237© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 M. Langan, Neo-Colonialism and the Poverty of ‘Development’ in Africa, Contemporary African Political Economy, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58571-0

Index

AAbidjan, 158Academic, 3, 4, 19, 22, 27, 37, 54–56,

92, 95, 98, 153, 224, 225, 231, 232

Accra, 52, 70, 71, 73, 221ActionAid, 47–49, 67, 69, 120Administration, 19, 25, 42, 46, 72–74,

84, 97, 154, 157, 178, 225Africa, 1, 2, 6–8, 10–14, 18–21, 26,

29, 35–40, 43–49, 53–57, 61–68, 72, 75–77, 79–84, 89–94, 100–114, 119–121, 123, 127–129, 131–138, 141, 142, 149–155, 158, 159, 161–165, 167, 169, 171–173, 177, 178, 182, 183, 187–189, 191–198, 200, 201, 208, 210, 213–222, 224–232

Africa-EU, 3, 119, 121, 138, 142, 163, 164

Africa Investment Facility (AIF), 76, 194, 195

Africa Must Unite, 4, 28, 36, 207, 210, 217, 222, 231

African, 1–12, 15–29, 33–57, 62–67, 71, 74, 80–84, 89–114, 119–142,

149–172, 177–184, 187–189, 191–202, 207–233

African Centre for Energy Policy (ACEP), 45

African citizenries, 9, 34, 48, 54, 62, 100, 161, 166, 170, 207

African Oil Policy Initiative Group (AOPIG), 43–44, 46

African socialism, 8African studies, 17, 22, 37African Union, 63, 167, 168, 200,

207, 208, 221–224, 231, 232Agency, 2–4, 6, 7, 20, 21, 25, 27,

69, 97, 104, 111, 113, 114, 136, 142, 153, 159, 160, 169, 171, 184, 200, 202, 207–209, 211–213, 215, 216, 218, 219, 223, 224, 226, 233

Agri-business, 65, 67, 77, 79, 80–82, 184, 194, 199, 225, 226, 229, 230

Agricultural, 13, 16, 36, 47–49, 54, 66, 67, 72, 78, 99, 120, 126, 129, 142, 183, 196, 221

Agricultural corridors, 48, 49, 66, 67

238 IndEx

Agriculture, 11, 34, 39, 47–49, 51, 55, 76, 78, 123, 130, 131

Aid for Trade, 39, 63, 120, 125, 128, 134–142, 214, 226–228

Alliance, 11, 34, 48, 51, 55, 65, 66, 73, 98, 214

Al Shabab, 108Alssane Ouattara, 158Altruism, 2, 102, 103, 107Altruistic, 5, 48, 61, 224Amadou Toumani Touré, 157America, 6, 13, 14, 104Andre Gunder Frank, 13Angola, 90, 94, 95, 97, 98, 100, 101,

103, 149, 151Ankara, 65, 109, 112Apparel, 132Arms, 105, 109, 110, 112, 143Aselsan, 109Associated African States and

Madagascar (AASM), 29, 122Association, 10, 11, 12, 29, 119–124,

132, 136, 139, 191, 208, 214, 217, 220

Asymmetries, 10, 107, 142, 200Austerity, 8, 9, 123, 125, 158, 210,

211, 213, 219, 226, 233Autarky, 7, 13Authoritarian, 28, 29, 100, 109, 161,

167, 216, 217Autonomous, 13, 70Autonomy, 8, 11, 63, 81, 91, 170,

209, 212

BBackward linkages, 13Balkanised, 7Bamako, 156, 157, 160, 168, 170Bandung Spirit, 93, 114Banking, 5, 15, 26Bashar al-Assad, 102, 110

Basic services, 28, 211, 212Bayart, 3, 17, 18, 20, 21, 109, 160Beef, 129, 131Beijing, 65, 91, 92, 95, 98–101, 226Benin, 49, 51, 137Big business, 49Big Men, 17–19, 21, 27, 65, 101,

113, 231Bill (E&P), 45, 53, 68BiWater, 69, 71Blending, 61, 62, 65, 76, 80–82, 84,

178, 191, 192, 195, 201, 225, 226

Bogeymen, 19, 21Boko Haram, 110Boundaries, 23, 179Bourgeoisie, 13, 14Bribery, 41, 52, 54, 225BRICS, 89Britain, 33, 153, 220Brussels, 22, 24, 65, 169Budget, 9Budget support, 4, 15, 25, 61, 62,

65, 71–75, 81–83, 111, 112, 125–127, 140, 143, 157, 158, 185, 198, 211, 218, 225, 226, 231

Bureaucratic, 18, 29Burkina Faso, 49

CCairo, 12Cameroon, 109, 129Canada, Russia, 48Capacity, 15, 23, 25, 73, 99, 113,

123, 126, 127, 134, 135, 136, 154, 163, 186, 192, 213, 214, 219

Capital, 5, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16, 26, 35, 36, 64, 69, 70, 76, 77, 79, 80, 82, 106, 113, 132, 156, 158,

IndEx 239

172, 191, 217, 218, 219, 222, 226, 231

Capitalism, 7, 29, 36, 93, 181Cardoso, 14Caricatures, 19, 21, 161Carpet manufacturing, 120, 132Casablanca Group, 29, 220, 221Cashew, 74, 75, 84CdC, 61, 76, 77–80Cement, 17, 42, 63, 65, 132, 140,

142, 181, 197, 198, 223, 226, 228

Central African Republic, 94, 182Centralised government, 29, 150, 226Centre for Technical Support to

Agriculture (CTA), 123, 133Centre for the development of

Enterprise, 67, 136Centre for the development of

Industry (CdI), 123Chad, 110, 159, 160Chambishi mine, 95Charles de Gaulle’s, 154Chiefs, 52, 54, 78China, 39, 43–45, 53, 54, 56, 57, 79,

84, 89, 90–95, 98, 99, 100, 101, 104, 109, 112, 113, 159, 226, 230

China nonferrous Mining Co. Group (CnMC), 95

China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation, 44

China Sonangol International, 98China Threat, 91, 92, 94, 100, 101Chinese development Bank

Corporation, 44Chinese Investment Fund, 97, 98,

113, 226Citizenry, 4, 5, 37, 44, 95, 96, 100,

166, 172, 211, 219, 225, 229City Water, 69Civilizational, 9, 102

Civil servants, 5, 19, 55, 166, 172, 228

Civil society, 20, 41, 47, 53, 55, 70, 74, 76, 78, 79, 80, 83, 95, 103, 110, 120, 124, 126, 127, 130, 132, 135, 140, 164–168, 170, 172, 178, 179, 183, 188, 194, 196, 199, 201, 208, 213, 214, 219, 222, 227, 230, 233

Civil strife, 39, 150, 151, 172Civil war, 99, 102, 110, 149, 158Client-patron, 17, 20Climate change, 24, 41, 50, 76, 198Cocoa, 12, 13, 120–122, 135, 141Coercion, 8, 172Cold War, 4, 55, 89, 91, 92, 124, 151,

168, 172, 218Collaborate, 8Collaborationist, 9Colonialism, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16,

17, 21, 35, 102, 111Colony, 3Commercial interests, 48, 63, 68, 137,

140, 142, 149, 161, 194, 201Commodity, 6, 11, 17, 73, 93, 122,

138, 156, 179Commodity prices, 93, 122Common Agricultural Policy (CAP),

120, 126Common Security and defence Policy

(CSdP), 155Common sense, 55, 83, 103, 198Commonwealth development

Corporation, 61Communist, 11, 91, 92, 98Comoros, 192, 193Company, 35, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 49,

50, 68, 69, 78, 79, 108, 187, 201, 225

Comparative advantage, 11, 134, 141Competitive tendering, 45Competitors, 12, 134

240 IndEx

Comprador class, 13, 21, 26, 63, 160Compromises, 9Conditionality, 22, 67, 71, 73, 84, 170Confectionary, 132Conflict, 20, 50, 110, 149Congo-Brazzaville, 192Congo Crisis, 8, 89, 233Consciousness, 1, 12Constituencies, 20Constructivist, 2, 28, 82, 83, 107,

199, 230Consumer, 69, 71, 99, 119, 122, 124,

125, 128, 137, 140, 143, 178, 182, 188, 193

Continent, 7, 17, 18, 19, 36, 152, 162

Control, 24, 61, 158, 164, 166, 168, 177, 180, 184, 187, 197, 200

Cooperative Framework Agreements (CFAs), 49, 50, 54, 225

Co-optive, 5Copper, 76, 77, 91, 93, 95, 101Corporate Village Enterprises

(COVEs), 185, 229Corrupt, 6, 17, 20, 41, 46, 52, 97,

216, 231Cotonou Partnership Agreement, 121,

124, 228Cotton-textiles, 120, 217Counter Balance, 76, 111, 226Coup d’etat, 28, 217Criminality, 42Crisis, 8, 47, 85, 89, 123, 131, 157,

162, 172, 179, 218, 233Critical, 22, 23, 37, 46, 54, 62, 151,

210, 213, 227Critics, 10, 160, 181Culture, 3, 9, 11, 47, 49, 102, 123

Ddambisa Moyo, 34, 38, 62, 64dar es Salaam, 69

david Cameron, 50, 54debt crisis, 123, 217de facto, 23, 26, 30, 45, 63, 71, 74,

98, 101, 136, 150, 165, 193, 210, 217, 220

de jure, 10, 17, 23, 26, 30, 110, 149, 202

de jure independence, 10, 17, 149, 202democratic Republic of the Congo

(dRC), 20, 25, 37, 39, 77–79, 84, 94, 109, 111, 151, 155, 183

department for International development (dFId), 45–47, 49, 50, 53, 54, 56, 57, 62, 65–70, 78, 79, 178, 225

dependency school, 2, 14–16, 26, 122, 123

dependent, 9, 14, 37, 74, 94, 120, 141, 142, 210, 218, 222

dependent development, 14developing states, 7, 13, 16, 28, 29,

35, 37, 57, 63, 73, 75, 84, 85, 93, 104, 185, 186, 188, 198, 200, 208, 211, 212, 216–219, 222, 224, 226, 231–233

development, 1–4, 6–8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17–25, 27–29, 33–41, 44–48, 50–57, 61, 62, 65–68, 70–73, 75–80, 82–84, 90–92, 94, 98–102, 104, 107–109, 111–114, 120–124, 126–128, 131, 133, 134, 136–141, 149, 150, 152, 153, 157, 160–165, 169–171, 173, 177–183, 186, 189–192, 194–202, 207, 208, 213–216, 219, 221, 222, 224–232

developmental state, 7, 16, 28, 29, 57, 63, 73, 75, 84, 85, 185, 186, 188, 198, 208, 211, 216–218, 222, 226, 231, 232

development Finance Institutions (dFIs), 61, 62, 64, 65, 76–78, 80–84, 178, 191, 226

IndEx 241

development studies, 1, 15, 231diageo, 47, 48, 50, 52discourse, 2, 4, 19, 20, 22, 28,

33, 45, 48, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 72, 73, 78–80, 90–92, 94, 97, 100–102, 104–107, 110, 111, 127–129, 137, 138, 141, 152, 153, 155, 160, 161, 163, 164, 169–173, 177, 181, 182, 188–192, 195–199, 201, 202, 215–217, 222, 226–230, 232

discursive, 1, 18, 48, 62, 112, 179, 180, 188, 195, 197

divide and rule, 7, 124, 157, 222division, 29, 98, 149domination, 12, 197donor/corporate power, 2dos Santos, 13, 21, 97, 98, 100, 113,

160, 227

EE.O Group, 42, 43, 46, 53, 202, 225East Africa, 192East African, 106East Asia, 3, 73, 216, 233East Asian Tigers, 14Economic Community of West African

States (ECOWAS), 29, 114, 124, 133, 166–168, 207, 220, 222

Economic determinism, 2, 15, 26Economic nationalism, 29, 220, 222Economic penetration, 5, 11Economic reductionism, 14Economies of scale, 7, 35, 219, 220,

231Education, 6, 125, 130, 139, 194,

197, 210Edward Said, 111Egypt, 12, 102, 220Elite, 3–11, 15–21, 24, 26–29, 33,

35–37, 43, 45, 46, 53, 54, 56,

62–64, 75, 80, 81, 94, 96–102, 104, 106–114, 119, 135, 139, 141, 142, 150, 151, 153–155, 159–161, 167, 168, 171–173, 185, 209–213, 216, 218, 219, 222, 226, 227, 229, 231–233

Emancipation, 1, 3, 4, 24, 34, 56, 202, 221, 223, 224, 231, 232

Embassies, 92, 105, 106Empire, 1, 3–5, 12, 16, 25, 56, 62,

89, 102, 104, 106, 153, 160, 169, 172

Empirical sovereignty, 5, 7, 11, 23, 24, 28, 43, 55, 57, 94, 172, 199, 211–213, 218, 224, 228, 230, 231, 232

Employment, 37, 67, 79, 138, 181, 187, 214

Enabling environment, 99, 178, 180, 181, 192–194, 199–201, 229

Energy, 40, 42, 45, 50, 53, 76, 78, 90, 95, 99, 108–110, 112, 113, 119, 149, 150, 152, 156–159, 192, 193, 195, 226

Enterprises, 6, 11, 43, 56, 66, 68, 76, 77, 79, 80, 84, 97, 123, 127, 185, 194, 201, 226

Entrepreneurs, 16, 17, 64, 68, 76, 103, 109, 142, 194, 213

Environmental, 38, 46, 55, 62, 76, 77, 81, 84, 90, 92, 94, 99, 108, 111, 127, 131, 133, 137, 178, 180, 181, 183, 184, 187–189, 190, 192, 193, 194, 199, 200, 201, 213, 229, 233

EPA development Programme (EPAdP), 120, 125, 134, 135, 137–139, 141, 142

Equal, 7, 47, 103Eritrea, 94, 167Essentialist, 3, 21, 65, 113, 161Ethics, 41, 165

242 IndEx

Ethiopia, 49, 51, 75, 165, 218, 232, 233Ethnic, 17, 150, 217, 220EU accession, 84, 101, 104, 111EU Africa Emergency Trust Fund, 165EU–Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund

(EU-AITF), 178, 189, 191–195, 201

EU Commissioners, 24Eurafrica, 154, 171, 220Eurodad, 80, 192, 195, 196, 226European, 4, 5, 9–12, 20, 25, 49,

61, 66, 67, 71, 76, 77, 80, 89, 92, 95, 103, 104, 111, 112, 119–129, 131–134, 136–143, 150, 151, 153, 155, 156, 159, 161–172, 177, 178, 186, 189–195, 197, 198, 201, 214, 215, 220–230, 232, 233

European Council, 120, 123, 125, 159, 162, 168, 190, 194

European development Fund, 67, 121–123, 125, 126, 134, 136, 165, 194

European Economic Community’s (EEC), 10–12, 16, 29, 119, 121, 122, 154, 191, 218, 220, 222

European Investment Bank (EIB), 4, 61, 76, 77, 111, 192

European Parliament, 49, 67, 76, 77, 162–165, 194, 226

European Security and defence Policy (ESdP), 155, 156

Exchange, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 26, 79, 90, 99, 168, 187, 218, 221

Export Credit Guarantee department (ECGd), 69

Exports, 23, 28, 79, 82, 93, 94, 114, 120, 129, 140, 157, 192

External, 1–4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16–27, 35, 37, 38, 45, 48, 50, 53–55, 61, 63, 70, 89, 96–98, 100, 101, 109, 111–114, 143,

150, 151, 159, 160, 167, 169, 170, 172, 186, 192, 197, 200, 207–210, 219, 222, 230, 231

External control, 4, 12External elements, 1, 4, 7, 10, 15, 17,

24, 25, 27, 89, 101, 112, 113, 151, 209, 210, 222

External influence, 2, 4, 9, 17, 61, 89, 97, 113, 207

External relations, 4, 21, 55Extractive, 37–39, 41, 47, 76, 82, 99,

111, 192, 194, 195, 199, 226Extractive Industries Transparency

Initiative (EITI), 37–39, 55, 215, 223

Extraversion, 3, 17, 20, 21, 27, 64, 108, 113, 153, 160, 161, 171, 172, 200, 209, 212, 229, 232

ExxonMobil, 43–45, 211

FFactories, 6, 137, 138, 199Fanon, 2, 4, 7–10, 26, 125, 160, 199,

210, 212, 219, 224Federal, 7, 29, 212, 220, 221, 223,

224Feronia, 77–79, 84Fertiliser, 49, 75, 184Finance, 15, 26, 61, 71, 74, 80, 135,

153, 191Financial, 6, 13, 16, 70, 75, 79, 85,

93, 94, 126, 132, 167, 179, 186, 197, 212, 218, 222, 233

Fisheries, 137–140, 142Flag-independence, 23, 28Food, 34, 36, 47, 48, 51, 52, 65–68,

77, 78, 81, 94, 126, 128, 130, 131, 138–140, 182, 183, 225

Food security, 34, 47, 48, 51, 65, 67, 68, 77, 78, 81, 126, 131, 138–140, 183, 225

IndEx 243

Foreign actors, 2, 23, 26, 27, 37, 53, 100, 113, 142, 161, 201

Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), 68

Foreign direct investment (FdI), 13, 15, 33–39, 41, 48, 50, 57, 80–82, 93, 99, 107, 108, 123, 139, 158, 180, 181, 195, 219, 231

Foreign investment, 34, 38, 39, 199, 219

Forestry, 49Forum on Chinese and African

Cooperation (FOCAC), 92, 93Fragile states, 90, 151, 212Francafrique, 154, 159, 171Francois Hollande, 154–156, 160,

169, 171, 228Fraud, 30, 41, 157Freedoms, 4Free markets, 18, 22, 39, 66, 73–75,

82, 123, 124, 132, 134, 140, 141, 143, 180, 181, 186, 188, 194, 195, 198, 201, 211, 213, 219, 222, 224, 225, 227

Free trade agreements (FTAs), 3, 17, 23, 109, 120, 198, 214, 227

Freedoms, 4Free trade arrangements, 4, 23, 122Friends of the Earth International,

187, 188Funding, 25, 66, 72, 74, 79, 80, 82,

98, 136, 137, 139, 191, 193, 201, 214

GG8, 48, 54Gabon, 98Generalised System of Preferences

(GSP), 120, 128, 140, 141Geographical, 24Geopolitical, 44, 91, 108, 151, 155,

161, 172

George W. Bush, 152Ghana, 3, 16, 34, 40–46, 49, 52,

53, 56, 57, 69–74, 82, 83, 99, 103, 107, 111, 119, 120, 125, 126, 128, 130–132, 135, 142, 178, 183, 185–187, 197, 198, 209–212, 217–220, 222–225, 227, 229, 231, 233

Ghanaian independence, 1Ghanaian national Petroleum

Company (GnPC), 42, 43Ghana Institute of Governance and

Security (GIGS), 41Ghana Oil and Gas for Inclusive Gas

(GOGIG), 45Ghana Petroleum Commission (GPC),

45Glencore, 77Global economy, 7, 14, 99, 227Globalised economy, 3, 27Gold, 35, 44, 99Good governance, 64, 170, 172Governance, 4, 16, 18, 19, 21–23, 25,

27, 37, 39, 41, 45, 52, 55, 64, 71, 73, 74, 83, 89, 97, 101, 113, 126, 143, 153, 155, 161, 163, 170, 172, 182, 197, 199, 227, 231

Governance state, 21–23, 27Government, 5, 14, 19, 22, 25–30,

33, 34, 36–38, 40–50, 52–56, 61–75, 79–82, 89, 91, 94, 96, 98–113, 119, 120, 123, 125–128, 130, 133–135, 140, 142, 150–153, 157, 160–162, 164–170, 173, 178–180, 182, 185–188, 191, 196, 200, 202, 209–211, 213–221, 223–228, 231, 233

Government revenues, 6, 38, 67, 75, 125, 130, 135

Gradualist, 29, 207, 220Great Lakes, 156

244 IndEx

Growth, 14, 15, 36, 41, 48, 62, 66–68, 77–80, 82, 93, 109, 123, 127, 133, 134, 137, 138, 141, 152, 177–179, 181, 183, 184, 187–189, 191, 192, 195, 198, 200–202, 213, 217, 218, 229

Gruffydd-Jones, 27, 209, 210Guinea, 10, 98, 149, 152, 220Gulf of Guinea, 149, 152

HHealth care, 194Hegemony, 13, 14, 21, 23, 105, 113,

159, 214Highly Indebted Poor Country

(HIPC), 70History, 1, 3, 102, 105, 121, 180, 217Homophobia. See Kaoma 2012Horn of Africa, 101, 106, 167Humanitarian, 61, 80, 90, 95, 103,

105–107, 109–111, 126, 134, 153, 156, 163–165, 177, 179, 200

Humanity, 9, 105, 184Human rights, 20, 24, 64, 91, 95,

97, 98, 100, 103, 110, 126, 130, 155, 160, 163, 164, 167–171, 187, 225, 228

Hunger, 6, 8, 51, 110, 138, 183, 211Hutu, 155, 161Hutu genocidaires, 161Hybrid Model Concession, 41

IIdeas, 2, 14, 197, 201Ideational aspects, 2, 9, 199Ideological, 11, 25, 28, 75, 93, 110,

149, 151, 195Idriss deby, 159Ill-being, 2, 9, 25, 26, 62, 83, 101,

170, 196, 220

Images, 9, 19, 27Imperialism, 2, 4, 6, 7, 12, 21, 28,

29, 35, 102, 103, 114, 154, 168, 201, 222, 231

Imperialism by invitation, 21Imperialist, 5, 103Import, 12, 13, 84, 93, 120, 121,

123, 125, 126, 128–131, 134, 139, 141, 142, 185–187, 192, 214, 221, 230

Import-competing, 84, 121, 125, 128, 129, 134, 142

Import substitution industrialisation(ISI), 13

Imposition, 5, 7, 22, 139, 188Independent Commission for Aid

Impact, 66India, 53, 79, 89Indigenous needs, 24Industrialisation, 2, 6, 7, 11, 13, 14,

28, 35, 63, 90, 91, 132, 199, 216, 217, 219, 220

Inequalities, 13–15, 53, 54, 65, 188, 196, 199

Information and Communication Technology (ICT), 76, 193

Infrastructure, 49, 63, 70, 90, 97, 99, 113, 122, 178, 189, 191, 192, 194, 195, 201, 229

Institutions, 15, 17, 23, 25, 57, 69, 72, 74, 100, 101, 105, 109, 163, 170, 190, 191, 199, 200, 202, 212, 218, 222, 226

Integration, 7, 10, 36, 127, 133, 167, 169, 195

Intellectual, 2, 3, 7, 14, 20, 29, 49, 217, 221, 224, 232

Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs), 49Intelligence, 98, 159Interdependence, 24, 154Interference, 8, 85, 151, 200Internal affairs, 2, 159Internal–external relationship, 21

IndEx 245

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 70, 130

International opinion, 24International Relations(IR), 1, 231International Technical Policy

Cooperation department, 166International trade, 7Interventions, 2, 4, 11, 15, 17, 18,

21, 25, 28, 30, 34, 38, 55, 65, 71, 74, 76, 81, 82, 90–92, 94, 97, 98, 100, 101, 106, 107, 150–152, 154–156, 159–162, 166, 169–173, 177, 180, 196, 200–202, 207

Intrusion, 25, 74Investment, 4, 7, 12, 26, 34, 37–39,

47, 50, 61, 63, 67, 68, 74, 76–79, 84, 95, 97, 98, 101, 107, 113, 127, 166, 190, 191, 194, 195, 201, 218, 219, 226

Ireland, 73Irish Aid, 73, 79Iron, 93, 132Irregular migration, 162–164, 169,

171, 172, 228ISIS, 110Islamic world, 104Islamist insurgencies, 110, 156

JJacques Chirac, 154, 155, 158James Ibori, 79, 80Japan, 48, 216Jobs, 6, 13, 34, 40, 77, 96, 129, 130,

132–134, 138, 141, 194, 195, 198, 201, 227

John Atta Mills, 43Journals, 4, 20, 54, 64, 225Jubilee Fields, 40, 41Julius nyerere, 10, 91, 207, 220, 221Justice, 41, 79, 102, 124, 135, 183,

188, 199, 200, 208, 213, 214

Justice and development Party (AKP), 102, 104, 106, 107, 109–111

KKampala northern Bypass, 193Kerosene, 72, 82, 84, 226Knowledge, 20, 191Kosmos, 40, 42–45, 53, 211, 223,

225Kufuor, 40–42, 53, 72–74, 82, 84,

130, 178, 185–188, 196, 200, 202, 211, 218, 225, 226

Kurdish, 156Kwame nkrumah, 2, 3, 16, 210, 217,

221

LLabour, 6, 50, 55, 77, 78, 90, 96, 97,

100, 189, 214Labour rights, 55, 78, 90, 189Land, 29, 34, 35, 39, 46, 47, 49,

51–54, 67, 78, 79, 183, 184, 188, 189, 225

Land-grabs, 34, 39, 47, 51, 52, 54, 67, 187, 189

Language, 2, 18, 28, 33, 34, 38, 40, 47, 51, 53, 54, 82, 83, 90, 91, 101, 103, 106, 107, 112, 160, 163, 164, 171, 181, 196, 200, 201, 222, 226, 228, 230

Largesse, 46, 56, 61, 65, 66, 106, 107, 143, 226, 231

Latin America, 13, 14, 224Law courts, 97Leaders, 6–9, 11, 17, 20, 21, 27, 37,

43, 54, 65, 100, 106, 113, 157, 160, 163, 180, 183, 185, 210, 211, 213, 222

Legal, 4, 5, 18, 23, 26, 28, 30, 130, 166, 209–212, 228

Legislation, 45, 49, 187

246 IndEx

Legitimacy, 17, 155, 156, 199, 214, 216

Legitimation, 34, 113Legitimised, 2Leverage, 70, 71, 73, 80, 83, 95, 96,

112, 127, 139, 142, 153, 162, 163, 172, 190, 198, 209

Leveraging, 71, 114, 139, 209, 212Liberal, 34, 39, 64, 114, 152, 154,

165, 208, 213, 214, 226Liberalisation, 10, 39, 49, 72, 74, 75,

81, 84, 85, 120, 122–130, 132, 135, 139, 141, 142, 158, 180, 182, 188, 198, 199, 218, 223, 225, 227

Liberals (neo), 338Liberation, 7, 8, 10, 219, 232Liberty, 9, 211Literature, 3, 15, 17–22, 27, 37, 38,

64, 90, 92, 95, 101, 111, 113, 149, 150, 152, 161, 213, 215

Livelihoods, 48, 62, 72, 74, 131, 137, 141, 142, 170, 186, 188

Loans, 12, 56, 70, 76, 77, 81, 99, 129, 135, 136, 191

Lobbying, 35, 46, 68Lomé, 122–124, 133, 136, 190, 191,

223Lomé Conventions, 122–124, 133,

136, 190, 191, 223London, 22, 25, 52, 64, 68, 79, 101,

169Lukasa, 96, 101

MMachinery, 12, 94, 108, 210Madagascar, 29, 67, 122, 136Malawi, 49Mali, 110, 150, 151, 153, 154, 156–

160, 165, 166, 169–172, 228Manipulation, 8

Manufacturing, 36, 99, 120, 123, 125, 126, 131–133, 136, 139, 179, 215, 227

Mao Zedong, 91Marcus Garvey, 7Mare nostrum, 163Marxism, 4, 7, 55Material forces, 2Material interests, 4, 23Mauritania, 94, 168, 170, 228Media, 19, 91, 103Meles Zenawi, 75Mercantilism, 91Metropole, 8, 14, 21, 25, 27, 154,

226, 228Michael Sata, 95, 96, 100, 113, 226Middle Eastern, 53, 54, 56Migration, 138, 150, 151, 161–172,

183, 184, 198, 223, 228Migration partnership agreements,

150, 151, 161, 172Militarisation, 110Military, 12, 23, 44, 51, 109, 149,

154–156, 159, 160, 162, 169, 170, 172, 209, 220, 228

Millennium development Goals (MdGs), 177, 180

Mines Safety department (MSd), 97Mining, 4, 34, 35, 47, 49, 57, 76, 77,

80, 95–97, 100, 108, 113, 156, 218

Minister, 42, 45, 50, 53, 75, 79, 84, 90, 97, 101, 133, 152, 158, 166, 190, 228

Ministries, 18, 19, 23–25, 57, 100, 127, 140, 168, 170

Mobilisation, 12, 45, 51, 225Mobutu, 151Modernisation, 38Monocropping, 183, 184Monopolies, 10, 11, 36Monrovia Group, 29, 220

IndEx 247

Monsanto, 47–49, 52, 66Moral, 2, 48, 82, 84, 103, 152, 160,

188, 190, 197, 198Moralised, 34, 189, 196, 200Moscow, 149Mozambique, 49, 74, 75, 82, 84, 111Multi-donor Budget Support

(MdBS), 73Multi-Facility Economic Zone, 95Multilateral development banks

(MdBs), 191Multi-national, 10Murder, 8, 9, 233Muslim, 104, 105, 158

Nnairobi, 80, 106, 126narratives, 9, 55, 81, 83, 92, 102,

106, 111, 171, 189, 196, 198, 199, 202

national Association of nigerian Traders (nAnTS), 120, 214

national Association of Professional Environmentalists (nAPE), 187

nationalists, 63nations, 10, 13, 14, 23, 29, 39, 48,

49, 52–54, 63, 68, 102, 110, 112, 114, 162, 168, 172, 191, 218, 222, 228, 232

nation-state, 22, 24, 25, 28, 100, 160, 170, 172, 209, 210, 212, 217, 219, 227

natural Resource Governance Institute (nRGI), 45

natural resources, 6, 41, 43, 45, 51, 54, 56, 57, 81, 211, 218

neo-colonialism, 1–12, 14–17, 21–29, 33–36, 39, 42, 45, 47, 50, 54–57, 61, 64, 65, 67, 67, 81, 83, 84, 89–91, 95, 100, 107, 112, 114, 119, 121, 140, 142, 149, 151, 154–156, 160, 167,

168, 171, 177, 182, 196, 197, 199, 200, 202, 207, 208, 210, 211, 219, 220

The Last Stage of Imperialism, 2, 4, 28, 168, 201, 207, 222, 231, 233

neo-Marxist, 2, 13neo-Ottoman, 84, 90, 102–106, 111,

112, 227neo-patrimonialism, 2, 3, 17–22, 27,

37, 39, 55, 62, 64, 74, 79, 80, 100, 101, 11, 113, 160, 161, 213, 227, 231

nepotistic, 21, 27networks, 8, 16, 17, 20, 27, 43, 64,

109, 135, 153, 160, 172, 195, 199, 225

new Alliance for Food Security and nutrition (nAFSn), 34, 65

new Economic Partnership for African development (nEPAd), 114, 222

new International Economic Order (nIEO), 122, 223

new scramble, 49, 54, 56nicolas Sarkozy, 155niger, 151–153, 155, 157, 165, 169normative, 61, 82, 90, 105, 155, 160,

189, 228north–South relations, 2, 3, 12, 20,

34, 41, 43, 56, 65, 72, 82, 177, 208

norwegian, 39, 223

OObama, 40OECd, 66, 68, 180, 181Officials, 15, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24, 27,

28, 42, 43, 69, 71, 103, 104, 106, 108–112, 122, 126, 127, 134, 152, 153, 166, 168, 171

Oil, 34, 37–47, 51, 53, 55–57, 79, 80, 91, 97, 99, 100, 108, 113, 152,

248 IndEx

Patriotic Front (PF), 95Patrons, 6, 160Pay fish and go, 121, 137, 138Payments, 5, 38, 42, 44, 217Penetration, 5, 11, 26, 61People’s Republic of China’s (PRC),

91Performance Assessment Framework

(PAF), 73Periphery, 16Pessimism (Afro), 17Pessimistic, 19Peter Mandelson, 127, 141, 227, 230Petrodollar, 39Planning, 36, 74, 136, 155, 202, 216,

219Polemical, 4Policy, 3, 24, 43, 45, 120, 126, 155,

163, 166Policy autonomy, 11, 90, 172, 209Policymakers, 20Policy space, 83, 85, 89, 128, 131,

139, 161, 188, 212, 217, 224, 228, 229, 231, 232

Political control, 6, 10, 12, 63, 93Political kingdom, 15, 26Political party, 16Politicians, 6, 17, 28, 33, 34, 44, 55,

91, 96, 98, 101, 112, 157, 168, 172, 208, 231

Polities, 8, 10, 16, 18, 21, 22, 25, 110

Poorer nations, 14Popular and empirical sovereignty, 23Ports, 49, 64, 107, 192, 229Positive, 22, 34, 39, 40, 104, 107,

162, 163, 165, 181, 183, 188, 208, 227

Post-2015 agenda, 177–180, 182, 183, 187, 189, 198, 201

Post-Cold War, 4, 55, 149Post-conditionality, 67, 68, 72, 73

159, 178, 182–189, 196, 199–202, 211, 223–225, 229, 230

One China, 91Onions, 129Ontological, 9, 20, 24Operation Artemis, 155, 156Operation Serval, 156, 158, 165, 170Operation Turquoise, 155, 156Optimistic, 17, 218Organisation, 18, 45, 63, 66, 76, 167,

168, 208, 213Organisation for African Unity, 63Organization for Islamic Conference,

104Orientalism, 110Ottoman Empire, 102, 104, 106Overseas development Institute

(OdI), 73Oxfam, 52, 124Oxford, 9

PPalm oil, 51, 178, 182–188, 196, 199,

200, 201, 229Pan-African, 7, 12, 17, 40, 55, 168,

169, 200, 202, 207, 208, 212, 219, 221–223, 230, 232

Pan-Africanist, 1, 7Pan African network for the defense

of Migrants’ Rights (PAnidMR), 167

Paradigm, 19, 64, 101Parastatals, 123, 218Paris, 9, 25, 150, 159, 169Parity, 7Partnership, 48, 71, 72, 93, 106, 114,

121, 122, 124, 127, 130, 150, 151, 161–163, 165, 171, 172, 183, 195, 198, 213, 222, 228

Patrice Lumumba, 8, 233Patriotic, 17, 95

IndEx 249

Progress, 2, 13, 14, 19, 22, 34, 38, 41, 47, 63, 71, 105, 108, 133, 156, 170, 171, 177, 182, 189, 197, 200–202, 208, 212–215, 218

Project aid, 61, 62, 65–69, 71, 72, 81–84, 225

Pro-poor, 15, 34, 39, 48, 56, 62, 65–67, 76, 78, 82, 84, 89, 121, 124, 127, 134, 137, 138, 141, 169, 171, 188, 189, 192, 214, 215, 223

Prosperity, 13, 15, 37, 38, 78, 82, 84, 126, 170, 179, 189, 191, 192, 195, 201, 217, 220, 230

Protest, 53, 70, 96, 101, 107, 110, 123, 127, 129, 140, 142, 159

PSd, 18, 38, 66–68, 74, 80, 126, 178, 180, 181, 189, 194, 198–200, 225, 229

Psychological, 9Public-private partnerships, 48, 179,

182, 190, 198, 201Puntland province, 108, 111, 227

QQuicklime, 132

RRacialized, 9Railway, 49, 64, 75, 91, 192Raw materials, 6, 10, 12, 15, 28, 35,

36, 53, 54, 63, 81, 90–93, 95, 103, 111, 120, 123, 138, 140, 142, 154, 157, 192

Reform, 14, 37, 39, 49, 50, 66, 73, 75, 84, 95, 157, 158, 169, 172, 228

Refugee crisis, 162

Post-Washington Consensus, 38, 39, 49, 56, 66, 67, 72, 76, 82, 84, 177, 213, 218

Potatoes, 129Poverty, 2, 8, 15, 19, 24, 25, 29,

38, 41, 44, 46, 48, 51, 55, 61, 62, 65, 67, 80, 82–84, 90, 101, 111, 127, 132, 136, 141, 164, 165, 171, 177, 179–183, 189, 190, 196, 198–202, 212–214, 216, 219, 220, 222, 224, 225, 228–230

Poverty reduction, 29, 38, 61, 62, 65–67, 80, 82, 84, 90, 127, 136, 164, 165, 171, 177, 180, 181, 183, 189, 190, 198–201, 213, 216, 219, 222, 225, 228–230

Predatory, 19, 21, 34, 37, 64, 100, 101, 139, 161, 201

Preferences, 22–25, 57, 72, 75, 82, 84, 111, 120, 155, 214, 220, 228

Presidency, 10, 53, 97, 98, 100, 113, 152, 154, 156, 158

President Erdogan, 89, 90, 106Presidential, 24, 30, 69, 79, 95, 96,

220President Kagame, 20President Laurent Gbagbo, 158President Yoweri Museveni, 46President’s Special Initiatives (PSIs),

73Prime Minister davutoglu, 84, 90Prime Minister desalegn, 75Private equity schemes, 77Private property, 18, 49Private sector development (PSd), 18Private sector participation (PSP), 70Production Sharing Agreement (PSA),

41Productivity, 34, 36, 47, 125, 134,

135, 141, 142Profits, 5, 35, 44, 45, 52, 53, 70, 98

250 IndEx

Securitisation of development, 149, 150, 152, 153, 164, 169, 170, 172, 228, 230

Security, 3, 23, 34, 41, 44, 46–48, 51, 52, 62, 65, 67, 68, 77, 78, 81, 91, 98, 103, 108, 126, 131, 138–140, 143, 150, 152–157, 161, 162, 166, 183, 226, 229

Seed sovereignty, 49Sekou Touré, 10, 119, 189Self-confidence, 10Self-determination, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28,

167, 170–172Self-governing, 4, 22, 23Senegal, Ivory Coast, Malawi, Benin

and nigeria, 49Services sectors, 15Seychelles, 109Side-payment, 26, 44Sino-African, 90, 91, 93, 94, 99, 226Small and medium-sized enterprises

(SMEs), 68, 76Smallholders, 55, 183–187, 233Soap manufacturing, 126, 132Socialists, moreover, 26Society, 19, 20, 41, 45, 47, 53, 55, 70,

74, 76, 78–80, 83, 95, 103, 110, 120, 124, 126, 127, 130–133, 135, 140, 141, 158, 164–168, 170, 172, 178, 179, 183, 188, 194–196, 199–202, 208, 212, 213, 219, 222, 227, 230, 233

Somalia, 90, 101, 103, 105–111, 227Somali President, 106South Africa, 89, 92, 114, 222Southern African development

Community (SAdC), 124South-South, 90, 91, 114Sovereignty, 1, 5, 7, 9–11, 15, 19,

22–28, 30, 34, 46, 49, 51, 53, 57, 62, 63, 74, 83–85, 89, 90,

Regime, 8, 20, 55, 90, 91, 96, 98–102, 113, 155, 157–161, 210, 211, 227

Region, 13, 17, 44, 76, 89–91, 93, 96, 101–105, 108, 110–112, 125, 128, 132, 134, 137, 138, 142, 151, 154–56, 161, 165, 170, 172, 223

Regressive, 37, 45, 46, 53, 64, 72, 77, 81–83, 90, 99, 106, 111, 127, 138, 141, 164, 196, 200, 201, 212, 215, 225, 226, 232

Reliance, 13, 36, 40, 149, 152, 220Religious, 25, 197, 220Remunipalisation, 71Rents, 37Republic of China (ROC), 91Resistance, 8, 200Resource curse, 34, 37–39, 47, 101Roads, 49, 64, 178, 193, 194, 229Robert Mugabe, 4, 98, 233Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil

(RSPO), 183Rural, 13, 48, 55, 194, 213Rwanda, 20, 161, 212, 218, 224,

233Rwandan genocide, 154, 156

SScarcity, 53, 54Scholarship program, 106School of thought, 20Second-hand clothing, 123Sectors, 14, 15, 18, 26, 34, 36,

38–41, 44, 48, 49, 53–56, 61, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72–77, 79–82, 84, 95, 96, 99, 100, 120, 121, 122, 125, 126, 128–132, 186, 191, 193, 199

IndEx 251

TTaboo, 55, 90, 91Taiwan, 91Tanzania, 10, 49, 68, 69, 71, 91, 98,

220Tariffs, 12, 69, 72, 73, 82, 84, 93,

120, 12–124, 126, 128–133, 143, 186, 187, 220, 226

Taxes, 38, 100, 226Telecommunications, 75, 84, 150,

232Territories, 4, 5, 8, 12, 20, 33, 35,

36, 38, 112, 121, 137, 149, 151, 161, 168, 208, 228

Theorist, 2, 12–17, 26, 29, 160Theory, 5, 8, 14, 29, 36, 91, 92,

223Third World, 9, 13, 14, 91, 93, 131,

193Tony Blair, 152Touré, 10, 12, 119–122, 157, 158,

189Tourism, 11Trade, 3, 4, 6–11, 13, 15–17, 21,

23–26, 35, 39, 50, 54, 62–64, 68, 72, 73, 76, 81, 89, 90, 93–95, 99, 101, 104–109, 111–113, 119–122, 124–129, 132–143

Transformation, 48, 215Transnational, 16, 24, 25, 113Transparency, 37, 46, 52Tribal, 17, 19Tuareg, 150, 153, 156, 157, 170, 228Tullow, 40, 41, 45, 46, 223, 225Turkey, 57, 84, 89, 90, 102, 103–106,

108–112, 165, 226, 230Turkish Aerospace Industries, 109Turkish Co-operation and

Co-ordination Agency (TIKA), 104

92, 94, 98, 101, 101, 107, 112, 150, 162, 207, 209–213, 216

Soviet Union, 91Space, 13, 22, 25, 27, 75, 83, 85, 89,

91, 101, 104, 109, 126, 131, 139, 161, 188, 212, 217, 224, 228, 232

Steel, 132Strategic sectors, 34Strategies, 3, 7, 17, 20, 23, 26,

55–57, 66, 77, 80, 82, 84, 85, 90, 91, 151, 153, 169, 171, 179, 181, 184, 186, 188, 200, 212, 214, 219, 220, 222, 226, 231, 233

Structures, 7, 13–19, 75, 139Sub-imperialism, 114Subordination, 9, 10, 138, 142Subsidies, 72, 82, 84, 100, 129, 137,

139, 193, 226Subsistence, 46, 47, 51, 55, 67, 78,

79, 194, 225Subversion, 15, 17, 197Success stories, 20, 75, 218Sudan, 94, 159Superpowers, 91, 149, 151, 154,

226Supranational, 16, 24, 121, 126, 169Surrender, 44Sustainability Impact Assessment

(SIA), 129Sustainable, 3, 38, 41, 78, 79, 127,

177, 180, 182, 184, 188, 190–195, 198, 226, 229

Syngenta, 48, 50, 66Syria, 102, 110Syrian Civil War, 102System for the Stabilisation of Export

Earnings (STABEx), 122System for the Stabilisation of Mineral

Earnings (SYSMIn), 122

252 IndEx

Value-addition, 7, 28, 35, 120, 123, 132, 133, 139, 216

Values, 8, 17, 93, 99, 105, 155, 167, 213

Victim, 4, 12, 17, 34, 92, 104, 153Village, 19, 47, 51, 185Violated, 22, 23Violent conflict, 39, 149Virtuous power, 90, 105, 106, 227Vladimir Lenin, 7

WWarfare, 149Washington, 65, 149Washington Consensus, 14, 16, 18,

38, 39, 49, 56, 63, 65–67, 72, 76, 82, 85

Water, 6, 40, 47, 53, 54, 68–70, 71, 76, 81, 119, 129, 137, 158, 183, 184, 189

Water privatisation, 68–70, 81Wealth, 9, 29, 35, 37, 38, 43, 44, 57,

61, 68, 80, 95, 100, 113, 157, 181, 226

West, The, 4, 6, 14, 19, 26, 39, 65, 90–92, 102, 105, 106, 120, 121, 125, 128–130, 133, 141, 142, 153, 167, 199, 223, 227

West African Observatory on Migrations (WAOM), 167

Western aid, 3, 61, 63, 65, 70, 81, 83, 84, 89, 99, 168

West Germany, 121Westphalian, 16, 18, 22, 23, 24, 27,

150, 151, 209, 230Win–win co-operation, 50, 90, 91,

104, 169, 171Workers, 6, 10, 16, 51, 55, 67, 71, 77,

78, 81, 82, 84, 95, 96, 106–108, 123, 130, 136, 184, 187, 188, 226

UUganda, 25, 46, 124–127, 140, 143,

187, 193, 214, 225Ugandan, 25, 46, 135, 136UK Trade and Investment (UKTI),

68Underdeveloped, 1, 10, 13, 157Unemployment, 36, 125Un Environment Programme, 183Unequal relationships, 15, 92Un General Assembly, 105, 210Un Global Compact, 178–181, 198Union of African States, 29, 35, 36,

207, 212, 219, 220, 221, 224, 231

United nations (Un) Sustainable development Goals(SdGs), 3, 35, 177, 191, 201

United States, 33United States of Africa, 7Unity, 1, 8, 11, 29, 35, 63, 169, 207,

220, 221, 223, 231Un Open Working Group (OWG),

180Unrest, 101, 123Un Security Council, 91, 156, 159Un Sustainable development Goals

(SdGs)., 3, 38, 177, 201Un’s High Level Panel (HLP),

180Uranium, 152, 156, 157, 172Urban, 70, 194, 195USA, 5, 9, 11, 26, 33, 43, 44, 48, 56,

64, 65, 69, 83, 89, 91, 94, 114, 131, 152, 161, 220, 224

VValletta Summit, 162, 164, 168, 172,

228Value added, 119, 120, 125, 138,

141, 142, 228

IndEx 253

YYaoundé Accords, 122, 124Yaoundé Conventions, 12, 29Yara, 49, 50

ZZaire, 151Zambia, 52, 76, 77, 79, 90, 91,

94–97, 100, 101, 111–113Zimbabwe, 98, 123, 232

World Bank, 22–25, 29, 41, 47, 53, 65, 69–72, 75, 89, 123, 143, 178, 186, 198, 225

World development Movement, 50, 51World Food Crisis, 47, 130WTO doha development Agenda

(ddA), 181

Xxu Jinghua, 98