Abietinaria abietina, 406, 414(table)

Abietinaria spp., 414(table) Abietinaria turgida, 405,

414(table) Abra sp. 309(table) Acantharia ligurina, 462 Acantharia spp., 461, 462,

463, 465, 466 Acanthodesmia micropora,

468(table) Acartia sp., 240(table) Acesta sp., 306(table) Achnanthes spp., 206, 482 Achnanthes taeniata, 213 Aclis walleri, 327 Acrosiphonia, 272 Acryptolaria borealis, 400, 402,

408, 412(table) Actiniscus spp., 196 Actinocyclus divisus, 493 Actinocyclus ehrenbergii, 493 Actinomma medianum,

468(table) Actinoptychus undulatus, 483,

493 Actinulida, 399, 418(table) Adeonellopsis tuberculata,

363(table) Adercotryma glomerata, 498,

511(table), 512(ta­ble), 517, 523, 530

Admete couthouyi, 328 Admete regina, 329 Aeginopsis laurentii, 400, 402,

408, 409, 416(table) Aegospyris sp., 470 Aequipecten sp., 306(table) Aglantha digitale, 416(table) Aglaophenopsis compressa,

400, 416(table) Alaska

hydrozoans, 400, 402 ice, 1, 66 ice fauna, 139 mysids, 373, 375, 379, 384 paleoclimate, 24, 760 Pliocene, 260, 760

Alaska, Gulf of, 20, 223-224 Alaska, North Slope

glaciers, 667 heavy minerals, 677 lagoon sediments, 130 sea ice, 57, 58, 66 shear zone, 54

Index

Alaska-Chukotka block/ plate, 830-831, 835, 843, 844, 853. See also Chukotka

Alaskan orocline, 829 Alaska Shelf, 706(table), 711,

797, 814-815 Albedo

ice, 78, 150 open water, 150 planetary, 4 polar surface, 7-8, 13, 16,

27-28,150 snow, 150

Alberta, Canada, 740 Alcyonidium spp., 350(table),

352(table), 355(ta­ble), 358(table), 360(table), 362(table)

Algae Barents Sea, 764-767 benthonic, 148, 155-157 coccolithophorids, 445-456 cryolittoral, 272 cryopelagic, 272 ice, 123-141, 155-158,

156(table) pigments, 132 plankton, 157 snow communities, 167

Alkalinity budget, 95, 98-100, 99(table)

Alkanes, 780-788, 787(table) All-Union Arctic Institute,

800 Alpha Cordillera, 22 Alpha Ice Island, 801, 808,

820 Alpha-Mendeleev Ridge

Complex. See also Alpha Ridge; CESAR; Mendeleyev Ridge

currents, 583 fossils, 584 mapped,804 physiography, 797, 798,

820-823 sediments, 577, 581 structure, 830, 843, 857 tectonic history, 824

Alpha-ray spec tome try, 625 Alpha Ridge. See also Alpha­

Mendeleev Ridge clay mineralogy, 675,

676(table)

foraminifera, 612, 614, 698-699

formation, 830 fossils, 584 gravels and erratics, 665 heavy minerals, 675, 677,

678, 680(table), 709 lithostratigraphy, 682, 684-

685 lutite, 669, 710 sediments, 584-588, 657,

663 structure, 840, 843 tasmanatids, 616 volcanism, 707

Alvania cimicoides, 327 Alveolophragmium subglos-

sum, 616, 617(table) Amauropsis islandica, 328 Amblyops abbreviata, 378, 382 Amblyopsoides ohlinii, 378,

382,384 Amerasia Basin. See also Can­

ada Basin; Makarov Basin

bryozoa, 344 fauna, 268 foraminifera, 224 lithostratigraphy, 681 mollusks, 325, 326, 330 nutrients, 159 physiography, 797-798,

818 Pleistocene, 262 Pliocene, 261 sediments, 584, 709 tectonic history, 823, 825

Amerasian Shelves, 268 Amino acid epimerization,

573, 631, 632 Amino acid racemization,

686, 711 Amino acids, 774, 780-788,

784(table), 792 Ammodytes hexapterus, 140 Ammotium cassis, 511(table),

512(table), 532 Ampherusa glacial is, 262, 272 Amphiblestrum spp., 349(ta­

ble), 355(table) Amphimelissa setosa, 462, 463,

465, 467, 468(table), 470,473

Amphipholis squamata, 283, 287

863

864 Index

Amphipholis torelli, 284 Amphipodal amphipods

Arctic distribution, 269 cryolittoral, 272 cryopelagic, 237, 240(ta-

ble), 244(table) in ice, 124-125, 139, 250 Pleistocene, 262 Point Barrow, 236 species numbers, 269 swarms, 247

Amphiprora paludosa, 127(table)

Amphiura borealis, 283, 287 Amphiura sundvalli, 284 Amphodia craterodmeta, 283,

286 Amphora terroris, 483 Ampirrhopalum ypsilon,

469(table) Amundsen Gulf, 501, 504,

513, 513(table) Amur Bay, 173 Anabar Plateau, 734, 737, 741 Angulogerina angulosa, 499 Ankes undulisculpta, 329, 336 Anomalosipho altus, 329 Anoma/osipho martensi, 329 Anomalosipho verkruzeni, 329 Anonyx nugax, 244 Antarctic

brevibacteria, 166 diatoms, 126 glaciation, 164-165, 258,

260 hydrozoans, 406, 407 ice algae, 128, 130, 131,

132, 158-159 light transmission, 150 lipids, 165 Miocene, 631 production values, 179 radiolarians, 464, 472, 473

Antarctic Ocean, 223-224 Antarctic Polar Front, 223-

224 Anthocyrtidium cineraria,

469(table) Antinoella sarsi, 240(table),

247(table) Apedinella spin if era, 208 Apherusa glacialis, 139, 140,

236, 240(table), 242-244, 252-253

Appalachian Ice Sheet, 740 Appendicularia, 237,

240(table) Aquilonaria turneri, 329 Arachnacorys penthacentha,

467 Arachnidium spp., 350(table),

355(table)

Arachnoidea barentsia, 350(table)

Archaeomonads, 128, 130 Archaespongoprunum sp., 471 Arcrisa costulata, 329 Arctica islandica, 264,

309(table) Arctic Basin. See also Amer­

asia Basin; Eurasia Basin

hydrozoans, 400, 402, 406, 418(table)

mysids, 375 opening, 843 physiography, 58, 109-

111, 797-798 radiolarians, 465, 472, 473 sea ice, 57

Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge, 707, 804, 831. See also Nansen-Gakkel Ridge

Arctic Ocean, physiography, 1-3, 797-825

Arctic Platform, 834 Arctic Sea, 79 Arctic Shelf, 736-740 Arctida

and Euamerica, 835, 837 movement, 831, 840, 857 reconstruction, 844-845,

848, 851, 853 Arctogadus glacialis, 140 Ariadnaria borealis, 328 Ariadnaria conica, 328 Aristerospira pachyderma, 604 Arlis Gap, 798, 818 Arlis Plateau, 797, 817 Arliss II Ice Island, 801, 808,

817, 820, 821-822 Artobrtys borealis, 468(table) Artostrobium auritum, 467 Artostrobium botryocyrtum,

467 Artostrobus annulatus, 467,

468(table) Artostrobus jorgenseni, 467 Arvella sp., 306(table) Ascophyllum nodosum, 766 Astarte spp., 307(table) Astarte sulcata, 264 Asterias rathburni, 283-284,

286 Asterias rubens, 283, 287, 290 Asteroids, 281-292 Astrononion gallowayi, 510(ta-

ble), 512(table), 545 Astrorhiza arenaria, 511(ta-

ble), 512(table), 524 Astyris rosacea, 328 Athecata, 399, 408(table) Atlantic Ocean

Arctic boundary, 268

and Barents Sea, 761-762, 763

basins, 830, 837, 843, 857 bivalve mollusks, 304, 311 bryozoa, 344, 345 coccolithophorids, 446, 452 cryofauna, 251 Cumacea, 431, 433, 434,

435, 438, 439, 440 echinoderms, 283, 284,

287,292 foraminifera, 224, 503, 504,

514, 523, 618 gastropods, 327-328 hydrozoans, 402, 404, 405,

406, 407 ice, 633, 742 mid-ocean ridge, 819, 831 mysids, 386 Neogene, 258, 259-260 nutrients, 202 organic carbon, 769, 789 Paleogene, 258 paleotemperatures, 632,

634 Pleistocene, 263 radiolarians, 462, 463, 465,

470, 471, 472, 473 sediments, 701, 706(table),

707 species numbers, 269 zooplankton, 768

Aulacosira distans, 483 Aulacosira islandica, 483 Autotrophs, 117 Axel-Heiberg Island, 1 Axinodon sp., 308(table) Axinopsida sp., 308(table) Axinulus spp., 308(table) Azov, Sea of, 766

Bacillariophyceae, 126, 133(table), 195, 212. See also Diatoms

Bacteria, 166 Bacterioplankton, 766-767 Bacterosira tragilis, 204,

204(table), 205, 213, 488, 490, 492-493

Baffin Basin, 841 Baffin Bay

Cumacea, 435 cyclonic activity, 12 floor, 22 foraminifera, 497-498, 501,

505, 507, 517, 523 ice algae, 124 mollusks, 223-224, 312,

318 mysids, 374, 375, 386

North Water polynya, 22, 504

nutrients, 163 past history, 19 phytoplankton, 204, 212 production values, 163,

179 radiolarians, 462 water, 100, 104, 634

Baffin Island, 125-126, 128, 136, 139, 677

Baffin Land, 739 Balcis stenostoma, 327 Baltic Sea

Cumacea, 434, 435 estuarine assemblage, 268 glaciation, 741, 745 ice algae, 128, 129 mysids, 385 Pleistocene, 263, 264, 265 primary production, 766

Banks Island, 19, 21, 25, 500-501,811

Barents Abyssal Plain, 818 Barents Sea

Arctic region boundary, 268

Atlantic boreal region, 269 bathymetry, 803, 804, 816-

817 benthonic plankton, 764-

768 biomass, 271, 272 bottom water, 106 bryozoa, 344, 345 Cenozoic, 721-726 Cumacea, 431, 432, 433,

435, 436-437, 438-439 currents, 74, 633 cyclonic activity, 12 diatoms, 167, 482 echinoderms, 281-292 heavy minerals, 677 hydrology, 761-763 hydrozoans, 397, 398, 399,

400, 402, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 418(table)

ice, 21, 32, 48, 633 ice fauna, 139 mollusks, 312, 318, 325-

333 mysids, 373, 374, 379, 383,

386 nutrients, 202, 205 physiography, 797 phytoplankton, 179, 194,

203, 207, 208, 209 Pleistocene, 264, 265 polar front, 164 primary production, 163,

206

radiolarians, 462, 463, 466, 467, 470-471, 472, 473

river runoff, 2, 761 seawater flow, 100 sediments, 721, 761-792,

833 species numbers, 269 temperatures, 16, 100 winds, 16

Barents Sea Basin, 850, 851 Barents Shelf, 721, 730, 736,

738, 797, 848 Barentzia/Barentsia, 834, 846 Barite, 571, 576(table), 577,

578 Barrow

benthic micro algae, 179 ice algae, 125, 126, 128-

129, 136, 137, 137(table)

ice deformation, 54 Barrow Canyon, 673, 709,

815 Barrow Sea Valley, 815 Barrow Strait, 501, 504, 507 Barrow, Point

clay minerals, 672, 673 cryopelagic fauna, 236 echinoderms, 292 foraminifera, 498 incident light, 505 mollusks, 319 mysids, 386

Bartlett, Bob, 799 Basement, continental, 831,

833 Basins, 268, 817-819, 831-

833,837 Bathurst Island, 501, 515 Bathyarca spp., 306(table) Bathybiaster vexillifer, 284, 287 Bathymetry, 797-825 Bathysiphon filiform is, 511(ta-

ble), 512(table), 524 Bauer Basin, 707 Bay of Biscay, 433 Beaches, uplifted, 25 Bear/Bjornoya Island, 206,

207,736 Bear Island Current, 767 Bear Island Trough, 721, 816 Beaufort Gyre, 48, 49, 69,

582,583 Beaufort Sea

annual heat flux, 6-7 bathymetric map, 801 clay mineralogy, 673-674 Cumacea, 439 diatoms, 138, 494 energy budget, 8(table) expedition surveys, 801

Index 865

foraminifera, 507 gyre, 48, 49, 69, 582, 583 heavy minerals, 677,

678(table) high pressure, 8, 12 hydrozoans, 402 ice, 48, 66, 135, 504 ice algae, 125, 129, 131,

137(table), 140 metals, 706(table), 707 mollusks, 312, 318, 327-

331 nitrogen, 701 organiC carbon, 701 physiography, 797, 799 primary production, 176 sedimentary basin, 833 sediments, 66 water, 25, 504

Beaufort Shelf foraminifera, 498, 499-500,

505, 506, 508-513 physiography, 497, 500-

501,503 Beechey Point, 379 Benthos, 119, 270-273, 616-

618 Berenicea spp., 351(table),

360(table) BeringialBering Land, 24,

260, 262 Beringion beringi, 329 Beringius ossiani, 329 Beringius stimpsoni malleatus,

329 Beringius turtoni, 328 Bering Sea

archaeomonads, 128, 130 Arctic region boundary,

268 bryozoa, 344 chlorophyll maximum, 135 clay mineralogy, 670-673,

674 Cumacea, 434, 435 cyclonic activity, 12 diatoms, 130, 137-138, 494 echinoderms, 283, 284 foraminifera, 498-499 gastropods, 331 hydrozoans, 400, 402, 404,

405 ice, 20, 23, 135 ice algae, 129, 137-138,

137(table), 141 Neogene, 259, 260 nutrients, 202 Pleistocene, 263 radiolarians, 462, 472, 473

Bering Strait Arctic boundary, 268

866 Index

Bering Strait (cant.) Cumacea, 439 cyclonic activity, 12 ice algae, 124 ice movement, 48, 583 mysids, 384, 386 nutrients, 157, 164 opening, 633, 634, 760 past history, 20, 30 phytoplankton, 493 Pleistocene, 264 Pliocene, 760 production values, 179 gastropods, 325, 331, 333 soundings, 799 water, 29, 33, 504

Bermuda Islands, 433 Beryllium isotope, 621, 629-

631 Beta effect, 71 Bicellariella cilata, 356(table) Bicellarina alderi, 351(table) Biddulphia arctica, 205 Bioenergetics, 257-274 Biogenic sedimentation, 665,

697-699, 709 Biogeography, 257-274, 281-

292, 325-337, 341-363 Biological processes and sea­

water, 95-96 Biomass

Arctic ecosystem, 270-273 bottom heterotrophs, 257 phytoplankton, 208,

209(table) prosobranch gastropods,

331 Biostratigraphy, 271-276,

445-456, 616-618 Birsteiniamysis inermis, 378,

382,384 Bitumoids, 780-788, 783(ta­

ble), 792 Bivalvia/bivalves. See Mol­

lusks Bjornoya/Bear Island, 206,

207, 736 Bjornoyrenna Trough, 721,

816 Black Sea, 766 Blooms

dinoflagellates, 196 ice algae, 136, 137 phytoplankton, 173-176,

213 Bolivina arctica, 617,

617(table) Bolivina sp., 617(table) Bolshoi Lyakhovsky Island,

835, 846, 853 Bonneviella grandis, 408,

414(table)

Borden Island, 811 Boreal transgression, 721,

726 Boreocene epoch, 258-259 Boreocola vadosa, 308(table),

319 Boreofusus bemiciensis, 328 Boreogadus saida, 139, 140,

262,272 Boreomysis arctica, 375, 382 Boreomysis microps, 375, 382 Boreomysis nobilis, 378, 382 Boreomysis tridens, 375, 382 Boreoscala groenlandica, 328 Boreotrophon beringi, 329 Boreotrophon fabricii, 329 Boreotrophon pacificus, 329 Boreotrophon truncatus, 328 Bothnia Bay, 154, 173, 736 Botryocampe inflata, 468(table) Botryocyrtis scutum,

469(table) Botryopera boreale, 466, 467,

472 Botryopera setosa, 466, 467,

473 Botryopyle setosa, 465, 473 Bougainvillia spp., 408-

410(table) Boussinesq approximation,

71 Bowerbankia spp., 349(table),

351(table), 358(table) Brachydiastylis nimia, 435, 438 Brachydiastylis resima, 434,

439 Brazil, 433 Briaster fragilis, 283, 287 Brine, 78, 104-107, 250 Britain, 281, 283, 738 British Columbia, 740 Brittle stars, 281-292 Bromoform, 95, 96 Brooks Ridge, 835, 842, 843,

846,855 Bryozoa, 341-363 Buccella frigida, 498, 499,

510(table), 512(ta-ble), 513(table), 539, 617(table)

Buccinids, 331 Bucciniformes, 329 Buccinum angulosum, 329 Buccinum belcheri, 329 Buccinum ciiiatum, 260, 328 Buccinum cyaneum, 329 Buccinum elatior, 260, 329 Buccinum finmarchianum, 328 Buccinum fragile, 329 Buccinum fringillum, 263, 329 Buccinum glaciale, 260, 329

Buccinum humphreyseanum, 327

Buccinum hydrophanum, 263, 329

Buccinum maltzani, 329 Buccinum micropoma, 329 Buccinum nivaie, 263, 329 Buccinum ochotense, 259 Buccinum percrassum, 259 Buccinum physematum, 329 Buccinum plectrum, 329 Buccinum polare, 260, 329 Buccinum polium obsoletum,

329 Buccinum rossicum, 259 Buccinum spp., 269, 329 Buccinum undatum, 264, 328 Buffonellaria biaperta,

354(table) Bugula spp., 355(table),

356(table), 360(ta­ble), 361(table), 362(table)

Bulbus smith ii, 328 Bulimina aculeata, 617(table) Buliminella elegantissima, 498 Buoys and ice, 4 Buskia nitens, 352(table) Byam Channel, 500, 520-521 Byam Martin Channel, 521 Byrranga, 738

Caberea ellisii, 353(table) Calanoida, 250 Calanus finmarchicus, 205, 767 Calanus glacial is, 240(table),

244(table), 245, 246, 247-249, 248(table)

ealanus hyperboreus, 240(ta­ble), 244(table), 245, 246,249

Calcidiscus leptoporus, 446, 448, 451, 452, 455

Calciodinellaceae, 616 Calcium, 95 Caledonian fold belts, 833,

846 Caledonian orogeny, 837 Calicella syringa, 412(table) California, 462 California Current, 223-224 Calliostoma occidentalis, 328 Callopora spp., 349(table),

350(table), 352(ta­ble), 358(table), 360(table), 362(table)

Calycopsis birulai, 400, 410(table)

Cambrian period hydro­zoans, 397

Campanularia spp., 412(table)

Campanulina lacerata, 406, 412(table)

Campylaspis costata, 435 Campylaspis intermedia, 436,

438 Campylaspis rubicunda, 435 Campylaspis stephenseni, 435 Canada Abyssal Plain. See

also Canada Basin clay minerals, 672, 709 cryopelagic fauna, 252 currents, 583, 669 elemental composition,

702 lithostratigraphy, 685 nitrogen, 701 organic carbon, 701 physiography, 797, 811,

816,818 sediments, 657, 660, 680 turbidity flows, 668

Canada Basin/Canadian Basin

clay minerals, 672 continental margin, 497 currents, 669, 670 elemental composition,

702-703, 702(table), 704

foraminifera, 497-566 formation, 830-831, 832 lithostratigraphy, 682 metals, 705 (table), 707,

708, 711 movement, 843 nutrients, 107 opening, 837, 841, 851, 853 organic carbon, 701 physiography, 797, 811,

818-819 Pleistocene, 264 Pliocene, 261 sediments, 21, 584-588,

657, 661, 663, 709 size, 843, 855, 857 species distribution, 268 surveys, 801 tectonics, 823-824

Canadian Arctic! archipelago Cumacea, 431, 435, 438 diatoms, 494 foraminifera, 497-566 freshwater input, 104 glaciation, 23, 667, 700-

701,739 heavy minerals, 678 hydrozoans, 400, 402, 404,

405,406 ice algae, 125 ice flora, 166 lipids, 165

Melosira sp., 167 mollusks, 312, 313, 315(ta-

ble), 318, 319 mysids, 375 Paleogene, 258 phytoplankton, 138, 157,

205, 211-213 Pliocene, 260 seafloor morphology, 501 sea ice, 48, 57-58, 66, 69,

71,504,582 seawater, 503-504 sediments, 501-503, 709,

712 Canadian Arctic Expedition,

799 Canadian Arctic Islands, 23 Canadian Expedition to

Study Alpha Ridge (CESAR), 657, 685, 802-803, 808, 820-822, 824,830

Canadian Hydrographic Ser­vice (CHS), 802, 804-808

Canadian North Pole Expe­ditions, 802, 808

Canadian Polar Shelf, 797, 811-814

Canadian Shield, 678 Canary Islands, 434 Candelabrum phrygium, 404-

405, 408, 412(table) Canning River, 671(table),

673, 678(table) Cannobotryoidae, 470 Cannospaera antarctica, 464 Cape Albert Edward, 811 Cape Barrow, 286, 384 Cape Cod, 434, 435 Cape Egerton, 811 Cape Hardy, 517 Cape Hatteras, 435 Cape Sabler, 734 Cape Shelagski, 488 Cape Svyatei/Svyatoi Nos,

287, 292, 397 Cape Vankarem/Wankar-

ema, 124, 490 Capulacmaea radiata, 328 Capulus hungaricus, 327 Carbasea carbasea, 352(table) Carbohydrate storage, 134 Carbon, organic (OC)

Barents Sea, 766, 767, 768, 768(table), 772(table)

dissolved (DOC), 111, 701, 711,769

in ice, 126 particulate (POC), 111,

701, 711, 769-777

Index 867

production, 788-789 in sediments, 662, 665-666,

701-702, 711, 777-778, 780, 789(table), 790

Carbonate biogenic, 697-699 cycles, 699, 701, 711 dissolution, 708 mineralogy, 692-701, 711 in seawater, 95 in sediments, 662

Carbon dioxide, 19, 33, 86, 87, 100-101

Carboniferous period Arctic reconstruction, 848 ice-rafted fossils, 584

Carbon isotopes in foraminifera, 608,

609(table), 618-619 in sediments, 571, 573,

621, 632, 701 Carbon reserves, 132 Carbon tetrachloride, 94, 101 Cardiidae, 304 Cardium edule, 314 Cardium spp., 308(table) Caspian Sea, 263, 265, 268,

385 Cassidulina islandica, 498,

617(table) Cassidulina laevigata, 499, 509,

510(table), 512(table), 513-517, 523, 544, 617(table)

Cassidulina reniforme, 498, 509, 510(table), 512(table), 513-516, 523, 544-545

Cassidulina spp., 617(table) Catablema vesica ria, 410(table) Cauloramphus spp., 351(ta-

ble), 352( table), 357(table)

Cellepora spp., 350(table), 362(table)

Celleporina spp., 357(table), 358(table), 359(table)

Cenozoic period Arctic paleoclimate, 759-

760 Barents Sea stratigraphy,

721-726 bivalve mollusks, 304, 311 Cumacea, 439 diatoms, 481 foraminifera, 597-614 fossils, 445, 597 global events, 598(table) ice cover, 581 polar climatic regime, 19

868 Index

Cenozoic period (cont.) polar wandering, 118 sediments, 587-635

Centrobotrys termophila, 469(table)

Ceramaster granularis, 283, 287

Cerastoderma spp., 309(table) Ceratium arcticum, 205, 211,

212,213 Ceratocyrtis histricosa, 467,

468(table) Cerithiella whiteavesii, 329 CESAR (Canadian Expedi­

tion to Study Alpha Ridge) Project, 657, 685, 802-803, 808, 820-822, 824, 830

Cesar North Ridge, 821 Cesar South Ridge, 821 Cesar Trough, 821, 824 Chaetoceros atlanticus, 211 Chaetoceros borealis, 211 Chaetoceros compressus, 493 Chaetoceros debilis, 211, 489,

492 Chaetoceros decipiens, 211 Chaetoceros furcellatus, 203-

204, 207, 213, 489 Chaetoceros gracilis, 205 Chaetoceros holsaticus, 483 Chaetoceros ingolfianus, 492,

493 Chaetoceros mitra, 483, 489 Chaetoceros radicans, 493 Chaetoceros septentrionalis,

213, 489, 492, 493 Chaetoceros socialis, 204, 207,

210,211 Chaetoceros spp., 134, 203-

213, 489, 491, 764 Chaetoceros subsecundus, 210,

489, 492, 493 Chaetognatha, 237, 240(ta­

ble), 245 Chamelea sp., 309(table) Change, environmental, and

evolution, 117-119 Charlie Gap, 817, 818 Charlie Ice Island, 801 Chartella barleei, 349(table) Charts, 804-808. See also

Maps Chaun Bay, 488, 489 Cheiloporina sincera, 357(ta­

ble), 363(table) Cheilostomata, 342, 343 Chemical constituents

ice, 126 seawater, 93-95

Chemical oceanography, 93-111

Chersky Ridge, 836 Chilostomella sp., 617(table) Chlamys islandicus, 260, 272 Chalmys spp., 306(table) Chlorophyceae, 126, 132,

133( table). See also Algae

Chlorophyll algae, 129, 132, 133(table),

136-138, 137(table), 157, 198

diatoms, 132, 137 in ice, 124, 125, 130, 167,

168(table), 170(table) under ice, 135-136, 147-

184,227 in seawater, 137, 208-211,

505 Chlorophytes, 173 Chromyechinus borealis,

468(table) Chronology. See Dating Chronostratigraphy, 712, 713 Chrysallida eximia, 328 Chrysochromulina birgeri, 128 Chrysophyceae!

chrysophytes, 125, 126, 133(table), 166, 173,212

Chukchi Abyssal Plain, 815, 817, 818-819

Chukchi Borderland, 797, 817

Chukchi Cap, 584, 682, 684, 797,817

Chukchi fold belt, 835 Chukchi Peninsula, 260 Chukchi Plateau, 584-588 Chukchi Rise, 700 Chukchi Sea

biomass quantities, 270 bottom water, 106 bryozoa, 344, 345 clay mineralogy, 670-673,

674 Cumacea, 431, 433, 434,

435, 436, 437-438, 439 diatoms, 125, 138, 490-494 echinoderms, 281-292 fauna, 263 foraminifera, 498 gastropods, 325, 327, 330-

333 hydrozoans, 399, 400, 405,

406, 408, 418(table) ice, 135 ice algae, 125, 129, 131,

137,140 ice flora, 167 mollusks, 258, 259, 312,

315(table), 318

mysids, 373, 375, 379, 383, 384,386

physiography, 797 production values, 176,

179 radiolarians, 466, 467, 471,

472,473 sedimentary basin, 833 sediments, 709, 778 species numbers, 269

Chukchi Shelf, 797, 801, 815-816,833

Chukotka, 835, 837, 848, 853, 855

Cibicides lobatulus, 227, 498, 499, 510(table), 512(table), 513(table), 517, 543, 617(table)

Cibicides spp., 617(table) Cilialocardium sp., 308(table) Ciliates, 139, 140 Circular systems, natural,

117 Circulation, atmospheric, 8-

12,26 Cirripedes, 140 Cladocarpus integer, 405,

416(table) Cladocarpus spp., 416(table) Cladoscenium sp., 467 Clava multicornis, 408(table) Clays

mineralogy, 661-662, 674-675

red, 632, 633 in sediments, 575-576,

577(table), 663-665, 670-675, 709, 769

Climate, Arctic, 1-38, 118-121, 732(table). See also Paleoclimate

Clione limacina, 240(table), 244(table)

Clio pyramidata antarctica, 224 Clio pyramidata sulcata, 224 Clupea sp., 269 Clytia gracilis, 406, 412(table) Cnesterium sp., 306(table) Coccolithophora leptopora, 446 Coccolithophora pelagica, 447 Coccolithophores, 615 Coccolithophorids!

coccoliths, 196-197, 206, 210, 212, 445-456, 615

Coccolith us huxleyi, 204(ta­ble), 447. See also Emiliania huxleyi

Coccolith us leptoporus, 446 Coccolith us pelagicus, 206,

208, 446, 448-456

Cocconeis scutellum, 482, 483, 490

Coccosphaera carteri, 446 Coccosphaera leptopora, 446 Coccosphaera pelagica, 446, 447 Collosphaerida, 461 Colus capponius, 329 Colus curtus, 329 Colus fusilformes, 328 Colus hypolispus, 329 Colus islandicus, 328 Colus latericeus, 328 Colus propinquus, 329 Colus pubescens, 329 Colus rosens, 329 Colus spitzbergensis, 328 Colus spp., 329 Colus stimpsoni, 328 Colus togatus, 328 Colus tortuosus, 328 Colus turgidulus, 328 Colus undulatus, 328 Colville River, 671, 671(ta-

ble), 673, 674, 675, 678(table)

Conarachnium profundum, 465-466

Conarachnium pronendum, 465 Conchoecia sp., 240(table) Concretions, ferromagne-

sium-rich, 588-597 Coniformes, 329 Contaminants, in seawater,

94-95 Continental drift, 19, 829-

858 Continental margins, 808-

817 Convection, deep, 81 Cooperation Gap, 670 Copepoda/ copepods

Barents Sea, 767 cryopelagic, 237, 240(ta-

ble), 245-246 meiofauna, 139, 140 plankton communities, 119 swarms, 247 use of ice algae, 141

Coral reefs, 258 Cordilleras Ice Sheet, 740 Corethron criophilum,

204(table) Corethron hystrix, 204(table),

212 Cornwallis Island, 501 Corymorpha glacialis, 400,

410(table) Corymorpha groenlandica, 400,

402, 405, 408, 409, 410(tabIe)

Coryne lovenii, 405, 410(table)

Corynoporella tenius, 351(table)

Coscinodiscus asteromphalus, 483, 486, 493

Coscinodiscus centralis, 212 Coscinodiscus curvatulus, 493 Coscinodiscus marginatus, 492,

493 Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis, 493 Coscinodiscus perforatus, 483,

493 Coscinodiscus radiatus, 483,

486,493 Coscinodiscus subbuliens, 205 Craspedophyceae, 128 Crassicardia crassidens, 259,

308(table) Crenella sp., 306(table) Crepidula grandis, 329 Cretaceous period

Arctic climate, 19, 26 Arctic reconstruction, 853-

857 mollusks, 120, 304, 329 planktonic foraminifera,

597 sediments, 685

Cribrilina spp., 350(table), 353(table), 356(table), 361(table)

Cribrostomoides crassimargo, 510(table), 512(ta­ble), 514, 516, 519, 522(table), 530-531

Cribrostomoides jeffreysi, 511(table), 512(ta­bIe), 516, 522(table), 531

Cribrostomoides subglosus, 512(table)

Crinoids, 665 Crisia spp., 352(table),

358(table), 360(table) Crisidia cornuta, 349(table) Crisiella spp., 357(table),

360(table) Crisis aculeata, 360(table) Crocodiles, 258 Cromyechinus borealis, 465,

467 Crossaster pappas us, 284, 287 Crossaster squamatus, 284, 287 Crustaceans/ crustacea, 269,

373-386, 398, 431-440 Cryofauna. See Fauna, cryo­

pelagic Cryonella wyville-thomsoni,

336 Cryophytes, 20 Cryptonatica bathybii, 262, 268 Cryptonatica clausa, 328

Index 869

Cryptonatica septentrionalis, 329

Cryptophyceae, 126, 128, 133(table), 212

Crystallolithus hyalin us, 208 Ctenodiscus crispatus, 283,

287,290 Ctenophores, 247 Ctenostomata, 342, 343 Cumacea/cumaceans, 431-

440 Cumella carinata, 435, 440 Currents. See also geographical

names baroclinic, 71-74 barotropic, 71-74, 79 geostrophic, 59 and sediments, 583, 584,

669-670, 709 Cuspidaria spp., 310(table) Cuspidella grandis, 405,

412(table) Cuvier, C. C. L. D., 117-118 Cyanobacteria, 193 Cyanophyceae, 126, 133(ta-

ble), 212 Cyclammina pusilla, 617(table) Cyclicity

carbonate, 699-701 lithostratigraphic, 682-684

Cyclocardia crebricostata, 259 Cyclocardia spp., 308(table) Cyclocaris guilelmi, 244(table) Cyclococcolithina leptopora, 446 Cyclococcolithus leptoporus,

446 Cyclones, polar, 8-12 Cyclopecten spp., 306(table) Cyclopina schneideri, 240(ta-

ble), 244(table) Cyclopoida, 250 Cyclostomata, 342, 343 Cyclotella ocellata, 483 Cylindroporella tubulosa,

357(table) Cylindrotheca c/osterium,

127(table) Cyrtodaria angusta, 723 Cyrtodaria sp., 307(table) Cystisella spp., 354(table),

362(table) Cysts

chrysophytes, 128 coccolithophorids, 197 diatoms, 134-135, 195 dinoflagellates, 130, 196 ice algae, 157

Cyttarocylis denticulata, 205

Dacrydium vitreum, 306(ta­ble), 314

870 Index

Dactylamblyops sarsi, 375, 382 Dalnozelenetskaya Bay, 770,

774 Dark adaptation, 132-133 Dark survival, 157 Darwin, Charles R. 115, 117,

120 Dating

Arctic chronology, 581-635, 740-743

paleomagnetic, 686-692, 712

radiometric, 620-631 sediments, 573-577,

742(table) Davis Strait

Cumacea, 434, 435, 436 hydrozoans, 402, 405 ice algae, 124, 128, 157,

137(table) ice flora, 166 past history, 19 production values, 126,

179 Dayus mysidis, 240(table) Decapoda, 237, 240(table),

244,247 Defense Research Board of

Canada (DRB), 804 Deformation, sea ice, 51 Defrancia lucernaria, 350(ta­

ble), 354(table) Deglaciation, 744-746. See

also Glaciation Delectopecten spp., 306(table) Dendrobeania spp., 351(table),

352(table), 353(table), 357(table), 360(table), 362(table)

Denmark Harbor, 205 Denmark Strait, 139, 206,

447,448 Dentalina spp., 617(table) Denticulopsis seminae, 493 Depositional processes, 666-

670, 684-685 Derjuginia af. tolli, 240(table) Deuterium, 101-102 Devonian period

Arctic reconstruction, 846-848

mollusks, 304 Devon Island, 124 Diastylidae, 432 Diastylis alaskensis, 434 Diastylis aspera, 434 Diastylis bidentata, 434, 439 Diastylis dalli, 434, 439 Diasty/is echinata, 435, 438,

440 Diastylis edwardsi, 435, 439

Diastylis glabra, 434, 438 Diastylis goodsiri, 435, 438 Diastylis lepechini, 435, 439 Diastylis lucifera, 434 Diastylis nathorsti, 438 Diastylis nucella, 435 Diastylis oxyrhyncha, 435, 438 Diastylis paraspinulosa, 439 Diastylis polaris, 435, 436, 438 Diastylis rathkei, 434, 438, 440 Diastylis scorpioides, 435, 439 Diastylis spinulosa, 435, 438,

439 Diastylis stygia, 435, 438, 440 Diastylis sulcata, 435, 438, 440 Diastyloides serrata, 434 Diatoms

Arctic Basin, 207 Baffin Bay, 212 Barents Sea, 764 benthonic, 125 centric, 166, 195 Chukchi Sea, 125 cysts, 125, 195 Denmark Strait, 206 Jan Mayen Islands, 207 under pack ice, 272 pennate, 166, 195 planktonic, 119, 195, 203,

213 Pleistocene, 262 in sea ice, 126, 133(table) in sediments, 130, 481-494,

583, 615-616, 721, 726 swarms, 247 and trace metals, 596 in water column, 129

Dicoryne conferta, 408(table) Dictyochophyceae, 126, 128,

133(table) Dictyophimus gracilipes, 462,

465 Dictyophimus multispinus, 462 Dimophyes arctica, 407,

418(table) Dinobryon balticum, 208 Dinobryon spp., 205, 207 Dinoph yceae/ dinoflagellates

Arctic Basin, 207 Baffin Bay, 212 Chukchi Sea, 125 cysts, 130 Denmark Strait, 206 ice, 126, 128, 133(table),

166 planktonic, 193, 195-196,

616 sediments, 616, 665 Spitsbergen, 210

Diphasia spp., 414(table) Diplocyclas cornuta, 468(table)

Diplocyclas davisiana, 467, 468(table)

Diplodonta spp., 309(table) Diploneis subcincta, 491 Diplosolen spp., 349(table),

352( table), 358( table) Discoasters, 445 Disko Bay, 147, 148, 163, 176 Disko Island, 126, 137(table) Dissolution, foraminiferal

tests, 614, 696, 708 Distephanus speculum, 128,

129 Doryporella spatulifera,

352(table) Dosina spp., 309(table) Drake Passage, Antarctica,

258 Drepanopus bungei, 240(table) Drift, 60, 68. See also Ekman

Drift; North Atlantic Drift

Dumbell Bay, 152, 153, 154 Dust, eolian, 583, 670, 709 Dvina Bay, 483 Dynamena pumilia, 414(table)

East Bay, 499, 500, 517-520 East European platform, 833,

834, 837-839, 838(ta­ble), 844, 857

East Greenland. See Green­land

East Greenland Current (EGC), 32, 100, 104, 230, 386, 582, 800

East Greenland fold belt, 834,846

East Greenland Sea, 139, 312, 314-318, 315(ta­ble), 319. See also Greenland Sea

East Pacific Rise, 707 East Siberian Sea. See also,

Siberian Sea biomass studies, 270 bivalve mollusks, 311, 313,

315(table), 319 bryozoa, 344, 345 clay minerals, 672 cryopelagic fauna, 252 Cumacea, 439 diatoms, 487-490 echinoderms, 281-292 gastropods, 325, 326, 327,

330-333 glaciers, 667 heavy minerals, 677 high pressure, 8 hydrozoans, 398, 399, 400,

406, 408, 418(table)

ice circulation, 48, 583 mysids, 375 physiography, 797 river run-off, 2 sediments, 778 snowpack,14-16

East Siberian Shelf, 244, 271, 797, 798, 816

Echinarachnus parma, 283, 286 Echinocyamus pusillus, 283 Echinoderms, 281-292, 616,

665 Echinoids, 281-292 Echinomma delicatum,

468(table) Echinomma leptodermum, 462,

463, 465, 466, 467, 471-472

Echinus acutus, 283, 287, 290 Echinus esculentis, 283, 287 Ecological equilibrium, 117 Ecosystems, 115-121, 236,

257-274 Ectotherms, 118, 119 Eddy diffusion, 62 Eggerella advena, 498, 499,

510(table), 512(ta­ble), 535-536

Ekman Drift, 88 Elba River, 729 Electra spp., 350(table),

352(table), 355(table), 356(table)

Elements in sediments, 662, 702-708, 705(table)

Ellef Ringnes Island, 405, 506,811

Ellesmere Island continental slope, 811 glaciers, 666, 677, 700, 710,

713 icebergs, 582 physiography, 1, 798, 799,

803 Pleistocene, 739 radiolarians, 463

Ellesmerian orogeny, 837 Elliptica spp., 307(table) Elphidium barletti, 510(table),

512(table), 541 Elphidium clavatum, 498 Elphidium excavatum, 498-

499, 509-513, 510(ta­ble), 512(table), 521, 523, 541-542

Elphidium incertum, 498 Elphidium spp., 499, 617(ta­

ble), 633 Elphidium subarcticum, 498,

510(table), 512(ta­ble), 513(table), 542

Emarginula crassa, 328 Emarginula fisura, 327 Emiliania huxleyi, 197, 204(ta-

ble), 210-211, 447-452,456

Endotherms, 119 Energy budget, polar, 4-8,

6(table), 35 Energy fluxes over ice,

7(table) Energy transport in atmo-

sphere, 4 English Channel, 434 Enisei River, 486 Enneaphormis rotula, 468 Ensis spp., 310(table) Entalophora spp., 354(table) Enthoselenia sp., 617(table) Entocolax ludwigi, 329 Environmental change and

evolution, 117-119 Eocene epoch

foraminifera, 603 Oligocene boundary, 603 polar climatic regime, 19,

20 Eoeponidella pulchella, 510(ta­

ble), 512(table), 513(table), 519, 523, 540

Epheria crassior, 329 Epheria vincta, 328 Epifauna, 123. See also Ice

fauna Epistominella arctica,

617(table) Epistominella exigua, 498, 499 Epistominella vitrea, 511(ta-

ble), 512(table), 540 Eponides frigid us, 498 Eponides spp., 617(table) Equilibria, punctuated, 603 Erginus rubella, 328 Erratics, 665 Erythrops abyssorum, 378, 382 Erythrops erythrophthalma,

378,382 Erythrops glacial is, 375, 382 Erythrops microps, 375, 382 Erythrops serrata, 375, 382 Escharella macrodonta,

362(table) Escharelloides spp., 361(table) Escharina alderi, 356(table) Escharoides spp., 359(table),

361(table) Escharopsis lobata, 357(table) Eskimo Lakes region, 125,

129, 135, 136, 138 Estuarine waters, Arctic,

268, 282

Index 871

Eualus belcheri, 240(table), 244

Eucampia groenlandica, 204, 205, 210, 213

Euchitonia e/egans, 469(table) Euchitonia furcata, 469(table) Eucratea loricata, 352(table),

357(table), 358(table) Eucrohnia hamata, 240(table),

244(table) Eudendrium planum, 404, 408,

410(table) Eudendrium spp., 410(table) Eudorella arctica, 435, 437 Eudorella emarginata, 434, 439 Eudorella gracilis, 435, 436 Eudorella groenlandica, 435,

437 Eudorella hispida, 435, 440 Eudorella spitzbergensis, 435,

437 Eudorellopsis deformis, 434,440 Eudorel/opsis integra, 435, 437,

440 Euglenophyceae/euglenoids,

125, 126, 128, 133(ta­ble), 173

Eumetula costulata, 328 Eunotia praerupta, 483 Euphausiidae/euphausids,

247, 250, 767, 76 Euphysa aurata, 406,

410(table) Euphysa flam mea, 410(table) Euphysa tentaculata, 405,

410(table) Euramerica, 831, 834, 835,

837, 843, 848 Eurasia, 729-746, 840-843,

841(table) Eurasia Basin. See also Fram

Basin; Nansen Basin bryozoa, 344, 345 expeditions, 801 fauna, 268 foraminifera, 228(table) mollusks, 230(table), 325,

326,330 opens, 830, 837 physiography, 1-2, 797,

817-818 Pleistocene, 261 Pliocene, 262 sedimentation rates, 21 shelves, 833 tectonic history, 823, 835 water, 29, 111, 161

Eurasian sector, Arctic Ocean, 202, 205-211

Euscenium sp., 467 Eusirus holmi, 240(table),

244(table)

872 Index

Evaporation, Arctic Basin, 100

Events, global, 598(table) Evolution

Arctic ecosystem, 257-274 Arctic geology, 829-858 late Cenozoic Arctic, 759-

760 polar marine ecosystems,

115-121 Exacanthomysis arctopacifica,

378,382 Expeditions, 800-804 Exploration, 798-804 Exuviaella baltica, 204(table),

212. See also Prorocen­trum balticum

Faroe/Faeroe Islands, 404, 406, 434, 435, 472, 738

Fasciculiporoides americana, 354(table)

Fauna cryopelagic, 236-253 ice, 139-140 polar, 120 sub-ice, 140

Fenestrulina malusii, 350(table)

Filellum serpens, 412(table) Filicrisia spp., 351(table),

357(table) Finland, 434 Fish/pisces, 119, 140, 250,

262,269 Fissurelliformes, 329 Fissurina spp., 617(table) Flagellates, 125-128, 131,

133(table), 139-140, 166, 173, 206-207

Fletcher Abyssal Plain, 657, 663,670

Fletcher's Ice Island T-3 lithostratigraphy, 679 map data, 808, 820 occupation, 801 sediments, 657, 661, 680,

681 Flora

benthonic, 179 halocline, 173 ice. See Ice flora nemoral,19 plankton, 173-179

Flustra spp., 351(table), 357(table), 358(table)

Flustrellidra spp., 351(table), 358(table)

Food chains, 236 Food reserves, 133(table),

134

Food webs, 119, 138-139, 140-141, 236

Foraminifera benthonic, 22, 508, 583-

584, 596-597, 616 Canadian shelf, 497-566 and carbonate, 697-699 Cenozoic, 597-614, 721,

723,726 cryopelagic, 237, 240(ta­

ble), 244(table) ice-rafted, 584, 712 and manganese nodules,

596-597 planktonic, 22, 506-508,

583, 610(table) under sea ice, 223-231,

226(table) sediments, 665, 686, 701,

709,711 and stable isotopes, 610(ta­

ble), 620 taxonomy, 524-566

Forests, late Pliocene, 760 Fossils, 445-456, 584, 597,

665, 669, 721 Foxe Basin, 106, 212 Fragilaria cylindrus, 204(ta­

ble), 212. See also Nitz-schia cylindrus

Fragilaria islandica, 206 Fragilaria nana, 204(table),

207, 212. See also Nitz-schia pseudonana

Fragilaria oceanica, 203-205, 204(table), 207, 211, 213. See also Nitzschia grunowii

Fragilaria spp., 211, 482, 764 Fragilaria sublinearis, 131, 134 Fram (Nansen's ship), 799,

800 Fram Basin, 797, 804, 816,

818,823 FRAM operations, 801, 804,

819 Fram Sound, 517 Fram Strait

Arctic heat exchange, 3, 5 cryofaunal movements,

251 gas content, 101 ice, 4, 32, 48 in Last Glacial cycle, 23 meltwater, 104 nannofossils, 447, 455 physiography, 2 seawater, 100

Franz Josef Land/Archi­pelago

and Barents Sea, 816

basaltic eruptions, 833 biomass studies, 270 bivalve mollusks, 312 coastal phytoplankton, 764 Cumacea, 433, 436 ecosystems, 258 glaciation, 666, 735, 736,

737,789 hydrozoans, 399, 400, 402 ice algae, 124 movement, 843 mysids, 379, 386 organic carbon, 769 plant production, 206 Pleistocene deposits, 725

Free drift, 60, 68 Freons, 94-95, 101 Freshwater. See Water Frigidoalvania cruenta, 329 Frigidoalvania janmaeni, 328 Frigidoalvania scorbiculata, 329 Fritillaria borealis, 240(table) Frobisher Bay

ice algae, 125, 126, 129 ice fauna, 139 nutrients, 161-162 phytoplankton, 138 primary production, 163

Fucoxanthin, 132, 133(table) Fucus inflatus, 774 Fucus vesiculosus, 766 Fungella dalli, 360(table) Fursenkoina fusiformis, 509,

510(table), 512(ta­bIe), 543-544

Gadus spp., 269 Gammaracanthus /oricatus,

139, 236, 240(table), 243-244, 263

Gamma-ray spectrometry, 625

Gammaridea, 250 Gammarus setosus, 139, 236,

272 Gammarus spp., 269 Gammarus wilkitzkii

cryopelagic, 252, 272 distribution, 236, 238-239,

240(table), 247(table) in ice, 139, 249 Pleistocene, 262 resting periods, 251 at water-ice interface, 249

Ganesa areolata, 328 Ganesa laevigata, 328 Ganesa trochoidea, 327 Gas transfer, 100-101 Gastropoda/gastropods. See

Mollusks General circulation models

(GCM), 24-35, 37, 71, 88

Geochronology. See Dating Geological data, Arctic re­

gion, 831-837 George's Bank, 435 Gephyrotes nitidopunctata,

351(table) Gephyrocapsa spp., 447, 448,

450(tables), 451, 452, 453, 454, 456

Germany, 304, 319 Gibbula cineraria, 327 Gibbula tumida, 327 Glaciation

Last Glaciation, 729-746 late Pleistocene, 732(table) late Pliocene, 760

Glaciers Arctic ecosystems, 262-266 erosion, 669 Eurasia, 729-746 nutrients, 164-165 retreat, 744-746 sea ice, 130

Globigerina angustiumbilicata, 604,632

Globigerina bulloides, 224, 608, 634

Globigerina continuosa, 604 Globigerina cryophila

coil direction, 607(table), 608

described, 604, 608 dissolution, 614 under ice, 227 stable isotope composi­

tion, 610(table) stratigraphy, 617, 134

Globigerina egelida Baffin Bay, 22 biostratigraphy, 617 described, 613-618 under ice, 227, 230 identified, 608 paleoclimates, 597, 619,

632, 633, 634 Globigerina exumbilicata, 614 Globigerina hermanae, 604,

607(table), 608-611, 611(table)

Globigerina inflata, 608 Globigerina occulsa, 608 Globigerina pachyderma, 604-

608 biostratigraphy, 617 coil direction, 597, 604,

605(table), 607, 607(table)

compared with G. cryo-phi/a, 608

compared with G. para-obesa,611

described, 604-608 dissolution, 608, 614 distribution, 224, 227 under ice, 227, 230 paleoclimates, 619, 632,

633,634 stable isotopes, 610(table),

611(table), 610-620 Globigerina paraobesa, 604,

611-612, 612(table) Globigerina quinqui/oba

acme zones, 612(table) biostratigraphy, 617-618 compared with G. egelida,

614 described, 604, 612-613 dissolution, 608 distribution, 224 under ice, 227, 230 paleoclimates, 619, 638

Globigerina quinquiloba egelida, 613

Globigerina sacculifer, 634 Globigerina spp., 240(table),

244(table), 665, 697 Globigerinita glutinata, 224,

608 Globigerinita uvula, 224, 608 Globocassidulina subglobosa,

618 Globoquadrina pachyderma,

604 Globorotalia cibaoensis, 604 Globorotalia conoidea, 604 Globorotalia conomiozea, 604 Globorotalia crassaformis, 604 Globorotalia inflata, 604 Globorotalia merotumida, 603-

604 Globorotalia opima-mayeri, 604 Globorotalia pachyderma, 604 Globorotalia plesiotumida, 603 Globorotalia puncticulata, 604 Globorotalia spp., 665 Globorotalia truncatulinoides,

608 Globorotalia tumida, 603-604 Globorotaliids, 597, 603 Globuligerina spp., 597 Glomospira gordialis,

617(table) Godthaab, 179 Gomphonema exiguum,

127(table) Gordiospira arctica, 511(table),

512(table), 536 Gorgonocephalus arcticus, 284,

288 Gorgonocephalus caryi, 283,

286

Index 873

Gorgonocephalus eucnemis, 284,289

Gradualism, 603 Grammaria spp., 412(table) Grammatophora angulosa, 483 Grammatophora arctica, 483 Grammatophora oceanica, 483 Grand Banks, 223-224, 435 Gravels, 665 Great Peter Bay, 435. See also

Peter the Great Bay Greenland

and Arctic boundary, 268 Cumacea, 433, 434, 435,

437 food belt, 834, 846 glaciation, 666, 667, 677,

700, 710 heavy minerals, 678 hydrozoans, 399, 400, 402,

404,405, 406 ice, 17-18, 79, 150, 164 ice algae, 124 ice cover, 1, 20, 23, 35, 582,

739 mollusks, 315(table), 319 mysids, 374, 375, 379, 383,

386 nannofossils, 447, 452 Paleogene, 258 paleotemperatures, 634 phytoplankton, 203, 204 plant production, 206 Pliocene, 260, 261, 760 radiolarians, 463 sea ice, 48, 68 as sediment source, 709,

712 separates from North

America, 20 Greenland Current

East, 32, 100, 104, 230, 386, 582,800

West, 211-212, 386 Greenland Fracture Zone,

811 Greenland-Norwegian Sea,

74,79 Greenland Sea

continental shelf, 808-811 Cretaceous water ex-

change, 19 Cumacea, 435, 436, 438 foraminifera, 224, 230, 608 hydrozoans, 399, 402, 404,

405, 406, 408 icebergs, 164 ice cover, 32 ice edge, 58, 81 ice fauna, 139 ice shelf, 21

874 Index

Greenland Sea (cant.) mollusks, 223-224, 312,

314-318, 315(table), 319

mysids, 373, 374, 379, 384, 386

nannofossils, 451, 452, 453 physiography, 797 phytoplankton, 179 radiolarians, 462, 463, 472,

473 salinities, 611(table) seasonal simulation, 79 sediment cores, 584-588 temperatures, 611(table)

Greenland Shelf, 797, 808-811

Greenland-Spitsbergen Pas-sage, 48, 58

Grodno Highlands, 729 Gulf of Alaska, 20, 223-224 Gulf of Anadyr, 263, 268 Gulf of Bothnia, 154, 173, 736 Gulf of Maine, 434 Gulf of St. Lawrence, 125,

126, 129, 134, 166, 497 Gulf Stream

Arctic boundary, 268 evolution, 633 glaciation, 741-742, 743 organic matter, 769, 772 Pleistocene, 263-264, 265 zooplankton, 223, 767

Gydan Peninsula, 731 Gymnolaemata, 341, 342 Gyres

anticyclonic, 251 Beaufort Sea, 48, 49, 69,

582,583

Haduttey ridges, 731, 734 Halammohydra schulzei,

418(table) Halecium corrugatum, 405,

416(table) Halecium marsupiale, 405,

416(table) Halecium ornatum, 405,

416(table) Halecium reversum, 408,

416(table) Halecium speciosum, 405,

416(table) Halecium spp., 416(table) Halicreas bigelowi, 416(table) Haliomma beroes, 463, 467 Halisiphonia arctica, 404, 408 Halitholus yoldia-arctica, 400,

410(table) Halocarbons, 94-95, 101 Halocline, 28, 29, 30, 173

Halopsis ocellata, 412(table) Hanna Sea Canyon, 815-816 Haplophragmoides sp., 616,

617, 617(table) Haplopoma impressum,

356(table) Harmeria scutulata, 359(table) Harpacticoida, 250 Harpacticus superflexus, 239,

240(table), 244(table), 249

Hastigerines, 603 Haynesina nana, 509, 510(ta­

ble), 512(table), 542 Haynesina orbiculare, 509,

510(table), 512(ta­ble), 513(table), 519, 542

Hazen Strait, 500, 507, 516-517

Heat budget, oceanic, 6(table)

Heat transport, oceanic, 5 Hebrides (Islands), 738, 739 Hecla and Gripper Bay, 498,

500, 501, 516-517 Helcion pellucidus, 327 Helicosphaera carteri, 446, 447,

448, 451, 455 Heliodiscus asteriscus,

469(table) Heliozoans, 139, 140 Helium, 101 Hemicyclopora emucronata,

362(table) Hemilamprops assimilis, 434 Hemilamprops rosea, 434 Hemilamprops uniplicata, 435,

438,440 Hemimysis abyssicola, 375, 382 Hemimysis lamornae, 375, 382 Henricia eschrichtii, 284, 287 Henricia knipowitschi, 284, 287 Henricia sanguinolenta, 283,

287 Henricia scabrior, 284 Henricia solida, 284 Henricia tumida, 284, 286 Herald Canyon, 815, 819 Herald Island, 286, 292, 842,

843 Herald-Wrangel fold zone,

855 Hercynian orogeny, 837 Heteranomia spp., 307(table) Heterocantha dentata,

468(table) Heterotrophy, 117, 132-133,

157 Hexacontium setosum, 467 Hiatella arctica, 307(table), 318

High-Latitude Air Expedi­tions (HLAE), 800

Hippasteria phrygiana, 283, 287

Hippoponella spp., 354(table), 363(table)

Hippoporina spp., 354(table), 356(table), 358(ta­ble), 359(table), 361(table), 362(table)

Hippothoa spp., 354(table), 357(table)

Holocene Barents Sea stratigraphy,

726 radiolarians, 470 sediments, 483, 490, 492,

582-587 Holothurians, 281-292, 584,

665 Homalophiura tesse/ata, 404 Homoeonema platygonon, 400,

416(table) Hopen Islands, 736 Hope Sea Valley, 815 Hornsund, 735 Hudson Bay

cyclonic activity, 12 foraminifera, 497 glaciation, 739 hydrozoans, 402, 404, 405 ice algae, 131, 157, 162 mollusks, 223-224, 315(ta-

ble), 318 phytoplankton, 138

Humic acid, 780, 781, 785, 792

Humidity and glaciers, 743-744, 746

Hyalodiscus scoticus, 482, 483 Hyalopecten sp., 306(table) Hydractinia serrata, 400, 402,

408, 409, 410(table) Hydractinia spp., 410(table) Hydractinia vallini, 404 Hydractinia (Stylactis) arctica,

404,408 Hydractinia (Stylactis) ingolJi,

404,408 Hydractinia (Stylactis) sp.,

400, 410(table) Hydrallmania falcata, 405,

414(table) Hydrida, 399, 418(table) Hydrobia ulvae, 328 Hydroidea, 397-419 Hydrology, Barents Sea,

761-763 Hydrozoa/hydrozoans, 397-

419 Hymenaster pellucid us, 284,

288, 289, 290

Hymenodora glacial is, 240(ta­ble), 244(table)

Hymenomonas huxleyi, 447 Hyperammina spp., 510(ta­

ble), 512(table), 524, 527, 617(table)

Hyperborean Platform, 829 Hyperiidae, 250

Iapetus Ocean, 844, 846 Iberian Ocean Basin, 841 lcasterias panopla, 284, 288,

289 Ice. See also Ice-rafted mate­

rial; Ice sheets algae, 123-141, 155-158,

156(table) anomalies, 17 breakup, 30 chemical composition, 126 cover, 581-582, 634, 712,

759-76 drift, 3-4, 20, 21 -edges, 77-84 extent, 16-18 fauna, 138-141 flora, 166-167 -ice interaction, 62-64 inertial motions, 51 and light, 150-155 -ocean dynamics, 47-89 regime, 3-4, 18-25 rheologies, 59 scavenging, 135 -shelf buttressing, 21 stress, 59, 60 thickness, 32, 65-68

Icebergs, 22, 23, 5S2 Icebreakers, 801, 804 Ice Island stations, SOl, 803,

808 Ice Island T-3 (Fletcher's)

and Alpha-Mende­leev Ridge, 820

lithostratigraphy, 679 mapping 801, S08 sediments, 657, 661, 680,

681 Iceland

Cumacea, 434, 435 hydrozoans, 402, 404, 405,

406 ice cover, 20, 32, 738 mysids, 374 Neogene, 19, 258, 260 production, 163 sea ice, 17-18 volcanic activity, 258

Iceland-Faeroes Ridge, 19 Ice-rafted material

carbonate, 700-701

debris, 633 foraminifera, 584 fossils, 584 metals, 704 minerals, 709 Pleistocene, 726 Pliocene, 20 sand, 633, 677 sediments, 22-23, 582-583,

633, 666-669, 682, 700-701, 708-712

Ice sheets Antarctic, 631 Arctic, 581-582 continental, 759-760 Eurasian, 729-746 during glaciations, 263,

729-746 Ice, continental, 760 Ice, fast, 152, 250, 504 Ice, first-year, 56, 58 Ice, frazil, 126, 135, 167 Ice, glacial, 666, 700-701, 710 Ice, multiyear, 56, 58, 581,

620 Ice, pack, 3-4, 35, 152, 504 Ice, sea

Beaufort Sea, 504 biota, 123-141 and brine, 104-107 cover, 35-36, 235 cryopelagic fauna, 235-253 deformation, 51-55 described, 199 diatoms, 119 drift, 48-51 dynamics, 48-71, 84-88 ecosystems, 120, 235-253 first-year, 246-247 foraminifera, 223-231 formation, 20, 101-105 in Last Glaciation, 743 and light conditions, 118 multiyear, 246 nutrients, 162(table) perennial cover, 760 and sediment, 582 stability, 27-33 thickness and ridging, 55-

58 zooplankton, 223-231

Idmonea spp., 354(table), 355(table), 360(table), 361(table)

Idmoneoides spp., 360(table) Ilintass Belt, 836, 853 Indian Ocean, 473 Indigirka River, 671(table),

672 Indigirka Valley, 816 Inertial motions, ice, 51

Index 875

Innuitian fold belt, 834-835, 846,848

Insolation, 505 Institute Islands, 725 International Geophysical

Year (IGY), 800, 801, 820

Iphinoe kroyeri, 328 Ireland I Irish Sea, 433, 434 Irminger Current, 268, 386 Iron, 707-708, 779 Irradiance, solar, and pro-

duction, 14S-150 Isefjord, 166, 173 Islandiella helenae, 499, 509,

510(table), 512(ta­ble), 513(table), 517, 523,538

Islandiella islandica, 498 Islandiella norcrossi, 498, 499,

510(table), 512(ta­ble), 513(table), 523, 538

Islandiella teretis, 499 Isopoda, 237, 240(table) Isotopes, stable, 608, 609(ta-

ble), 618-620, 635 Isthmia nervosa, 486

Jablonski effect, 120 Jamal Peninsula, 730, 731 James Bay, 739 Jan Mayen Island, 124, 206-

207 Japan, 400, 462 Japan, Sea of, 173, 283, 404,

434,472 Jaschnovia johnsoni, 239, 249 Jeffreysina g/obularis, 328 Jones Sound, 100, 500, 504,

517,523 J0rgen Bmnlund Fjord (JBF),

149, 150, 155 Jurassic period

Arctic reconstruction, 851-853

Cumacea, 431 diatoms, 195 foraminifera, 597

Jutland, 729

Kamchatka Peninsula Ire­gion, 260, 462, 494, 737

Kandalaksha Bay, 400, 482, 483

Kanin Peninsula, 721, 731, 848

Kaninsko-Kolguevskoyi shoals, 287

Karajak Fjord, 203, 204

876 Index

Kara Land, 850 Kara Massif/block, 834, 835,

843, 848, 850, 853 Kara Sea

biomass, 270, 271 bryozoa, 344 Cumacea, 433, 435, 436,

437,438 cyclonic activity, 12 diatoms, 486-487 echinoderms, 281-292 heavy minerals, 677 hydrozoans, 398, 399, 400,

402,404, 405, 406, 407, 409, 418(table)

ice algae, 124 mollusks, 312, 315(table),

318, 325, 327, 330-333 mysids, 379, 382, 383, 384,

386 paleoceanology, 722, 723 physiography, 797, 816 phytoplankton, 207 Pleistocene, 264 radiolarians, 462, 472 river runoff, 2 salinity, 29 sedimentary basin, 833 sediment carbon, 778 snow cover, 14, 16 temperatures, 16, 100

Kara Shelf, 731, 734, 741, 797 Karelia, 740, 745 Karga Horizon, 725 Kattinge Vig, 166 Kazantsevo Horizon, 725 Keenocardium californiensis,

259, 308(table) Kellia spp., 308(table) Kelliella spp., 309(table) Kevateen, 739 Khatanga River, 816 Khatyrka terrane, 837, 857 Khibin Mountains, 848 Khoreiver Trough, 723 Kinematic data, 840, 843 Kinetoskias spp., 355(table) King Kristian Island, 516 Kobuk River, 671(table) Kola Bay/Fjord, 383, 386,

398,402 Kola Peninsula

and Arctic boundary, 268 basaltic eruptions, 833 glaciation, 730, 736, 740,

745 Holocene deposits, 726 Pleistocene deposits, 724,

725 river discharge, 761

Kola Shelf, 721, 722, 724, 779

Kolguev Island, 724 Kolva River, 730 Kolyma Lowland, 760, 853 Kolyma River, 487, 671(ta-

ble), 672, 677 Kolyma Valley, 816 Kolymian Belt, 836 Kolymian/Kolymian-

Omolon Massif paleolatitudes, 840,

840(table) paleomagnetic pole,

838(table) relationships, 831, 835,

837,843 Kolyuchinskaya Inlet/Bay,

286,292 Kong Karls Land, 735 Korethraster hispidus, 284, 287 Kubenskoye Lowland, 730 Kula plate, 853, 857 Kuloj River, 730 Kuparuk River, 671, 671(ta­

ble), 673, 678(table) Kureika River, 734 Kurile Islands, 405

Labrador Basin, 831-832, 837, 841, 857

Labrador Current, 124, 268, 497,523

Labrador Peninsula, 379, 402,435,436, 739

Labrador Sea, 19, 211, 223, 224, 608, 611(table)

Labrador Strait, 20 Lacuna neritoidea, 328 Ladoga Lake, 385 Laecochlis granosa, 328 Lafoea dumosa, 407, 412(table) Lafoea grandis, 406, 414(table) Lafoea pocillum, 414(table) Lafoeina spp., 412(table) Lagena spp., 617(table) Lamark, J.B., 117-118 Lamellaria latens, 328 Lamprocyclas maritalis,

469(table) Lampropidae, 432 Lamprops fasciata, 434 Lamprops fuscata, 434, 438 Lancaster Sound, 100, 179,

498, 504, 506-508 Laptev Sea

biomass studies, 270 bivalve mollusks, 312, 313,

319 bryozoa, 344 cyclones, 12 diatoms, 487 echinoderms, 281-292

gastropods, 325, 327, 330-333

glaciers, 667 heavy minerals, 677 hydrozoans, 398-400, 402,

405, 406, 408, 409, 418(table)

mysids, 375, 379, 384, 386 physiography, 797 river run-off, 2 snow cover, 14-16

Laptev Shelf, 797, 816 Larnacicus corniger, 350(table) Latent heat fluxes; 78 Lauderia fragilis, 204, 204(ta-

ble). See also Bactero­sira fragilis

Laurasia, 830, 831, 833, 837, 841, 850, 851, 857

Laurentide Ice Sheet, 739-740, 745, 814

Leads in sea ice, 51 Ledella spp., 305(table) Ledyanaya Gora, 734 Leionucula delphinodonta,

305(table), 314 Leionucula tenius, 260,

305(table) Lena River, 677, 816, 818 Lena Trough, 819 Lepeta coeca, 328 Lepraliella contigua, 257(table) Lepraloides nordlandica,

355(table) Leptasterias arcticus, 283, 287,

290 Leptasterias groenlandica, 284,

287, 288, 289 Leptasterias hyperborea, 284 Leptasterias mUlleri, 283, 287 Leptasterias polaris, 284 Leptasterias sibirica, 284, 286-

287 Leptocylindrus danicus, 210,

213 Leptocylindrus spp., 211, 213 Leptostylis ampullacea, 435,

440 Leptostylis gorbunovi, 435, 438 Leptostylis longimana, 435,

437,440 Leptostylis macrura, 434 Leptostylis villosa, 435 Leptychaster arcticus, 283 Leucon acutirostris,434, 439 Leucon fulvus, 434 Leuconidae, 432 Leucon nasica, 434, 438, 439 Leucon nasicoides, 434, 439 Leucon nathorsti, 435 Leucon pallidus, 435, 438, 440

Leucon profundus, 435,440 Leucon spinulosus, 435-436,

438 Lichenopora spp., 351(table),

352(table), 358(table), 360(table)

Licmophora paradoxa, 482 Lida Highlands, 729 Light

and cooling climates, 118 and ice algae, 124, 130,

132-133, 156(table) parameters, 153(table) and plankton, 199,201,

202,213 and production, 148-159 transmission, 148-149, 150 under sea ice, 147-184

Limacina helicina, 223-224, 227, 230, 230(table), 24O(table), 244(table), 583

Limacina retroversa retroversa, 224

Limatula spp., 306-307(table) Limnomedusae, 399,

416(table) Limopsis sp., 306(table) Lincoln Sea, 797, 811 Liocyma sp., 309(table) Liomesus dalli, 328 Liostomia eburnea, 329 Lipids, 134, 165, 774-777,

775(table) Lissospira profunda, 329, 336 Lithamphora furcaspiculata,

468(table) Lithamphora platycephala, 467 Lithelius nautiloides, 467,

469(table) Lithelius spiralis, 467 Lithobotrys boralis, 472 Lithocampe aquilonaris,

468(table) Lithocampe plalicephala,

468(table) Lithocampe sp., 468(table) Lithocircus reticulata,

469(table) Lithomitra arachnea,

468(table) Lithopera bacca, 468(table) Lithostratigraphy, 678-686,

689-692, 709-710, 712 Littorina littorea, 264, 328 Littorina obtusata, 328 Littorina saxatilis, 327 Littorina squalida, 259 Liverpool Bay, 402 Lofoten Islands, 404, 730 Lofoten Shelf, 736

Lomonosov Ridge. See also LOREX

bivalve mollusks, 319 cryopelagic fauna, 252 Cumacea, 436 currents, 583, 670 discovery, 800, 801 formation, 830 lithostratigraphy, 679, 682 mapped,804 movement, 843 physiography, 1, 797, 798,

800,803, 819-820 Pleistocene, 262 Pliocene, 261 radiolarians, 466, 467 sediments, 581, 584-588,

657,663 tectonic history, 823

Long Strait, 270, 286 Lophaster furcifer, 284 Lophophaena hispida,

469(table) Lophophaena nadegdae, 467 Lophophaena sp., 466 LOREX Project (Lomonosov

Ridge Experiment), 657, 670, 682, 802-803, 808, 820, 822

Lougheed Island, 516 Loxophyceae, 193 Lucicutia polaris, 245, 240(ta-

ble), 244(table) Lucina sp., 307(table) Lunatia bathibii, 329, 336 Lunatia monterona, 329 Lunatia pallida, 328 Lunatia tenuistriata, 328 Lyonsia sp., 307(table) Lyonsiella spp., 310(table)

M'Clure Strait foraminifera, 499, 500,

505-508, 513-514 sediments, 501 water, 507

Mackenzie Canyon, 501, 506 Mackenzie Cone, 811, 818 Mackenzie King Island, 499,

506, 517-520 Mackenzie River Delta

clay mineralogy, 671(ta-ble), 673, 674

physiography, 818 runoff, 499, 504, 506 sediment plume, 501 sediment source, 709 shelf depth, 811

Mackenzie Sea Valley, 811 Mackenzie Trough, 501 McKinley Bay, 139

Index 877

Macoma spp., 309(table) Macoma balthicalbaltica, 262,

265,723 Macoma calcarea, 318 Macrofauna, ice, 139 Mactridae, 304 Magnetic anomalies, 823, 844 Magnetic polarity, 581 Magnetic reversal method,

573 Makarov Basin

closed, 843, 857 formed, 831-832 mapped,804 physiography, 797-798,

818, 820-823 tectonic history, 824

Malletia spp., 305(table) Malletidae, 304 Mammals, marine, and eco­

systems, 119-120 Manganese

nodules/micronodules, 588-597, 594(table), 596(table), 632, 633

in sediments, 707-708, 779 Maps

bathymetric, 801, 804-808 reconstructions, 831, 843-

858 Margarites costalis s.1., 328 Margarites frigid us, 329 Margarites gigantea, 329 Margarites groenlandicus s.1.,

328 Margarites helicinus, 328 Margarites olivaceus, 329 Margarites pribiloffensis, 329 Margarites vahlii, 328 Margarites vorticifera, 329 Marginal ice zone, 51 Marginal ice zone experi-

ment (MIZEX), 802 Marrus orthocanna, 400, 402,

408, 409, 418(table) Marsenina glabra, 328 Marsenina groenlandica, 328 Marvin seamounts, 823 Marvin Spur, 798, 821 Matter, organic. See Organic

matter Mediterranean Sea

Cumacea, 433, 434 echinoderms, 283 foraminifera, 614 hydrozoans, 406 isolation, 632 Pliocene paleoclimate, 760 water temperatures, 264

Medusae, 247 Medvezhii Island, 400

878 Index

Meganyctyphanes norvegica, 767

Megapora ringens, 350(table) Megayoldia sp., 306(table) Meiofauna, ice, 123, 139-140.

See also Ice, fauna Melicertum octocostatum,

412(table) Melonis zaandami, 510(table),

512(table), 546-547 Melosira arctica, 127(table),

203, 204, 204(table), 247, 483, 486

Melosira moniliformis, 482 Melosira nummuloides, 203,

204( table). See also Melosira arctica

Melosira spp., 167 Melt pools/ponds/puddles,

4, 7, 9(table), 14, 56, 150,505

Meltwater, 126, 455 Melville Island, 501 Melville Sound, 498 Membranipora membranacea,

351(table) Membraniporella spp., 350(ta­

ble), 362(table) Mendeleev Abyssal Plain,

797, 800, 818-819 Mendeleyev Fracture Zone,

670 Mendeleyev Ridge, 682, 797,

817. See also Alpha­Mendeleev Ridge

Menestho truncatula, 329 Meringosphaera tenerrima, 208 Mesozoic era

Arctic reconstruction, 844 bryozoa, 343 nannofossils, 445

Metal patterns in sediments, 704-708, 711

Metals heavy, 704-708, 704(table),

706(table), 711 trace, 94, 95

Meteorological parameters, 7(table)

Meterythrops robusta, 378, 382 Metopa longirama, 240(table),

243 Metridia longa, 240(table),

244(table), 245 Mezen River, 730 Michthyops parva, 375, 382 Michthyops theeli, 379, 382,

386 Microalgae, benthonic, 148,

155-157. See also Ice, algae

Microcalanus pygmaeus, 240(table), 244(table)

Microflagellates, 125, 135, 173. See also Flagel­lates

Micromonas pusilla, 203 Micronodules, manganese,

588-597, 594(table), 596(tables), 632, 633

Micropaleontology, 581-635 Microporella ciliata, 352(table),

359(table) Microporina articulata,

356(table) Microsetella norvegica, 240(ta­

ble), 244(table) Microwave data, passive, 3,

4 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 819, 831 Milankovitch theory, 26 Miliolids, 617(table) Mineralization process and

nutrients, 107 Minerals, heavy, 662, 675-

678, 704-708, 704(ta­ble), 705(table), 709, 711

Minsk Highlands, 729 Miocene epoch

Arctic ecosystems, 258-259 Arctic paleoclimate, 759 foraminifera, 603 Pacific Ocean circulation,

116 polar climate, 19, 118 radiolarians, 470, 471 temperature, 631, 633

Misidopis didelphys, 382 Mitrocalpis assansefera, 467 Mitrocomella polydiademata,

405, 412(table) MIZEX, 802 Modeeria plica tile, 406,

412(table) Modeeria rotunda, 412(table) Models, climate, 18-35

Arctic ocean climate, 25-35 community climate

(CCM),26 energy budget (EBM), 26 general circulation (GCM)

24-35, 37, 71, 88 mixed-layer ocean, 24 ocean circulation, 29 thermodynamic, 34(table) thermodynamic column, 1-

0,27 thermodynamic I dynamic

ice, 28 two-layer ocean, 30

Modiolula sp. 306(table)

Modiolus modiolus, 264, 306(table)

Moelleria costulata, 329 Mohnia mohni, 329, 336 Mohrensternia interrupta, 327 Moisture content, atmo-

spheric, 743-744, 746 Mologo-Sheksna Lowland,

730 Mollusks/mollusca

Atlantic Ocean, 264 bivalves

Arctic marine, 303-319 Neogene, 259, 260

Chukchi Sea, 258 and environment changes,

120 fossils, 721 gastropods

evolution, 258, 304 meiofauna, 140 Miocene, 259 Pliocene, 260 prosobranch, 325-333 in sediment, 616, 665 speciation, 265

Northern Europe, 259 Pliocene, 760 sediments, 665, 723, 724 species numbers, 269

Morna Rift, 831 Monia sp., 307(table) Monobrachium parasitum,

416(table) Monocoryne gigantea, 400,

402, 408, 409, 412(table)

Monosiga marina, 208 Monsoon, summer glacial,

744 Montacuta spitzbergensis, 263 Montacuta spp., 308(table) Mormonilla polaris, 245-246,

240(table), 244(table) Morris Jessup Plateau, 797,

817, 801, 808 Motoka fjord, 386 Movement, plate, 840-858 Muggiaea bargmannae,

418(table) Murman Coast, 208, 400,

764, 766 Murmansk, 398 Muscularis spp., 306(table) Musculus niger, 260 Mya spp., 31O(table) Myriapora spp., 354(table),

357(table) Myriozoella crustacea,

354(table) Mysella spp., 308(table)

Mysidacea/mysids, 237, 240(table), 247, 373-386,431

Mysideis insignis, 375, 382 Mysidopsis didelphys, 375 Mysis amblyops, 385 Mysis caspia, 385 Mysis flexosus, 373, 375, 382 Mysis gaspensis, 385 Mysis litoralis, 378, 382, 385 Mysis microlepsis, 385-386 Mysis microphthalma, 386 Mysis mixta, 375, 382, 385,

386 Mysis oculata, 378, 382, 385 Mysis oculata relicta, 263 Mysis polaris

cryopelagic, 252 distribution, 238-239,

240(table), 378, 379, 384,385

water-ice interface, 249 Mysis relicta, 378, 379, 385 Mysis spp., 379, 385 Mysis stenolepsis, 385 Mytilidae, 304 Mytilus edulis, 262, 265, 272,

306(table), 314

Nannastacidae, 432 Nannoconids, 445 Nannofossils, calcareous,

445-456 Nanoplankton, 193, 194. See

also Plankton Nansen Basin, 106, 797, 816,

818 Nansen Current, 268 Nansen-Gakkel Ridge, 797,

804, 816, 817, 818, 819, 823. See also Arc­tic Mid-Ocean Ridge

Nansen Ridge, 312 Narwhal Island, 125, 128,

129, 135, 136, 137, 137(table)

Nassellaria, 461, 462, 463, 465,470

Natural selection, and eco­systems, 115, 117, 120

Nautilus (USS), 801 Navicula cancellata, 482, 490,

491 Navicula directa, 127(table),

482 Navicula distans, 483, 486 Navicula forcipata, 482, 490,

491 Navicula lineola, 490 Navicula marina, 127(table) Navicula pelagica, 213

Navicula septentrionalis, 205 Navicula spicula, 127(table) Navicula transitans, 127(ta-

ble), 490 Navicula vanhoeffenii, 205, 213 Neck, the (White Sea), 483 Nectopyramis diomedea,

418(table) Nematoda/nematodes, 139-

140, 237, 240(table), 250,272

Nemertesia antennina, 416(table)

Neogene period Arctic ecosystems, 257-274 Arctic paleoclimate, 759-

760 bivalve mollusks, 312 mysids, 385 radiolarians, 470

Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, 499, 506, 507-508, 543, 604, 608

Neogloboquadrina spp., 697 Neomysis integer, 375, 382 Neomysis rayii, 378, 382 Neon, 101 Neopleustes sp., 243,

240(table) Neptunea antiqua, 264 Neptunea beringiana, 329 Neptunea communis, 260, 329 Neptunea denselirata, 263, 329 Neptunea despecta, 328 Neptunea Iyrata, 259, 329 Neptunea pribillofensis, 259 Neptunea spp., 269, 329 Neptunea ventricosa, 260, 329 Neptunea renilla, 469(table) Netplankton, 193, 194. See

also Plankton Newfoundland, 223-224,

405, 434, 435 Newfoundland Bank, 268 Newfoundland Basin, 841 New Quebec, 739 New Siberian/Novosibirsk

Islands Amerasian/Eurasian

boundary, 268 bryozoa, 344 carboniferous rocks, 848 echinoderms, 287, 288, 292 ecosystems, 258 Fram voyage, 799 hydrozoans, 399, 402 mollusks, 312, 325, 330 movement, 837 Pleistocene, 262, 264 Pliocene, 259, 260

New Siberian Shoals bryozoa, 345

Index 879

Cumacea, 433, 435, 437, 438

heavy minerals, 677 mollusks, 330, 331

Nicania sp., 307(table) Niemen River, 729 Nitrogen, 667, 701-702, 711,

780 Nitzschia cylindrus, 127(ta­

ble), 128-129, 204(ta­ble), 210, 213, 488, 490, 492-493. See also Fragilaria cylindrus

Nitzschia frigida, 127(table), 213

Nitzschia grunowii, 127(table), 129, 203, 204(table), 210, 488, 490, 492-493. See also F ragilaria ocea­nica

Nitzschia pseudonana, 204(ta­ble), 207. See also Fragilaria nana

Nitzchia seriata, 210 Nitzschia spp., 129, 206, 208,

212,213 Nitzschia sublineata, 131, 134 Noatak River, 671(table) Noble gases, 101 Nodosaria sp., 617(table) Nodules, manganese, 588-

597, 594(table), 596(tables), 632, 633

Nolella dilatata, 355(table) Nonionellina auricula, 510(ta­

ble), 512(table), 545 Nonionellina labradorica, 498,

511(table), 512(ta­ble), 545-546

Nonion sp., 617(table) Nordcap Current, 767, 790 Nordkapp Cape, 379 North American Platform,

834, 837-839, 838(ta­ble), 841(tables), 844, 857

North Atlantic Current, 463 North Atlantic Drift, 271,

287, 383, 386, 438-439 Northern Sea, 434 Northern Siberian Ice Sheet,

731-734 North Greenland Shelf, 797,

808-811 North Pole, 16, 118, 797 North Pole 1 research

station, 800 NORTH POLE-series expe­

ditions, 800, 801 North Sea, 470, 736, 738,

837, 842, 851

880 Index

NORTH-series expeditions, BOO, 801

North Slope. See Alaska, North Slope

North Water polynya, 22 Northwest Passage, 500, 513,

513(table), 523 Northwind (USCGC), 801 Northwind Ridge/Escarp-

ment cores, 584-588 foraminifera, 614 magnetic anomalies, 844 physiography, 797, 815,

816,817 tasmanitids, 616

Norton Sound, 268 Norwegian Current, 23, 208,

633 Norwegian-Greenland Ba­

sin, 833, 834, 837, 851 Norwegian Sea

Arctic boundary, 268 Atlantic boreal region, 269 and Barents Sea, 761, 763 biomass quantities, 270,

331 bivalve mollusks, 311, 314-

318, 315(table), 319 Cretaceous, 19 Cumacea, 433, 435, 436,

438 currents, 670 cyclonic activity, 12 foraminifera, 224, 608 gastropods, 325, 326, 330-

333 hydrozoans, 404, 405, 406 ice cover, 32 ice-shelf, 21 mysids, 373, 374, 379, 383,

386 nannofossils, 447, 448, 451,

452, 453, 455 opens, 20, 837 Paleogene, 258 Pleistocene, 264, 265, 710 Pliocene, 260, 261 pteropods, 223 radiolarians, 470, 472, 473 salinities, 611(t<ible) seasonal simulation, 79 sediments, 584-588, 710 species numbers, 269 stratigraphy, 721 temperatures, 611(table)

Norwegian Shelf, 721, 730, 736, 738

Notoplites spp., 351(table), 359(table), 360(table), 361(table)

Nova Scotia, 435 Novaya Zemlya

algae, 766 Arctic region boundary,

268 basalt, 848 bathymetric data, 803 ecosystems, 258 glaciation, 730-731, 734-

735, 736-738, 741, 789 Holocene deposits, 726 hydrozoans, 398 mollusks, 312, 330, 333 mountain-building, 721,

723 mysids, 379, 382, 386 offshore trough, 816 Pleistocene deposits, 724,

725 Pliocene, 259, 723 river discharge, 761

Novaya Zemlya Ice Sheet, 730-731, 734-735, 736-738, 741

Novosiberian shoals, 398-399

Novosibirsk block/plate, 853 Novosibirsk Islands. See

New Siberian/Novos­ibirsk Islands

Novozemel'skaya Trough, 816

Nucel/a lapillus, 327 Nuculana pemula, 260 Nuculana spp., 305(table) Nucula spp., 305(table), 723 Nuculanidae, 304 Nuculidae, 304 Nutrients

Barents Sea, 205 and cooling climates, 118 deep basins, 106-107 gradients, 162(table) ice algae, 131 phytoplankton, 199, 202 in sea ice, 125 under sea ice, 159-165 off Spitsbergen, 210

Obelia geniculata, 406, 412(table)

Obelia longissima, 406, 412(table)

Obelia spp., 412(table) Obestoma tenuilirata, 328 Ob River, 730, 737, 741 Oceanic ecosystems, 116 Oceanic heat, 82 Oceanography, chemical,

93-111 Oder River, 729

Odontel/a aurita, 482 Oenopota angulosa, 328 Oenopota arctica, 329 Oenopota bicamata, 328 Oenopota cancel/ata, 328 Oenopota cinerea, 329 Oenopota deC/ivis, 329 Oenopota decussata, 328 Oenopota exarata, 328 Oenopota gigantea, 329 Oenopota harpa, 329 Oenopota harpu/aria, 328 Oenopota harpu/aroides, 329 Oenopota impressa, 329 Oenopota incisu/a, 328 Oenopota mitrula, 329 Oenopota nazanensis, 329 Oenopota nobilis, 328 Oenopota novajasemlensis, 329 Oenopota obliqua, 329 Oenopota oval is, 329 Oenopota pingeli, 328 Oenopota pyrameidalis, 328 Oenopota schantarica, 328 Oenopota schmidt, 329 Oenopota spp., 329-330 Oenopota trevel/iana, 328 Oenopota turricula, 328 Ogac Lake, 163 Oikopleura sp., 24O(table) Oithona similis, 245, 24O(ta-

ble), 244(table) Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic

belt, 837, 855 Okhotsk Sea/Sea of Okhotsk

Cumacea, 434 diatoms, 130, 494 echinoderms, 283, 284 hydrozoans, 404, 405 Pleistocene, 263 radiolarians, 470, 472, 473

Old Red continent, 846, 848 Olyntorsky Cape, 379 Omalogyra atomus, 327 Oncaea borealis, 240(table),

244(table) Onchidiopsis glacialis, 328 Onchidiopsis groenlandicus,

328 Oncousoecia spp., 354(table),

358(table) Onega Bay, 482-483 Onega Lake, 379, 385 Onoba aculeus, 328 Onoba castanea, 329 Onoba jeffreysi, 327 Onoba tenuicostata, 328 Onoba verrilli, 329 Oolina spp., 617(table) Opephora martyi, 483 Opercularella nana, 412(table)

Ophiacantha abyssicola, 283, 287

Ophiacantha bidentata, 284, 289

Ophiactis abyssicola, 283 Ophioceten sericeumicericeum,

284,287 Ophiolepididae, 404 Ophiopholis aculeata, 284, 290 Ophiopleura borealis, 284, 287,

289,290 Ophiopus arcticus, 284, 287 Ophiopyren striatum, 284-285,

287, 289 Ophoscolex glaeialis, 284, 289 Ophiura albida, 283 Ophiura maculata, 283, 286 Ophiura robusta, 284 Ophiura sarsi, 284, 287 Ophiuroids, 281-292 Orbulines, 603 Ordovician period

Arctic reconstruction, 844-846

bivalve mollusks, 304 Oregon, 164-165 Organic carbon. See Carbon,

organic Organic matter (OM). See

also Carbon, organic dissolved (DOM), 769-777 particulate (POM), 769-777 in sediments, 105, 761-792

Oridorsalis umbonatus, 510(ta­ble), 512(table), 514, 516,546

Orkney Islands, 738 Orthopithonella, 616, 617 Oscillations, inertial, 60 Oshmyany Highlands, 729 Ostracods, 245, 584, 616, 665 Ostrea edulis, 265 Oxygen, 100-101, 763 Oxygen isotope

foraminifera, 608, 609(ta­ble), 618-620, 632, 634-635

and global temperatures, 634-635

nannofossils, 447 seawater, 100, 101-104 stages, 23-24, 447, 632

Pachyegis spp., 355(table), 359(table)

Pacific Gyre, 58 Pacific Ocean

Arctic boundary, 268 coccolithophorids, 446 Cumacea, 434, 435, 438,

439,440

diatoms, 494 echinoderms, 283, 284, 287 ecosystems, 116 foraminifera, 608, 612 hydrozoans, 404, 405, 406 Miocene, 258, 259 mollusks, 304, 328-329 movement, 843 mysids, 386 Paleo-Pacific. See Pantha-

lassa Ocean radiolarians, 465, 470, 471,

472,473 sediments, 577, 584-588,

701, 706(table), 710 Pack ice. See Ice, pack Paleoceanography, 581-635 Pale oceanology, 721-726 Paleocene epoch

foraminifera, 597 polar climate, 19 radiolarians, 471

Paleoclimate, 18-25, 117, 257-274, 743-744, 759-760

Paleoecology, 117 Paleogene period Arctic eco­

systems, 258 Paleogeography, 721-726,

759-760 Paleolatitudes, 839-840 Paleomagnetic data/record,

686-692, 711, 837-840 Paleozoic era

bivalve mollusks, 304 bryozoa, 342-343

Palmieellaria skenei, 356(ta­ble), 359(table)

Panama Isthmus, 20, 633 Panartus tetrathalamus,

469(table) Pandora spp., 307(table) Pangea, 843, 848, 851 Panomya ampla, 259 Panomya spp., 307(table) Panthalassa Ocean, 831, 846,

848, 850, 851, 857 Paralia suleata, 482, 483, 486,

490, 492, 493 Paramushir Island, 404 Parasagitta arctica, 240(table),

244(table) Parasmittina spp., 349(table),

353(table) Parathemisto abyssorum,

240(table), 244(table) Parathemisto libellula, 240(ta­

ble), 244(table), 247 Parerythrops obesa, 378, 382 Parerythrops spectabilis, 375,

382

Index 881

Parry Channel System, 497-498, 501, 504, 505-507,513

Parvicardium sp., 308(table) Patelliformes, 329 PatelUna corrugata, 617(table) Pearya Massif, 848 Pechora Basin, 833, 848 Pechora Lowland, 723, 724,

731 Pechora River, 730, 761, 779,

789 Pechora Sea, 287, 723, 725,

779 Pectinidae, 304 Pedicellaster typicus, 284 Pekulnei terrane, 857 Pelecypods, 140, 584, 616 Pelosina variabilis, 511(table),

512(table), 528 Penjin Bay, 263 Pericarida, 269 Peridinium depressum, 212 Peridinium ovatum, 205 Peridium hystrix, 472 Peridium intricatum, 472 Peridinium spp., 204(table),

205, 211, 212 Periplecta intricata, 472 Periploma alaskensis, 263 Periploma spp., 307(table) Periwinkles, 331 Permafrost, 24 Permian period

Arctic reconstruction, 848-850

Cumacea, 431 ice-rafted fossils, 584

Peromelissa phalacra, 469(table)

Peronidia lutea, 259, 309(table) Petalosarsia deC/ivis, 435, 438 Peter the Great Bay, 173. See

also Great Peter Bay Phaeocystis pouchetii, 128,

197, 203, 204, 207, 208, 213, 764

Phaeodaria, 461, 463, 464, 465,466

Phaxus sp., 310(table) Pholadidae, 304 Phormacantha hystrix, 462,

465, 467, 472 Phorticium clevei, 467 Phosphate, 95, 162-163 Photosynthesis, 132,

158(table) Phydolopora elongata,

357(table) Phylactella labiata, 356(table) Phylactolaemata, 341, 342

882 Index

Physiography, Arctic Ocean, 1-3, 797-825

Physophora hydrostatiea, 406, 418(table)

Phytobenthos, 766, 768(table)

Phytoplankton. See also Plankton

Arctic marine, 199-203, 211-213

Barents Sea, 764-766, 765(table), 768(table)

bloom, 119, 137, 138, 166 collection, 197-198 described, 194-198 distribution, 197 history of investigations,

203-213 under ice, 227 and ice algae, 131 photosynthesis, 154-155,

158(table), 788 productivity, 147, 198, 505 seasonal periods, 118

Picoplankton, 193, 194 Pigments, 132, 133(table),

195, 196, 197, 764 Pilidium fulvum, 328 Pinnularia borealis, 483 Pinnularia lata, 483 Pinnularia quadratarea,

127(table) Pisces/fish, 119, 140, 250,

262,269 Placoliths, 448, 453 Plankton. See also Phyto­

plankton; Zoo­plankton

biomass, 270-273 bloom, 166 collection, 197-198, 224 described, 193, 194-198 productiun, 119 radiolarians, 462-466 winter sampling, 505

Plankton/benthos biomass ratio, 118-119

Planulina wuellerstorfi, 618 Plasticity, 62 Plastic model, 69 Plastic rheulugy, 62, 64, 68 Plateaus, marginal, 817 Plate tectonics, 829-858 Platysympus triearinatus, 434 Platysympus typicus, 433 Plectacantha oikiskos, 462, 465,

467,472 Pleistocene epoch

Arctic ecosystem, 262-265 Barents Sea, 724-726 climatic units, 732(table)

diatoms, 483, 492 echinoderms, 290 glaciations, 500, 729-746 ice cover, 35, 120, 712 nannofossils, 447 polar climate, 23 pteropods, 615 radiolarians, 470 sediments, 665, 666-670,

710 temperatures, 634

Pleurosigma elongatum, 482 Pleurosigma stuxbergii,

127(table) Pleurotomella packardi, 329 Plicifuscus kroyeri, 329 Pliocene epoch

Arctic ecosystems, 259-262 Arctic paleoclimate, 19, 20,

759-760 Barents Sea, 722-724 Cumacea, 439 foraminifera, 22 ice cover, 24, 712 manganese micronodules,

597 mollusks, 120 radiolarians, 470 sediments, 665, 666-670 temperatures, 633

Plotocnide borealis, 410(table) Plumularia fragilis, 400,

416(table) Pododesmus, sp., 307(table) Point Barrow. See Barrow,

Point Point Hope, 672, 842 Polar Abyssal Plain, 663, 818 Polar Basin, 147, 153-155,

159, 462-463 Polar Cap, 6(table), 582 Polar Continental Shelf Proj-

ect (PCSP), 802, 803 Polar fauna. See Fauna, polar Polar fronts, 164, 208 Polar geophysical fluid, 89 Polarity. See Magnetic po-

larity Polar marine ecosystems,

115-121 Polar Sea, 167, 467 Polar-Ural ice sheet, 730, 731 Polar wandering, 118 Pole, North, 16, 118, 797 Pole, paleomagnetic, 837-

839, 838(table) Policordia spp., 310(table) Pollen, 721, 723-724, 726 Pollution, 94-95, 141, 790 Polychaeta /polychaetes,

139-140, 236, 237, 240(table), 250, 398

Polycystina, 461-473 Polynemertesia gracillima, 405,

416(table) Polynyas, 22, 32, 497, 504 Polysolenia aretios, 468(table) Pond Inlet, Baffin Island,

125-126, 128, 136, 139 Ponoj ice dome, 730 Pontaster tenuispinus, 284,

288,290 Pontosphaera huxleyi, 447 Poraniomorpha bidens, 284,

287 Poraniomorpha hispida, 283,

287 Poraniomorpha tumida, 284 Parella spp., 353(table),

356(table), 357(ta­ble), 359(table), 362(table)

Porelloides spp., 356(table) Poridium longispinum, 467 Poromya sp., 310(table) Porosira glacial is, 213, 488,

490, 491, 492, 493 Portlandia arctica, 261, 265,

318 Portlandia spp., 261,

305(table) Portlandia sulcifera, 319 Pourtalesia jeffreysi, 284, 287,

289 Prasinophyceae, 126, 128,

132, 133(table), 203 Praunus inermis, 375, 382, 386 Praunus (Mysis) flexosus, 373,

375,382 Precambrian period

autotrophs, 117 hydrozoans, 397

Precipitation, 14-16, 100 Pressure, atmospheric, 743-

744 Pressure centers, polar, 8-12 Pressure ridges. See Ridges Pribilof Islands, 260 Primary productivity. See

Productivity, primary Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea,

500, 501, 506-507, 515-516

Prince Patrick Island, 500, 521-523, 811

Prince of Wales Cape, 379 Prince of Wales Strait, 501,

513,523 Prins Karl Forland, 735 Proactinium isotope, 621,

625 Proboscina spp., 349(table),

350(table), 354(table), 359(table)

Productivity, primary Arctic ecosystem, 235, 236 Arctic Ocean, 118, 208,

209(table), 701 Barents Sea, 764, 765(ta­

ble), 768(table) Canadian Arctic, 212 ice algae, 132, 136,

137(table) ice community, 126 ice-covered water, 504-505 ice flora, 171(table),

174(table) plankton, 166-184, 198,

213 under sea ice, 147-184, 227

Propeamussium, 723 Prorocentrum balticum, 204(ta­

ble), 213. See also Ex­uviae/la baltica

Prosobranchs, 325-337 Protohydra leuckarti,

418(table) Protoperidinium spp., 240(ta­

ble). See also Peridi­nium spp.

Protothaca staminea, 259, 309(table)

Prudhoe Bay, 54, 58, 129 Prymnesiophyceae, 126,

133(table), 193, 196-197,203

Psammobia spp., 309(table) Pseudalibrotus birulai, 236 Pseudalibrotus glaeialis, 240(ta-

ble), 243-244 Pseudalibrotus litoralis, 139,

236 Pseudalibrotus nanseni, 236,

240(table), 243-244, 247(table), 249, 252-253

Pseudamussium sp., 306(table)

Pseudarchaster parelii, 283, 287 Pseudocalanus e/ongatus,

240(table), 244(table), 246

Pseudocalanus minutus, 240(table), 244(table), 246

Pseudocalanus spp., 240(ta-ble), 244(table), 245

Pseudocuma longicornis, 434 Pseudocumidae, 432 Pseudodietyophimus clevi,

468(table) Pseudodictyophimus graci/ipes,

465, 466, 467, 468(ta­ble), 469

Pseudodictyophimus platyceph­alus, 467

Pseudoemiliania lacunosa, 447, 452

Pseudoflustra spp., 359(table), 361(table)

Pseudomma affine, 375, 382 Pseudomma frigidum, 378, 382 Pseudomma roseum, 378, 382 Pseudomma truncatum, 378,

382,386 Pseudomysis abyssi, 379, 382,

384,386 Pseudomysis spp., 386 Pseudopolymorphina novan­

gliae, 510(table), 512(table), 537

Pseudopolynices nan us, 327 Pseudopythnia sp., 308(table) Pseudosetia turgida, 328 Psilaster andromeda, 283, 287 Psi/oteredo sp., 310(table) Pteraster militaris, 284 Pteraster obscurus, 284 Pteraster pulvillus, 284 Pterocanium praetextum,

469(table) Pterocorys cranoides,

469(table) Pterocorys herwigii, 469(table) Pterocorys hirundo, 468( table) Pterocorys junon's 468(table) Pterocorys korotheri, 468(table) Pteropoda/pteropods, 223-

231, 225(table), 237, 240(table), 247, 583, 614-615, 665

Ptychogastria polaris, 400, 402, 408, 409, 416(table)

Pytchogena lactea, 408, 412(tabIe)

Pulleniatines, 603 Punctulum minuta, 329 Punctulum moerchi, 329 Punctulum wyville-thomsoni,

329 Puncturella noachina, 328 Putorana Plateau, 734, 737,

738,741 Pycnocline, 162(tabIe), 163 Pyrgo spp., 617(table) Pyrulofusus deform is, 329

Quaternary sub-era dinoflagellate cysts, 130 foraminifera, 497 glacial history, 500-501 marine geology, 505 nannofossils, 445-456 polar climatic regime, 20 polar marine systems, 120 pteropods, 224

Queen Elizabeth Islands,

Index 883

497, 499, 501, 667, 709,811

Quinqueloeulina agglutinata, 511(tabIe), 512(tabIe), 536

Quinque/oeulina aknerniana, 617(table)

Quinqueloeulina aretiea, 511(table), 512(table), 536

Quinqueloeulina seminulum, 511(table), 512(ta­ble), 536-537

Quinqueloeulina sp., 617(table)

Radiation, shortwave, 78, 79 Radiative energy, 4 Radioactive seawater con-

taminants, 94 Radiolaria/radiolarians

Arctic Ocean, 461-473 near ice, 240(table), 244(ta­

ble), 245 Paleogene, 258 in sediments, 583, 615-616,

665 and trace metals, 596

Radium, 577, 581, 621 Ragionula rosacea, 354(table) Ramphonotus minax,

350(table) Raphitoma amoena, 328 Rathkea octopunetata, 406,

410(table) Reconstructions of paleo­

Arctic, 843-858 Recurvoides contortus, 510(ta­

ble), 514, 516, 517, 531

Recurvoides laevigatum, 511(table), 512(ta­bIe), 521, 522(table), 523,531

Recurooides turbinatus, 510(ta­ble), 512(table), 522(table), 532

Red Crags of England, 260 RegreSSion, 262, 263 Reophax arctica, 498, 511(ta-

ble), 512(table), 528 Reophax fusiformis, 512(table),

528-529 Reophax gracilis, 511(table),

512(table), 529 Reophax guttifer, 510(table),

512(table), 516, 517, 529

Reophax nodulosus, 510(table), 512(table), 519, 529

884 Index

Reophax pilulifer, 511(table), 512(table), 529-530

Reophax spp., 617(table) Reophax subnodosum,

512(table) Resolute Bay, 139, 179, 499 Retepora spp., 352(table),

355(table), 361(table) Reussina impressa, 351(table) Rhabdonema arcuatum, 482,

483, 486 Rhabdonema minutum, 482 Rhamphonotus gorbunovi,

360(table) Rhamphostomella spp., 354(ta­

ble), 357(table), 358(table), 359(table)

Rhaphoneis surirella, 483, 486 Rheology, 62, 64, 66-68 Rhizocaulus verticillatus,

412(table) Rhizogeton nematophorum,

400, 408(table), 409 Rhizogeton nudum, 400,

408(table) Rhizoplegma boreale,

468(table) Rhizorhagium roseum, 405,

410(table) Rhizosolenia alata, 493 Rhizosolenia hebetata, 492, 493 Rhizosolenia spp., 205, 211,

212, 213 Rhizosolenia styliformis, 211,

483, 492, 493 Rictocyma sp., 307(table) Ridges

ice, 57, 58, 66 submarine, 819-823

River discharge, 29-30, 32, 100, 761-763, 789

Robertinoides charlottensis, 511(table), 512(table), 547

Rockall Basin, 841 Roscoff I Roskoff, 404 Ross Sea, 130 Rotatoria, 237, 240(table) Rotifers, 140 Rudjakovia plicata, 399, 400,

418(table) Rudjakovia spp., 407, 409 Rudolf Island, 236 Russian Plain, 729

Saccammina atlantica, 498, 511(table), 512(ta­ble), 522(table), 527

Saccammina sphaerica, 499, 510(table), 512(ta­ble), 514, 528

Saccorhiza ramosa, 511(table), 512(table), 527

Saccospyris antarctica, 469(table)

Saccospyris conitorax, 469(table)

Saccospyris robustus, 468(table)

Saccospyris spp., 470 Saduria entomon, 263 Sagavanirktok River, 671,

671(table), 673, 678(table)

Saint-Hilaire, E. Geoffroy, 117-118

St. Lawrence, Gulf of, 125, 126, 129, 134, 166, 497

St. Lawrence Bay, 265 St. Lawrence Island, 268 Salinity, oceanic, 2-3, 97-

100, 99(table), 104, 131, 165

Sand mineralogy, 663-665, 675-678

Sargo (submarine), 801 Sarsia spp., 410(table) Sarsiflustra abyssicola,

355(table) Satellite Bay, 500, 521-523 Saxicavella sp., 307(table) Saxidomus sp., 309(table) Scandinavian Ice Sheet, 729,

736-738, 740, 743-744,745

Schistomysis ornata, 375, 382 Schizobrachiella spp., 356(ta­

ble), 362(table) Schizomavella spp., 349(ta­

ble), 354(table) Schizoporella spp., 351(table),

356(table), 358(ta­ble), 361(table), 362(table)

Schizotricha polaris, 400, 416(table)

Schizotricha variabilis, 416(table)

Scisurella crispata, 329 Scotland, 265, 406 Scrupocellaria spp., 351(ta-

ble), 353(table), 358(table)

Scutuloris tegminis, 511(ta­ble), 512(table), 537

Sea of Azov, 766 Seadragon (submarine), 801,

820 Seafloor physiography, Arc­

tic, 797-825 Sea-ice. See Ice, sea Sea of Japan, 173, 283, 404,

434,472

Sea of Okhotsk. See Okhotsk Sea

Seasonality and evolution, 118-119

Sea urchins, 281-292 Seawater chemistry, 93-95.

See also Water Securiflustra securifrons,

355(table) Sedimentation

and Arctic chronology, 573-577, 686, 711, 712

and ice rafting. See Ice­rafted material

processes, 22, 582-584, 666-670, 708-710

rates, 21, 571, 573, 668, 769 Sediments

Barents Sea, 721-726, 761-792

composition, 583, 657-713 cores, 584-588, 585(table) dating, 573-577, 686, 711,

712 deposition, 22, 582-584,

666-670, 708-710 diatoms, 481-494 distribution, 663-666 geochemistry, 662, 701-

708, 761-792 geochronology, 686-692 lithostratigraphy, 678-686 mineralogy, 670-678, 692-

701 mixing, 618 release rates, 107 sampling, 505 and seawater, 105 sources, 582-584, 712-713 thickness, 684, 708-709 thorium isotopes, 571-578 uranium isotopes, 571-577

Sedov (icebreaker), 800 Seeding, ice algae, 148, 166-

167 Self-correcting mechanisms,

natural, 117 Semibugula birulai, 358(table) Serripes spp., 309(table) Sertularella pellucida, 405,

414(table) Sertularella spp., 414(table) Sertularella tricuspidata, 406,

414(table) Sertularia albimaris, 400,

414(table) Sertularia cupressoides, 405,

414(table) Sertularia similis, 405,

414(table) Sertularia spp., 414(table)

Sertularia (Thuiaria) obsoleta, 397

Sertularia tolli, 405, 414(table} Sethoconus reschetnjakae,

469(table} Sethoconus tabulatus, 467,

568(table} Setia tumidula, 328 Severnaya Zemlya

bivalve mollusks, 312 fold zone, 834, 835, 846 glaciation, 666, 734, 736,

737, 738, 741 mountain uplift, 723 movement, 843 mysids, 386 Pleistocene deposits, 725

Seward Peninsula, 835, 846 Shear zones, 54 Shelves

biogenic organic matter, 105

chemical transport, 107 faunal divisions, 268 sediments, 105, 271 structure, 831, 832-833

Shetland Islands, 434, 472, 738,739

Siberia coastal ice, 57, 66 coastal polynyas, 32 continental shelf, 815-816 development, 837 glaciation, 667, 677, 731-

734, 737, 741-742 Miocene, 19 mountain ice, 1 movement, 843, 844, 850,

853 Pleistocene, 24 Pliocene, 722, 759-760 trapp volcanism, 851

Siberia Abyssal Plain, 798, 818

Siberian Arctic Islands, 139 Siberian Basin, West, 211-

212,386 Siberian Platform, 833, 834,

837-839, 844, 850, 857 Siberian Sea. See also East Si-

berian Sea clay mineralogy, 670-673 echinoderms, 284 mollusks, 318, 325 mysids, 375, 383 Paleogene, 258 Pleistocene, 262, 263 Pliocene, 259

Siberian Shelf, 244, 271, 797, 798,816

Sicily, 264

Sierra Nevada, 20 Silica, 95, 98-100, 99(table},

159, 159(table}, 160(table}

Silicoflagellates, 126, 128, 133(table}, 665

Silicosigmoilina groenlandica, 511(table}, 512(table}, 530

Siliqua sp., 310(table} Silt mineralogy, 663-665 Simpson Lagoon, 137(table} Siphonantha, 399, 418(table} Siphonophora, 397-419 Siphonorbis dalli, 328 Siphonorbis ebur, 328 Skagerrak Strait, 433 Skate (submarine), 801, 820 Skeletonema costa tum, 208,

210,213 Skeneopsis planorbis, 327 Smith Sound, 100 Smittina spp., 353(table),

356(table}, 357(ta­ble), 359(table), 361(table), 362(table), 363(table)

Smittoidea reticulata, 352(table}

Smolensk Highland, 729 Snow

cover in Arctic, 14-16 ice algae, 130, 131 -ice feedback, 27 light penetration, 150-152 phytoplankton, 201

Solar elevation and radia­tion, 15(table), 148-149

Solariella obscura, 328 Solariella varicosa, 328 Solaster dawsoni, 283, 286 Solaster endeca, 283, 287, 290 Solaster glacialis, 284, 287 Solaster syrtensis, 284 Sonar records, 4 South Anui Belt, 830, 835,

836-837, 853, 855, 857 South Anui Oceanic Basin,

831, 851, 853, 855, 857 South Taimyr fold belt, 834,

844, 753. See also Taimyr/Taymr Penin­sula

Sovereign (submarine), 804, 817,819

Soviet airborne expeditions, 800

Spatangus purpureus, 283, 287 Species diversity, 118, 119,

265, 603-604

Index 885

Spectometry, 625 Sphaeroidina bulloides,

617(table} Sphaeroids, 616 Sphaeropile langii, 468(table) Spinocalanus magnus, 240(ta-

ble), 244(table), 245 Spiroplectammina biformis,

498, 509, 510(table), 512(table), 516, 519-523, 522(table), 532

Spirotropis carinata, 328 Spisula spp., 310(table) Spisula voyi, 259 Spitsbergen/Spitzbergen

algae, 766 Cumacea, 433, 434, 438 echinoderms, 284, 287, 292 glaciation, 666, 735-736,

738, 789 hydrozoans, 398, 400, 402,

405 ice algae, 124, 766 ice edge, 82 mollusks, 312, 315(table),

318 mysids, 375, 386 nutrients, 210 organic carbon, 779 phytoplankton, 764 plant production, 206 Pleistocene sediments, 725 radiolarians, 463, 472

Spitsbergen Current, West, 5, 32, 230

Spitsbergen Fracture Zone, 811

Spitsbergen Shelf, 206, 312, 721

Spongaster tetras, 468(table}, 469(table}

Sponges, 584, 616, 665 Spongocore puella, 469(table) Spongodiscus osculosus,

468(table) Spongodiscus sp., 467 Spongotrochus arachnius, 472 Spongotrochus glacialis, 464,

465, 466, 467, 468(ta­ble), 470, 472

Spongotrochus sp., 467 Spongurus pylimaticus, 468(ta­

ble}, 469(table} Spores, resting, 134, 135,

157. See also Cysts Spumellaria, 461, 462, 463,

465,470 Spyridina, 470 Stainforthia conca va, 498,

510(table), 512(ta­ble), 513(table), 538-539

886 Index

"Stamukhi" zone, 54 Standing crop, 505, 506, 507,

701 Starfish, 281-292 Staten Island, USS (ice­

breaker), 801 Staurophora mertensii,

412(table) Stefansson Sound, 137(table) Stegohornera spp., 349(table),

355(table), 360(table) Stegophiura nodosa, 284, 287,

290 Stenolaemata, 341, 342 Stephanasterias albula, 284 Stephanodiscus dubius, 483 Stephanopyxis nipponica, 493 Stetsonia horvathi, 510(table),

512(table), 516, 540, 617, 617(table)

Sticholonchea, 461, 465 Stichomitra livek, 471 Stichomitra manifesta, 471 Stichomitra torguota, 471 Stilochlamidium venustrum,

468(table) Stilomysis grandis, 378, 382,

386 Stoichiometric relations, 94 Stomachetosel/a spp., 352(ta­

ble), 354(table), 356(table), 358(table), 361(table)

Stomatopora :;;ranulata, 354(table)

Storage products, 132, 195, 196,197

Storfjordrenna, 721 Storkerson, 799 Strain rate, sea ice, 51 Stratigraphy, 581, 632, 721-

726. See also Biostra­tigraphy; Chrono­stratigraphy; Litho­stratigraphy

Stresses, 60, 62 Strongylocentrotus droebachi­

ensis, 284, 290 Strongylocentrotus pallidus,

284 Stychlonchea, 461, 465 Stylodictya stel/ata, 468(table) Stylodictya validispina,

468(table) Styptosphaera spumacea,

468(table) Subarctic Water mass, 223-

224 Submariners Basin, 466 Submarines, 801, 803-804,

820, 824-825

Subtropical Convergence, 224

Sulfur isotope, 621 Svalbard

fold belt, 846 Fram voyage, 799 nannofossils, 447, 453, 455 nutrients, 159 production values, 179 sedimentary basin, 833 uplifted beaches, 25

Svalbard Archipelago, 816 Svalbard Shelf, 797 Sverdrup Basin, 833, .848-850 Sverdrup/Syerdrup Islands,

501,724 Svyataya Anna Trough/

Trench, 435, 436, 438, 816

Sweden, 736 Synchaeta sp., 240(table) Synedra investiens, 482 Synedra kamtschatica, 482 Synedra tabulata, 482 Syracosphaera pulchra, 447,

448, 451, 455

Tachyrhynchus erosus, 328 Tachyrhynchus reticulatus, 328 Tachyrhynchus spitzbergensis,

329 Tacita danielseni, 329, 336 Taimyr/Taymyr Peninsula

Carboniferous rocks, 848 fold belt, 834, 844, 753 glaciation, 734, 737, 741 mountain uplift, 723 movement, 843, 844 Pleistocene, 262, 263, 264,

265 snow cover, 16

Talovo-Mainsky terrane, 837,857

Tamarisca tamarisca, 414(table)

Taranis amoena, 329 Taranis marchi, 327 Tasmanaceae/tasmanitids,

616 Tazovsky/Tazov Peninsula,

731,734 Tectonics, 823-824, 829-858 Tectura virginea, 327 Tegella spp., 350(table),

351(table), 352(ta­ble), 357(table), 360(table), 362(table)

Tellimya sp., 308(table) Tellina spp., 309(table) Temperatures

air, 13, 16

Arctic deep waters, 268 and cooling climate, 118 and ice algae, 131-132, 165 Last Glaciation, 743-744,

746 Neogene oceans, 259 and phytoplankton, 199-

201 Teredo sp., 310(table) Terminoflustra membranaceo­

truncata, 352(table) Tertiary period

diatoms, 195 mollusks, 312 polar climatic regime, 19 polar marine systems, 120

Tessarodoma boreale, 349(table)

Tests, arenaceous, 616 Testudinalia tesellata, 329 Tethyan Province, 615 Tethys Ocean, 846, 851 Tetrachloroethylene, 94-95,

101 Tetraphormis rotula, 465 Tetraphormis triloba, 465 Tetrapoma quadridentata,

412(table) Textularia earlandi, 511(table),

512(table), 519, 522(table), 533

Textularia torquata, 498, 510(table), 512(table), 533

Thalassionema nitzschoides, 483, 486, 492, 493

Thalassiosira angulata, 493 Thalassiosira anguste-lineata,

483, 486 Thalassiosira antarctica, 210,

213, 488, 490, 492, 493 Thalassiosira baltica, 483 Thalassiosira bioculata, 210 Thalassiosira bulbosa, 213 Thalassiosira eccentrica, 483,

486, 492, 493 Thalassiosira gravida, 206, 211,

483, 486, 488, 490, 492-493

Thalassiosira hyalina, 204, 206, 213, 483, 486, 490, 492-493

Thalassiosira lacustris, 483, 488

Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii, 129, 203, 207, 210, 491-493, 488, 490

Thalassiosira spp., 129, 134, 205-208, 211-213, 487,764

Thalassiothrix longissima, 211, 490, 492, 493

Thalassiothrix sp., 211 Thecaphora, 399, 412(table) Theocorythium trachelium,

468(table), 469(table) Thesbia nana, 328 Thicolocampe cylindrica,

469(table) Tholospyra sp., 468(table) Tholospyris borealis, 468(table) Tholospyris gephyristes, 470 Tholospyris spinosus,

468(table) Thoracosphaera arctica, 616 Thorium isotopes, 571-578,

621, 622-629, 624(table)

Thorson effect, 119 Thracia spp., 307(table) Th u ia ria a rctica, 400,

414(table) Thuiaria cylindrica, 405,

414(table) Thuiaria obsoleta, 397, 400,

414(table) Thuiaria spp., 414(table) Thuiaria thuia, 406 Thule, 498 Thule Land, 260, 262 Thule Ridge, 259 Thyasira spp., 307-308(table) Thysanoessa inermis, 767 Thysanoessa raschii, 767 Tiaropsis mu/ticirrata,

412(table) Tides, red, 196 Timan, 731 Timan fold belt, 834 Timpclea sp., 310(table) Tindaria spp., 305(table) Tintina Fault, 843 Tintinnids, 665 Tisbe furcata, 239-242, 240(ta-

ble), 244(table), 249 Torellia vestita, 328 Tortonia minuta, 318 Toxins, 196 Trace metals, 94, 95 Trachylida, 399, 416(table) Trachyneis aspera, 482 Trans-Arctic ice drift, 251 Transgressions, 259, 261,

721,726 Transition Zone, 224 Transpolar Drift Stream

(TPDS), 3-4, 48, 58, 72,583

Trematomus bochgrevinki, 250 Triassic period

Arctic reconstruction, 850 coccolithophorids, 197, 445 dinoflagellate cysts, 196

Tribonosphaera centripitalis, 469(table)

Trice/laria spp., 351(table), 353(table), 359(table)

Triceraspyris antarctica, 469(table)

Triceraspyris antarctissa, 469(table)

Trichloroethane, 101 Trichohyalus bartletti, 511(ta­

bIe), 512(table), 546 Trichotropis bicarinata, 328 Tridonta borealis, 260,

307(tabIe) Trifarina angulosa, 499 Trifarina fluens, 511(tabIe),

512(tabIe), 539 Triloculina sp., 617(table) Triloculina trihedra, 511(ta­

bIe), 512(table), 537 Triphora perversa, 327 Tritaxis atlantica, 511(tablc),

512(table), 516, 522(tabIe), 533

Tritaxis bullata, 511(table), 512(tabIe), 517, 522(tablc), 534

Triticella pedicellata, 351(table) Tritium, 100 Trochammina globigerini-

form is, 511(table), 512(table), 522(table), 534

Trochammina inflata, 511(ta­ble), 512(table), 521. 522(table), 523, 534, 617, 617(table)

Trochammina nana, 498-499, 510(table), 512(ta­ble), 513(table), 514, 516-523, 534-535, 522(table)

Trochammina ochracea, 511(ta­ble), 512(table), 535

Trochammilla quadriloba, 510(table), 512(ta­ble), 522(table), 535

Trochodiscus echiniscus, 465, 472

Tubeworms, 616 Tubularia illdivisa, 406,

410(table) Tubularia prolifer, 406,

410(table) Tubularia regalis, 406,

410(table) Tubularia spp., 410(table) Tubulipora spp., 349(table),

350(table), 352(ta­ble), 354(table), 359(table), 360(table)

Index 887

Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, 811 Tulpa speciosa, 405, 412(table) Tundra vegetation, 20, 24,

760 Tunguska Basin, 850 Tunicates, 140 Turbellarians, 139, 140, 236 Turbicellepora spp., 350(ta-

ble), 351(table) Turbidity, 176, 201 Turbidity flows, 667-668,

708,712 Turborotalia pachyderma, 604 Turborotaliids, 597, 604 Turrisipho lachesis, 329, 336 Turritellepsis acicula, 329 Turtles, 258 Turtonia sp., 308(table) Turukhan River, 734 Tylaster willei, 284, 287

USCGC Northwind, 801 USS Burlon Island, 801 USS Nautilus, 801 USS Staten Island, 801 U.S.S.R., 281, 737, 741 Umbonula spp., 354(table),

356(table), 361(table) Unconformities, lithostrati­

graphic, 684-685 Upwelling patterns, 118 Uralian fold belt, 833-834,

848,850 Uralian Ocean, 844, 846, 848,

850 Ural Muuntains, Pular, 722,

723, 730, 737, 741, 848 Uranium isotopes, 571-578,

581, 621, 622, 623-624 Urasterias lincki, 284, 288, 289 Usa River, 730 Uschakovia gorbunovi,

360(table)

Vadso, 434 Vaga River, 730 Vaigat, 147 Valdai glaciation, 740-741 Valkeria uva, 349(table) Valvulineria arctica, 511(ta-

ble), 512(table), 541, 617(table)

Vancouver Island, 435 Vapor content, polar, 13 Varanger fjord, 383 Varicorbula sp., 310(table) Varsh depression, 730 Velutina ianigera, 329 Velutina plicatilis, 328 Veiutina schneideri, 329 Veiutina undata, 328

888 Index

Ve/utina velutina, 328 Venerupis sp., 309(table) Verkhoyansk Basin, 850 Verkhoyansk fold belt, 830,

835-836, 848, 850, 853, 855

Verkhoyansk-Kolyma Belt, 835, 837, 857

Verkhoyansk Ridge, 737 Vesicula ria fasciculata, 362(ta-

ble), 363(table) Viliya River, 729 Vineyard Sound, 157 Virgulina complanata, 498 Virgulina davisi, 617(table) Virgulina loeblichi, 617(table) Viscount Melville Sound,

501, 504, 507, 513, 516,521

Volcanism and metaliferous sediments, 707, 711

Volga Basin, 385 Volga River, 730 Volutopsius norvegicus, 329 Volutopsius stephanssoni, 329 Voronin Trench, 435, 436,

438

Wallace, Alfred R., 115, 117 Wandel Sea Basin, 833, 848-

850 Water

Arctic Ocean, 29-30, 96-98, 257-274, 325-337

freshwater, 29-30, 98-100, 99(table)

movements, 29-30, 503, 504,514

polar layers, 106, 161, 163 seawater chemistry, 93-95 stresses, 60

temperatures and cooling climates, 118

Weddell Sea, 87, 130, 164 Wellington Channel, 498,

504 West Greenland Current,

211-212, 386 West Siberian Basin, 833, 851 West Spitsbergen Current, 5,

32,230 Weyprechtia pinguis, 240(ta­

ble),244 Whales, 119-120 White Sea

Arctic region boundary, 268

Atlantic boreal region, 269 coastal water, 763 diatoms, 482-486 echinoderms, 283, 284 hydrozoans, 397, 399, 400,

406 mollusks, 312, 315(table),

318 mysids, 373 organic carbon, 778 Pleistocene, 263, 264, 265 Pliocene, 259

Wilkitzkij Strait, 435 Winds, 14-16, 59, 60 Wrangel Abyssal Plain, 657,

798, 800, 816, 818 Wrangelia terrane, 837 Wrangel Island

basement, 835, 846 biomass studies, 270 Cumacea, 434, 439 ecosystems, 258 expeditions, 800 fold front, 843 hydrozoans, 398, 399

mysids, 379, 386 Pleistocene, 264 Pliocene, 259, 260

Wrangel Plain, 584-588 Wyville-Thompson Ridge,

261

Xenacanthomysis pseudoma­cropsis, 378, 382

Xylophaga sp., 310(table)

Yamal Peninsula, 486, 731, 737

Yellow Sea, 283 YeniseylYenisei River, 126,

731, 734, 737, 741 Yermak Plateau

bathymetry, 804, 817 ice studies, 801 nannofossils, 447, 453, 454 physiography, 797, 817

Yield curve, sea ice, 63 Ymer (icebreaker), 804 Yoldia spp., 306(table) Yoldiella lucida, 314 Yoldiella spp., 305-306(table) Yukon River, 671, 671(table),

673, 674-675, 709, 739

Zapadnaya Dvina Basin/ River, 730

Zirfaea sp., 310(table) Zonation, biostratigraphic,

616,618 Zoobenthos, 768, 768(table) Zooplankton, 118-119, 223-

231, 398, 463, 767-768, 768(table)

Zooxanthellae, 597 Zygophylax pinnata, 408,

414(table) Zyrianka Ice Age, 741