229

livelihoods, 201, 206, 212–214, 216, 219Agano River, 98Agenda of governments, 127Aging

society, 129at communal level, 172in Japan, 154in rural areas, 155population aging, 154

Agrariancommunity, 209, 215urbanism, 123, 126

Agriculture, 201, 209, 211, 212, 215, 219fallow land, 212, 214, 219, 222lands, 44, 46, 50plantation, 200, 211, 213–215, 219smallholder, 200, 201, 213, 219stakeholder, 201, 205, 220, 222

Agro-ecosystems, 45Agroforestry

development, 42, 44experts, 55farms, 42, 55, 56, 59, 61projects, 47systems, 44, 50–52, 55, 56, 58, 59, 62

Akita, 154, 158Alternative

concepts, 123livelihoods, 185

America, 118Analysis, 32, 34, 35

of secondary data, 119qualitative, 81quantitative, 80

Ancestral sovereignty and self-determination, 178

AAbandonment, 158

of communal plantations, 190of community-owned properties, 172of private houses, 161of rice terraces, 187, 191

Academia, 42, 62Academic field, 23Academic recommendations, 132Access, 161

to basic services, 162to care services, 170to groceries, 170to PES, 44to transportation, 161

Accredited NGO, 53Acetaldehyde, 95, 97, 98, 101, 107Acquisitions, 200

construction work permit, 204land, 200, 206, 208, 211, 222large-scale, 206, 212operational license, 204provisional license, 204siting clearance, 204

Activities, 78, 81, 83, 85, 86, 89community, 156, 172economic, 159local, 157, 166seasonal, 164

Adaptation strategies, 119Additional part-time job, 167Adjustment strategy, 178Aeta, 182, 188–191Afforestation of pasturelands, 50Africa, 6, 200, 219

Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA), 200–203, 222

Index

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 M. Esteban et al. (eds.), Sustainability Science: Field Methods and Exercises, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-32930-7

Index230230

Anecdotal evidence, 127Angle of observation, 147, 149Anglo-saxon model, 122Anticipatory competence, 70, 71, 77, 83, 84Applications, 149

process, 52Appraisal approaches

bottom-up sustainability, 220, 221rapid sustainability, 201, 205, 206, 208,

220–222reductionist, 205top-down sustainability, 220, 221unified sustainability, 220

Approach, 24, 25, 27, 28, 34, 37Arid, 24, 27, 28, 30Artifacts, 143Asia, 6, 11Assessment, 199

bioenergy projects, 219, 220, 222Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA),

199, 202, 205, 206sustainability impact, 205, 220, 221

Assessment Discussion of Tohoku Unit 2015, 85

Assessment methodologyContribution to Competency, 79qualitative analysis, 80, 81

students group discussion, 81quantitative analysis, 80, 81

active and passive learning, 80survey design, 80

Assistance, during recovery process, 155Ataxia, 95Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute

(AORI), 76, 83–85Australia

BBackcasting, 178Background, 142, 144, 146

layers, 145, 147Baseline assessment, 62Basic services, 153, 161

access to, 162Bays, 72

Funakoshi Bay, 72Otsuchi Bay, 72

‘Before’ and ‘after’ maps, 183Beijing, 129Benefit sharing, 205, 208, 212BioFuel Africa, 214. See also BiofuelsBiodiversity, 42, 44, 46, 49, 50, 55, 60

loss, 3protection, 42

Bioenergy project/system, 205, 206, 220, 222Biofuels, 200, 201, 205

company/investor, 203–205Galton Agro Ltd, 207, 210, 217Kimminic Estates Ltd, 207, 210, 217

policy, 200, 203, 220projects, 202, 206, 211, 216, 220, 222

community participation, 202, 203Biology, 7Biomagnification, 99, 100, 108Biomass

biofuels, 221Bird-eye view, 141Blog posting, 93, 103, 106, 111Blueprint, 42Bottleneck, 44Bottom-up approach, 7, 11Boundary, 32–34Brundtland, 129Building

building types, 126building block, 125, 126building plots, 125

CCapability

of individual communities, 153, 156Career, 161Cash remuneration, 42Cat #400, 97Categories

of survey questions, 160, 161, 170Centreless city, 125Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claims

(CADC), 180, 182Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT),

180–182, 189, 191Certificate of Ancestral Lands Claims

(CALC), 180Certificate of Ancestral Land Title (CALT),

180, 181Certification process, 101, 109, 219Challenges

in property management, 166local knowledge management, 173of rural communities, 158property management, 172

Changesin rural communities over time, 156of target system, 156

Index 231231

within rural communities, 154Chiefs, 200, 205, 212, 215Chieftaincy trust, 215China, 26, 28, 30

environment problemsChisso, 95, 97, 98, 102, 108, 111Christianization, 186City

analysis, 122beautification, 118, 131functions, 118

Civil societies, 127Clear evidence

of community marginalization, 171of population aging, 154

Climate change, 3, 6, 13, 118, 120, 123, 130, 132

adaptation to, 119Clinical issues of Minamata disease, 109Co-design, 125, 130Coffee farmers’ cooperative, 48Collaboration, 4, 6, 121

with local partners, 45Collaboration Center for Minamata Disease

Victims in Minamata, 104Collapsed jatropha projects, 201, 205, 206,

211, 212, 215, 221feedstock selection, 200, 203financial planning, 200investor funding, 200mismanagement, 200mitigation strategies, 200, 205, 219, 221

Collective, 25, 26, 33management, 178, 192

Combination of aging and depopulation, 154, 158

Commercial activities, 125Common challenge

in property management, 166Common type of farming, 165Communal ceremonies, 157Communal irrigation system maintenance, 191Communal land, 187–189Communal level, population aging at, 172Communal plantations, 190Communication, 27, 32Community, 72, 76, 77, 201, 203, 204, 213,

215, 216, 219, 221acceptance, 201–203, 208networks, 87participation, 201

conceptualizing biofuel project, 202, 203

distributive justice, 208

procedural justice, 206, 208, 222, 223redistributive justice, 203, 206, 222,

223perceptions, 205, 206, 208, 211, 219, 220,

222social service, 201, 214

Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM), 180–183, 189

changes through, 186implementation, 181, 182, 189in Lingay, 185mediocre outcomes of, 191role, 190

Community empowerment, 180Community-function, 155, 157Community groups, 160Community marginalization process

community groups in, 171in Kamikoani, 170in rural areas, 155, 156, 158stages, 157

Community vitality, 156Community workshop, 188Compact city, 126Compensation, 100, 102, 106, 108, 110, 111,

205, 208, 211, 212, 222Competence, 34, 35, 81

anticipatory, 83interpersonal, 84normative, 84strategic, 84system-thinking, 83

Complex design, 121Complex dynamics, 139, 144, 146Complex issues, 3, 7Complexity, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 25, 28, 37,

138–141, 143, 147, 149Complexity thinking, 139, 140Complex systems, 140Comprehensive concepts, 123, 126Concept, 142

of community marginalization, 157of resilience, 119

Conceptual model, 147Conceptual understanding, 137Conditionality, 44Conditions

in marginal communities, 158of community, 157of households, 170of residents, 172

Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne (CIAM), 121

Connections, 146, 149

Index232232

Consensus building game, 111Conservation, 142, 146Consumption. See Self consumptionContext, 138, 143, 145, 147–150Contextual situation, 117Contextual understanding, 139, 144Contextualization, 139Continuous depopulation, 158, 171Contracts, 49, 50, 53Coope Dota, 58Costa Rica, 15, 42, 43, 45–48, 56, 58, 60–62Cost-efficient ways for ecosystem service

provision, 62Course, 24, 31Creations, 143Creative output, 102Criteria selection, 52, 199Cultural, 25, 33–35, 37Cultural landscape, 179, 182Culture, 122, 161Curriculum, 5, 6, 24, 25Customary law, 182

DDaily products, 164Dalligan, 182, 184–186Damage, 72, 73, 75, 76Death and life of great american cities, The,

123, 125Decentralization, 202, 203. See also Project

planningDecision makers, 124, 127Decision model, 138, 149Decisions, 119, 138Decline

economic decline, 154forestry decline, 160of community-functions, 171population decline, 153, 156, 157

Deforestation, 42, 46Degradation, 29, 30Degree

of community-functions, 157, 171Demographic profiles, 119Demographic trends, 153, 154Department of Environment and Natural

Resources (DENR), 180, 182Depopulation, 154–156, 158, 171De portzamparc, Christian, 121Desertification, 29Design, 24, 27, 30, 34, 35, 37

activities, 83

concept, 131juries, 117of field exercise, 81of field units, 89of survey, 80phase, 124profession, 124, 126, 132

De solà-morales, Manuel, 121Determination of Capacity use of Lands in

Costa Rica, 52Development, 205, 214, 215, 220–222

countries, 119of competencies for sustainability research,

77of anticipatory competence, 83of competencies, 89of interpersonal competency, 85of strategic competency, 84paths, 191, 192, 194rural, 200–202, 204, 222urbanl, 202

Dialogue, 147, 148, 150Differentiation, 140, 147Dimension, 35, 37, 38

economic, 123, 127environmental, 123, 127of target system, 154of sustainability, 85, 89social, 123, 127

Disaster, 73, 75, 76, 86, 87, 89, 130, 132Disciplines, 121, 122Discourse, 137, 139, 161

on leadershipDiscussion, 28, 37Dissatisfied participants, 186Dissemination of information, 112Domain

science and engineering, 128Drinking water supply, 187, 192Dynamic patterns, 139, 144, 149, 150Dynamics, 139, 144

EEarthquake, 73, 75, 76, 131Eco-city, 123, 129Ecology, 205, 206, 220. See also

Environmenatal impactsissues, 68, 83urbanism, 123, 124, 129

Ecomarkets I, 49Economic

concept in urban planning, 125

Index 233233

commodities, 44development, 144disadvantaged areas, 50incentives, 47income satisfaction level of households,

167issues, 81state, 161, 162status, 170

Ecosystem, 29, 32based adaptation, 123services, 124

Education, 4, 6, 15, 24, 25, 27, 34, 37, 187game development, 112programs, 69purposes, 70sustainability program, 70

Educational and research field methodologies, 75

applications, 75assessment results, 81development, 77study area, 72sustainability in reconstruction process, 77

Empirical knowledge, 45Employment, 209, 211, 213, 216, 219End-state, 130Energy, 4, 220. See also Bioenergy project/

systemenergy security, 200, 222renewable energy, 201, 202, 204

Engineer, 32Environment, 26, 27, 29–33, 155, 162, 168

benefits, 44consciousness, 44degradation, 49development, 15, 16education, 15impacts, 208, 213, 216, 219, 222

air quality, 217, 222soil quality, 213, 216water quality, 213, 216

issues, 11, 68, 81, 85leadership, 15problem, 11service sellers, 62services, 42, 49, 50, 52, 55, 60–62law, 48

Europe, 118, 122, 129Evaluation, 138, 139, 142, 143, 146, 147, 149,

150, 205, 221on current income levels, 167

Events

local events, 156, 157, 166, 171Evidence

of community marginalization, 170of population aging, 154

Evidence-based, 126Evidence-based design, 123Evidence-based problem-solving, 131Executive decree, 52, 61Executive Decree No. 23214 -

MAGMIRENEM, 52Exercise on Resilience (ER), 15, 68, 69, 72,

75, 80, 86, 87Experience, 28, 30, 35, 38, 77, 156, 158Expert and local knowledge, 147Exploratory, 42Exterior, 25, 26, 33Extinction, 61

FFONAFIFO regional officer, 53Facilitators and implementer, 42, 46Fact

continuous depopulation, 171Faculty, 30, 32, 75, 89Failures of community forestry, 190Family, options for, 168Farming, 123, 164, 165, 170Farmlands, 158, 164Farm to market road, 187Feedback, 7, 144, 145Feedstock, 200, 203, 205, 206, 219, 222

biofuel production, 200, 203, 205, 212, 215, 219, 220, 222

poor selection, 200Fertility rate, 154, 155Festivals, 157, 166Field-based method, 193Field exercise, 5–7, 9, 11, 15, 24, 25, 27, 28,

31, 34, 37, 138, 150Field level survey, 42, 46Field method, 138, 144, 147, 150Field research, 117, 127, 144, 147, 150Fields of urban planning

disciplines, 119practitioners, 119

Field study, 42Field survey, 45, 47Fieldwork, 7, 15, 24, 30, 32, 37, 47Financial insecurity, 4First Forest Law, 48Fishermen, 77, 83Fishermen’s catch, 100, 108

Index234234

Fishery industry, 77, 83Fishing, 76, 77Five elements

districts, 122edges, 122landmarks, 122nodes, 122paths, 122

Flemish Zoning Code, 129Flexible law, 61Focus, 141, 142Focus–system, 142, 146Food

availability, 212, 214, 216production, 219security, 201, 206

Foreign direct investment (FDI), 200, 206Forest, 159, 164, 172, 206, 213, 214, 219

cover, 42, 47, 54decentralization, 192non-traditional forest products (NTFPs),

213, 215, 216protection, 42, 47, 49, 50recovery, 48restoration, 47

Forest cover target (2020), 55Forestry, 159

incentives, 42plan, 52, 56, 59, 62

Formal land title, 52Formalist, 118Formation

of local groups, 153Foundational reconstruction, 73Four-quadrant, 24–26, 33Framework, 69, 80, 87

marginalization framework, 154, 157, 158, 160, 171

Frequency of grocery shopping, 164, 170Full-fledge reconstruction, 75Functions

community-functions, 153, 156, 157of local communities, 155

Future demography, 153Future planning, 147, 150Future sustainability, 71, 83

GGIS tracking, 47GPSS-GLI International Symposium, 46GPSS-GLI. See Graduate Program in

Sustainability Science– Global Leadership Initiative (GPSS-GLI)

Garden cities of to-morrow, 123Garden city, 124Gatherings, 156, 157Gender differentiation, 208, 215Generations, 173Gentrification, 131Geographers, 122, 130Geographical spaces, 179Ghana, 205, 222

Adidome, 209, 212, 213, 215biofuel project, 204–206, 219Kobre, 209, 212, 213, 219Kpachaa, 209, 212–214, 219government, 200, 203, 206income, 211, 214literacy rate, 213, 215local communities, 201

Global environmental problemsGlobal Field Exercise (GFE), 5, 6, 13, 15, 42,

43, 45Global Leadership Exercise (GLE), 5Global, 24, 25, 30, 32Globalization, 178, 192, 194Global population, 154Glocalization, 178, 192, 194Good city form, 122Gosho-no-ura Island, 104Governance, 143Governing practices, 143Graduate Program in Sustainability Science–

Global Leadership Initiative (GPSS-GLI), 68, 69, 72, 75, 90

Green ecosystem layer, 123Groceries, 162

access to, 162, 170mobile grocery stores, 164

Group discussion, 77, 79–81, 83, 84, 88Groups

community groups, 153, 159, 160, 162, 168, 170, 171

Group work, 6, 15, 85Guanacaste Conservation Area (ACG), 47Guanacaste province, 47

HHachiman pool, 97Hard infrastructure, 123, 129Hard solution, 125Heihe River basin, The, 15Historical analysis, 146Holistic, 4, 6, 9, 11–13, 24, 25, 30, 33, 37Holistic thinking, 138, 139, 142, 144, 145,

149, 150

Index 235235

Households, 153, 160, 162, 164, 169conditions of, 170income satisfaction level of, 167livelihoods of, 172operation of, 165part-time farming, 170private properties of, 172property management of, 164proportion of, 170survey, 202, 206, 208, 216, 221

Houses, 158, 161, 164Howard, Ebenezer, 124Human geographers, 119Humanity, 3Human–natural systems, 138–140Human scale, 124Hunter-Russel syndrome, 95Hyakken port, 97

IIfugao, 182, 183, 186Image of the city, 122Impact, 27, 29, 33

of population aging, 154, 172of social dimensions, 154

Impaired hearing, 95Implementation structure, 42, 43Incentives for reforestation, 48Inclusive design, 60Income, 153, 167, 168, 170Income groups, 126Income tax reductions, 48Increase the accessibility of PES to

smallholders, 42In-depth investigation, 45In-depth literature survey, 42Indicator, 220Indigenous

cultural communities, 142, 177, 178, 180, 182, 191

law, 178people, 178, 180, 183, 194population, 52

Individual, 25, 27, 33community, 156, 170from rural to urban areas, 155households, 164

Industrial pollution, 101, 106, 108Infill development, 129Informal land ownership, 44Informal settlements, 122Inhabitants, 117, 146, 182, 187, 188, 208Innovation, 143Institution, 27, 30, 37

Intangible resources, 164Integral approach, 15Integral framework, 28, 33, 37Integrated, 56Integrated Research System for Sustainability

Science (IR3S), 4Interaction, 144

among residents, 170with outside communities, 172with urban residents, 158

Integration of trees, crops and animals, 44InterdependencyInterdisciplinary, 24, 25, 37, 121, 127

research, 11, 148, 150Intermediaries, 51, 53Intermediary

agencies, 53, 56, 60Interior, 25, 26, 33Intermingling of housing, 126International Union for Conservation of

Nature (IUCN), 48, 60, 62International community, 130International organizations, 119Interpersonal competence, 70, 71, 81, 84Interpretation, 139, 140, 143, 147InterregionalInterrelationships, 121Interviews, 33, 72, 76, 79, 83

group sizes, 86semi-structured, 85

Irrigation, 182, 187, 191, 192Issue, 36, 37, 142, 144, 146

in rural planning, 161of local economy, 162related to residents’ mobility, 170rural issues, 158

Iteration, 143process, 45understanding, 143, 150

Iwate, 72, 73, 76, 83, 84

JJacobs, Jane, 124, 129Japan, 7, 13, 15, 16, 30

population aging in, 154rural studies of, 156, 161

Japanese Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), 182

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), 182

Jatropha, 200, 201, 203, 212, 213, 219. See also collapsed jatropha project

Jobs, 167and incomes, 212, 213

Index236236

KKajikawa, 128Kamikoani village, 154, 158–160, 165, 171,

172Key competency, 69, 70, 80, 87, 89Key stakeholders, 42Kiangan, 182, 184, 190, 191, 194Knowledge, 4, 10–12, 15, 24, 25, 27, 30, 34,

68, 69, 81, 87, 164, 173economic, 126local, 173scientific, 126social, 126

Knuckels forest reserve, 146Kumamoto Prefectural Government, 104, 105Kumamoto Prefectural Government Division

of Minamata Disease, 104Kumamoto Prefecture, 94–96

LLa Gaceta No. 143, 52Labor shortages, 154Lack of additionality, 45Land, 76, 84Land cover change, 49Landowners, 42, 50–52, 55, 56, 59–62Land readjustment (LR), 123, 126Large-scale agriculture, 119Landscape

architects, 124, 126ecologist, 124urbanism, 123, 124

Land use changes, 49Land use modalities, 42, 50, 55Leadership, 4, 5, 11, 15, 24, 25

experience, 5development, 4, 6, 11, 15education, 15

Learning, 70, 80active, 80passive, 80traditional modes, 89

Le Corbusier, 121Lectures, 72, 75, 77, 81, 83–86, 89Legal easement, 52Legal proof of land ownership, 44Levels

communal level, 155, 172community level, 160income satisfaction levels of, 167

Levels of expected learning, 75, 77competencies development, 70outcome of field work, 70

Levittown, 123, 125Licensed forest engineer, 53Limited prior knowledge, 42Lingay, 182, 184–186, 194Literature reviews, 42, 45, 46Liveability, 131Live hedges, 50Livelihoods, 161, 162

in rural communities, 168of households, 172

Living environment, 155, 158, 168, 170–173Local activities, 157, 166Local culture, 161Local events, 166, 171Local festivals, 166Local forest resources, 178, 182Local government, 73, 118, 129Local groups, 153Localization, 147Local knowledge, 164Locally relevant issues, 45Long-term challenge, 118Long-term mechanism, 123Long-term sustainability, 61Low-cost housing, 125Low-intensity logging, 50Luxury building, 124Lynch, Kevin, 122

MMachizukuri, 123, 125, 129Maintenance

for individual households, 165of community-functions, 171of community properties, 161of living conditions, 171of local living, 155

Major tropical systems, 47Malnourishment, 190, 191Management

of households, 164of local resources, 156, 173of private properties, 173property, 161, 166, 172

Manpowerfor local activities, 166shortage of, 167

Marginalization framework, 154, 156, 158, 160Market, 158Market-oriented approach, 50Mass-produced urbanisation, 125Matrix method, 148Measurability, 126

Index 237237

Meemure, 146, 149Members, 157, 166, 168Mercury-contaminated fish, 99, 100, 108Mercury pollution, 95, 99Method, 24, 27, 31Methodologies, 24, 26, 27, 31–33, 37, 42, 43,

45, 52, 120, 122, 128approach, 45challenge, 154in Exercise on Resilience (ER),Education

and Research, 75, 77guide tour, 76interviews, 76lectures, 75social gathering, 77

of field exercise contribution to competen-cies, 79

for rural areas sustainability examining, 156

in community marginalization, 156Methyl mercury, 95, 97–99Migration

to rural areas, 162to urban areas, 154

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 45Mimaikin Solatium Agreements, 100Mimaikin (sympathy money), 100Minamata Bay, 96, 97, 100, 108Minamata City, 94–96, 98, 101, 102,

104, 107Minamata Disease, 7, 15, 95–98, 101, 108,

111Minamata Disease Victims Mutual Aid

Association, 104Minamata Disease Patients Alliance, 104Minimum land area, 44Ministry of Environment and Energy

(MINAE), 48, 52, 53, 61Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, 42Mixed methods, 131Model, 25, 33Mode-1 science, 126Mode-2 science, 126Modernistic planning theory

lacks flexibility, 119Monitoring and compliance, 53Modernism, 118, 121Monodisciplinary sustainability science, 126Morphological

layout, 125methods, 129planning, 125, 127shapes, 128

Mozambique, 200, 201Mt. Pinatubo, 188Multi-functional agroforestry system, 60Multiple stakeholders, 43Multiple views. See observation methods

NNational Biodiversity Institute (inbio), 48National Census surveys, 155National Forest Financing Fund (FONAFIFO),

49, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 60, 62National level

population aging at, 154National parks, 48National System of Conservation Areas

(SINAC), 47, 53Native and foreign tree species, 61Natural, 25, 26, 31, 33

disaster, 13interaction, 128typography, 124

Nature, 138, 146degradation, 142, 146nature based solutions, 123

Negative environmental externalities, 49Neighborhood-based social ties, 155New research project, 45New urbanism, 123, 126Niigata Prefecture, 98Nippon Nitrogen Fertilizer Corporation, 95,

104Nitric acid, 95, 97, 98Normative competence, 70, 71, 84Non-governmental organization (NGO), 25,

48, 51, 53, 60, 62, 100North AmericaNumber of trees planted, 42, 55, 60, 61

OOasis, 24, 26–30, 32, 35–37Observation methods, 138, 139, 141, 143

dimensional view-based method, 147layer view-based method, 146

Oil palm, 200, 206One third of the sales tax on fossil fuel, 49On-site, 24, 34Open space, 124Operation of households, 165Opportunistic behaviour by landowners, 62Optimal provision of environmental services,

42

Index238238

Optimization, 55Organic growth, 124Organizational role, 48Organizing relationships, 140, 144, 145Otsuchi Fukko Suishin Tai (NPO), 78, 83, 86Otsuchi Town, 70, 72, 73, 75, 81, 84, 85, 89Outcome, 27, 34, 35, 37Outside of communities, 171–173Overarching understanding, 139Overpopulation, 121

PPES

for agroforestry, 42, 44, 46, 53, 54, 60, 61modalities, 42, 44, 50, 51

Part-and-whole, 140Participation

appraisal, 180, 192approach, 125development, 177, 179mapping, 177, 179, 180, 184, 190, 192

Parts, 140, 141, 148Passive learning, 80, 83, 85, 87Patient and sufferer, 109, 111Payment for ecosystem services, 44Payment scheme, 44, 51, 55, 60, 61Payments by hectare, 42Payments for Environmental Services (PES),

42–46, 48–50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60–62Pedestrian permeability, 125People, 29, 30, 33, 38

migration, 155Peoples’ Right Act, 180Performance-based, 60, 61Period, 153, 155, 156Permanganate, 95, 97, 98Person, 165Personal competence, 87Perspectives, 154, 155, 158, 171, 173Perverse incentive, 55, 60Phenomenon, 155, 158Philippines, 180

case study in, 181in CBFM projects, 194

Philosophy, 5, 7, 12, 13, 140, 150Physical

changes, 125shape, 125solutions, 118

Pillars of sustainability, 9Place, 155, 156, 170Planet, 139Planetary boundaries, 32–34

Planetary wellbeing, 142Planning, 161

acquisitions, 122compact city, 118design, 118physical space, 118policy, 129systems, 121

Plantingdensity, 55, 56distance, 56

Policy, 30, 32–34, 143, 147focus on identifying gap, 120makers, 126objectives, 42, 43policy contexts, 118results, 43variety of policy, 118

Population, 73, 77, 83, 85aging, 7, 154change, 4declines, 153impacts of, 172in Japan, 154in Kamikoani, 158in rural areas, 155

Positionof community, 158

Positive externalities, 50Post-colonial movements, 179Post-fieldwork, 34, 35Poverty, 4, 144, 146

reduction, 50Practical, 24, 30, 31Practice, 24, 25, 29, 37, 144, 146Practitioners, 42, 126, 138, 144, 148Prefabrication, 125Prefecture

Akita, 154, 158Preliminary assessment, 42Preliminary surveys, 6Prioritization criteria, 61Priority, 173Pritzker prize, 121Private

landholders, 48properties, 161, 172woodlots, 187

Problem-based, 45Problem-oriented perspective, 5Problem Ranking, 177, 180, 182, 184, 192,

193Problems, 156, 168Problem solving, 43, 127

Index 239239

Process. See Community marginalization process

reconstruction process, 69, 70, 73, 76, 77, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89

recovery process, 68, 72Processing facilities, 77, 83, 84Production, 157Profession, 121Program, 24, 27, 30, 34, 37Programme, 69Project, 25, 30, 32

implementation, 200, 201, 203, 204, 208, 214, 219CBFM, 189, 193design, 201, 203, 216, 219–222

project planning, 201–203, 213, 220, 222. See also Biofuelsdecentralization system, 202stages, 204, 206

Proof of ownership, 44Properties

community, 161community-owned, 172in rural areas, 164, 172local, 158private, 161

Proportion, 154, 155, 158, 165, 167of households, 170, 173

Proposed framework, 158Protected forests, 49Protection of water, 42Provision of scenic beauty, 42Proximity, 129Public facilities, 170Public realm, 128

QQuadrant, 25, 26, 28, 31, 34, 38Quadrivia, 25, 27, 32Qualitative changes in rural communities, 153,

156Qualitative methods, 47Qualitative survey, 117Quantitative survey, 117Quality

of agroforestry farms, 42, 55of community-function, 156–158of life, 10of trees, 60within rural communities, 154

Questionnaire, 80, 81, 84, 87, 153, 160, 162, 164, 168

Quota for the number of hectares and trees, 52

RRapid appraisal. See Appraisal approachesRapid assessment, 192, 194Rate

fertility rate, 154, 155Recommendations, 130Reconstruction issues, 75Reflexive understanding, 150Reflexivity, 143, 150Reforestation, 42, 48, 50, 182, 185, 186, 190,

191subsidies, 48

Region, 24, 27, 28, 32, 38Tohoku region, 75

Regional activities, 33, 161Regrowth of tropical dry forest, 47Regulations, 143Relationships

among residents, 168social, 161, 162

Relief of Pollution-Related Health Damage, 101

Religious practices, 186Remaining community members, 157Removing snow, 165, 166Research, 156

researcher, 25, 27, 37, 38research field methodologies, 75, 85, 87research questions, 45, 46

Residential housing project, 129Residents, 75, 77, 85, 155, 157, 158, 162, 168,

170–173Resilience, 131, 142, 192

aspects, 68, 87thinking, 14resiliency, 13, 14, 16resilient society, 4, 6, 7, 13, 14

Resistance, 178Resources, 27–29

depletion, 118, 128, 130intangible, 164limitations, 143, 144local, 156, 173

Respondents, 162, 164Responses, 166–168, 170Review, 24, 32, 33Revised Forestry Law 7575, 49Revitalization, 162

local economy, 158local festivals, 170

Rice terraces, 182, 187, 192Road connection, 187Rules, 143Rural areas

Index240240

Small farmers, 158Smallholders, 44, 51, 53Small scale farming, 165Snow, removing, 165, 166Social

capital discourse, 162changes, 186dimensions, 154discrimination, 102, 109gathering, 77inclusion, 125issues, 81

observations, 125phenomenon, 158relationships, 161, 162, 168

among residents, 168security systems, 154wellbeing, 118

Societal transition, 43Socio-cultural spaces, 179, 180Socio-ecological systems, 142, 149Socioeconomic challenge, 60Socioeconomic impacts, 208, 209, 213, 214,

216, 222Soft solutions, 125Soft systems method, 147Soil conservation, 44Solid waste management, 187Solution oriented framework, 45Solution-oriented problem, 132Sorensen, 125Soshisha, 104South AmericaSpace, 143, 144, 146, 150Spatial

analysis, 131, 132characteristics, 122issues, 131

Speech impairment, 95Spread of diseases, 121Sri Lanka, 146Stages, in community marginalization, 157,

158, 171Stakeholder, 6, 8, 11, 27, 30, 32, 75, 79,

83–85, 94, 105, 109–111, 128, 147, 150engagement, 43

Start-up costs, 44State

economic state, 162economic states, 161of community groups, 171of rural community, 156, 157, 171, 173

State-driven scheme, 60

Community marginalization, 155sustainability examination methods, 156

Rural communitiessustainability of, 172

Rural issues, 158

SSafety

of residents, 123Salmon fishing, 73, 77, 83San Jose city, 47, 55Satisfaction

in income, 168, 171level of households, 167

Scenarios, 141, 150Science direct search engine

sustainability, 120urban design, 120urban planning, 120

Science of Minamata Disease, 106Science practitioners, 130Science. See Sustainability scienceScientific knowledge, 131Scientific papers, 120Scientific reality, 117Scientific research, 127, 130Seasonal gatherings, 157Second-generation, 42Selection process, 52Self-consumption, 165, 170, 173Self-governed areas, 179Self-organization, 140Semi-Nomadic Tribe, 182, 188Sensory disorder, 95Service buyer, 44Service provider, 44Settlement, 95, 101, 106, 110, 111Shade coffee, 50, 58Shares

of households, 168of part-time farmer, 165of self-consumption farming type, 165

Shifting cultivation, 188, 189Shiranui sea, 100, 102Shopping, 164, 170, 171Shortage

labor, 154, 165, 171Showa Denko, 98Single element of functionality, 125Skill, 30, 31, 68–70, 85, 89Slash-and-burn, 185, 186, 190, 192Slow lane, 129

Index 241241

planning concept, 120practical urban design, 120

scientist, 42, 149, 150supply, 49sustainability-linked knowledge, 143sustainability-linked worldviews view

changes, 143urban development, 16

Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), 119Synergy, 58Synthesis, 147System, 138, 139

environment, 140relationships, 142, 145, 149social security systems, 154systemic perspective, 158target system, 153, 156thinking, 146, 147view, 139, 140

Systems-thinking competence, 71

TTanzania, 200, 201Target, 188–192, 194

system, 153, 154, 156village, 182, 188

Taskremoving snow task, 165

Technical assistance, 53, 56, 58, 59, 62Temporal, 7, 11, 14, 205Temporary housing unit, 76, 77, 83, 85, 86ThailandTheoretical framework of Costa Rican PES, 43Theoretical understanding. See Conceptual

understandingTheory, 138Thresholds, 158Ties

social ties, 155Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami (2011), 7, 15Tohoku Unit, 68, 70, 75, 77, 87, 89, 131Tokyo. See University of TokyoTop-down approach, 7, 9, 11Totality of self-managing capability, 156Tour

bus tour, 84guided, 76, 86

Tourism, 47, 78, 168Trade-offs, 214, 219, 221, 222Traditions, 164, 173

events, 156, 157farming, 45methodologies, 122

Status, economic, 167, 170Stores

mobile grocery stores, 162, 164, 170Storm surge, 119Strategic competence, 70, 71, 81, 84Strauss, Lévi, 120Structural Adjustment Program (SAP), 48Structural separation, 58Student, 24, 30–32, 37, 68, 72, 75–77, 79–81,

83–89Study, 24, 26, 29, 32Subjective, 26, 27, 33Subsidized credits, 48Subsidy for timber, 48Subsystems, 146Sugarcane, 200, 206Support, external, 166, 171–173Survey, 6, 11, 15, 24, 33, 81, 84, 88

questions, 161, 162, 165, 166, 168Sustainability

achievement of a higher level, 124agriculture, 47, 51agroforestry, 56assessment, 139boundaries, 142, 148challenges, 118, 127community, 118, 119, 121community development, 179, 180, 183,

190–193contexts, 138, 142, 145, 150development. See economic developmentdimensions, 142, 144dynamics, 140, 146, 150forest management, 42, 50framework, 142, 149, 150indicators, 147issues, 70, 80, 87logging plan, 50methodology, 137, 142, 147of biofuel, 201, 219, 221. See also

Appraisal approachesimpacts, 201, 202, 205, 208, 220, 221science, 202, 205, 206

of rural areas, 158of rural areas, examining, 156of social security systems, 154of target system, 156patterns, 139, 144policy, 147principles, 147problem, 43provision, 61science, 42, 43, 45, 69, 70, 77, 87, 88, 137,

144, 150

Index242242

social, 119spaces, 122sprawl, 125

Urban design, 118, 119, 121, 122, 124–126, 128–130

concept, 120focused on morphology, 120layers, 123

Urban environment, 16, 124management, 16problems, 16

Urbanization, 124, 128–130Urban planning, 118–120, 122, 124–126,

128–131field techniques, 119foundation of contemporary, 121layer, 123morphological, 119morphological analysis, 121morphological research, 120physical solutions, 119planner, 119, 121, 122, 128, 130–132problem-solving, 119promote better environment, 121solution-oriented, 124typological, 119

VVideo production, 93, 109Villagers, 170Village. See Kamikoani villageVision, 32Visual field constriction, 95Vitality

community vitality, 156Vlaamse codex voor ruimtelijke ordening, 129Volcanic eruption, 182, 188, 189, 192Voluntary transaction, 44

WWaldheim, 123Waste water, 95, 97, 99Water, 26, 28, 29, 31, 34, 35

supply, 187tariff, 49

Well-being, 142Well-defined environmental service, 44Whole, 140, 141Wholistic understanding, 141Women headed households, 52Working landscape, 44

Trajectories of target system, 156Transaction costs, 44, 53Transdisciplinarity, 128Transdisciplinary, 24, 26, 33, 37

research, 11, 147, 148, 150Transferable bonds, 48Transformation, 143Transition, 43, 68, 126, 127, 158Transportation, 161, 162, 171

of households, 163Tree combinations, 55Tree cover, 42Trends

demographic trends, 153, 154in population aging, 154of agriculture and forestry decline, 160of population decline, 155out-migration trend, 155

Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE), 48, 55, 56, 58–62

Tsunami, 7, 15, 68, 73, 75–77, 131Tuwali, 182, 183Types

of activities, 166of challenges, 158, 172of egg cooking

boiled egg, 122industry, 122modern city, 122

of properties in rural areas, 163

UUSA, 118Uncertified patients, 111Un-habitat, 118, 121University, 28, 30, 32, 38University of Lüneburg, 79University of Tokyo, 68, 76, 78, 84Urban

agriculture, 126architecture, 121areas

migration to, 154, 155economic, 119infrastructure, 125landscapes, 121morphological, 130morphologists, 120morphology, 130paradigm, 119, 121, 124problems, 16

Index 243243

ZZhangye, 29, 32, 33Zones, 118Zoning, 118

World, 25, 29World Bank, 48, 49World demographic trends, 154

YYokohari, 118, 130Yonmenkaigi, 123, 125, 129