Index

Abdominal tokography, 362Abortion, 177-178Active sleep, 14Adreno-corticosteroids , 255-256Adrenogenital syndrome, 261Alcohol , 244-247Aldrin , behavioral effects, 265Alph a-fetoprotein (AFP) measurement s,

for neural tube deformitydetection, 192

Alpha-methyl-paratyrosin e (AMPT),animal beh avioral studies with, 266

American Academy of Pediatrics, 118American Inst itut e of Ultra sound , 172Aminophylline

for apnea of prematurity, 26effect on cere bral blood flow, 70

Amniocentesis, 187-189Amniotic fluid, during uterine

contrac tions, 36 1Amniotic fluid pressure, effect on fetal

cranium, 362-368Amniotic fluid volume, qualitative

estimation of, 142Amphetamines

learning deficit effects , 273teratogenic effects, 251-252

Analgesics, depressive effects innewborns, 238

Androgens, teratogenic effects, 260-261Anencephaly, diagnosis, 192Anesthesia

for breech labor and del ivery, 112effect on neonates, 240-243

Anesthetic agents, effect on cerebra lblood flow, 70

Anoxi a, fetal, 30 IAntenatal treatrnent, of IUGR, 146-147Ant epartum evaluation, biophysical

methods of, 145-146Antepartum hemorrhage, 186Antidepressants, ter atogenic effects,

250-251Antithyroid drugs, hypoactivi ty syndrome

and, 269-270Apgar score(s) , 147-148,232,238

value as screening method, 54Apnea, 1-39

causes of, 9-21cent ra l, 2-3, 33early , 2factor promoting, 6-8factors terminating, 8-9in full-terrn infant, 28-29initial evaluation of infant with, 23-24mixed,3,5obstructive, 3, 5, 20-21in older infants, 30-39of prematurity, 24-28prolonged sleep , I , 3, 38-39short, 16signs of ventilation abnormalities in, 20reflexive, 9-10types of, 2-4

Apnea/cardiac monitor, 27, 31-32, 33Apnea monitor, 32Apnea monitoring, results of, 37-39Appetitive and aversive learning tests, 233

429

430

Ascites, 194Asparagine deprivation , 259Aspartame, teratogenic effects , 258Asphyxia

birth,53brain-imaging in, 57-59defined, 53-54intrapartum, 147-148prevention, 53-54prognosis, 54-55in umbilical cord compression or

prolapse, 95Aspirin, seeSalicylatesAtelectasis, 149Atropine sulphate, effect on fetal

breathing, 2075-Azacytidine, behavioral teratology

stud ies with, 269

Babson standards, 60Barbiturates, 248Bayley Scales of Infant Developrnent, 242,

274Behavioral, sexual, 261Beha vioral assays

of learn ing, 273of maturational reflex , 273-274

Behavioral maturation test, 233Behavioral pathology, individual

differences, 277-278Behavioral syndrome, and drug

treatment, 274Behavioral teratogenesis, 231-278

associated effects , 272behavioral assay, 273-274behavioral syndrome, 274conceptualization of, 276-277cross-generational effects, 274-275high-dose studies, 272human studies in, 232low-dose studies, 272paternal effects, 274-275primate studies in, 233, 237rodent studies in, 233, 237secondary effects , 271-272

Behavioral teratology, critical periods in,268-270

Beta-adrenergic drugs, for treatment ofpreterm labor, 147

Betamethasone, for respiratory distresssyndrome, 209

Bicarbon ate infusion, 69

Index

Biometrymeasurement of fetal dimensions,

195-196normal values, 196-198placental, 184

Birth trauma, 65as cause of death, 297cerebellar hernorrhage, 65-66diagnosis and prevention, 67-68occipital osteodiastasis, 65-66severe handicaps caused by, 297spinal cord disruptions, 66-67subdural hemorrhage, 65tentorial tear, 65

Birth canalpassage of fetal head through, 368-369obstruction of, 413-419

Birth weightand neonatal survival , 48-50small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infant,

60-64Blighted ovum, defined, 177Blood flow, real -time scanning of, 219Blood sampling, fetal, 189Body movements, and real-time scanning,

210Bowel atresia, 194Brachial palsy, incidence in breech

deliveries , 97Brain

effect of developmental malnutritionon ,257-260

perinatal damage to, 45-75Brain-imaging, in cerebral asphyxia,

57-59Brazelton scale, 232Breech delivery(ies)

amniotic fluid pressure in, 367and cerebral palsy, 298and minimal brain darnage. 299risks of, 298-299

Breech extractions, rapidly performed,95-96

Breech perinatallosses, obstetricalattempts to decrease, 99-109

Breech presentarion, 89and birth weight, 90causes, 90, 93cesarean seetion in management of,

102-109current management of, 109-112factors contributing to mortality in, 88frequency in congenital disorders, 91

Index

Breech presentation (cont.)historical background, 87-89incidence, 89-90incidence of umbilical cord prolapse in ,

94multiparous, 99and prernaturity, 89superstitions about, 87in twins, 90types , 91-92vaginal delivery in, 1I 1-112

British Perinatal Mortality Study, 147Butylated hydroxyanisoJe (BHA) ,

teratogenic effects, 260Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT),

teratogenic effects, 260

Cadmium, neurological symptoms, 264Caffeine, for apnea of prematurity, 25Cannabis, teratogenic effects, 253Cardiac physiology, and ultrasonic

imaging,211-214Cardiovascular anomalies, effect on fetal

growth and developrnent, 124-125Central nervous system (CNS) depression,

63-64, 67Cephalometry, 195-196

and IUGR detection, 201Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD)

brain damage caused by, 302diagnosis, 302-303etiology , 302and pelvimetry, 303-305

Cerebellar hernorrhage, from birthtrauma, 65-66

Cerebral artery thrombosis, and neonatalhemorrhage, 69

Cerebral blood flow alterationby cranial compression, 71-72by hypertonie solutions, 70-71by vasoactive drugs, 71

Cerebral palsy, 67Cerebral perfusion

alterations in, 50-51results of inadequate, 55, 56

Cervical rigidity, 404Cervix

biomechanics of dilatation of, 361-362pressures during first stage of labor,

375resistance to dilatation, 384-387

Cesarean section , 96, 98, 148in breech delivery, 102-109

431

Chlordane, behavioral effects, 265Chlordiazepoxide, teratogenic studies, 250Chloroprocaine, effect on infant

perforrnance, 241-242Chlorpromazine, animal studies, 249-250Chondroectodermal dysplasia, 194Clinical indices, for fetal growth

retardation, 137Codeine, teratological profile of', 236-237Colchicine, and hypoactivity, 269Collaborative Perinatal Project, 54, 250

on alcohol, 244-245on birth traurna, 297on labor patterns, 299on obstetric drugs, 243-244on smoking, 254

Computed tomography (CT)advantage, 72for cerebellar, 66in cerebraI asphyxia, 57-58in GLH/IVH studies, 50hazards,72-74in meningitis, 69for thromboembolism identification, 70

Congenital malformations, in IUGRneonates, 151

Continuous epidural anesthetic technique,112

Contractionbalance of forces in, 379coefficient of friction in, 382-384in first stage of labor, 374pressures during, 372-379

Contraction stress testing (CST) , 143-144Corticosteroids, hypoactivity syndrome

and, 269-270Corticosterone, teratogenic effects, 255Cortisol, teratogenic effects, 255Cranium, fetal, effects of uterine

contractility on, 295-352Cushing response, 71Cyclophosphamide, hypoactivity

syndrome and, 269-270Cytomegalovirus, and IUGR, 124

Davenport rnaze , 273DDT, behavioral effects, 265Delivery presentation, and intellectual

development, 297-299Delta-9 THC, teratogenic potential of,

252-253Denver Developmental Screening Test,

232, 274

432

Diazepameffect on fetal breathing, 207teratogenic studies, 250

Diazinon, behavioral effects, 265Dietary deficencies, teratogenic effects,

2585-7-Dihydroxytryptamine, effect on

serotonin terminals, 267Dopamine, and congenital behavioral

abnormalities, 267Doppler devices, 172Driving reflex, 9

Early Neonatal Neurobehavioral Scale,241, 242, 243

Echocardiography, 211Ectopic pregnancy, diagnosis, 176Edema, cerebral

and asphyxia, 55diagnosis , 57

Elastic moduluseffect of fiber orientation on, 326, 328,

329effect of gestational age on , 326, 328,

329of fetal skull bone, 331-335

Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring, 148Embolism

foreign-body, 69-70lipid ,70

Environment, and behavioral teratogenicstudies, 275-276

Environrnental pollutants, teratogeniceffects, 262

Environmental toxins, and fetal growthretardation, 134

Estriol(s)circadian variations in, 138and fetal growth retardation, 138-319significance of, 143

Estrogens, teratogenic studies, 262Ethanol, and fetal growth retardation, 134Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, 318Exogenous stimuli, for treatment of apnea

of prematurity, 24-25External cephalic version (ECV), 99-100

Fetal age , assessment, 181Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

and fetal growth retardation, 134symptoms, 244-245, 246-247

Fetal anatomy, 191Fetal biparietal diameter, (BPD), 195-198

and IUGR detection, 139-140

Index

Fetal bone distortions, diametral strainson , 343-346

Fetal breathing movements (FBM)characteristics, 204-205detection, 204factors affecting, 205-209pathophysiology, 209-210rccording, 205

Fetal craniumamniotic fluid pressure on, 362-368deformation of, 414, 415, 416 , 417,

418,419,422displacement

in first stage of normal labor,387-395

in hypotonic inertia, 402during uterine hypercontraculity,

395-402effects of pressure on, 419-421effects of pressure gradient on,

357-425lower uterine segment pressure on,

368-411parity and pressure exerted on,

406-407pressure components between uterine

wall and, 379and rupture of rnernbranes, 407-408schematic representation in lower

uterus, 370shape, 369-370size of, 405-406

Fetal dynamies, 175-176body movements, 210breathing movements, 204-210echocardiography, 211-214renal function, 214-219stornach function, 214

Fetal growth, 127-128maternal constraint to, 122

Fetal head, hyperextension of, 98Fetal head molding, 350-352Fetal heart rate

effect of pressure on, 419-421intrapartum monitoring of, 53-54

Fetal malformations, and ultrasound,194

Fetal-maternal mass studies, 127-128Fetal rnortality, according to type of

delivery, 96-97Fetal motion, visualization of, 175Fetal parietal bone

bone-thickness values for , 340deformations, 344-346

Index

Fetal parietal bone (cont.)finite element analysis of, 338finite element model of, 339 , 335-349loading data , 34 1-342material pr operties of, 339-341struetural geometry of, 336-339

Fetal peripheral pH, perinatal ehanges in,95

Fetal/plaeental weight ratio , 129-131Fetal positions, abnormal, 408-411Fetal sealp pH testing, 148Fetal skulI, regions of, 335Fetal skull bone

ash content of, 332, 333bending tests, 324characteristics, 317-318elastie modulus of, 331-335fiber orientation, 319grain structure of, 318rneasurernents, 320- 322meehanieal properties of, 315-331mineral content of, 331-335specimen preparation, 318-320

Fetal skull moldingas bending phenomenon, 322defined, 296developing model for , 315future study, 314-31 5and multiple-cycle loading, 322-323review and reevaluation, 305-311and second labor stage , 299with trauma, 296

Fetal structural abnormalnies, uhrasonieidentification of, 181

Fetal substrate availabilityenvironrnental toxins , 134matemal and fetal hormones, 134-137matemal nutrient status, 126-129plaeental factors, 129-1 32uteroplacental perfusion, 132-133

Fetal substrate utilizationand eardiovaseular anomalies, 124-125genetie deterrninants, 122-123infeetion, 124in multiple pregnaney, 125-126

Floppy infant syndrome, 67, 250Folie acid deprivation, 259Food additives, ter atogenic effects, 259Footling breeeh presentation, 91-92Foreeps

vs. manual rnethods, 88Piper, 101-102

Foreeps delivery, effects on neonataloutcome, 300-301

433

Foreeps extraction, and neonatalneurologie abnorrnalities, 67

Frank breeeh presentation, 91-92Frietion coefficient, during contraetion,

382-384

Germinal layer hemorrhage (GLH) ,ineidenee of, 50-52

Cestational age, 119, 120Cestational sac, 173-174Glomerular filtr ation rate (GFR), 217Gray -seale imaging, 166

for molar pregnaney dia gno sis, 179Growth retardation stud ies, and opioid

drugs, 235

Halothanebehavioral toxicity 0[, 265-266effeet on eerebral blood flow, 70learning defieit effects, 273

Head-to-cervix pressures, 378 , 397, 398compared to amniotie fluid pressures,

388-39 3sehematie diagram of, 381

Heart rate monitor, 33Hemorrhage

antepartum, 186eaused by head eompression, 72cerebellar, 65-66germinal layer (GLH), 50-52intraventricular (IVH), 50-52, 70-71model for , in newborn infant brain,

51-52periventricular, 55posterior fossa, 65spinal epidural, 66subdural , 65

Heroin addiction, and fetal growthretardation , 134

Home Lift 0/a Monitor Infant, The , 35Horne rnonitors

alarm response, 33-34ehoice, 32-33diseontinue, 37effeet on daily living, 35equipment, 31-32false alarms, 32support systerns, 35-37training program for , 31-35

Hormonesandrogenie, 260-261fetal , 136rnaternal, 134-137teratogenic studies, 255-257, 260-262

434

Hot-plate tests, 236Hourly fetal urinary production rate

(HFUPR),214-218Human growth hormone, effect on fetal

weight , 136Human placentallactogen (HPL), and

fetal growth, 139Hyaline membrane disease , 636-H ydroxydopamine, 267Hyperactivity

and lead , 263and parachlorophenylalanine, 267

Hyperactivity syndrome, and narcotics,236

Hyperinsulinemia, fetal , 136Hypertonic solutions, and cerebral blood

flow alternation, 70-71Hyperviscosity, in IUGR neonates, 151Hypocalcemia, in IUGR infant, 150-151Hypoglycemia, in IUGR neonate, 150Hypomagnesemia, and hypocalcemia, 151Hypoparathyroidism, in IUGR infants,

151Hypotonic inertia, displa cement of fetal

skull bones in, 402Hypoventilation. chronic, 24Hypoxia

evidence of in SIDS autopsies, 21-22in prolonged sleep apnea, 10

Hypoxidischemic insultsdefinition, 53-55in full-terrn infant, 55-57pathology and pathogenesis, 55-57in preterm infant, 55and SGA infants, 61

Iatrogenic lesions , 69-74Imipramine, learning deficit effects, 273Imipramine hydrochloride, teratogenic

effects, 250-251Impedance apnea monitor, 27, 31-32Incomplete breech presentation, 92Infant mortality, and parity of mother, 99Infants, withdrawal symptoms in, 234Infection(s)

as cause of IUGR, 124in IUGR neonates, 151

Insecticides, neurotoxic effects, 262-263Insulin, 135-136

maternal-fetal transfer of, 134-135Intelligence tests, for rats, 273Intensive care, 46-48Intrapartum management, of growth­

retarded infant, 147-148

Index

Intrauterine electrohysterography, 374Intrauterine growth, determinants of, 60Intrauterine growth acceleration (IUGA),

202Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR),

117-155altered substrate availabilit y, 126-137altered substrate uti lization, 122-126and amniotic fluid volume, 142and congenital malformation , 123definitions of, 118diagnosis of, 137-142effect on brain development, 61etiology , 121-122identification, 64incidence, '120- 121long-term sequelae of, 152-155neurological outcorne, 154-155perinatal rnortality, 121pregnancy, management of, 142-148protocol for biophysical evaluation of,

145and sex chromosome abnormalities, 123treatrnent, 64

Intrauterine pressure, measurement of,362

Intrauterine stress, and neurologichandicap, 62-63

Intrauterine tokometry, 364-368Intraventricular antibiotic therapy, 69Intraventricular hemorrhage, and

hypertonic solutions, 70-71IQ scores , 232

and androgenic hormones, 261and biomechanics of deliver y

presentation, 298in children of alcoholi c mothers, 246in children of smokers, 254and forceps delivery, 300-301and labor patterns, 299and progesterone, 262of SGA infants, 62

Ischernia, model for, in newborn infantbrain, 51-52

Ketamine, effect on infant performance,241-242

Ketamine-nitrous oxide, effect on infantperformance, 241-242

LAAM (lambda-alpha-acetyl-methadol),237

Index

Laborsecond stage, press ures on fetal

cranium, 411-413stress factors in, 357

Labor patterns, effects on neonatal well­being, 299-300

Lashley III maze, 273Lead

as environmental toxicant, 263neurotoxic effects , 262-263and visual deterioration, 263-264

Leukomalaci a, 1-2,55Lidocaine pudental block, effect on infant

perforrnance, 241-242Linear array system, 170Lithium , teratogenic effects , 250-251Lower uterine segment pressure, effect on

fetal cranium, 368-411Lubchenko standards, 60

Malnutrition, and teratogenesis, 257-258Maneb, behavioral effects , 265Manganese, prenatal deprivation of,

258-259Marihuana, teratogenic effects, 252-253Maternal nutrient status , and fetal

growth , 126-129Maternal parity as factor in breech

perinatal outcome, 98-99Mechanical sector scan, 168-169Meconium aspiration, 149-150Membranes, rupture of, 407-408Mental retardation

in ehildren of alcoholie mothers, 246and lead , 263premature infants, 30 I

Meningiti s, 68-69Meperidine

behavioral impairment studies, 243effeet in neonates, 238-239effect on infant behavior, 241-243

Meprobamatelearning deficit effects , 273teratogenie studies, 250

Mercury, neurotoxic effeets , 262-263Metaproterenol, in IUCR treatment, 147Methadone, 234-235Methylazoxymethanolaeetate (MAM)

behavioral teratology studies with,269

Methyl-mercury poisoning, neurotoxieity,264

Methylxanthines, 28-29; seealsoXanthinetherapy

435

Minamata disease, see Methyl-mereurypoisoning

Minimal brain dysfunetion, 676-hydroxydopamine and , 267neurotransmitter level alteration and ,

267-268and penfluridol, 267

Minimal brain dysfunction-hyperaetivitysyndrome, response toamphetamines, 266

Minute vent ilation, 13Modulus of elasticity, defined, 315Molar pregnaney, 178-180Monitors

apnea, 32-33apnea/cardiae, 27, 31-32cardiac, 32-33impedanee, 27, 31-32

Monosodium glutamate, (MSC),teratogenic effects , 259

Morphineanalgesie response to, 236and CNS maturation, 235-236and infant growth retardation, 234-235

Motor ability rest, 233Multiehannel physiologie recorder, 23Multiple-cycle loading, tissue response 10,

322-323Multiple pregnaney

detection, 64and IUCR, 125-126and ultrasonic examination, 180

Multisean principle, of real-time systems,170

Musde relaxants, effeet on eerebral bloodflow, 70

Myometr ial fibrillation , 403

Naegele 's rule, for fetal age assessment ,199

Naloxone, behavioral impairment studies,243

Narcotiesand hyperaetivity syndrorne, 236learning deficit effects , 273perinatal exposure to, 234pregestational treatment of mother

with,236teratogenic effeets, 234-237

"Near-rniss" infants, 2, 11-19,36-37Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale,

238, 239, 240, 242Neonatal complieations, related to IUCR,

148-151

436

Neo natal intensive care unit (NICU),salvage rates, 48-50

Neura l tube de fects, and ultr asound,191-194

Neurobehaviora l Exam inat ion , 239-240Neurologica l sequelae, 01'IUGR infan ts,

154-155Neuromuscu lar d rive

cessat ion 01', 6-7reflex suppression 01', 7-8

Neuro transmitters, activity levelregul ation de velopment, 266 -268

Nitrous oxide, effect on cere bra I bloodflow, 70

Nonstress testin g (NST), in IUGR , 144Nuchal arm, 97Nullipara, normal contraction 01', 376Nutrition , and teratogenesis, 257-260

Obstetric drugssta tistical stud ies 0[, 237-239ter atogen ic ef fects, 237 - 244and visual beh avior, 243- 244

Occipita l osteodias tasis, from birt htr auma, 65-66

Ope n-field test, 233Operant performance test, 233Oxford record er, 23Oxygen dep rivat ion , and IUGR, 129Oxytocin , use in breech presentat ion , 111Oxytocin cha llenge test (OCT ), in IUGR,

144Oxytocin infusion, and neon atal

neurologic abno rma lities , 67

Parachlor ophen ylalanine (PCr,A)and hyperactivity, 267learning deficit effects, 273

Par ietal bon esdeformat ion 01', 363, 394, 396 , 400 ,

400,401 ,404,408,409,410,41 2displacement 01', 287

Parit y, and fetal cranial pressu res,406-407

Pelvic rnass, and ultrasonic examina tion,182

Pelvimetry, and cephalopelvicd isprop ortion , 302-305

Penfluridol, 267Perinatal asphyxia , 149-1 50Perin atal rnortalit y, in int rauterine growt h

reta rda tion, 121Perinatal mortality ra te (PNMR), 93-94

Index

Periodic breathingdefined, 14in "near-rniss" infants, 14-17

Peri ven tricular leukom alacia (PVL), 5 1Pethidine, effect on fetal br eathing , 207Phased ar ray secto r scan, 169Phenergan , 242Phen obarbitol, neona te with d rawal, 248Phenothiazines

effects 01'pren atal use, 249learning defi cit effects, 273

Phenylketonuria (PKU) syndro me, 258Piper for ceps, in breech delivery, 101-102Placental ana tomy, and menstrua l age,

187Placental d ynarn ics, 184-1 86Placental dysfunction , 64Placental factors, and fetal growth,

129-1 32Placental tum ors, ultrasoni c d iagn osis 01',

183Placen ta previa , 186Placentogr aphy, 183-1 89Pneumogram techn ique, for res piration

and heart rate record ing , 26- 27Pneumogra ms, 28 -29Podalic version, and tentorial tears , 96Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)

and dev elopmental toxicity, 264-265ne urot oxic effects , 262-263

Polycythem ia, in IUGR neon ates, 151Polygrap h, 23Polyhydramnios, 194Ponderal index, 119, 128Posteri or fossa hem orrh age, 66Postnatal growt h, 01'IUGR infa nts,

153-1 54Pregnan cy, effect 01'alco hol consumption

in, 244-247Pregnancy confirma tion, with ultrasound,

176Premature deliver y, and trauma, 30 1Prematurity

and cerebra l palsy, 30 1defined,46

Pre ssure gradient, effeets on fetalcra nium, 357- 425

Pre term infant , 46, 47Priloeain e, effeet in neon ates, 238-239Priming effeet, 6 1Primiparity, and neon atal neu rologie

ab nor malities, 67Progestero nes, teratogen ic stud ies,

260-262

Index

Prostaglandins, and fetal grow th, 136-1 37Protein restriction s, and IVCR , 128Pud en dal block anesthetic technique , 112Pyrid oxin e dep rivation , 259

Qu iet sleep , 13

Radi ation hazard , 72- 74Radiation sparing effect, of CT scanning,

72Radi onucleotide brain scanning, 69Real-time visua lization, 167-1 70Region al anes the tic technique, 112Ren al fun ction , ultrasound observation of,

214-21 8Reserpine , anima l beh avior al studies with ,

266Respirator y dis tr ess syndrome (RDS), 46 ,

209Retardation , PKV-rel ated , 267Retinoic acid, see Vitamin ARhesus incompatability, 187Ritod rine, in IVCR treatm ent, 147Rosvold -Mirsky swimming maze, 273Rubell a virus, and IVCR, 124

Salbutamol, in IVCR treatm en t, 147Salicylate s, teratogenic effects, 251, 273Scanning meth ods

CT 57- 58, 69, 70, 72- 74radionuc!eotide, 69technetium-99m , 57, 69ultrasound, ss,69

Scotopic vision, and lead toxicity, 264Secondar y effec t

defined , 27 1in human stud ies, 272source in animal experirnents, 271

Serial cephalometry, for IVCR diagn osis,140

Sexu al differ entiation, critical periods for ,262

Shock escape tests , 236Shoulder dystocia , 97Sieep hypoventil ation, 12Small-for-gestat ional age (SCA) infant ,

117defined , 60full-term , 62inte rvent ion, 63- 64neurologic pathology and path ogenesis,

60- 61preterm, 62-63

437

Smokinganimal studies, 254-255and fetal growth retardation, 134and lUCR, 146passive, 254teratogenic effects , 253-255

Sodium bicarbonate, infusion of, 70Soma tomed in C, and fetal growth, 136Sonography, 142; see also VItrasoundSpinal cord trauma, 66-67Splinting effect, in breech presentation,

92-93Stornach function, visualization, 214Strength of Association, defined , 238Subdural hem orrhage , from birth trauma,

65Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) , 2,

11-12, 14,17-1 9,21 -22

Tartazine, teratogenic effects, 259-260Technetium-99m brain scanning, 57Tentori al tear , from birth trauma, 65Teratology, defined, 231Terbutalin , effect on fetal br eathing, 207T estoste rone, teratogenic stud ies,

260-262Testosterone depression, du e to narcotic

tre atm ent, 235Thalidomide, effects of pren atal use , 249Theophylline

for apnea of prematurity, 25-28for apnea treatment, 37-38for ful l-time infants, 29

Theory of Ilexure, 3 18, 320Thiazides, for antihypertensive tre atment

in pregn an cy, 146Thiopentone

effect on cerebra l blood llow, 70effeet on infant performan ce, 241-242

Thiopenton e-nit rou s oxide, effect oninfant performance, 241-242

T hree-dimen sional imaging, 170-1 72T hromboem bolic lesions, 69- 70T hyroidectom y, 134Thyro id hormon e, teratogen ic effects,

256-257Thyroxine, matemal-fet al tr an sfer of,

134-1 35Tokograph, 370-372Tokography, abdominal, 362Tokometry, intrauterine, 364- 368Total intrauterine volume measurement

(T lU V). and feta l growthdetermination, 140- 141

438

Tranquilizers, teratogenic effects,249-250

Trauma, and premature delivery, 301Twinning

amniocentesis in, 188and IUGR, 125, 126, 153

Ultrasonic beam, focusing of, 166-167Ultrasonic devices, miniaturization of, 170Ultrasound

and abnormal fetal growth, 139-142antepartum hemorrhage, 186confirmation of pregnancy, 176Doppler devices, 172early and late amniocentesis, 187-189fetal age, 181, 199fetal growth, 199-203fetal weight, 203-204in first trimester, 173-182gray-scale imaging, 166intra- or extrauterine location of

pregnancy, 176multiple pregnancy, 64, 180in normal and high-risk pregnancy,

165-220pelvic mass, 182possible prospects for, 219-220real-time visualization, 167-170recent developments in, 165-172rhesus incompatability, 187safety of, 172in second and third trimesters, 182-219three-dimensional, 170-172vaginal bleeding, 177-180ultrasonic beam focusing, 166-167

Ultrasound brain scan (UlS), 52, 58, 59Umbilical cord, 94-95Urinary tract , congenital abnormalities,

194Usher standards, 60

Index

Uterine action, abnormal, 403-404Uterine contractility, effects on fetal

cranium, 295-352Uterine hypercontractility, displacement

of fetal skull bones during,395-402

Uterine perfusion, and metaproterenol,147

Uteroplacental blood flow, 146Uteroplacental perfusion, 132-133Uterus

adaptation to labor, 358-361changes in, during pregnancy, 359funetions in reproductive process, 358just after delivery, 360muscle fiber arrangement in, 358

Vaginal bleeding, 177Vaginal delivery, 93Vasoactive drugs, and cerebral blood flow

alteration, 71Ventilation

defective control of, 11-20regulation of alveolar, 4-6

Vitamin Aand exencephaly, 268and hypoactivity , 269and maze learning ability, 268-269

Voluntary breathholding, breakpoint for,8

Vulnerability patterns, in term brain, 56

World Health Organization, 118,231

Xanthine therapy, 25-28X-ray pelvimetry, 100-101, 303 ; seealso

Pelvimetry

Zinc, prenatal deprivation of, 258