Dulles, John Foster, 305
dynatons, 169
Dyson, Freeman, 268, 271nuclear explosives, 302
Cassidy_25index 7/15/04 1:06 PM Page 445
446 economic inequality
Eeconomic inequality, 27
Edsall, David L., 71
Edsall, John T., 71
educationEthical Culture Society, 29-30, 33
Ethical Culture School, 33-40German doctorates versusAmerican doctorates, 109German humanistic gymnasium, 37individuality, 38Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 35-36
math, 43-44science, 43, 45-46
Eger, Cecilia, 10
Ehrenfest, Paul, 100, 118, 126, 172
eigen-functions, 110
Einstein, Albert, 59, 63, 82, 272,275-277, 283, 346
light, 84nuclear fission, 206security, 217
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 309
electrical conductivity, 92
electrodynamics, 162
electromagnetic theory, 91
electronsdiscovery of, 159energy of, 162heavy electrons, 169infinite self energy problem,269-271
Eliot, Charles W., 67
Eliot, T. S., 275
Elliott, John Lovejoy, 29-30ACLU, 51Emergency Peace Federation, 49
Ethical Culture Society. SeeEthical Culture SocietyFresh Air Fund, 30Hudson Guild, 30
Eltenton, George, 227, 280
Emergency Association of GermanScience, 190, 260
Emergency Peace Federation, 49
emotions of J. RobertOppenheimer, 87
emotional problems, 98-100
energy, self energy, 129
Energy Research and DevelopmentAdministration, 264
Enola Gay, 239
Enrico Fermi Award, 348-349
Epithalamion, 151
Epstein, Paul, 116, 120
Espionage Act of June 1917, 53
Ethical Culture movement, LewisStrauss, 307
Ethical Culture School, 33-38moral education, 39-40science, 37
Ethical Culture Society, 274anti-war activities, 49-51dedication of building, 29education, 29-30, 33
Ethical Culture School, 33-40role of Julius Oppenheimer, 28tenement investigations, 26
ethics, 39-40. See also moral education
ethnic cleansing, 5
ethnic identity, 32
Evans, Ward, 313
evolution, 38
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447Garrison, Lloyd
Exploratorium science museum, 282
explosion showers, 168
FFAECT (Federation ofArchitects,Engineers, Chemists, andTechnicians), 228, 280
family life, 187
Fascism, 188
fast-neutron theory group, 221-222
FBIinvestigations, 183security clearance, 309-310
fear of Soviet Union, 305-306
Federal Advisory Committee Act of1972, 336
Federation of American Scientists, 263
Federation of Architects, Engineers,Chemists, and Technicians(FAECT), 228, 280
Federation of Atomic Scientists, 263
Feld, Bernard, 242
fellowships, 116IEB, 124NRC, 114
Fergusson, Francis, 61, 74
Fermi National AcceleratorLaboratory, 272
Fermi, Enrico, 167, 240, 270
Feynman diagrams, 271
Feynman, Richard P., 268-270
fighting accusations of treason, 312
Filene, Edward A., 28
Finletter, Thomas K., 301
Fire Island, 21
fission, 216-217, 287
fission-fusion booster bombs, 301
Flexner, Abraham, 272
Fort Clinton, 1
Fowler, Ralph H., 96
Fowler, Willy, 210
Franck Report, 244, 246-247
Franck, James, 119, 246
Frankfurter, Felix, 58
free elective system, Berkeley, 146
Free Synagogue, 28
Fresh Air Fund, 23, 30
Friedman, Ella, 1, 10-11death of, 20hand of, 19illnesses of, 143-144
Friedman, Louis, 10
Friendly, Fred W., 346
friends of J. Robert Oppenheimer,73-74
Fuchs, Klaus, 280, 300
Fuld, Caroline, 272
funding, 331. See also budgetsphysics, 81for science from military,257-259
fusion, 222
GGAC (General AdvisoryCommittee), 265, 279
The Gad-Fly, 72
gag orders on hydrogen bomb scientists, 300
Gamow, George, 173
garment industry, 8
Garrison, Lloyd, 313
Cassidy_25index 7/15/04 1:06 PM Page 447
448 gauge invariance
gauge invariance, 129
GEB (General Education Board), 121
General Advisory Committee(GAC), 265, 279
General Electric, 106
General Policy Group, 220
general relativity, 177
generosity, 153
Georg-Augusts-Universität zuGöttingen, 109
German humanistic gymnasium, 37
German Jews, 12
Germans and Bolshevism, 58
Glazer, Nathan, 194
Goldman, Henry, 106
Gompers, Samuel, 27
Göttingen, 105
Goudsmit, Samuel A., 101, 113, 147
The Government of England, 67
Gödel, Kurt, 272
Gray, Gordon, 313
Gray Board, 284
Great Depression, 181monetary effects on Berkeley,138-139NRC, distributing funds, 190public’s view of science, 189-190science budget cuts, 189
Griffiths, Gordon, 196
Groves, Leslie R., 223, 239, 275, 279Manhattan Project, 223
HH-bomb. See hydrogen bombs
Habilitation, 109
Hahn, Otto, 178
Hale, George Ellery, 80-81
Hall, Edwin H., 85
Hall, Elmer E., 123, 136, 155
Hall, Gus, 186
Hall, Harvey, 163
Hamilton-Jacobi mechanics, 98
Hamiltonian, 111
Hanau, Germany, 4
Harrison, Katherine Puening, 182,186-187
Harrison, Richard, 186
Harvard, 67, 272effects of World War I, 68-70Eliot, Charles W., 67and Jews, 70Lowell, A. Lawrence, 67-68and J. Robert Oppenheimer,68-77quotas, 69theoretical physics, 83-85
heavy electrons, 169
Heisenberg, August, 6 , 44, 269
Heisenberg, Werner, 6, 37, 64explosion showers, 168gymnasium student, 54neutron-proton theory, 159Nobel Prize, 110proton-neutron model, 172quantum mechanics, 96-98
Heisenberg-Pauli theory, 129
Heitler, Walter, 164
Henry Street Settlement, 49
Hessian duchy, 5
high-energy physics, 268-272
Holton, Gerald, 86
Hoover, Herbert, 184
Hoover, J. Edgar, 57, 279
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449Jewett, Frank B.
Hopkins, Harry, 208
Horgan, Paul, 13, 18, 73
HUAC (House Un-AmericanActivities Committee(, 279, 280-284
Hubble Space Telescope, 177
Hubble, Edwin, 174
Hudson Guild, 30
Hudson Guild settlement house, 23
Hufbauer, Karl, 173
Hund, Friedrich, 106
hydrogen atoms, infinite self energyof electrons problem, 269-271
hydrogen bombs, 239, 256, 261,287-288, 296, 302
approval for, 298-299creating, 291-292
acceleration of creation, 300igniting method, 301-302
gag order on scientists, 300Mike, 303morality of, 288-290necessity of, 287Oppenheimer, J. Robert’s opposition to, 310opposition to, 294-297recommendations for, 293-298
IIckes, Harold, 190
IEB (International EducationBoard), 114
fellowships, 124medical examination, 125-126
ILGWU (International LadiesGarment Workers Union), 28
illnessesof Ella Friedman Oppenheimer,143-144
of J. Robert Oppenheimer,61-62, 124-126
of Julius Oppenheimer, 144
immigrants, Asian immigrants, 66
immigration, Jewish immigration, 5
immigration acts of 1921 and 1924,59, 66
Immigration Restriction League, 66
individuality, education, 38
indoctrination course, 237-238
infinite self energy of electronsproblem, 269-271
infinities, 170
inheritance of J. RobertOppenheimer, 150
Institute for Advanced Study, 269,272-274
intellectual elitist, J. RobertOppenheimer, 343-344
Interim Committee, 247-249Franck Report, 249
international agreement on controlof nuclear weapons, 262-264
international control of atomicenergy, 275-279
International Education Board(IEB), 114
International Ladies GarmentWorkers Union (ILGWU), 28
invariance, 128
Ivanov, Pyotr, 227
JJapan
dropping atomic bombs on, 211,251-252preparations for droppingbombs on, 243-244
Jewett, Frank B., 205
Cassidy_25index 7/15/04 1:06 PM Page 449
450 Jewish immigration
Jewish immigration, 5
Jewish physics, 209
Jewish population in 1800, 5
Jewish segregation, 2-3
JewsAmerican Jews, 12at Berkeley, 147fleeing of Jewish scientists, 184and Harvard, 70and physics, 148
job offers for J. RobertOppenheimer, 122-123, 139
Johnson, E. C., 262
Joint Research and DevelopmentBoard, 261
Jordan, Pascual, 97
Journal Club, 153
Justice Department, Committee onPublic Information, 57
KKalckar, Fritz, 173
Kapitza Club, 97
Kemble, Edwin C., 64, 83-84
Kennan, George F., 275
Kevles, Daniel, 259
Killian, James R., 335
Kimball Smith, Alice, xvii
kindergarten, Ethical CultureSociety, 33
Klock, Augustus, 36, 44
Knapp, Edward, 21
Knapp, Margaret, 21
Korean war, 290, 300
Kramers, Hendrik, 85, 126, 270
Llabor march on May Day 1919 inNew York, 58
Lamb, Arthur Becket, 80
Lamb, Willis, 269-270
Lamb shift of the energies, 270
Landé, Alfred, 113
Langevin, Paul, 119
language, assimilation, 13
Lansdale, John, 225
Laporte, Otto, 119
Latimer, Wendell, 327
Laurence, William L., 251
Lauritsen, Charles C., 142, 274
Lawrence, Ernest O., 136, 271, 273,280-282
cyclotrons, 160funding during GreatDepression, 189
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, 328
leadership, 40-41, 234
League of Nations, 56
lectures, Reith lectures, 343-344
leftist attitudes, 182-185
Lewis, Franklin C., 54
Lewis, H. W., 170
Libby, Willard F., 331
Liberty Bond campaigns, 53
light, 84-85
light manufacturing, 7
light quanta, 85
light-quantum hypothesis, 85
Lilienthal, David, 264, 275-279
liquid-drop model of nucleus, 172
The Logic of Modern Physics, 92
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451military-industrial-scientific complex
Lomanitz, Rossi, 280-282
Loomis, Alfred Lee, 189, 226, 289
Lorelei, 21
Lorentz, H. A., 119
Los Alamos, Manhattan Project, 225
Los Alamos Primer, 238
Los Alamos Ranch School, 63, 237
Los Piños, 63
Low, Seth, 26, 29
Lowell, A. Lawrence , 66-68
Lower East Side, 7
Luce, Henry R., xii-xiv, 206
Lyman, Theodore, 83
MMadison House, 29
The Making of the Atomic Bomb, 213
Malraux, André, 316
Manhattan Engineer District, 223
Manhattan Project, 134, 223-227,231-232, 235
bombs. See bombscentral laboratory, 225Los Alamos, 225military, 232-233, 236scientists, 234success of, 235
manufacturingclothing industry, 8light manufacturing, 7
Mark IV, 290
Marshak, Robert, 269, 271
Marshall Plan, xii
matrix of close-knit alliances, xiv
matrix mechanics, 97
MAUD Committee, 218
Maxwell, James Clerk, 128
May, Andrew J., 262
May Laws of 1882, 8
May-Johnson Bill, 262-263
McCarthy, Joseph, 280
McCarthyism, 280compared to post-September 11fears, 283
McClellan, George, 15
McCloy, John J., 275
McGrath, Patrick, xiv, 209, 213
McMahon, Brien, 264
McMahon Act, 264
McMillan, Edwin, 153, 173, 330
medical examination required byIEB, 125-126
Menorah Society, 70
meson absorption problem, 269,271-272
meson physics, 171
meson theory, 170
mesotrons, 170, 269-272
Metallurgical (Met) Laboratory,208, 224, 244
MeV (1 million electron volts), 160
Mike (first hydrogen bomb), 303
militaristic state science, 256
militaryand Manhattan Project,232-233, 236and science, 257-260
funding, 257-259
Military Policy Committee, 220
military research, 237
military-industrial-scientific complex, 259
Cassidy_25index 7/15/04 1:06 PM Page 451
452 Millikan, Robert A.
Millikan, Robert A., 81, 116,120-122, 141
cosmic rays, 164reasons for wanting J. RobertOppenheimer, 119
mineral collections, 17, 151
minerals, rutile, 93
molecules, 84
Molotov, V. M., 278
Monsanto Chemical Company, 332
moral education, 39-40
moral law, 24
moratorium on nuclear testing, 335
Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 121, 313
Morgenthau Sr., Henry, 29
Morrison, Philip, 241
Morse, Philip, 117
Moscow Party congress, 191
Moskowitz, Henry, 28-29
motivation for creating nuclearweapons, 214-215
Mt. Wilson Observatory, 80, 173
mu-meson, 171, 271
Mueden, Emma, 41
multiple processes, 168-169
muons, 171
Murray, Thomas E., nuclear testban, 333
Murrow, Edward R, 346
music, 19
Muzzey, David Saville, 26Emergency Peace Federation, 49
NNAACP (National Association forthe Advancement of ColoredPeople), 26
NASA (National Aeronautics andSpace Administration), 335
National Academy of Sciences,80, 268
National Bureau of Standards, 217
National Child Labor LawComittee, 26
National Defense Education Act, 335
National Defense Research Council(NDRC), 208, 216
National Research Council.See NRC
National Science Foundation,265, 335
nebulas, 175
Neddermeyer, Seth, 166
negative energies of electrons, 162
Nelson, Steve, 186, 188
neo-humanism, 37
neptunium, 221
Neumann, Henry; Emergency PeaceFederation, 49
neutrinos, 159, 168
neutron cores, 175
neutron stars, 175
neutron-proton theory, 159
neutrons, discovery of, 159
new social awareness, 191
New York, 7
New York conferences, 268-272
New York Stock Exchange, bombingof in September 1920, 58
Newton, Isaac, 63
Nichols, Major General K. D., 309
nicknames for J. RobertOppenheimer, 126
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453Oppenheimer, J. Robert
Nisbet, Robert, 149
Nixon, Richard, 309
NKVD (Soviet internal security), 198
Nobel Peace Prize, Joseph Rotblat, 240
Nobel Prizes, 178awarded to T. S. Eliot, 275Heisenberg, , 110and Rochester Conferences, 269
non-combat demonstration ofbombs, 248
Nordheim, Lothar, 168
Notgemeinschaft (EmergencyAssociation), 260
novas, 174
NRC (National Research Council),80-82, 114-115
distributing funds during GreatDepression, 190fellowships, 114
NRC fellows, 122
nuclear arms control, 275-279,285-287
nuclear arms race, 262-264ideas for avoiding, 247
nuclear explosives, 302
nuclear fission, 172, 206, 216-217
Nuclear Freeze Movement, 301
nuclear fusion reactions, 174
Nuclear Regulatory Commission , 264
nuclear test ban, 333
nuclear warfare, 290-291
nuclear weapons. See also bombsmotivation for creating, 214-215post-war control of, 241Pugwash movement, 347
nuclear weapons policy, InterimCommittee, 247-249
nuclei, 172
nucleus of atoms, discovery of, 159
Oobjections to dropping bombs byChicago scientists, 244-245
Office of Scientific Research andDevelopment (OSRD), 208,218, 260
Office of Naval Research, 274
The Open Mind, 339
Operation Barbarossa, 217
operationism, 92
Oppenheim, 4
Oppenheimer, Benjamin, 4
Oppenheimer, Ella Friedman. SeeElla Friedman
Oppenheimer, Emil, 4
Oppenheimer, Frank Friedman, 16,145, 243, 281-282
Oppenheimer, Hedwig. See Stern,Hedwig
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 2, 19accused of being a security risk,308-311Air Force, 301Army, 301Berkeley, 148-150bomb research, 202-205, 210
uranium, 205-206Caltech, 141-142change in personality, 216Chevalier incident, 227-231,279-281children, 187communism, 193-197, 201
turning away from, 201-202Communist Party, alleged membership in, 197-200
Cassidy_25index 7/15/04 1:06 PM Page 453
454 Oppenheimer, J. Robert
damage to reputation of, 284death of, 337directorship of Institute forAdvanced Study, 272-274discipline, 54doctorate in physics, 109education, 35-36
Christ’s College, 94electromagnetic theory, 91emotional expression, 87emotional problems, 98-100Enrico Fermi Award, 348-349ethics, 40expert on nuclear weapons, 256family changes in 1928, 123-124family life, 187fast-neutron theory group,221-222FBI investigations, 183feelings about ManhattanProject, 225fellowships, 116fighting accusations oftreason, 312friends, 73-74GAC, 265generosity of, 153Göttingen, 107guilt over having helped createatomic bombs, 255-256Harvard, 68, 71-77hydrogen bombs, 261
opposition to, 294-297IEB medical examination,125-126illnesses, 61-62, 126
summer of 1928, 124inheritance, 150Institute, 340as intellectual elitist, 343-344international control of atomicenergy, 275-279
job offers, 122-123, 139leadership, 40-41, 234
leadership at RochesterConferences, 268-272
leftist attitudes, 182-183life after trial, 339-342Manhattan Project, 225-227,231-232marriage of, 182math, 43-44May-Johnson Bill, 263mineral collections, 17, 151music, 19nicknames, 126Noble Prizes, 178poem he wrote in 1921, 22poems, 59-60, 124-125
“Tempora Mutantur,” 56poems by, 151quantum theory of the problemof two bodies, 102quantum theory of vibration-rotation bands, 101-102radio addresses, 344-345Reith lectures, 343-344relationships, 142-143
with Albert Einstein, 346with father, 20-21with Heisenberg, 167with Lawrence, 161with mother, 19with parents, 143-144with Pauling, 151-152with peers, 42with Lewis Strauss, 286,306-308with Jean Tatlock, 182with women, 108, 142
reputation after World War II, 253reputation of, 267
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455Peace Sunday
research papers, 109-112,117-118, 128
nuclear phenomena, 172-173return to University of Californiaat Berkeley, 272science, 43, 45-46security clearance, 279sense of self, 317sexual expression, 99sexual orientation of, 151-152sharing time with Berkeley andCaltech, 140-141Spanish Civil War, 185-186students of, 134, 137suicidal thoughs, 95superiority of, 108as teacher, 154-157television shows, 346testimony before House Un-American Activities Committee,280-284theoretical physics, 86-91, 93, 95transcripts of trial (hearing), 313trial (hearing) of, 313-316,318-320
appeal, 324-325fallout from, 327-333, 337-340findings of, 322-323Teller, Edward, 320-321
trip to Southwest with HerbertW. Smith, 62-63view of hydrogen bombs, 290views on Sputnik, 347
Oppenheimer, Jacquenette (Jackie),145, 281-282
Oppenheimer, Julius, 1, 7, 10death of, 21Ethical Culture Society, 28illness of, 144
Oppenheimer, Julius Robert. SeeOppenheimer, J. Robert
Oppenheimer, Katherine (Kitty)(wife), 187, 274
Oppenheimer, Lewis Friedman, 15
Oppenheimer, Peter, 187, 274
Oppenheimer, Robert. SeeOppenheimer, J. Robert
Oppenheimer, Toni, 274
Oppenheimer Case, 256
“Oppenheimer cult,” 267
Oppenheimer school, 159, 178-179
Oppenheimer-Phillips process, 173
Oppenheimer-Snyder paper, 178
opposition to hydrogen bomb bycommittee, 294-297
Orthodox branch, 3
OSRD (Office of Scientific Researchand Development),208, 218
PPage, Katherine, 63
Page, Winthrop, 63
pair creation, 165
Pais, Abraham, 99, 118, 270
Pale of Settlement, 3May Laws of 1882, 8
Palmer, A. Mitchell, 57
Paris Peace Conference, 56
Parsons, Captain William S., 240
particle physics, 268-269, 271-272
Pash, Boris T., 228
Patterson, Robert P, 263
Pauli, Wolfgang, 44, 117, 126-127,269, 273
neutrino, 159opinion of Oppenheimer, J.Robert, 127
Pauling, Linus, 119, 142relationship with, 151-152
Peace Sunday, 48
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456 Peierls, Rudolf
Peierls, Rudolf, 127
Penney, William, 243
People’s World, 195
Perro Caliente, 130, 274
persona, 32
personality, changing in J. RobertOppenheimer, 216
Personnel Security Board, 313
Peters, Bernard, 281-282, 284
Pfaue, Richard, 307
Phi Beta Kappa, 76
philanthropic sources of fundingphysics, 81
Phillips, Melba, 137, 173, 232
photons, 163
physicists. See scientists
physicsfunding, 81matrix mechanics, 97meson physics, 171phasing out by RockefellerFoundation, 139quantum mechanics, 82, 96-98relativistic quantum mechanics, 127theoretical physics, 79-83,113, 179
Harvard, 83-85NRC, 82Oppenheimer, J. Robert,86-91, 93, 95
physics journals, 153
Physics Today, 267, 328
pi-mesons (pions), 171, 271
Pierce, George Washington, 81
pions, 171, 271
Pitzer, Kenneth, 327, 330
plutonium, 221, 239
plutonium bombs, testing, 240
plutonium-producing reactors, 224
poems by J. Robert Oppenheimer,22, 59-60, 124-125, 151
pogroms, 8
Polenberg, Richard, 313
politics and science, 184-185,190-191, 260-262, 334-336. See alsomilitary, science
Pollak, Inez, 42, 73
Popular Front, 192
population of Jews in 1800, 5
positron, 164
post-September 11 fears comparedto McCarthyism, 283
post-war control of nuclearweapons, 241
preparation for dropping atomicbombs, 239, 243-244
President’s Science AdvisoryCommittee (PSAC), 335
Princeton, 273-275. See alsoInstitute for Advanced Study
Proceedings of the Royal Society ofLondon, 96
Progressive Era, 15
proton-neutron model, 172
proton-proton fusion reactions, 174
Prussian North GermanFederation, 5
PSAC (President’s Science AdvisoryCommittee), 335
psychoanalysis, 64
Pugwash conference, 346
pulsars, 175
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457research
QQED (quantum electrodynamics), 168
quanta, 84
quantum, 85
quantum electrodynamics (QED),165, 167-168
quantum field theories, 268-269
quantum mechanics, 82, 96-98, 105commutator bracket notation, 96relativistic quantum mechanics, 127
quantum perturbation theory, 112
quantum physics, infinite self ener-gy of electrons problem, 269-271
quantum theory, 84
quantum theory of the problem oftwo bodies, 102
quantum theory of vibration-
rotation bands, 101-102
quantum tunneling, 118
questions regarding scientist involment with public and military,244-245
quotas, Harvard, 69
RRabi, Isidor I., 31, 114, 126, 270
Rabinowitch, Eugene, 329
race, 11effects of World War I, 66
Rad Lab (Radiation Laboratory),138-139, 280
unionization of, 203
radio addresses, 344-345
Ramsauer effect, 118
Randall, Harrison M., 81, 113
Raymond, Natalie, 142
RCA, 274
reactors, development of, 286
recession of 1893-1895, 28
“red-baiting,” 278
Red Scare, 58
Reform Judaism, 3, 24-25
Reith lectures, 342-344
relationships of J. RobertOppenheimer, 142-143
with Einstein, Albert, 346with Heisenberg, 167with Lawrence, , 161with parents, 143-144with Pauling, 151-152with peers, 42with Lewiss Strauss, 286,306-308with Jean Tatlock, 182with women, 108, 142
relativistic photoelectric effect, 163
relativistic quantum mechanics, 127
relativitygeneral relativity, 177special relativity, 128
renormalization, 129, 172, 270
reputation of J. RobertOppenheimer, 267
damage to, 284
researchbombs, 217-219nuclear fission, 216-217
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458 research papers J. Robert Oppenheimer
research papers J. RobertOppenheimer, 109-112,117-118, 128
nuclear phenomena, 172-173
research schools, 134-136, 159
Reston, James, 298
Retherford, Robert, 269
Rhodes, Richard, 213
Richards, Theodore William, 89
Riefenstahl, Charlotte, 107-108
Robb, Roger, 314
Rochester Conferences, 268-272
Rochester Times-Union, 281
Rockefeller Foundation, 105, 114phasing out physics, 139
roles of scientists, 212, 299-300in society, 254
Roosevelt, Franklin D., sciencebudget cuts, 189
Roosevelt, Teddy, 15
Rose, Wickliffe, 121
Rossi, Bruno, 270
Rotblat, Joseph, 240, 346
Rothfeld, Babette, 4
Rothfeld, Sigmund, 5
Rothfeld, Solomon, 5
Rothfeld, Stern and Company, 6, 9
Rothschilds, 2
Rowe, Hartley, 265
Russell, Bertrand, 64, 276, 339
Russell, Henry Norris, 119
Rutherford, Sir Ernest, 90
rutile, 93
Ryder, Arthur, 150
SS-1 committee, 206
Sanskrit, 150
Schiff, Leonard, 139
schoolsAnn Arbor summer school intheoretical physics, 140Berkeley. See BerkeleyCaltech, 118-119, 121-122, 136Christ’s College, 94Harvard. See HarvardLos Alamos Ranch School,63, 237Oppenheimer school, 159,178-179research schools, 134-136, 159St. John‘s College, 96top ten American institutions forproducing doctorates in Physicsduring the 1930s and 1950s,353-355University of Michigan, 113
Schwarzschild radius, 175
Schweber, Silvan S., xv, 213,268-269
Schwinger, Julian, 268-270
science, 37and military, 257-260
funding, 257-259and politics, 184-185, 190-191,260-262, 334-336public’s view during GreatDepression, 189-190
Science Advisory Board, 190-191
scientific advisers, 333
Scientific Advisory Panel, 247, 250controlling nuclear arms, 262findings of, 249-250
scientific militarism, xiv, 256
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459Sproul, Robert G.
scientistsbringing civilian scientists intowar effort, 208-210and communism, 191-194gag order regarding hydrogenbombs, 300guilt over having helped createatomic bombs, 255-256Manhattan Project, 234and military, Manhattan project,232-233objections to dropping bombs,244-245physicists, reputation after WorldWar II, 253and responsibility for weaponsthey produce, 250role of, 212, 254, 299-300signing of petition calling forend of war, 254view of Soviet Union, 188-189
Seaborg, Glenn, 265, 348
Section S-1, 219
security, xivderogatory information, 314Einstein, Albert, 217whole man definition, 314
security clearance, 279, 309-310
Sedition Act, 55
See It Now, 346
Segrè, Emilio, 163
segregation, Jewish segregation, 2-3
self energy, 129
Seligman, Edwin R. A., 26
Sephardic Jews, 5
Serber, Robert, 140, 157, 237indoctrination course, 237
Shapley, Harlow, 177
Shelter Island Conference, 269-272.See also Rochester Conferences
site Y, 240
Slater, John C., 84
Smith, Al, 15
Smith, Cyril Stanley, 265
Smith, Herbert W., 14, 34, 151trip to Southwest with J. RobertOpenheimer, 62-63
Smyth, Henry DeWolf, 324
Snyder, Hartland, 176
social awareness, 191
Social Register, 12
Socialist Labor Party, 28
Society for Ethical Culture. SeeEthical Culture Society
Sommerfeld, Arnold, 82
Southwest, J. RobertOppenheimer’s trip to, 62-63
Soviet Unionatomic bombs, 255
explosion of, 258testing, 292
fear of, 305-306nuclear weapons,controlling, 289scientists view of, 188-189security from, xivSputnik, 334-335, 347
Spanish Civil War, 185-186
special relativity, 128
spectroscopy, 84-85
spies, 280accusation of J. RobertOppenheimer as a spy, 198-200Fuchs, Klaus, 300
Sproul, Robert G., 138, 273
Cassidy_25index 7/15/04 1:06 PM Page 459
460 Sputnik
Sputnik, 334-335, 347
St. John’s College, 96
staging, 302
Standard Model, 271
State Department, disarmamentpanel, 303
stellar energy, 174
stellar evolution, 173-177novas, 174
Stern, Alfred, 185
Stern, Hedwig, 185
Stern, Philip M., 313
stock market crash, 137-138
Strauss, Lewis, 273, 305-307Ethical Culture movement, 307recommendations for hydrogenbombs, 297relationship with J. RobertOppenheimer, 286, 306-308
Student Liberal Club, 71-72
studentsof J. Robert Oppenheimer,134, 137population at Berkeley, 146-147
success of Manhattan Project, 235
Sudoplatov, Pavel, 198
suicidal thougts of J. RobertOppenheimer, 95
Super bombs, 222. See alsohydrogen bombs
supernovas, 174
sweatshops, 9
Synott, Marcia Graham, 69
Szilard Petition, 244-246
Szilard, Leo, 244
TTatlock, Jean, 152, 182
teaching, opinions of J. RobertOppenheimer’s teaching practices,154-157
television, 346
Teller, Edward, 238, 380hydrogen bombs, 239trial of J. Robert Oppenheimer,320-321
Temple Emmanu-E1, 23-24, 26
“Tempora Mutantur,” 56
tenement investigations, 26
Tennessee Valley Authority, 264
Tenney Committee, 210
testingatomic bombs, Soviet Union, 292bombs, 250moratorium on nuclear testing, 335nuclear test ban, 333plutonium bombs, 240, 243
The Cocktail Party (Eliot), 275
The New York Times, 279, 283
theoretical physics, 79-83, 113, 179emergence of, 267-268Harvard, 83-85NRC, 82Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 86-91,93, 95Rochester Conferences, 268-272
theoriescascade theory of showers, 166electrodynamics, 162meson, 170of relativity, 82
thermodynamics, 83, 89
thermonuclear devices, 222
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461Vannevar, Bush
Thompson, Homer, 275
Thomson, Sir J. J. , 94
Thorpe, Charles, xiv-xv, 202, 213trust in J. Robert Oppenheimer,241-242
Tibbets, Colonel Paul W., 239
time management, ManhattanProject, 235
Tisdale, W. E., 126
Tolman, Richard, 142, 175, 220,238, 274, 276-277
Tolman, Ruth, 142, 274
Top Policy Committee, 220
Toynbee, Arnold, 275
transcripts of trial of J. RobertOppenheimer, 313
treason, 53
trench dysentery, illnesses of J.Robert Oppenheimer, 61
trial (hearing) of J. RobertOppenheimer, 313-319
appeal, 324-325fallout from, 327-333, 337-340findings of the panel, 322-323life afterward, 339-342Teller, Edward, 320-321
Trilling, Diana, 338
Trimethy, 21
Trinity, testing site of bombs, 243
tritium, 291
Trowbridge, Augustus, 115
Truman, Harry S., 275-276dropping of bomb on Japan, 251
tunneling, 118
UU-235, 205
U.S. Interior Department, 190
Uhlenbeck, George, 101, 113, 176
Ulam, Stanislaw, 301
UN Atomic Energy Commission,276, 278
UN General Assembly, 278
UNESCO, 347
unionization of Rad Lab, 203
United NationsAtoms for Peace proposal, 308international control of atomicenergy, 276-279
United Nations DisarmamentCommission, 303
United States. See also AmericanCentury
entrance into World War I, 51-52sentiments after U.S. enteredWorld War I, 52-55sentiments after World War Iended, 56-59working to become leader inphysics, 112-116
University of California at Berkeley.See Berkeley
University of Chicago,Metallurgical Laboratory, 224
University of Colorado at Boulder, 282
University of Göttingen, 102
University of Michigan, 113
University of Minnesota, 281-282
University of Rochester, 282
uranium, 205-206
Urey, Harold, 263
VValentine, Ruth, 142
Van Vleck, John H., 84
Vannevar, Bush, 204
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462 Vassiliev, Alexander
Vassiliev, Alexander, 198
Veblen, Oswald, 272
Versailles Treaty, 56
viscosity of organic liquids, 93
Volkoff, George, 174
von Neumann, John, 272, 275, 331
Wwars
Korean War, 300Spanish Civil War, 185-186World War I, 47-49
anti-war activites, 49-51effects on Harvard, 68-70end of, 56-59sentiments after U.S. enteredwar, 52-55United States entrance in,51-52
World War II, effects on U.S., xi
Washington Times-Herald, 282
wave functions, 110
weapons race, 305-306
Weinberg, Joseph W., 139, 280-282
Weiner, Charles, xvii
Weinstein, Allen, 198
Weisskopf, Victor, 243, 269, 284
Weyl, Hermann, 272
Whitehead, Alfred North, 69, 76
whole man definition ofsecurity, 314
Wigner, Eugene P., 221plutonium-producing reactors, 224
Wilson, Robert, 241
Wilson, Woodrow, 48, 56
Wise, Dr. Stephen S., 28
World War I, 47-49anti-war activities, 49-51effects on Harvard, 68-70end of war, 56-59sentiments after U.S. enteredwar, 52-55United States entrance in, 51-52
World War II, effects on U.S., xi
Worthington, Hood, 265
Wouthuysen, S. A., 170
Wu, C. S. , 232
Wyman Jr., Jeffries, 71
Wyman, Dr. Jeffries, 316
Wyman, Sr., Jeffries, 71
X-Y-ZX-rays, 110
York, Herbert, 328, 331
Yukawa’s theory of nuclear forces, 271
Yukawa, Hideki, 169
Zeitschrift fur Physik, 97
Zunz, Olivier, xiv
Zwicky, Fritz, 175
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