Index

Aaron site, 139, 153 Aboriginal

cultures, 307, 348 population, 307

Achumawi, 404 Acmaea, 393, 396 Adena, 17,32,33,34,37,39,83,84,85,87,

89,111,220,424,427,429,430,434, 435

Burial Cult, 33, 53-54, 63 Ceremonial Complex, 29-32

Adena-Hopewell, 83, 92 Adena-like, 32, 83, 87 Adzes, 191,244, 293, 337 Agriculture, 307, 406 Airdrop Lake, 355 Alabama, 19 Alabaster, 393 Alaska, 244, 307, 356, 421, 422 Alberta, 323, 356 Alexander Archipelago, 355 Algic, 396 Alibates, 254, 257-260, 262, 263

agatized dolomite, 252 Aliso Creek, 392 Alligator teeth, 224 Alta Toquima, 370 American River, 397 Amethyst, 186 Anasazi, 398 Anculosa, 222, 229 Andes, 420, 421 Androscoggin, 25

439

Animal effigies, 197 Antelope Creek, 260

phase, 260 sites, 260

Apishapa phase, 257 Appalachian Mountains, 150 Arbuckle Mountains, 252 Archaeological Survey of Canada, 355 Archaic, 4, 5, 20, 7, 52,106-111,116,117,

184-187,249-253, 297, 369, 421, 422, 425, 428, 432

Late Archaic, 24 Laurentian Archaic, 63, 65 Lower Archaic, 385, 390, 391, 392, 409 Shield Archaic, 62

Argillite, 75, 77-79, 81, 82, 85, 86, 88, 90, 91 Kootenai, 252, 255, 259

Arkansas River, 129, 252, 254, 257, 259-261, 264, 265

Arkansas, 243, 252, 264, 266 Arts and crafts, 308 Asiatic style, 323 Atchafalaya Basin, 149, 163 Athapaskan, 4, 9, 244, 245

groups, 263, 396 Atlantic coast, 253, 255

Atlatl weights, 186 Attached specialization, 434 Augustine site, 33 Austin phase, 257 Avonlea site, 360 Awls, 196 Axe heads, 196

440

Aziscohos Lake, 24 Aztalan, 196, 198, 206, 265 Aztec, 420

Baker's Overcup, 153 Bangs Slough, 152 Barker's Landing Complexes, 80 Barnes Ridge sites, 191 Basalt, 181

adze, 189, 367, 391, 397 axes, 200 celts, 193

Basketry, 406 Bastioned stockade, 194 Bauxite, 181 Baytown phase, 191, 193

site, 192 Beads, 156, 186, 196, 218, 288, 293

barrel beads, 199 clam disk 186, 196, 199

Bear Gulch, 281, 371 Beatys Butte, 281 Beau Mire, 163, 187 Beau Rivage site, Louisiana, 139, 151, 153, 154,

160, 161 Beekmantown, 19 Bella Bella, 244, 337 Bella Coola River, 313, 337, 357 Bellevue sites, 165 Benton, 106, 108, 109, Ill, 117

Benton points, 107 Benton exchange, 156 River, 427

Besant/Sonota culture, 255, 256, 361 Biconical pipes, 193 Bicymbal earspools, 165 Biface, 107, 282,423,435 Bifacial thinning flakes, 284 Big Oak Island, 147, 164 Big Southern Butte, 281 Big Cane Church, 163 Big Man, 429, 432 Bijou Hills silicified sediment, 261 Birdstones, 218 Bison

hides and dried meat, 258 products, 262, 267

Bitterroot side-notched points, 285 Black drink, 186 Blackduck, 258 Blackwater Draw, New Mexico, 356, 357, 369

Blanks, 199 Blocked-end tubes, 29 Blue Jackets Creek site, 347, 348 Blue Ridge Mountains, 19 Boat stones, 186, 191 Boats, 425 Bodega Bay, 396, 401 Boothe Landing, 164 Borax Lake site, 390 Bordwell Spring, 374 Bottle Creek, 199 Boucher Complex, 33-34 Boundary maintenance, 409 Bow wood, 197, 200 Bows, 425 Boyd, 133 Bracelets, 220 Brazos River, 243 Breast plates, 192, 224 Brewerton phase, 80 Bridewealth payments, 430

INDEX

British Columbia, 259, 307, 309, 310, 312, 315, 348, 356-359

central coast, 318, 319, 337 Buffering mechanisms, 7 Burials, 347,428,429,431

burial ceremonialism, 81, 90-92 burial mound complexes, 87

Buried City complex, 260 Burke Channel, 313, 356 Burns, Oregon, 280, 287, 360 Busycon perversum, 200

cups, 196 Butte Valley, 369

Caches, 192, 196, 198, 199,217,219,288,348 Caddo, 257-259, 261, 262, 265

area, 129, 167, 168, 231, 257 Caddoan societies, 131, 257, 259 connectlons, 259 groups, 259 mound centers, 257 Red River Valley Caddo, 259, 262

Cahokia, 194, 200, 201, 205, 231, 257, 258, 260, 262

exchange, 167 California, 8, 12, 153, 241, 244, 245, 323, 421,

422, 428 California shell beads/ornaments, 367 Camas Prairie, 281 Caney Mound site, 158

INDEX

Canines, 219 Canoe, 177, 197, 201, 288, 431

harbors, 206 transport, 422

Cap d'Or, Nova Scotia, 34, 63 Cape Breton, 27 Cape Felix, 355 Carolinas, 6, 19 Carson Sink, 372, 375, 376 Carson Mound, 194,199 Carving complex, 293 Cascades, 244, 245, 318, 358-360 Casqui Indians, 201 Catahoula-Larto swamp, 156-160

quartzite, 150, 157, 163 sandstone, 130, 148, 157, 163, 168

Catchment, 216 Catlinite, 88, 243-245, 255, 258, 261, 263,

264 Celts, 192,224,293

stone celts, 260 Ceramic, 82, 85, 89,101,102,113,115

exchange, 10 1 period, 29

Ceremonial axes, 197 ceremonies of display, 429 events, 220 structures, 220

Champlain Lowland, 24 Channel Islands, 422 Charlie Lake Cave, 312 Chase Lake, 24 Chaudiere River, 23 Chenopodium, 184 Cherokee Indians, 201 Chert artifacts

drilled bead, 189 hoes, 425 lamellar blades, 191

Cherts, 57, 81,100,101,105-108,112,113, 117,181,186,262,367,391,393,397, 400, 423

banded, 392 Burlington flint, 112, 192 Burlington 20,101,112,116,151,181,192,

252 Canadian, 82, 83 chalcedony, 367, 393 Cobden flint, 112, 192 Crescent Hills, 20, 101, 132, 160, 192, 195

Cherts (Cont.)

Crescent Quarry, 184, 192 Dover, 20,110,116,132,148,151,195-

197, 181, 182, 192,424 Edwards, 243, 252 exotic white, 424 Flat Top, 258 Flattop chalcedony, 19 Flint, 132, 424 Flint Ridge, 20, 64,112,192,195 Florence-A, 252, 257-260, 262-263 Fort Ann, 19

441

Fort Payne 101, 107-110, 132, 148, 181, 195 Franciscan, 398 Frisco, 259 Illinois, 259 Indiana, 82, 83

Hornstone, 182, 195,202,203 Kaolin, 20, 151, 181, 192, 195, 196, 199,

202, 203 Knife River Flint, 20, 222, 243, 251, 252,

254-256, 258, 259, 263-265 Laurel, 151 Mill Creek, 20, 116, 181, 182, 192, 196, 197,

200, 205, 424 Montana, 252, 255, 259 Monterey, 397, 398 Nehawka, 258, 260, 261 New York, 19,83 northern gray flint, 148, 424 Ohio flint, 64, 83 Onondaga, 19, 82 Ontario, 19 Ozark Uplift, 254, 263 Pitkin, 181 Plate chalcedony, 19 quarries, 258 Ramah from Labrador, 19 Tenessee, 82 Tongue River silicified sediment, 19 Top of the World, 255 upper Mercer, 20 West Virginia, 83, 84 white, 148, 200 Wyandotte, 132, 151, 155

Chesapeake, 29 Bay, 232

Chesterfield, 281 Chickasaw, 179, 201

Chickasaw-Choctaw, 206 Chiefdom, 90, 110, 114, 162, 179, 197,400,

442

Chiefdom (Cont.)

406, 409, 420, 429-430, 433 Mississippian, 197, 420, 434, 435

Chiefly control, 426 Chiefs, 434

Mississipian, 424 Chilcotin Rivers, 356, 358 Childe, V. Gordon 420 Chilkat Indians, 244 Chilula Indians, 396 China Lake, 391 Chinook Jargon, 244 Chlorite schist, 18 I Choctaw Indians, 206 Choctaw site, 140 Chuck Lake, 355 Chumash Indians, 4, 400, 405, 422, 426, 431

Channel Island, 405 Mainland, 405

Chunky stones, 197, 198 Cinnabar, 367 Citico Mound, 199 Citronelle gravels, DO, 132, 157 Claiborne/Cedarland site Louisiana, 147, 149,

153, 154, 161 Clarks Flat, 391 Clay human figurines, 223 Clear Lake, 369, 390, 395, 400 Climatic change, 404, 409 Clovis cache, Wyoming, 369 Clovis-like, 390, 391 Clyde Farm, 80 Coalescent tradition, 261, 263-265 Coast Ranges, 244, 245, 307, 357 Coast Tsimshian Indians, 359 Cold hammering, 294 Coles Creek, 7, 133, 167, 205

culture, 193, 205 Coles Creek-Plaquemine exchange, 133 Columbia, 244

Plateau, 8, 241, 243, 245, 276 River, 244, 276, 293, 315, 318, 323, 330, 358

Columbia-Fraser Plateau, 307, 276, 277 Columella shell, 131, 259

pendants, 186 Colville, 244 Commerce, 307 Communication, 307 Complex societies, 81, 83, 87, 88, 90, 91 Complex socio-political organizations, 409 Complexity of institutions, 337

INDEX

Complicated stamped motifs, 223 Concentric Cross-in-Circle Motifs in a Connected

Grid, 201 Conch shell, 7, 164, 199, 255, 257-259, 260,

264 cups, 194 dippers, 186 vessels and beads, 191

Constriction nodes, 216 Contact, 346 Conus tinklers, 260 Convenience nodes, 216 Cooper focus, 254 Coosa, 198 Copena, 189, 192 Copes site, 147 Copper, 6, 7, 19, 20, 21, 27, 34, 36, 49, 55,

63-64, 77, 81, 82-84, 88-90, 102-104, 108-115, 117, 127, DO, 148, 159, 169, 181, 182, 189, 192, 196, 197, 200, 205, 218-225, 228, 230-233, 245, 251, 252, 254, 255, 257, 259, 261, 263, 264, 293, 294,311,427

artifacts, 192, 193, 294 beads, 189, 192 covered rod armour, 323 ear spools, 167, 191 embossed plaque, 199 ferrule, 191 fOiling, 196 Lake Superior copper, 224 ornaments, 323 panpipes, 191 repousse, 199 sheet copper, 198

Cormie Ranch site, 361 Corner-notched, 284 Coso Hot Springs, 398, 400 Cotton, 259 Cottonwood Triangular Point, 376 Cougar Mountain, 281 Cowpen Slough, 147 Crab Orchard, 222 Craft manufacturing, 434 Craft specialists, 395, 406, 407, 409 Craft specialization, 207, 308, 347 Creek Indians, 201 Cremation, 219 Crescent-Cahokia points, 198 Crescent Hills, 132 Crooks Mounds, 127, 133

INDEX

Cross Bayou site, 147, 163 Cryptocrystallines, 424 Crystal, 148 Cultivation, 219 Cultural

area classification, 364 change, 402 ecology, 420 equilibrium, 349 evolution, 420 historical sequences, 277 interaction, 349

Cups, 186, 224 Currency, 427 Custer phase, 257, 259 Cut animal teeth and jaws, 220

Dallas phase, 259 Dalles-Deschutes area, 292, 296 Dalton period, 181-184 Danger Cave site, 368, 369 Dean River, 358 Debert site, 24 Deep Bayou, 161 Delaware Bay, 29 Delmarva Adena, 83, 84 Dentalium, 288, 293, 296, 297, 252, 255, 258,

264, 337, 395, 396 shell beads, 259

Denton site, Mississippi, 133, 137, 149, 153-157, 159

Deschutes River, 358, 359 Desert side-notched points, 376 DeSoto, 167, 168, 178, 201 Devil's Lake-Sourisford burial complex, 258, 261 Diablo Canyon, 391 Dietz site, Oregon, 369 Diffusion, 323 Diodora aspera, 289 Diorite, 393 Direct acquisition, 217

access, 409 procurement, 108 travel, 282

Dislocations, 409 Dismal River aspect, 262, 263 Distance/decay, 376

drop off, 106, 107, 109, 117 fall-off curves, 193

Distribution, 318, 346 California shell artifacts, 367

Distribution (ConI.)

interregional, 330 potlatching, 344 studies, 400, 401

Domestic mode of production, 199, 421 Dongola-Cobden, 151 Dorset, 35 Dover, 132

"swords", 199 Drew's Creek/Butcher Flat, 281 Drinkwater Basin, 370 Drought, 405, 409 Dry Creek, 354 Duck River Cache, 197 Dusty Creek/Kuskawulsh River, 355

Ear spools, 191, 192, 196, 224, 258, 259 Ear pins, 199

443

Early Archaic, 106, 107, 184, 217, 250-251, 409, 423

Early Woodland, 7, 38, 39, 82-85, 107, 109, 189, 202, 221, 227, 253, 427

Earthworks, 220 Eastward expansion, 323 Eayem phase, British Columbia, 358 Ecological paradigm, 37, 39 Edwards Plateau, 252, 257, 262 Effigy

axes, 197 beads, 186 effigy mounds, 228 platform pipes, 193

Egalitarian, 229, 406 Egbert Canyon from Kramer Cave, 374 EI Nino, 405 Elbow pipes, 228 Elite, 197, 345, 349, 433-435 Elitism, 345 Elk Pass, 281, 358 Elko type dart points, 371, 401 Embedded procurement, 105, 131, 423

strategy, 91, 367, 376 Embeddedness, 234, 375, 376 Embossed plates, 196 Emergent Mississippian, 227 Emergent period, 385, 387, 392, 394-398, 400,

407, 408 Engraved bird skulls, 219 Environmental change, 387, 402, 404, 408, 409 Eskimo, 23, 425 Ethnographic analogy,S

444

Ethnographic analogy, 363, 365, 377 Ethnohistoric period, 308 Etowah, 197, 200, 205, 259 European explorers, 232

European contact, 323 European traders, 35

Evolution, 345, 347, 349 of native cultures, 344 of human societies, 420

Evolutionary models, 419 Exchange, 308, 348, 350

as a monolithic unit, 365 California-Great Basin, 363 central California network, 368 down-the-line, 77, 80, 197, 216, 217, 219,

392, 409, 423, 429 down-the-line trade, 6, 193, 190 food, 422 Great Basin, 368 in utilitarian goods, 423, 424 in chert and obsidian, 423 in technology, 422, 434 in fuod, 424, 426, 434 in wealth, 428 inter-group, 323 inter-personal, 392 inter-regional, 392 inter-village, 387 intra-group, 308 island-mainland, 400 local, 394 long-distance, 387, 392, 397, 420 mechanism, 345 media, 409 prestige goods, 427, 430 spheres of, 435 sub- regional or regional systems, 404 surplus wealth, 346 system, 275, 345-347, 349 systems for obsidian, 422 trans-Sierran, 391, 397, 404, 405 utilitarian, 423, 425

Exotic, 23, 387

Family level, 428 Farquharson Island, 357

Island site, 318 Feathers, 181 Figurines, 254 Finance, 421, 426, 429 Finger Lakes, 32

Fingerprinting, 280, 309, 310 studies, 368

Fire clay, 6, 64, 82-84 Fishing, 294, 307, 421 Five Mile Rapids, 318 Fleets, 201 Fluorite, 181, 186 Fluted Point Tradition, 344 Focused network, 6

INDEX

Focused or pOint-to-point exchange, 80, 83, 89, 90,216

Food, 421, 422 foodstuffs, 90

Fort Ancient, 229 Fort Payne, 132

Fortress sites, 348 Fossil sharks' teeth, 427 Fossil ivory, 226

Fox Creek, 85, 87 Franz Valley, 400 Fraser River, 243, 244, 276, 293, 294, 318, 337,

347 Canyon, 315 Delta, 360 Plateau, 276 Fraser River soft stone source, 297 Frazer River-Strait of Georgia network, 337

Frontenac phase, 80 Fused shale, 392

Galena, 6, 65, 85, 103, 113, 127, 148, 159, 163, 181, 189, 192, 193, 197, 219, 220, 223, 257, 258, 427

Gar teeth, 224 Garbutt's Lake, 361 Garza complex, 262 Gaspe region, 24 Gatecliff series, 371-374 Gatecliff Shelter, 370 Gathering, 308, 387, 421 Geochemical characterization, 280

fingerpnnting, 309, 310 Geochemical source, 390 Geologic sources, 280 Geometric, 186

cut-outs, 224 Georgia, 19

Strait, 360 Gift giving, 308 Glacial ice, 312 Glycymeris, 395

INDEX

Glycymeris (Cont.)

gigantea, 289 subobsoleta, 289

Goddard site, Maine, 34-35 Gold,433 Gold Hill site, 371 Gorgets, 114, 115, 196, 199

blanks, 196 reel-shaped, 192 reel-shaped limonite, 189 whelk shell, 258

Gourds, 184 Granaries, 406 Granite, 186 Grant Anchorage site, British Columbia, 359 Graphite, 293 Grave associations, 287 Graywacke, 181 Great Basin, 8, 241, 243, 245, 264, 275, 276,

296, 397, 421-423, 428 Great Basin Shoshone, 422

Great Bend aspect, 262, 263 Great Lakes, 7, 49, 67, 102, 115, 127, 215,

217-222, 225, 228, 230-233, 251, 253, 256, 265

Great Salt Lake, 245 Great Oasis, 258 Green River exchange, 108, 109, 156, 427, 429 Greenhouse site, 191, 192, 195 Greenstone, 104, 115, 148, 150, 186, 189, 337

axes, 192 celts, 187

Grizzly bear claws, 224 teeth, 427

Ground stone, 186, 293, 297 bayonets, 27 slate tools, 23

Ground and polished stone axes, 218 Ground Hog Bay site Alaska, 313, 315, 355, 356 Group-to-group, 323 Gulf Coast, 99, 133, 224, 229, 252, 255,433 Gulf Islands B.C., 337, 347, 360 Gulf of Maine, 23, 35, 41 Gulf of St. Lawrence, 23, 27, 32, 35, 41 Gunther Barbed, 396 Gunther Island site California, 371

Haida, 347 Hakataya, 398 Haliotis, 289, 296, 393-396, 400

Haliotis (Cont.)

pendants, 297 rufescens, 292

Hand weaponry, 348 Hand-to-hand fighting, 348 Hanna phase, 360 Hardyston, 19 Harpoons, 425

445

Havana Mounds, Illinois, 111-113, 189, 192, 222

Havana Hopewell, 112, ]92,222,223,225,226 Hawaii,420 Hawaiian chiefs, 426 Head deformation, 348 Headresses, 224 Helen Point site, British Columbia, 309, 310,

358, 359 Helena Crossing site, Arkansas, 131, 134, 146,

147, 149, 164, 165 Helena mounds, 191, 203 Helianthus, 184 Hematite, 83, 148, 150, 181, 186, 187,220

crystals, 219 plummet, 186, 189

Henrietta focus/complex, 262 Hereditary statuses, 308 Hidden Cave site, 369, 372, 374, 377 Hidden Falls, 313, 355, 356 High status goods, 387 High-status politico-economic mediators, 394 Hilltop "forts", 192 Hinnites multirugosus, 289 Historic period, 293 Hoarded,79 Hoecake site, 193 Hoes, 193, 196, 199, 200, 435, 425 Hogup Cave site, 368, 369 Hokan, 396 Hope-Lytton section, 337 Hopewell, 7,8, 17, 20, 30, 32, 39, 40, 87-89,

113, 131, 165, 189, 193, 254-266, 424, 430, 434, 435

Hopewell/Marksville, 165, 424 Illinois, 254 Interaction Sphere, 254, 255 Kansas City, 254 Ohio, 192 Ohio Hopewellian, 223, 227 Southern exchange, 129

Hopewellian, 87, 88, 165, 429, 433, 434 complex, 424

446

Hopewellian (Cant.)

exchange, 113, 165, 427 Horse Mountain, 281 Horticulture, 194, 406, 425 Horticulturists, 423 Hot Springs, Arkansas, 155 Howe Sound, 358 Hudson Valley, 19 Human habitation, 312 Human figurines, 191 Humboldt Lakebed site (Ch 15), 375 Humboldt Concave Base "A", 374 Humboldt Sink, 375 Hunter gatherers, 423, 428, 435

economies, 387 low-density, 421 societies, 424 subsistence, 421

Hunting, 307, 308, 421 tools, 427

Hupa, 396 Huron, 56, 57,201 Hypsithermal, 108, 184

Idaho, 260, 358, 297 Ignimbrite, 280 Ilex vomitoria, 181, 186 Ilgachuz Creek, 356, 357 Illinois, 424 Incremental model, B, 363, 364, 376 Indian Dan Site, 358 Indian Knoll, IB6, lOB, 109, 111,427 Indiana, 424 Indiana Homstone, 223, 225 Indirect procurement, 108 Indirect vs. direct access, 366 Inheritance, 432 Inka, 420 Insley, 193 Instruments, 425 Intensification, 425 Inter-group exchange, 217 Inter-regional trade, 296 Interior Plateau, 275, 280, 282, 298 Intra-group redistribution, 348 Intrinsic value, 433 Inuit, 244, 245 Iowa, 371 Irish Creek, 355 Iron, 36

meteoritic, 103, 226

INDEX

Ironstone, 79, 81 Iroquois cultures, 50, 53, 56-57, 65, 230 Isotopic analysis, 348

jacques Cartier, 49 jade, 88, 244, 297 jaketown, 147, 184, 186, 187 jargon, 7 jasper, 79, Bl, 84, IB6

Conklin Quarry, Pennsylvania, 19 jasper owl statuettes, 165 Pennsylvania, 82, BB Smoky Hill, 257, 25B, 260, 261, 263 Tecovas, 252

jokumsen site, 359 judd Peak Rock Shelter, 35B, 359

Kamloops phase, 293, 294 horizon, 323, 337, 358

Kansas, 371 Kaolin hoes, 196, 19B, 199 Karankawa, 262 Kawumkan Springs, 371 Kennebec River Valley, 23, 24 Kettle Falls, 296 Key Marco site, 200 Kincaid, 194 King River, 397 Kipp Island, 87 Klamath River, 244 Klamath Mountains, 396 Klunk Mounds, Illinois, IB4 Kootenay, 361 Kramer points, 22 I Kramer Cave, 372, 374 Kwatna, 323, 356

La Venta, IB4 Labrador, 25, 56, 62 Labret, 347, 349 Lafayette Mounds, 164 Lake Cahuilla, 404 Lake Champlain, 27, 56, 66 Lake Cormorant, 162 Lake George, 194, 201 Lake Kamloop, 294 Lake Louis, 164 Lake Ontario, 20, 56, 60 Lake Roosevelt area, 296 Lake Superior, 49, 63, 64, 192, 228, 231, 233,

252

INDEX

Lake Tahoe, 391 Lamellar blades, 193 Lanceolate bi-point, 284

shouldered lanceolate, 284 Lapidary industry, 186 laPlant phase, 191 Late Archaic, 7, 8, 24, 32, 34, 39, 60, 80-82,

91,92,102,106-108,110, Ill, 113, 155, 184,205, 221, 227, 233, 251-253, 255, 256, 265, 423, 424, 427, 429, 432

exchange, 155-158 Upper Archaic, 385, 387, 391-393, 400

Late Prehistoric period, 229, 257-266 Late Prehistoric I, 257 Late Prehistoric II, 259 Late Prehistoric III, 261

Late Period burials, 287 Late Period, 278, 285, 288, 292

Late Ceramic Period, 34-35 Late Woodland, 7, 88-89, 92, 108, 193, 227,

228, 230, 233, 234, 255-256, 423, 428 Laurel complex, 255, 256 Lillooet, 293, 297, 337 Linsley, 147 Liriodendron tulipfera, 191 Lithic resources, 254 Litter burial, 198 Little Bear Creek, 315, 360 Little lee Age, 230 Little Lake site, 370 Little River focus, 262, 263 Little Woods, 164 Littorina, 289 Local imitations, 254 Local groups, 423, 428 Localized trade, 387 Locarno Beach site, 357 Locations of sites, 310 Locations of trade routes, 310 Long Sault Site, 30 Long-term patterning, 369 Louisiana, 127 Loup River phase, 261- 263 Lovelock Cave (Ch-18), 375 Lower Fraser, 323, 360 Lower Walnut focus, 263 Lower Red-Upper Atchafalaya basin, 159 Lower Klamath Lake, 371 Lunar or solar rituals, 224 Lytton, 293, 297

Maces, 197, 199 Mackenzie, 313, 318, 356, 357 Macoma,396 Macon Ridge, 160 Magico-religious, 393 Magnesite, 395, 400 Magnetite

plumb bobs, 186 Maine, 5, 17, 19, 23, 24, 427 Maize, 221, 421 Malad source, 252, 260, 369, 370 Ma~ 201, 205, 310, 311 Marble, 181

statues, 197 Marginella, 228, 255, 258

447

Marine shell, 8, 20, 77,81-84,88, 104, 181, 199, 205, 251-259, 261, 275, 276, 288, 294, 296, 330

beads, 276 dippers, 192 exchange, 288-293 ornaments, 83

Marine protein, 348 Marine faunal remains, 65-66 Maritime Peninsula, 23, 32, 33, 36, 40, 41 Maritime Provinces, 5, 17, 23, 27, 33 Maritime Archaic tradition, 25, 29, 33, 38, 51,

52-53 Marked boundaries, 406 Markets, 308 Marksville, 7, 112, 127, 129, 163, 164,

169, 189, 192,205, 223, 253, 266, 424

exchange, 147, 164-167 Marmes, 293 Marmes Rock Shelter, 330 Marpole phase, 358 Marriage alliances, 369 Marx's, 419 Maryland, 19 Massachusetts, 29 Materialization, 433 Matri-clans, 308 Mattole, 396 Mayan, 206 Mayne phase, 358 McCall site, 360 McCarty site, 147, 163 McClura Pomininfra, 181, 200 McKean, 360 McNaughton Island, 323

448

Meadowood culture, 59, 60, 62, 82 Meat, 426 Media, 406, 409 Medicine Lake Highland, 371, 390, 393, 404,

407 Merced River, 397 Mesoamerica, 17,420,421 Mica, 84, 85, 104, 115, 181, 189, 192, 193,

197, 198, 223, 224, 254, 260, 427 Appalachian mica, 221 discs, 224 inlays, 193 mirror, 191, 193

Microblade, 194, 310, 319, 337, 344 Microlithic shell working technology, 199 Microlithic blades/cores, 199 Micronesian, 323 Middle Archaic, 24, 51-53, 106, 108, 184, 217,

251, 253, 256, 385, 387, 391-394, 409, 423

Middle to Late Archaic transition, 107 Middle Atlantic region, 6, 17, 19,423,427 Middle Horizon, 370 Middle Missouri tradition, 258, 261, 264, 265 Middle period, 278, 285, 286, 292, 293 Middle Woodland period, 8, 85-88, 112, 113,

181, 189, 203, 222-223, 227, 233, 253-255,427

Middlesex phase, 32-34, 38,83 Midwest, 7, 20 Midwestern lithics, 81, 83 Migrations, 409 Mill Creek, 7, 192, 199, 200, 258

hoes, 196, 199, 205 Miller sites, 165, 189 Milliken site, 315, 360 Mineral Mountain Range, Utah, 369, 370 Mingan,30 Miramichi, 27 Mirrors, 222 Mississipian, 5,8,17,113-117,129,181,194,

205, 245, 421, 422, 424 hoe exchange, 424 period, 7,424-426, 428, 430, 432-434 societies, 420

Mississippi Valley, 6, 17, 20, 241, 252, 253, 256, 257, 261, 264, 266, 267, 423, 424, 429, 433

lower valley, 6, 7, 127 upper valley, 7

Missouri River, 226, 256, 258, 263, 264, 266

Missouri Siouxans, 206 Missouri, 179, 243 Mistassini, 34 Mistassini-Albanel, 62 Miwok Indians, 398 Mobile hunting camps, 423 Mobilian trade, 7

jargon, 205 Mobility, 223, 366, 375, 421, 422 Mobilization, 426 Modoc, 404

INDEX

Mojave Deserr, 245, 385, 394, 398, 400, 404 Moka exchanges, 429 Mokelumne River, 397 Monitor Valley, 370 Mono Basin, California, 369, 370, 398, 404 Mono Basin production histories, 370 Monolithic axes, 197 Montana, 358 Monterey Bay, 396, 397, 402 Monterey Formation, 397, 398 Montgomery, 163 Montreal, 30 Moorehead tradition, 25,427

Moorehead phase 25, 27, 29 Morron, 220 Morruary, 262, 431 Mostin site, California 390 Mother-of-pearl, 224 Mound Bottom, 201 Mound's gravels, 192 Moundville, 194, 196, 198, 200, 205, 259 Mount Bayou, 152 Mt. Mazama, 405 Mt. Jefferson, Nevada, 370, 377 Munsungan Lakes, 24 Mytilus edulis, 396 Mytilus californianus, 289, 292, 294, 330, 396,

400

N. scabricosta, 289 Namu, 309, 310, 312, 318, 323, 327, 346-349 Napa Valley, California, 370, 402 Nass, 244 Natchez, 168 Natica, 259 Native cuitigens, 184 Nebo Hill complex, 252, 253,427 Nebraska, 371 Nebraska variant, 258, 261 Neely site, West of 153

INDEX

Nehawka chert, 243 Neo-evolutionism, 419 Neosho focus, 263 Nephr~e, 293, 297, 321, 337, 349 Networks, broad-based exchange 6, 75, 85, 88-

90 Networks, 6, 296 New England, 5,17,19 New Brunswick, 25 New York, 19,30 New Guinea, 429, 433 Newberry Caldera, 281, 358, 359, 360 Newfoundland, 25 N ightfire Island site, 396 Nisenan, 397 Nodena phase, 200 Non-elites, 387, 409 Nootkan/Nuuchahnulth, 323 Norse, 50 North Pacific rim, 323 North Coast, 392 Northeast, 5,13,17,19,20,427 Northern Flint Hills, 261 Northern Side-notched projectile points, 371 Northwest Washington, 323 Northwest Coast, 8, 9, 241, 244, 245, 307, 323,

337, 345, 346 Notre Dame Bay, 27 Nova Scotia, 19, 29 Novaculite, lO4, 110, 148, 181, 186

Arkansas, 21, 181, 225 Illinois, 181

Nunamiut Eskimo, 375 Nusgulch, 337

O'Bryan Ridge, 191 Obsidian, 8, 9, lO, 12, 20,81, 192, 193, 222,

243-245, 251, 252, 254, 255, 260-264, 266, 276, 309, 313, 315, 318, 319, 321, 337, 349, 423, 428

Alaska Sources, 354 Alaska-Yukon A-H sources, 355 Anahim Peak source, 281, 3lO, 311, 313,

318-323,356,357 Annadel, 393, 395, 397 artifacts, 309, 319 Baker, 358, 360 bangles, 374 Batza Tena, 355 bifaces, 284 Black Rock Utah, 260

Obsidian (Cont.)

Bodie Hills, 391, 393, 397, 398 Borax Lake source, 390, 395

449

British Columbia Sources, 255, 287,307, 309, 310,312, 315, 345, 348, 356-359

Brooks, 281 Browns Bench, 281, 369 Burns Butte, 281 Butte source, 370, 398, 400 California, 367 Casa Diablo, 391, 393, 394, 397, 398, 405 Central Coast A and B, 323, 356, 357 Central British Columbia Interior A, 356, 358 Chelan Butte 281, 284 Coglan Buttes, 281 Coso obsidian, 370, 391, 393, 394, 397 Cougar Mountain obsidian, 358, 360 debitage trend, 284 debitage, 282 earliest, 312 exchange, 280-288, 405 Fish Springs, 397 Fletcher, 400 Garfield Hills source, 374 Garibaldi, 323 geographic distribution, 310 Glass Mountain, 404 Glass Buttes, 280, 281, 358, 359, 396 Great Basin, 260 Guano Valley, 281 hydration dating, 390, 405 Idaho, 282, 297 Jemez Mountains, 260, 263 John Day, 35, 315, 358-360 locations of sources, 3lO Mackenzie, 357 Majuba Mountain source, 374 mechanics of trade, 323 Medicine Lake, 395 Mono Basin, 373, 374, 376, 377 Mono Craters, 393, 397, 400 Mono Glass Mountain, 397, 400 Mt. Edziza, 281, 297, 3lO, 311, 313, 315,

318,321,323,324,331,339,341, 343, 356

Mt. Garibaldi source, 356-358 Mt. Hicks, 397 Mt. Konocti, 390, 395 Namu, 356, 357, 359 Napa Valley, 391, 393, 395, 397 Napa Glass Mountain, 391, 393, 395, 397, 402

450

Obsidian (Cont.)

New Mexico, 275, 276, 280, 294, 371 Obsidian Cliff, 252, 281, 360 Obsidian Creek, 356 Pine Grove Hills, 374, 400 prehistoric social ranking, 369 quarried, 323 Queen source, 373 source, 310, 355 sourcing studies, 280, 388 Southern Interior A, 361 trade, 294, 309-312, 318, 348, 349 Truman Meadows (Queen), 397 Tuscan Formation, 390, 393, 395, 396 types, 319 Vya, 396 Warner Mountain, 393, 396 Washington and Oregon Sources, 358 western Great Basin, 367 Wild Horse Canyon source, 370 Yellowstone, 253, 255, 361 Yukon Sources, 355

Ocher, 83 Ocmulgee, 194,201 Odostomia tenuisculpta, 289 Ohio, 20, 424, 427

effigy pipes, 224 Flint Ridge, 64, 222 pipestone, 221, 254 River, 20 Valley, 7, 32, 64, 83, 217

Okanagon, 244 Oklahoma, 370 Old Women's phase, 261, 264 Old Women's site, 360 Olivella, 252, 255, 257-260, 262-264, 288,

292, 293, 296, 330, 391, 393, 394-396, 400,405

beads, 255, 297. Olympic Peninsula, 244 Oneota, 261-263, 281 Onondaga, 19, 34, 82 Ontario, 29, 56 Oregon, 282, 315, 318, 323, 358-360, 369

trade language, 244 Organic materials, 75 Orient graves, 81 Orthoquartzite, 187 Osceola, 359 Oswalt's, 425 Ouachita Mountains, 150, 180, 252, 256

Overcommunicate, 40 Overland route, 297 Owyhee, 281 Oyster, 82 Ozark Mountains, 180 Ozark Uplift, 252

Pachaha, 201 Pacific coast, 241, 251, 255, 265, 421

shell beads and ornaments, 376 Pacific Northwest, 330, 349 Paiute, 398

INDEX

Palaeoindian, 4, 7, 24, 105, 108, 181-184, 187, 205, 217, 249, 369, 385, 387, 390-392, 409, 421, 423, 425

Palisaded, 194 Pan-pipes, 165, 224 Panamanian, 433 Part-time specialists, 395 Pe14,392 Pe60, 392 Peace River, 356 Pearls, 113, 189, 222, 224 Pebble Tool Tradition, 344 Pecten caurinus, 289, 296, 330, 337 Peer-polity interaction, 430, 431, 433 Pelican Lake site, 360 Pend Oreille River, 244 Pendants, 218, 288, 293 Pender Canal SIte, 337, 347 Pennsylvania, 19, 29 Penobscot Bay, 19, 29 Penutian, 396 Perishables, 84, 90, 92 Personal wealth, 349 Personal decoration, 428 Peru, 420 Petrified wood, 187, 397 Pidgin, 35 Piedmont, 24 Pigments, 197 Pilcher Creek site, 293 Pinon nuts, 259 Pinson, 205

mounds, 189 sites, 192, 205

Pipes, 197, 293 piasas, 167 platform, 191, 192

Pipestone, 82 red, 255, 260-264

INDEX

Pipestone (Cont.)

tubular pipes, 259 Pitkin, 198 Pitted cupstones, 191 Pittsburgh, 29 PIXE analysis, 150 Plains, 7,8,241,243,244,275

Apache, 263 Caddoan, 8, 262, 263

Plank-sided canoes, 422, 431 Plano Culture, 24, 51-52 Plants, 425 Pbreau, 13, 244, 245, 265, 277

Early Period, 278, 293 Platte, 243 Plummets, 186, 191 Point Aiio Nuevo, 397 Point Peninsula culture, 56, 62, 65 Political

complexity, 424 economy, 421, 426-428, 433, 435 evolution, 419 organization, 423 power, 426 spheres, 421

Polynesian, 323 Porno, 393, 400, 428 Pomona variant, 257 Population, 408, 421-423 Port Alberni, 359 Port au Choix, 27 Portray birds, 186 Post-Osceola, 359 Potlatch, 308, 346, 349

evidence for, 349 Potlatching, 9, 347 Potomac River, 19 Potosi deposits, 150 Pottery, 263

Alexander, 187, 189 Arkansas River Valley Caddo, 257-259 ceramic vessels, 254 Cibola White, 400 cord-marked, 187, 189 Cormorant Cord Marked, 189 Fabric-marked, 187 Fiber-tempered, 187 Furrs Cord Marked, 189 incised, 191 Lower Loup pottery, 262, 263 Lower Walnut focus, 263

Pottery (Cont)

Mill Creek pottery, 261

Mississippian pottery, 263 Mogollon tradition, 256 Mulberry Creek Cord Marked, 189, 192 Owens Valley Brown Ware Pottery, 398 Point Peninsula, 55 Southwest pottery, 257, 260, 262, 263 Wheeler pottery, 187 zone-decorated pottery 192 zoned dentate, 189, 191 zoned dentate stamped, 191, 192

451

Poverty Point, 7,109,110, Ill, 117 128, 129, 134,136,149,151,154,167,184,186, 187, 205, 252, 423, 424, 426, 427

Exchange, 158-162 Pre-Osceob, 359 PrecIosities, 7 Prestige goods, 6, 7, 9, 198,205,430-431,435 PrImitive valuables, 428, 429 Prince Rupert Harbour, 323, 347, 348 Procurement system, 375 Projectile points, 191, 282, 427 Province of Quebec, 23 Provo, 245 Puebloan, 8, 245, 265, 398 Puget Sound, 244, 288, 296, 307, 318, 359 Pumice, 127

Quarry, 356-358 Quartz, 127, 148, 186, 187,393

crystals, 85,104,147,181,189,337 Quartz Mountain, 281 Quartzite, 148, 181

Bijou Hills quartzite, 243 Dakota quartzite, 243 discoidals, 199 Spanish Diggings, 243, 258

Queen Charlotte Islands, 244, 356

Radiocarbon, 390, 391 Raiding, 348, 349 Rainbow Mountains, 357 Ramah Bay, 25 Rank, 84

organization, 387 status differentiation, 406

Ranking, 90, 347 Raw materials, 426 ReCiprocal exchange, 6, 323 Reciprocating ceremonies, 428

452

Red ochre, 25, Ill, 218 burials, 427 people, 4

Red ocher, 218 Red Paint cemeteries, 25 Red River, 252, 257, 259-261, 264-266 Red River of the North, 241, 243 Redistributing wealth, 349 Redistribution, 109, 110, 112, 114, 116, 117,

420, 424, 429 Regional archaeology, 9 Religious-political hierarchy, 200 Retainer, 198 Rhyolite, 29, 57, 75, 79, 81, 82, 84, 85, 88, 90,

91 Richwoods, 194 Riley, 281 Rio Grande pueblos, 262 Rituals, 221 River cache, 197 Rocky Mountains, 243, 2+5, 253, 265, 266, 321,

323, 356 Roebuck site, Ontario, 65 Role of staple production, 427 Roseate Spoonbill, 222 Rosegate series, 371 Ruling ideology, 433 Rutherford mound, 223

Sacramento River, 245 Valley, 385, 393, 395-397, 401

Sagamores or sachems, 35 Sahaptin, 8 Sahlins', 421 Salient identity, 40

salient identity model, 5 Salish, 8 Salmon, 308, 345, 346, 348, 349 Salton Sea, 398 San Clemente Island, 392 San Francisco Bay, 385-397, 402, 407, 409 San Joaquin River

delta, 245, 393, 397 Valley, 385, 393, 396, 398

San Luis Obispo County, 391 San Mateo, 397 San Nicholas Island, 392 Sandstone, 181

discs, 197 Sandy Lake, 258

Santa Barbara Channel, 400, 405 Santa Catalina Island, 392, 400 Santa Rosa Island, 370 Savage, 163

INDEX

Saxidomus nuttallii, 289, 395, 396, 400, 401 Scallop, 330 Scavenging, 401, 409 Sch~t, 159, 231, 393 Scientific archaeology, 10 Sea mammals, 308 Seasonal food collectors, 348 Seated human figure bowls, 337 Seattle, 359 Seed harvesting, 220 Selenite, 259 Serpentine, 293, 297, 393 Serpulorbis (-Aletes), 289 Service, 420, 422 Settlement hierarchies, 406 Settlement pattern, 308, 346 Sevier Lake, 245 Shale, 181 Shamanism, 347 Shark teeth, 85, 221, 224 Shell, 108, 109, Ill, 113-117, 181, 186,349,

427, 428, 433, 434 artifacts, 186 bead, 7, 194, 198, 199,367,368,372 conch, 127 engraved gorgets, 197 fish hook, 323 Gulf Coast, 224 little tusk, 330 shell cup preforms, 196 shell cups, 196 shell money, 435 shell ornament manufacture and distribution,

388 Spiro shell, 201

Shinners site C (Wa-200l, 374 Shoe Bayou, 147 Shonitkwu period, 296 Shushwap, 337 Side-notched, 284 Sierra Nevada, 245, 370, 397 Silica, 48, 57-63

Albanel,66 Cheshire, 63, 66 Colchester, 66 Gaspe, 51 Hudson Bay Lowlands, 66

INDEX

Silica (Cant.)

Knife River, 62 Normanskill, 63 Onondaga, 59 Ohio Valley, 54, 64 Pennsylvania, 62 Ramah, 25, 58

Sillery site, 30, 33 Silver, 224, 433

foil of beaten Ontario silver, 224 silver lumps, beads, or foil, 225

Silver Lake, 281 Simon Fraser University excavations, 310 Siouxan, 60, 263 Skeena, 244 Skins, 90 Skora site, 33 Skull Springs, 281 Skykomish-Wenatchee, 297 Slate, 84, 159, 181, 226, 393

exotic 82 gorgets, 83 site, 152

Slavery, 346, 348-350 Sloan cemetery site, 184 Smith, Adam, 419 Smoky Hill silicified chalk, 243 Smoky Hill variant, 258, 260 Snake River, 285, 293, 360 Soapstone, 81, 82, 88, 89, 103, 104, 110, 111,

293, 297, 337, 349 Lake Wenatchee, 298 soapstone tempered ceramics, 82

Social, 92 boundary, 408 complexity, 85 differentiation, 347, 406 elites, 387, 388, 407-409 institutions, 349 order, 433 rank, 347, 349, 407 value, 217

Societies, 92 Socio-political

boundaries, 409 complexity, 409 differentiation, 407 hierarchies, 387 transformation, 393

Socioceremonial system, 371 Sopris complex, 257

453

Southeast, 6, 7,13,17,243,427 Southeastern Ceremonial complex, 167 Southern Appalachian, 192, 193, 259 Southern Cult, 114, 117, 167,429,433 Southwest, 10, 116, 128,243,245,265-267 Spatial distribution, 359, 360 Spatially restricted resources, 217 Specialists, 308 Specialization, 198, 200, 308

economic, 419 Specialized economies, 419 Spire-lopped beads, 391 Spiro, 117, 196-20 1, 262 Spodue Mountain, 281, 393 Spokane, 244 Spondylus sp., 289, 292 Spoon River culture, 198 Sprague River, 281 Squamigerus, 289 Squash, 220 Squaw Butte, 358, 360 Squaw Creek site, 390 Squawkie Hill phase, 87 St. Helena phase, 261 S1. John Rivers, 25 S1. Lawrence River basin, 5, 6, 19,30,427

S1. Lawrence Iroquois, 56 Valley, 17,47,49-67

S1. Mungo site, 360 Stamped, 189 Stanislaus River, 391 Staple finance, 426, 427 Staple production, 426 State finance, 420 Status, 81, 90, 91, 433

display, 432 Steatite, 20, 128, 148, 181, 187, 220, 258, 259,

293, 297, 392, 393, 398, 400 pipes, 259

Steed Kisker variant, 257, 258 Stelly Mounds, 160 Stemmed Point tradition, 344 Stikine, 244

River, 315, 356 Stillwater Mountains, 375 Stockton curves, 397, 402

Strait of Belle Isle, 27 Strait of Georgia, 329, 356, 359 Straw Lake, 163 Sub-floor tombs, 222 Subsistence, 308, 421

454

Subsistence (Cont.)

economy, 421, 422, 425, 435 technology, 425

Suemez Island, 313, 355 Sumptuary, 200 Surplus, 426

wealth, 349, 350 Surprise Valley, 371 Surveyor Spring, 281 Susquehanna, 230

tradition, 29 Sword blades, 197 Systematization, 85, 89

Tallahatta quartzite, 148 Tarrentine traders, 35, 40-41, 429 Task-specific, 366 Tchefuncte, 187

exchange, 147 Tchula, 7, 168

exchange, 162, 164 technological explanation, 425 technology, 421, 422, 425, 431 Tennessee Valley, 199, 205

central, 424 Cumberland rivers, 259 lithics, 83

Teoc Creek, 147, 159 Terral Lewis, 147 Territorial, 90, 369, 376

circumscription, 406 Territories, 77, 79, 85, 88-92, 421

defended, 406 Texas, 371 The Dalles, 296 Thematic archaeology, 9 Thompson, 337 Three Sisters, 358 Tierra Blanca complex, 262 Timber Butte, 281 TiveIa, 396, 400 Tlingit Indians, 244 Tolowa, 396 Toltec, 193 Tombigbee, 187 Top of the World, 252 Toyah phase, 259, 262 Trace element analysis, 181,206,310 Trade, 166,308,309,321,323,349,350,419

amount, 337 and exchange, 308, 309

Trade (Cont.)

existence of, 310 inland,330 interaction, 319 inter-community, 406 inter-group, 394 inter-regional, 323 networks, 337 route, 315, 318, 337 univariate perspective, 363

Trans-Sierran, 405 Transportation costs, 216, 422 Tresus spp, 289, 395, 396, 400 Tribes, 428 Trowels, 191 Troyville, 189, 191, 192 Tsable River, 357 Tsembaga, 429 Tsimshian, 359 Tubes, 186, 218 Tubular tobacco pipes, 337 Tucker Hill, 281

INDEX

Turquoise, 10, 245, 257, 258, 260, 262, 263, 293, 367, 398

Twillingate, 27

Upper Cowlitz River, 358, 359 Upper Republican variant, 258, 260, 261 Utah, 260 Utilitarian, 424-426

Valley, 264 Value, 217, 433 Vancouver Island, 244, 288, 323, 337, 359,

395 Vermont, 19 Vinalhaven Island, 29 Vinette 1, 29 Virginia, 19 Vitrophyre, 280, 284 Volcanism, 404, 405, 409

Wailaki,396 Walcott, 281 Wallowa, 281 war, 350 Washington, 285, 330, 358-360 Washita River phase, 259, 260, 262 Waterton Cabin site, 360, 361 Wealth, 308, 346-348, 427-430, 434, 435

as a bu [fer, 428

INDEX

Wealth (Cant.)

in burial, 432, 435 exchange, 427 finance, 427, 431 finance system, 434 objects, 431 a social product, 433 vs. staple finance systems, 431

Weapons, 425 Weeden Island, 4, 113 Wells Reservoir, 284 Wenatchee locality, 296 Wenatchee-Entiat Mountains, 294 West Horton, 281 Western Idaho Archaic burial complex, 285,

287, 293 Western Pluvial Likes tradition, 369 Western Sub-Artie, 307 Whalebone club, 323 Whaling, 344 Wheeler, 189

phase, 262 Whilkut, 396 White Deerskin Dance, 371 Wiessner, 428 Wild riee, 221 Wildcat Canyon, 311, 315, 358-360

Windmiller culture, 364, 370, 393 Windust phase, 284, 285 Winnebago, 206 Winnemucca Likes, 372 Winter, 424

village. 308. 348. 349 Wiyot Indians, 396, 407 Wolf Creek, 355

455

Woodland. 5. 7. 20, 29-34, 53-54. 194. 245 period, 104, 109, 111-113, 116, 187-193,

205, 253-257, 421, 422, 424, 425, 429

Wyandotte. 132

X-ray fluorescence. 309

Yamasee war, 201 Yaupon holly leaves, 197 Yazoo Basin. ISS Yellowstone, 192, 224. 252, 259, 311, 360 Yukian, 396 Yukon, 318, 355-356

upper drainage, 356 Yurok Indians, 396

Zebree, 198 Zoomorphic. 156