Abalonia, 515. Abd alAziz, 636. Abstention, and strategy, 147. Abyssal Plain, 389-91, 405. Academic freedom, viii. Acheson, Dean, 24, 49. Aden Protectorate, 587. Adjacency, 466,541.

INDEX

A

Adjudication: 23, 96; international, 59-60, 304. Adriatic Sea, 200, 221, 223, 365. Advelltllress, 168-69. Advertising, 134. Aegean Sea, 277, 300, 608n. Aerospace, 467. Affection: 29; as a value, 132-33, 144. Afghan, 64. Afghanistan, 69, 196, 498n, 545.

659

Africa, 104, 110, 123, 126, 149, 151,200,236,269,288,365,398,405,413,433,435, 439, 536-37, 544, 601-603, 611, 620.

African bloc, 189. African States Regional Seminar on the Law of the Sea, 611. Agar-agar, 411. Age/Ida for the Nation, 128. Aggression: 146,327,378,418,551,558,601-602,604-605,619; and U.S.S.R., 73-74, 80,107. Agreement for Co-operation in Dealing with Pollution of the North Sea by Oil, 228n. Aircraft, 210, 234-35, 271, 295, 300-301, 317-18, 330, 347,462-63, 507,559,566-69,589,592-94,

604,612, 616, 619, 627. Aircraft carriers (CV's), 279-80, 588, 597-98, 603-604, 607. Aircraft Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ), 211, 312, 318, 295, 320, 325, 557. Air law, 317. Airspace,234,254,303,317-18,330,338-39,358,461-63,470,479,499n,552,554,566-68,574,

577. See alro Overflight. Air transport, 240-41. Air zone, 311. Alabama, 54. Alabama Claims Arbitration, 54. Alaska, 212, 214, 271, 273-74, 286, 339, 354, 388, 391, 393,411, 509. Alaskan king crab, 214. Albania, 59, 336-37, 371-72, 374, 608n, 618. Alexander, 150. Algeria, 478, 536, 544, 642. Alginates, 411. Alginic acids, 411. Aliens, 39, 87. Alphonse-Gaston, 220. Alsace, 118. AI/mark, 376-77. Aluminum, 268, 521. Ambon Bay, 348. America, 267. See also United States. American Institute of International Law, 339. American JOllrnal of International Law, 61, 341. American Revolution, 51. Americas, 151,200,405. American Society of International Law, vii. Amin, Idi, 596. Ammoun,}udge, 647n. Amtorg Trading Corporation, 67. Anchovy, 435.

660 Andaman Sea, 196. Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries case, 312, 321-22, 325-27, 341, 352-55, 357. Angola, 603-604. Anguilar, Andres, 196. Antarctica, 85-86, 169-70,268,273,306,309,405,473,484-85, 499n, 509-512, 545. See also Polar

regions. Antarctic Treaty, 1961, 169-70. Antarctic Treaty, 508, 510-12. Anticolonialism, 1l0. Anti-Smuggling Act, 314. Anti-submarine warfare. See ASW. Anzoategue, 169. AOPEC, 291n. Apollo space program, 128. Aqaba, 3. Arab bloc, 189, 375. Arabian crude, 394. Arabian Gulf, 192. Arabian peninsula, 602. Arabian Sea, 595, 599. Arab-Israeli conflict, 633, 635. Arab-Israeli War, 1967, 258, 269, 277, 365, 562, 594, 599,601. Arabiyya, al-, 639. Arab League, 638. Arab states, 216, 400, 436. Arafura Sea, 345. Arbitration, 70, 79. Archangel, 310. Archipelagos: xiii-xiv, 190-91,209,216,231,270,638; concept, 330-31; definition, 339-40, 349-

50; and nation-states, 352-55; and territorial seas, 328-58; and U.S., 328, 342-44, 354-55; and U.S.S.R., 329.

Arctic, 64-65, 85-86, 216-18, 268,395,410,418,441,473,507-509,513. See also Polar regions. Arctic Circle, 321, 392, 507. Arctic Ocean, 85,381, 383,479, 507-509. Arctic Sea, 399. Argentina, 225n, 226n, 395,406-407, 411, 510, 544, 570n. Argentine, the, 270, 410. Argentines, 315. Armed robbery, 159. Armistice, 4. Arms control, seabed, 572-84. Aron, Raymond, 152. Arreglado, Juan M., 348. Artemis, 419. Artificial giIIs, 513. Ascension Island, 326, 477. Asia, 74,104,110,123,126,149, 151, 197,275,345,392,398,405,426,507,513,591,618,620,

628. Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee, 611. Asian flu, 126-27. Assault, 159. Associated Press, 301. ASW, 258-59, 282, 288-89, 292n, 440-42, 594-95. Asylum, political, 170-71. Asylum, right of, 105-106. Ateliers & Chantiers of Nantes, 273. Athens, 150. Atlantic, 151,200,221,256,273,279,288, 291n, 300, 326,392,433,479,515,530,534-35,537,

546, 576, 581, 591, 610. Atlantic Alliance, 581. Atlantic cable, 531. Atlantic Community, 156.

Atlantic Container Line, 271. Atlantic Underwater Tacrical Evaluation Center, 419. Atomic energy: 21, 294, 544; U.S.S.R. 69, 80. See also Nuclear era; Weapons, nuclear. Atomic Energy Commission, 467. Auerbach, Carl A., 402n. Austin, John, 37,44,101.

661

Australia, 212, 224n, 270, 288, 320, 333, 345-46, 350, 354, 395, 398,405-406,510,513, 536, 573, 598.

Australian Proclamation of 1953, 317. Aviation, 172,414,481. See also Overflight. Azevedo, Judge, 382. Azores, 329, 478.

Bacteria, 450. Badu, 635.

B

Bahamas, 316, 326,478. Bahrein, 471, 634-35, 638-39, 642, 645. Balance of power, 150, 154-55,205. Baldwin, Hanson W., 328. Ballast water, 452. Baltic Republics, 64, 81, 102. Baltic Sea, 33, 64-65, 85, 196,200,216,221,273, 291n, 300, 319, 323, 327, 353, 539-40. Baltic Sea Pollution Control Agreement, 196. Baltimore Canyon, 391. Bandung Declaration of 1955, 109. Bangladesh, 596, 603. Barbados, 238n. Barents Sea, 291n, 439, 479. Barges, 451. Baruch Proposals of 1946, 21. Baseline, 312-13, 317, 322-23, 325, 330-32,335, 339,341-42,345-48, 350,352-55, 397-98,461-62,

464,477, 564-65, 618, 623. "Bathyscaph," 413, 572. Bathysphere, 413, 531. Battle of Jutland, 278. Battleships, 592. Baxter, Richard, viii, 382. Bay of Bengal, 283. Bays, 242, 300-301, 312, 320-21, 333, 339, 347, 352, 355, 380-81,449,461,636. Beaches, 411. Beaufort Sea, 391. Beecher, Henry Ward, 241. Belgium, 225n, 228n, 510. Belligerence, 199, 376-79, 381, 383, 386n, 60l. Bentham, Jeremy, 44. "Benthoscope," 413. Benzene, 454. Berbera, 282, 601, 633-34. Bering Sea, 324, 39l. Bering Straits, 65, 406. Berlin: 30, 94, 168; airlift, 146. Bermuda, 478. Bernadotte, COUnt, 7. Beryllium, 572. Bible, 267. Bielorussia, 66. Big Sur, 452. Bikini, 555. Bilder, Richard, viii, 217. Bilge water, 452.

662 Bioma, 215-16, 226n. Birds, 215. Birot, 406. Black market, 135, 163. Blackmer, 308. Black Sea, 6, 64-65, 85, 275, 291n, 392,418,601-602,633. Blake Plateau, 391. Blockade, vii, 4, 18, 158, 378, 380, 386n, 604-605, 633. Block Island, 343. Blue Water, 413. Boaring, 263. Boer War, 587. Bolivia, 107, 196. Bolshevik revolurion, 102. Bombay, 602. Bombs, 593. Borneo, 344, 406. Boron, 411. Bosron, 430, 432. Boston Red Sox, 107. Bouchez, Leo]., 334, 355-56. Boulogne, 272. Bourgeoisie, 101, 103, 106. Boutan, 413. Boycott, 18. Bozkourt, 304. Brazil, 39, 226n, 233, 235, 284-85, 307, 407, 417,522,544,573,580-81. Brest Litovsk, 62. Brierly, J. L., 12, 61, 227n. Briggs, Professor, 89. British Admiralty Regulations, 221-22. British Columbia, 212. British Insritute of International and Comparative Law, 641. Brock, Captain John, viii, xiv. Bromine, 245, 411, 534. Brookings Insrirurion, 128. Brooks, David B., 523. Brussels, 112, 219, 307. Brussels Convention, 307. Bubiyan Islands, 635. Buffalo, 475. Bulgaria, 75, 85, 88, 298, 3l7. Bulk cargo carriers, 269-70. Bulletin of the Department of State, 61. Burke, William T., 176, 186-87,294,475,486-87,557. Burma, 25, 637. Burrows, 229n. Burundi, 196. Business Week,458. Byrd, Antarctic station, 510.

C.A.A., 318. "Cachalot," 412.

c

Calcium carbonate, 459. California, 209, 212, 247, 342, 391, 409, 412, 459, 536. Cameroon, 236, 442. Canada: 65, 72, 189-90, 193,274,309,311,339; ADIZ, 318, 320, 325; Arctic, 85, 508; Arctic

claims, 216-18; arms control, 578-81; fish, 433,436; minerals, 522, 534; oil, 392, 401; ore, 269-70; Parliament, 65; peaceful coexistence, 112; seabed, 478; sovereignty, 217; submersibles, 531; territorial sea, 216, 322-23, 329, 398; U.S. 217, 295; warships, 643.

Canadian Arctic Water Pollution Prevention Act, 217.

Canals, 347. Canal Zone, 602. Canary Islands, 478. Cannibalism, 227. Cape Boyador, 365. Cape Cod, 452. Cape Finisterre, 221. Cape of Good Hope, 289, 291n. Cape Kennedy, 272. Cape Non, 365. Cape Povorotny, 311. Cape Verde Islands, 366, 478, 602.

663

Capitalism: 146; and international law, 62, 66; and U.S.S.R., 66, 68, 76-77,79-83,88-89,93-94, 96-98, 101, 103, 105, 610.

"Captor," 288. Caracas, 188-89, 195, 197-98,232, 237, 400, 616-29. Cardi/lal Mi/ldszellty case, 75. Cardoza,Justice, 115. Caribbean, 38, 168-69, 366, 398, 586, 601. Cargo spills, 452. Carlisle, Commander, xii. The Caroli/le, 218. Carolines, 342. Carsey, 406. Caspian Sea, 64-65, 85, 273, 546, 633. Castro, Fidel, 38-39, 168, 170-71. CasllS belli, 633. Catalina, 342. Carucasus, 102. Celebes, 344. Celtic Sea, 392. Central America, 217, 225n, 442. Central American Courc of Justice, 59, 378-79. Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party, 91. Central Intelligence Agency, viii. "Century of Total War;· 152. CEP, 209, 226n. Ceylon, 471. "Challenger" expedition, 1872-76,404, 536. Chanchiang, 618. Channels, 451. Chapman, Wilberc, 437, 479. Charlemagne, 151. Charles I, 229n. Chayes, Professor, 26. Chelyuskin Peninsula, 508. Cheng-fa, 629. "Chernomov," 418. Chesapeake Bay, 209, 314. Chester, Pa., 271. Chevron Oil Company, 213. Chia Shu-fan, 618. Chicherin, 109. Chile: 196, 236, 324-25, 370, 406-407, 411, 433, 436-37, 462, 465,522,541,544, 570n; claims,

17, 244n, 225n, 226n, 227n, 297; and territorial sea, 3, 209, 252, 310, 315, 610-11. Chile Current, 226n. China, Nationalist, 286,319, 498n, 545. China Seas, 587, 595. Chiunghow Strait, 618, 623. Chlorine gas, 451. Chlorination, 450. Chou En-Iai, 629. Christianity, 57, 88.

664 Chromite, 534, 544. Chukot (Chukehi) Sea, 84, 391. Chu Li-ju, 629. Churchill, Winston, 297-98. City-state, 17, 149, 153-54. Ciudad Trujillo, 226n, 325, 395, 465. Civil Aeronautics Aer, 343. Civil Aeronautics Board v. Island Airlines, Inc., 343-44, 356. Civil law: 517; U.S.S.R., 98. Civil liberties, 552. Civil wars: 71-72, 108; U.S., 71. Clan, 149. Clarification, of sewage, 450-51. Clark, Grenville, 6. Climate, 182. Clipperton Island, 477. Clipperton Island case, 472, 506. Closed seas, 85-86, 216, 284-85, 341, 378, 381. Coal, 270, 314,411,513,534. Coastal Seabed Economic Area, 399. Coast and Geodetic Survey Charts, 268. "Coast line rule," 321. Coast of the Shetlands, 206. "Coastal sea," 636. Coastal states: 175, 189-95, 605, 619; aircraft, 295; arms control, 572-84; brima and ecosystem,

215-16; Chile-Ecuador-Peru claims, 214-17; claims not recognized by internationallaw,214-16; contiguous zones, 219; continental shelf, 206, 255, 268, 295-96, 395-97, 416, 460-63,465, 494n, 514-15, 539, 581; creeping jurisdierion, 217-18; defense, 578; eleerronic reconnaissance, 563-64,567-68; fishing, 235, 326-27, 399; flag states, 204; freedom ofthe seas, 254, 293, 329; innocent passage, 335-36, 369-75, 377, 382, 384, 385n; internal waters, 209-212, 300-301, 333-34; international community, 205-206; international law, 294,296; jurisdierion, 190-92, 212,233,237,293,299,368-69,376,394,396,398-99,462,465,479,483,490-91,538-43,574, 620-25, 628; law of the sea, 293-94, 543; maritime zones of exclusive state competence, 209-214; military uses of sea, 588; minerals, 535, 557; pollution, 203, 211-12, 217-19, 229n; population, 216, 227n; resources, 206, 234, 237, 296, 396, 398, 411; rights of abatement beyond territorial limits, 218-21; seabed claims, 490-91, 493; seabed regimes, 471-72,477-79; security, 202, 298-99, 336, 369-70, 374, 384, 386n, 508, 568-69, 591, 624; sovereignty, 202-204, 206,209-210, 212,226n, 234,237,254,294,296,299,334,338,368,375-76,407-408, 460-62,620,622-25,641,642; territorial sea, 202-203, 210-11, 265-66, 296, 325, 331-34,462, 553,563-64,567,611-12,618,622; territorial waters, 209, 254, 372-78, 392-94; U.S., 200.

Cobalt, 194,459, 521-23, 525-26, 528n, 534-36, 543-44, 546. Cockburn Sound, 288. Coercion: 134, 139, 554, 558-59, 587-88, 596-97, 601, 606; U.S.S.R., 82; world power process,16,

18-20. Coliform, 450. Collision, 203, 258, 304, 307. Colombia, 238n, 478, 637. Colombo, 611. Colombo Declaration, 611-12. Colombos, 340, 643. Colonial exploitation, 489. Colonialism, 118, 409, 587, 629. Columbia ·U niversity, 396. Columbite, 411. Columbus, 267, 365. Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources, 246, 547. Commission to Study the Organization of Peace, 460, 480. Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society, 128. Committee on Conservation and Development of Natural Resources, 460. Committee on the Peaceful Uses of the Seabed and the Ocean Floor Beyond the Limits of

National Jurisdierion. See "Seabeds Committee." Common Market. See European Economic Community.

665

Commonwealth of Great Britain, 9. See aIm United Kingdom. Communications: 15, 27, 239-41, 330, 345, 555, 578, 584, 588, 606; freedom of, 29; mass, 134,

144; UN, 119; U.S., 617; U.S.S.R., 68, 94. Communism: 6,15,17-18,20-21,79,133,139; ideology, 68, 76-77,83,86-88,97,99,101-103,109,

109,111,155,157; international community, 121; international law, 50,62,93,101-103; law, 77-78,96-97,103; morality, 82, 98-99; POW's, 80, 88; revolutionary, 55; Vietnam,40; war, 81. See also U.S.S.R., Capitalism.

Communist Bloc, 298, 337, 373, 375,415,418-19. Communist China: 79-80, 140, 238n, 284, 324, 389, 591, 597, 602-603; arms control, 580;

nental shelf, 212, 405; fishing, 272, 275, 286, 319, 425, 432-33, 435; Formosa, 71; international law, 176; jurisdiction, 617; Korea, 72; law ofthesea, 616-29; navy, 616-17, 627-28; sovereignty, 617; submarines, 277; territorial sea, 540, 618-19, 623; territorial waters, 618; U.S., 94, 304, 618; U.s.s.R., 31, 50, 64-65,110,112,618; world community process, 16-17.

Communist International, 72. Communist Party. See Communism; International Communist Party. Communist World, 10, 15,418,435, 567, 628-29. Community of Nations, 296. Complementarity, 29. Complete Internationalization (of the sea), 265. Compulsory jurisdiction, ix, 37,44,47,59-60,70,79. Conakry, 596,603. Conant, 113. Concert of Europe, 58. Conference for the Progressive Codification of International Law, 1930,210,336,340-41,367-

72,374-76. Conference of the Committee on Disarmament (CCD), 256, 575. Conflict, human: 505, 635; zone of, 601. Conflict management, viii, xvii. Congo, 23, 27, 30, 36-37, 41, 521, 523, 536, 544. Congress of Vienna, 67. Connolly Amendment, 23, 37. Conservation, 511, 540. COIlsolato del Mare, 365. Contiguous zone, 158, 161-63, 175, 179,181-83,191,209-212,217,219,232,234,242,248,253,

256,295,297,303,316,321,325-26,367-68,398,462,464,506,538-43,553,555,557,560-61, 563-65,568,580,583,587,638,641,644.

Continental Margin, 388-90,400-401,412,420, 538. Continental Rise, 389-91, 395, 401n. "Continental Rule," 224n. Continental shelf: 172-73, 175,232-33,274,319,470,473,484,486,506,521,541, 555, 557, 617,

641,644; arms, 265-66; boundary, 187n, 192,235, 238n, 242, 324, 326, 331-32,458,460,464-66,492-93, 494n, 498n, 520, 530,628; claims, 225n, 226n; coastal states, 181-83, 195,206, 295-96,395-98,416,460-63,465,514-15,539, 581; definition, 212-14, 247-48, 255-56, 389-90, 395-97,405-407,462-65, 514-16, 530, 539,543; economicimportance, 409-12; force, 415-20; law of the sea, 245-50, 257; legal trends, 407-409; jurisdiction, 303,462,479,487,515, 538-43, 611; jurisprudence, 407-409; military use, 262, 414-15; res communis, 475; res ,zulli/lf, 473; resources, 314-15, 401n, 457, 459-60, 463-64,466,492, 514, 529-31, 534-35, 537, 573-74; rights, 202-204, 209, 295-96, 574; Saudi Arabia, 638-40; seabed, 268, 470, 490; sovereignty, 407, 410, 539, 542; strategic implications, 404-421; U.S., 200, 391,405-408,412, 462-63,514-16,539-40; U.S.S.R., 212, 405, 410,539-41,546,620-21.

Continental Shelf Convention, 185-86, 226n. See also Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf.

Continental Shelf Doctrine, 212-14, 225n, 320, 472, 490,647n. Continental Slope, 389-91, 395, 530, 534, 538. Continental Terrace, 389-90, 395. Contraband, 4, 18, 161. Convention on Fisheries and Conservation of Living Resources, 443. Convention of the Living Resources of the High Seas, 643. Convention No. IV of the Hague of 1907, 7. Cook Islands, 190, 355, 393. Copper, 194, 196,436,459, 521-23, 525-26, 532-33, 535-36, 543-44.

666 Coquia, Jorge R., 350. Corfu,337. Corfu Channel case, 59, 210, 219, 300, 316, 336-38, 371-75, 382, 384, 508, 559, 642. Corfu Strait, 371-72, 508. Corinth, 150. Cortes Bank, 515. Costa Rica, 19, 225n, 226n, 238n, 324, 378,407. Cousteau, Jacques Yves, 412-13. CPSU, 611, 613. Craven, John P., 468. "Craven's Law," 217. "Crawlers," 576, 583. Creeping jurisdiction, 217-18, 237. Criminal law, 20,46,517. Crowther, H. E., 440. Crusades, 151. Cuba, 33, 39-40, 55, 168-71, 226n, 273, 354,478, 506, 562, 596, 599-602. Cuban Cays, 339, 354. Cuban missile crisis, 1962, viii, xii, 33, 55. Cullen, Sir William, 224n. Curacao, 169. CURV (Cable Controlled Underwater Recovery Vehicle), 413, 576. Customary law: x, 116; change, 1-2; continental shelf, 212,214; diplomats, 66; international law,

38-40,48,50-51,54-55,60-61.92-93,95, 108, Ill, 178,209,217,219-20, 222, 229n, 241, 251, 321, 368, 377, 464, 471, 488, 490,505,518; law of the sea, 211; neutrals, 54; territorial jurisdiction, 61; treaties, 3, 7-9, 24; U.S.S.R., 66, 74, 79.

Customs, 210, 234, 293, 296, 311, 462, 538, 540, 564, 636. Customs zones, 209, 295, 312, 314, 320-21, 641. CV's, 280-83, 289, 291n. See also Aircraft carriers. CVA,28. Cyprus, 23, 498n, 545. Czechoslovakia, 325, 510.

Danish Straits, 281. Danzig Bay, 298. Dardanelles, 281, 608n. Dar es Salaam, 196. Dark Ages, 200. DDT, 124, 127,227.

o

Dean, Arthur H., 72,329-30,341,348,350-51,485,637. Decade of Ocean Exploration, 443. "Declaration on the Maritime Zone," 214. Declaration of Mexico, 325. Declaration of Montevideo on the Law of the Sea, 226n, 398. Declaration of Panama, 1939, 314. Declaration of Santiago, 1952,214-15, 224n, 225n, 227n, 297,544,610-11. Decolonialization, 55. Deep Sea Ventures (Tenneco), 521. "Deep Quest," 413. Deep Submersible Vehicles (DSV), 413. Defensive Sea Area, 162. de Gaulle, Charles, 556. Demilitarization, 578-79, 582-83. Democracy, 134. Demons, Lieutenant, 304. Denmark,33,65, 187n,200,221,225n,228n,304,309,319,329,353,355,357,396-97,508-510,

515. Desalinated water, 513, 534. Desertion, 20. Despotism, 134-37, 140, 145.

667

Developed countries, 122-23, 188, 193-95, 233,416-17, 427, 443, 474, 523, 543-47, 574-75, 93, 614.

Developing countries: 55, 122-25, 129, 527n, 609-10; fishing, 410, 427, 436, 439, 441, 443-44; freedom ofthe sea, 179, 188, 193-95,223,243,611-14; international law, 53; jurisdiction, 483; legal obligations, 53; modernization, 124; oceans, 186,246,254,409,419,477,480,491,574, 620,645; passage, 599; pollution, 621; resources, 234, 398-400,416-17,457,474, 536-37, 541, 543-47,624; sovereignty, 614; straits, 623; weapons, 593. See also Third World.

Dewenter, John R., 627. DEW line, 415. Dhofari rebellion, 601. Dhows, 591, 635. Diamonds, 411, 513, 535. Diego Garcia, 289. Diesel, 595. Digest 0/ International Law, 8, 348, 350-51, 353, 637. Diplomacy, 18. Diplomatic immunity, 3, 18,67-68, 84, 94-95, 103. Diplomats, 3, 63, 66-68, 83, 94-95, 99. Disarmament, 83-84, 104, 106-107, 110,256,485,575,577-78,582. Djakarta, 346, 348. Dnieper River, 68. Doctors, xi. Dolphi/I,414. Domestic law: 17,45,62,72,248; U.S., 48,53,115; U.S.S.R., 106. Dominican crisis of 1965, 560. Dominican Republic, 238n, 326, 465-66, 478. Dover, 272. Dover Strait, 203. Drake, Sir Francis, 201, 222, 366. Draper, Colonel, viii. Drunken driving, 160. Dry Tortugas, 171. Duchy, 17, 149, 151. Dulles,John F., 379. Dysentery, 452.

East Africa, 401. East China Sea, 196,327,397,628. Eastern Greenland case, 472, 506, 508. East Indies, 366. East Key, 171. East Siberian (Sea), 84. Eastwind,507-508. Eban, Abba, 32, 379-80. Ecological Age, 125-27, 129. Economic Associates, Inc., 411. Economic Zone, 619, 623-24, 638, 641, 644. Economists, xi. Economy, 415-20. Eco-system, and claims, 215-16, 226n.

E

Ecuador: 209, 233, 236, 309, 324-25, 355, 433,436-37, 544, 570n, 573; claims, 214-17, 224n, 225n, 226n, 297; territorial sea, 3, 252, 298, 310, 315, 319. 582,610, 623.

Edisto, 381, 507-508. EEZ's (exclusive economic zones), 285-86, 290. "Effective occupation," 472-73. Effluents, 451. Egypt: 300, 322, 354,373,377-81,383,387n,498n,545,594,600-603,635,637,642,645; and

Suez crisis of 1956, 4, 27, 32-33, 598. Egypt-Israel Armistice Agreement, 1949, 378. Eiffel Tower, 317. Eighteen Nation Disarmament Conference, 575-79, 581-82.

668 Eisenhower, Dwight, 26, 91, 427, 509. Elath, 378, 380. Electric Boat, 277n. Electrodialysis, 451. Electronic countermeasures (ECM), 593. Electronic reconnaissance, 563-69. Eliat, 633, 645. Elizabeth I, 201, 222, 366. El Salvador, 225n, 226n, 228n, 378, 544, 570n, 582. Emery, K. 0.,492,542. Empire, 149. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 349. Energy: atomic, 21, 69, 572; crisis, 400; electrical, 69; oceans, 411; supplies, 205. English Channel, 221, 309. English Revolution, 51. "English Rule," 224n. Eniwetok, 555. Enlightenment: 177,522; as value, 15,29, 132-33, 144. Enterprise Task Force, 283. Entry in distress, 321. "Epicontinental sea," 225n. Equality, 95, 110-11, 138,222. Espionage: 140, 159,419, 508, 556, 622; and U.S.S.R., 67, 84. Estonia, 109,273,275. Estuaries, 451. Ethics, as value, 15. Eurasia, 277. Europe: 16, 101, 104, 117-18, 152,200,285,315,507,599; and Antarctica, 509, 513; balance of

power, 141; Central, 82, 106; continental shelf, 405; customary international law, 39, 53; decolonization, 55; Eastern, 55, 73, 79, 156; as federal state, 119; fishing, 410, 443; international law, 57,488; NATO, 277, 294; Northern, 267, 271, 275; ocean, 256; oil, 291n, 401; religion, 151; troops in, 93, 171; Western, 17,36,63, 76, 142, 147, 150,253,270,279,288, 388, 621, 634.

European Coal and Steel Community, 154. European Court of Human Rights, 23. European Economic Community: 23, 36, 119-20, 154, 156; International Court, 23. European Fisheries Convention, 253. Evensen, lens, 340, 353. Exclusive economic zone, 591. See a/so EEC's. Exclusive fishing zone, 591. Experiment, 274. Extradition, 308. Extraterritoriality, 103.

Faeroes, 339, 355. Falk, Richard, viii. Family, 149. Family of Nations, 295. Famine, 427. FAO, 443, 617. Far East, 441, 597, 602, 626. Far Eastern Law Review, 350. Farsi,639. Federalism, 156.

F

Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (FWPCA), 449-51. Feliciano, 560. Feller, A. H., 71. Fenwick, Charles G., viii, 61. Ferdinand, 366. Fertilizer, 411, 536. Fessenden, Regiriald, 531. Feudalism, 106, 149.

Fiefdom, 149, 151. Fiji Islands, 339, 355.

669

Final Reporr of rhe Imernational Law Commission on rhe Law of rhe Sea in Time of Peace, 319. Finland, 81, 273, 322, 339, 353, 411, 509. Fire, 454, 504. Firsr Law of rhe Sea Conference, 1958, 190, 192. See a/so Geneva Conference on rhe Law of rhe

Sea. Fish, 181, 185,200,203,215,223,235-36,267,269,272-75,277,284-87,290,291n,403n,432,

437,439-41,449,451,453,469,475,513,516,542,611. Fisheries: 162,182,245,257,260,268-69,296,420,476,613,618, 624; Brazil, 407; Canada, 311;

Communisr China, 425, 432-33, 435, 617, 619-20, 626-29; cominemal shelf, 406-407; Denmark, 355; Europe, 253-54; Iceland, 235, 286, 311-13, 323, 611; Indonesia, 348; imernarional srabiliry, 425-44; Japan, 233, 253, 272, 301, 310, 317, 319-20,432-33,436-37, 555,613; ocean, 425-44; Philippines, 349; Saudi Arabia, 636, 641, 643-44; Sweden, 298; U.K., 233,286,310-13,324,355,366,370,611,643; U.S., 31,193,235,253-54,261-641272-73,287, 298, 311, 314, 324, 335, 370, 399, 417, 425-34, 451, 514, 613, 619, 627; U.S.S.R., 84-86, 233, 235,253,272-75,286,298,319,323-24,417,425-26,433,435-40,438-44,609,613,619,627; world, 432-38. See a/so Norway.

Fishermen, 267-68, 272-74, 430. Fishery jurisdicrion, xiii-xiv, xvi, 3, 24, 84-86, 95, 99, 113, 123, 162, 173, 186, 189, 191, 196-97,

202,209,214,216,223,232,234,238n,242,319-21,323-24,326-27,329,336,341,355,367, 370,399,408-410,415-17,506,514,520-21,540,557,591.

Fishing Fleer Improvemem Acr, 1964,431,442. Fishing Vessel Consrruerion Differemial Subsidy Aer, 1960,431. Fishmeal, 434-35. Fish prorein concemrare. See FPC. Firzmaurice, Sir Gerald, 340-41, 395, 643. Fjords, 339, 352, 355. Flag srare. See States. Flag Stare Regime, 264. Fleet Ballistic Missile Launchers, 419. See a/so SSBN. Florida, 171,314,316,391,536. Florida Keys, 339. Food, 149-50, 183, 214-15, 255,267,270, 285,290n,405,409,411,426-28,434-35,443-44,466,

504,513,533,542,547,635. Food for Peace bill, 427. Force: viii,221, 601; cominemal shelf, 415-20; high seas, 551-62; law, 557; passage, 599; power,

149-50; restraits, 1; territorial imegriry, 50; weapons, 288-89, 588-89. . Force majeure, 369, 385n. Ford, Gerald, 290n. Foreign Claims Acr, 1942, 160, 164. Foreign Relations of the United States, 8. Formosa, 71. Formosa Straits, 627. "Fortress of America" concept, 301. FPB (fast patrol boats), 635. FPC, 434-35, 440-41, 444. France, 5,27,41,51-52, 72-73,107, 118, 151-52,203,209,224n,228n,254,271,273,277,279,

284,288,290n,295,304-306,308-309,333,345,366,417-18,474,478,510,515,521,531,546, 556, 568-69, 570n, 582, 598, 634, 643n, 646n.

Francis I, 366. Franco, 79. Freedom, 134. Freedom of association, 552. Freedom of communication: 30-32; U.S.S.R., 83. Freedom of expression, 99. Freedom of fishing, 189, 193,204,222,417,463,540. Freedom of flight, 339. Freedom of navigation: 28, 30-31, 182,420,486,540,573,618-19,624; Amareric, 512, 514; archi­

pelagos, 328, 330; coastal states, xv-xvi; Groirus, 222; high seas freedom, 204-205, 234, 463; oceans, xiv, xvi, 191-92,204,234; surveying and charring, 200-201; territorial sea, 327; UN, 283; U.S., 32-33.

670 Freedom of outer space, 125, 177-78. Freedom of person, 36. Freedom of property, 36. Freedom of scientific research, 189, 193-94, 196. Freedom of the sea: 31, ll8, 179,239-44,247,486,491,540,591,599; balance of power, 420;

challenge to, 611-15; closed seas, 285; coastal states, 293, 329; continental shelf, 249; deep sea resources, 529,539,542,547; developed nations, 545; fishing, 31,94; high seas, 221-24, 249, 257, 264, 344, 463-64, 484; innocent passage, 365-67, 375; international law ,239-41,301; law of the sea, 293-94; national security, 260; oceans, 173,257; overflight, xvi, 94, 161, 168, 182, 191-92,294,330; reciprocity, 94; reduCtion, 240; resources, 260; search of foreign vessels, 160-61; security, 470; sovereignty, 408; states, 239, 254, 463, 474, 506, 513-14; surveying and charting, 201-202; territorial integrity, 33; "tragedy of the commons," 222-24; treaties, 239; U.K., 471; U.S., 95, 254, 294, 329-30; U.S.S.R., 83, 87, 94-95,108,546,610; water pollution, 217-22. See also Law of the Sea; Oceans; Overflight; Territorial jurisdiCtion; Territorial waters.

Freedom of transit, 192-93, 612, 614. Freedom of travel, 29. Free passage, 237. Free World, 6, 10, 15, 21, 302, 327,418, 536. French COUrt of Cessation, 568. French Guyana, 478. French Revolution, 51. "French Rule;' 224n. Frosch, Robert, xiv, 470, 545.

Gabon, 544. Galapagos, 339, 355. Galiani,366-67. Galvao, Henrique, 169. Galveston, 452. Gannon, Berry L., 412. Garcia-Amador, 226n, 395-96, 465. Gas, 245, 248, 388-401, 534, 537, 541. Gasoline, 454. Gastroenteritis, 452. Geirfugladrangur, 355. General Electric Company, 69. General Theory of Law and State, 2. Geneva, 74, 189, 196-98, 398-99, 493, 578. Geneva Arms Control Conference, 545.

G

Geneva Conference (Convention) on the Law of the Sea: 1958,3,17,94,108,181,202,210-11, 226n,227n,242,260,264-65,268,329,335-40\342,353,357,367-69,375-76,380,382-84, 395,397,399,402n,457,460,462-63,485,489,527,538,564-66,580,591,637; 1960,242, 260,338-39,351,485,488,564-66, 591; 1973, 520, 579; Caracas (1974),616-29,644; Geneva (1975), 616-29, 644.

Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, 1958, 187n, 213-14, 248-49, 255, 263-64, 395, 408,416-17,460,471-72,477,484,487,489-90,493,514-15,530, 538-43, 547, 570n, 573-74, 581, 611, 639.

Geneva Convention on the High Seas, 1958, 182-83,343,382,463-66,471,474,484,538-39,542, 564, 566, 570n.

Geneva Conventions of 1949, 66. Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, 181,210-11,234,256,299,

335-37,341,367-68,376,378,380-84,462,508,538-40. 560-61,564-66, 570n, 637,641-43, 644.

Geneva Convention of 1958 on Territorial Waters, 30. Geneva Prisoners of War Convention of 1929, 7, 20. Geneva World Peace Through Law Conference of 1967,461,516. Genoa, 200, 221, 365. Genoa Conference of 1922, 109. Gentilis, 229n.

Geopoliticians, and international law, l. Georges Bank, 391, 432. Georgia, 54. German High Seas Fleet, 278. German Imperial Staff, 66.

671

Germany: 68, 74, 79,1l8,187n, 515, 521, 536, 570n;Altmark, 376; Army, 62-63, 274; continental shelf, 396-97; East, 30, 168, 238n, 273, 539; frontiers, 71; German Imperial Staff, 66; 171terhandel case, 10; labor camps, 140; Nazi, 133, 140-41; POWs, 65-66; principalities, 150; sea, 297-98; UN, 149; U.S.S.R., 95, 102; war crimes trials, 7, 80; warfare, 66; West, 228n, 238n.

Ghana, 478, 498n, 522, 544-45. Gidel, 34l. Girard, 17l. Glauconite, 41l. Global community, 177. Global Marine Inc., 459. GNP, 123, 129,43l. God,587. Gold, 411,532,535. Goldberg, Ambassador, 380, 482, 485, 487. Goldie, Fred, viii. Good News Bay, 41l. Gorki,69. Gorshkov, Admiral S. G., xv, 281-82, 291n, 582, 604, 609-15. Government of Kerensky, 102. Graham, G. S., 587. Grain, 270, 291n, 426-27. Grand Banks, 168, 267, 272, 410, 476, 478. Gravity anomalies, 532. Great Barrier Reef, 270, 354. Great Britain. See United Kingdom. Great Lakes, 124, 449. Great Powers, 223, 606-607. Great Society, 428. "Great World" concept, 27. See alIa World community. Grechko, Marshal, 602. Greece: 190,270,275,308,337, 570n; city-states, 149, 153-54. Greenland, 65, 221, 309, 339, 433, 478, 507-509,602. Grimsey, 355. Grotius, Hugo: 201,222, 229n, 294, 329, 366-67,486; and international law, I, 13-14,57. Groton, Ct., 277n. Group of 77, 189, 196, 592, 621, 624-26, 64l. Grumman, 277. Guano, 215. Guantanamo Bay, 168, 170-71. Guantanamo Defensive Sea Area, 170. Guatemala, 79, 187n, 238n. Guerilla warfare, 66. Guinea, 406, 478, 603. See alIa United Kingdom, Guinea patrol. Gulf of Aden, 300. Gulf of Aqaba, 32-33, 216, 300, 365, 369, 373, 377-81, 383, 387n, 633-36, 642. See also Aqaba. Gulf of Fonseca, 378-8l. Gulf of Mexico, 212, 264, 268, 315, 390-91, 393-94, 402n, 411, 462, 492, 516, 534. Gulf of Paria, 407, 463. Gulf of Pohai, 300. Gulf of Tonkin, 173, 560-6l. Gunboat diplomacy, 605. Gunboats, 442. Guyana, 238n, 478. Gwyer, Sir Maurice, 336. Gyorgy, Professor, 12. Gypsum, 411, 641.

672

Hackworth, 8. Haddock, 432. The Hague, 58-59,63, 76. Hague Academy of International Law, 91-92. Hague Conference, 1960, 367.

H

Hague Conference of International Law, 1930,342. Hague Convention No. 13 of 1907, 54, 376-77. Hague Convention on prisoners of war, 65. Hague Tribunal, 118. Hainan Islands, 627. Haiphong, 599, 604. Haiti, 238n, 326, 478. Hale, 168. Halibut, 410. Halifax, 211, 318. Hall, William Edward, 57, 221. Halong Bay, 348. Hamidullah, Muhammad, 639. Hammarskjold Forum, 560. Hanoi, 586, 596, 599. Harbors, 210, 312, 320, 449, 452, 553. "Hardiman" (Human Augmentation Research and Development Investigation), 414. Hardin, Garrett, 125. "Harpoon," 289. Harvard College, 113. Harvard Research in International Law, 339, 369. Hauser, Rita, viii. Havana, 211, 305, 318. Hawaii, 270, 274, 339, 342-43, 355, 479. Hazard, John, viii, 81, 84. H-bomb, 80, 104, 219, 316, 320, 325-26, 413. See also Atomic energy; Weapons, nuclear. "Headland theory," 321. Health: 29, 138, 177, 183,435-36,438,552; psychological, 132, 144; as value, 132-33, 144. Hearn, Admiral, 512, 517, 553. Heavenly Mandate, 629. Heavy metals, 262. Hegemony, 616, 619. Helium, 412. Henkin, Louis, 396. Hepatitis, 452. Herring, 434. High seas. See Freedom of navigation; Law of the sea; Oceans; Territorial Sea; Territorial waters. Hijaz,636. Hiroshima, 125. Historical waters, 209, 343-44, 347. Historic bays, 301, 314. History, 93, 96. Hider, 103, 140, 154, 278. H. M. S. Challenger, xiii. Hobbes, Thomas, 22. Holland, 187n, 201, 216, 224, 271, 366, 617. Holloway, James 1., III, 280-81, 289. Holsti, Kalevi J., 438. Honduras, 238n, 354, 378, 407, 570n, 641. Hong Kong, 275, 617. Horn of Africa, 602. Hot pursuit, 202, 315, 319, 321. Hover craft, 272. Hovering acts, 367. Howar Islands, 635. Hubbert, M. King, 391.

Hudson, Manley 0., viii, 7. "Hue and cry," 49. Hughes Tool, 521. Human digniry, 29. Human rights, viii, ix, xvii, 15,23,70, 123, 177, 552. Humble Oil and Refining Company, 458. Humboldt Current, 214-15, 226n, 433, 435. Hungary, 75, 95, 102, 107. Hunger, 426-28, 435, 440-43. Hutung Shipyard, 617. Hyde, Charles Cheney, 9, 340, 356. Hydrocarbons, 388-90, 640. Hydrographic Office, 327. Hydrosphere, 404.

IBRD,427. Icebreakers, 507.

673

Iceland: 221,286,311-13,339,353,355,357,586; fishing, 3, 235, 319, 323,433,436,439,476,611. Idemitm Marti, 269. Iekes, Harold 1., 492. Ilmenite, 411. Immigration, 17,234,538,565,640. Immuniry, viii, 3, 210, 566. Imperialism, 82, 101-102, 106-107, 150-51,582,601-602,604-605,609-14,619,629,638,643. Indalecio, 170. India, 56,200,275,284, 370, 374, 392,426-27,433, 498n, 545, 566, 641. Indian Ocean, 273, 282, 287-90, 291n, 345, 411, 522, 534-35, 537, 594,597-98,601-604,607,634. Indo-China war, viii. Indonesia, 209, 216, 270, 328, 330, 333-35, 337-41, 344-48, 352, 355-58, 392, 411, 433, 437, 540,

582, 594, 598, 619, 637, 643. Indonesian Statute of 1960, 341. Indo-Pakistan War, 283-84, 603-604. Industrial Revolution, 201, 587. Industrialization, 134, 144. Inflation, 135. Inland waters, 312, 320, 341, 350, 449, 553,636. Innocent passage, 30, 32, 61, 80, 113, 192,202,210,215, 224n, 225n, 234, 237,240,254,266,298-

300,307,316-17,321,325,327,334-39,344-49,357,365-84,462,508,557,591,612,618-19, 623,636,641-44.

Insecricides, 127. Inltitflte de Droit International, 339. Insurgency, 419. Interagency Committee on International Policy in the Marine Environment, 246. Inter alia, 474. Inter-American Council of Jurists, 325. Inter-American Defense Zone, 407. Inter-American Judicial Committee, 237, 324. Inter-American Specialized Conference on Conservation of Natural Resources: the Continental

Shelf and Marine Waters, 226n. Inter-American Specialized Conference on Conservation of Natural Resources: Continental

Shelf and Oceanic Waters, 465. Inter Caetera (1493), 221. Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO): xvi, 184, 194,204,245,517,

621; Public Law Convention, 219-21. Intergovernmental organizations, 138, 177. Interhandel case, 10. Internal waters, 175, 179, 181,209-212,216, 224n, 294, 300-301, 320-21, 325, 328, 331-36, 338,

341,344,346-48,352-53,356,368-69,378,385,461-62, 553, 555, 557, 566, 591, 618, 623. International adjudication, 59-60. International agreements, 18. International Air Transport Association, 7.

674

International Association of Legal Sciences, 104. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), 427. International Civil Aviation Organization, 65. International Committee on the Nomenclature of Ocean Bottom Features, 405. International Committee of the Red Cross, 7. International Communist Party, 14-15, 109-110, 118-19, 140. International Community: 1, 116-17,380,383,520,542,568,573,598,621; coastal states, 205-

206; jurisdiction, 311; oceans, 123,202-204; states, 57-58, 121; U.S.S.R., 102. International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 219-20. International Convention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, 443. International Convention for the Prevention of the Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 219, 647n. International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution

Casualties, 219-20. International Court of Human Rights, 70. International Court of Justice: Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries case, 352-55; archipelagos, 328, 340-

41, 353; claims, 7; compulsoty jurisdiction, 37,59-60; Congo, 36,41; Corfu Channel case, 336-37, 375, 508, 559; customary international law, 219; fishing, 320-22; innocent passage, 210, 213,371-73,375,382,384,396-97; jurisdiction, 5, 23, 37,70,155,306,309,311-13; origin, 59; Statute, 9, 37, 39; Statute, Article 36, 23, 79-80; Statute Article 38, 7-8, 14,54,61; Statute Article 59,14; territorial sea, 8, 187n, 210, 213, 300, 325, 331; UN, 7, 15; U.S., 9-10,37,75, 195-96; U.S.S.R., 10, 37,63,78, 91. 96. 104.

International Decade of the Ocean Exploration for the 1970's, 426, 428, 442. International Geophysical Year, 1956-58, 510. International Hydrographic Bureau, 405. International Institute for Strategic Studies, 616. Internationalism, 216. International Labor Organization, 73. International law: avoidance of conflict, 2; American concept, 488; archipelagos, 340-41; breach

of, 116; capitalism, 62, 66, 77-79; claims, 4, 7,28-29,355-56; codification, 74, 94-95, 239, 242-44, 326, 336, 341-42, 365, 367, 372, 374, 384, 408, 443, 462, 488-89; commerce, 169; Communist China, 629; Communist Chinese, 176; Communists, 50; Communists and non­Com!l1unists, 122; compliance, 4-5; compulsory jurisdiction, 44, 47; constitutional, 58,60; contemporary political system, 118; continental shelf, 255, 295-96, 581; crisis in, 55-56; current problems of Navy, 251-59; customary, x, 1-2,7-9,24,38-40,48,50-51,54-55,60-61, 92-93,95,178,209,211-12,217,219-20,222,229n,241,251,321,368,377,464,471,488,490, 505, 518; definition, 12-14, 26-28, 44-45, 48, 78, 82, 115, 176-77, 551, 554; diplomatic privileges, 18, 66-67; electronic reconnaissance, 563-69; enforcement, 12, 19, 49, 558; European concept, 488; fisheries, 439; freedom of the sea, 239-41, 264, 294, 301, 540, 551, 555-57; indeterminancy, xi; innocent passage, 335, 370; international friction, 1; international intercourse, 3; interpretation, 6; layman's view, 35; legal change, 53-55; legal foundations, 57-61; legality, ix; military enlistment, 72; misperceptions, ix-xii; morality, ix, 98-99; national law, 28; national security, ix-xii; nation-states, 14-18, 149-56,552-53,556; nineteenth century, 117-19; nObinterference, 117; occupation, 473; oceans, 252, 461, 471, 481; origins, 57; pacta sunt servanda, 106; peace, 251; physical environment, 124-29; politics, 3,27,51; power, 12-13, 138, 176-77; POWs, 20; principles, 611; problem of commitment, 47-48; problem of obligation, 49-51; real property, 124; "realpolitic view," ix-xii; recent trends, 115-21; reciprocity, 87, 252; role of, viii-xiii, 2-3, 75, 547-48; sanctions, ix-xi, 4-5,19-21,26, 28,49,93,252; Saudi Arabia, 636-37, 644-45; socialist, 93; sources, 6-10, 14,39-40,61,79,92-93, 108, 110, 178, 268, 551-54; sovereignty, 47-48; Soviet expansion, 71; Sovietideology, 76-78, 86-88, 101-103; stability, 2; taxation, 28, 39; technology, 120; territorial limits, 17; territorial sea, 218-21, 331-33; treaties, 39-40, 63, 92-93, 110, 241-42, 268; trends in Ecological Age, 122-29; UN, 55-56; universality, 90-97,119-21; U.S., xii; U.S. Naval officers, xii, 10-12, 33-34,42-43,59, 115, 157-74; U.S.S.R., 6, 50, 62-114,176; violations, 5, 183, 557; warships, 169; world community, 22-34, 44-56.

International Law, 61. International Law Association, 91, 104, 112, 339, 403n, 642. International Law, Chiefly as Interpreted and Applied by the United States, 9. International Law Commission, 74, 104,293,296,299-300,307,310,313,315-16,319,323,325-

26,335-36,341-42,347,349,368-70,373-76,395-96,407,465,557,565,570n, 573,637,642. International Law Reports, 9. "International Law Week," vii. International lawyers, vii, xii, 3, 7,9,13,23,72, no, 128, 211-12, 225n, 247, 328, 395,465,472.

See also Lawyers.

International Legal Conference on Marine Pollution Damage, 219. International legal order, 50, 52. International legislation, 7, 59-60. Internationallegislarure, 39. Internatiooal Mine Sweeping Commission, 337. International navigation, xiii, xvi. See also Navigation. International Nickel, 521. International Oceanographic Commission, 521-23.

675

International organizations, 24, 51, 55, 58, 83, 103-104, 110,238,427,517,543,545,552-53. International politics, 3, 438. International Registry Agency, 265. International relations, and international law, 1. International stability, and fisheries, 425-44. International Telecommunication Union, 55, 58. International Telegraphic Union, 58. International tribunals, 58-60. International waters, 168. Interstate waterways, 450. Invasion of Norway, 297. Inversion of power, 25, 28-29. Iodine, 411. Iran, 64, 284-85, 291n, 407, 570n, 634-36, 638-39, 641, 645, CYt6n. Iraq, 634-36, 638, 642, 646n. IRBM,592. Ireland, 56, 478. Iron, 268-69, 411, 459,513,521,534-36,544. Iron Curtain, 429. Isabella, 366. Islam, 635-39, 644-45, 648n. Islal1d of Palmar case, 472. Islands, 331, 342, 348-55, 397, 461, 464, 477, 479, 639. Island of Tiran, 32. Isolationism, 644. Israel, 3, 22, 32-33, 88, 284-85, 292n, 300, 317, 365, 373, 377-81, 383, 387n, 561, 592, 594,633,

642, 644-45. Israel-Jordan Armistice Agreement, 380. Italy, 31, 79-80, 275, 305-306, 308, 366, 545, 580, 646n. Ivory Coast, 398, 478.

Jackson, Andrew, 5. Jackson, Justice, 73-74. Jamaica, 238n, 354. James I, 201. Jal1e's Fightil1g Ships, 616. Janis, Lieutenant Mark, xv.

J

Japan, 5, 31,68,80,84-85, 142, 171, 193,200, 214,233,253,269-70, 275, 285-88,291n, 301,310, 317,319-20,324,333,339, 345-47, 388,399,401,411,418,425,432-33,436-37,442,474, 510, 521,536,555,579,598,613,617,619,621,627-28.

Java, 344, 406. Java Sea, 346. Jefferson, Thomas, viii, 254, 295, 367. Jell-mill lih-pao, 627, 629. Jerusalem, 22, 645. Jessup, Philip c., viii, 6, 335, 340. Johnson, Lyndon, 32, 128, 380,442, 516,546,577. Johnston, Douglas M., 435, 437. Jordan, 294, 300, 378-79, 383, 387n, 594,642. de Jouvenil, Bertrand, 525. Junks,591.

676 Jurisdiction: viii, 87, 225n, 442, 474-76, 505-506, 511, 514, 547, 566; civil, 308-309; coastal state,

190-92,212,233,237,368-69,376,394,396,398-99,462,465,479,483,490-91,538-43,574, 620-25, 628; Communist China, 617; concurrent, 171; contiguous zone, 538-43; criminal, 303-309; definition, 19; deep seas, 512, 529, 538-43,624; domestic, 472; dual, 308; innocent passage, 375-76; international, 483,491; international law, 303-318; maritime,6I3; national, 232,247,249,260·66,397-400,471,474-77,484,490,493,518,574-76,591,609,611-12,614, 618;oceans,261,470-71,551,554,556-57,639;atsea,293-302,319-27,463;seabed,479-90; special zones, 209; territorial jurisdiction, 303-318; territorial sea, 538-43; U.S. and territorial sea, 303-318. See also Territorial sea, limits; Continental shelf.

Jurisprudence, continental shelf, 407-409. Justice, 3, 222. Justinian Code, 200.

Kaiser, 521. Ka Lae, 343. Kalimantan, 392. Kamchatka, 324. Kamehameha II, 343. Kantan, 617. EI Kantara, 224n. Kara, 595. Karachi, 196. Kara Sea, 84, 216, 291n, 508. Katzenbach, Nicholas, viii. Kauai,343. Kauffman, Alvin, 524. Kawaihoa Point, 343. Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928, 13. Kelsen, Hans, 2. Kennan, George, xi, 49. Kennanites, and international law, 1.

K

Kennecott Exploration (Kennecott Copper), 521. Kennedy, John, 427,594. Kenya, 602. Ke Tsai-shue, 621. Khrushchev, 30, 91, 104, 108-109, 113. Kiev, 282, 285, 291n, 595. Kings, 13, 18, 26, 151. Kissinger, Henry, 32. Knoll, Denys W., 172. Kojevnikov, 78, 81. Kola, 29In. Kolbeinsey, 355. Kommunist, 109. Korea: 79, 81-82, 88, 141, 149, 168,279,284,287,310,319,392,406,627-28; North, 252, 286,

324, 563-68, 601; South, 82, 238n, 286, 324, 437, 565, 570n. Korean Proclamation of 1952, 315. Korean War, 18-20,71-72. Korovin(e), Eugene A., 12. Kostov case, 75. Kosygin, 30-31, 578, 582. Kozhevnikov, Feodore I., 63, 91-92. Krasberg lung, 412. Kresta, 603-604. Krill,409. Kuenen, Philip H., 406. Kulsky, W. W., 70-71. Kunz, Joseph, 229n. Kurds, 646n. Kure Navy Yard, 270. Kuretsky, 639.

Kurile Islands, 324. Kurils, 301.

Laien, 618. Laissez Faire, 117-18. bJolla, California, 467. Lake Erie, 124. Lake Maracaibo, 392, 534. Lakes, 451-5 2.

L

Landlocked states. See Oceans, freedom of access Lapenna, Dr., 110. Laptev Sea, 84, 508. Lasswell, Harold, viii.

677

Latin America, 3, 6, 39, 70, 84, 95,123,126,190, 226n, 253, 314-15, 320, 323-26, 392, 395, 398, 403n,408,436,573,613,620,624,639.

Latin American bloc, 189. Larvia, 273, 275. Lauterpacht, Judge, 9, 295, 472-73. Law: Anglo-American, 49; capitalism, 76; change, 241; Communists, 77, 80, 96-97,103; defini­

tion, x, 13-14,26,37,44-45,47,77,80,115; durability, 4; Grotius, 13-14; legal systems, 38, 115-17; morality, 48-49, 86; moral law, 3; as policy, 77,116; politiCS,116-17; purpose,186; as restrraint system, xi; role and world community, 11-21; source of, 54,108; and wills, 46,52; world power process, 15-16. See also National law.

Law of conflict management, viii, xvii. Law of nationality, 17. Law of Nations, 12. The Law of Nations, 61. Law of Real Property, 46. Law of the sea: xiii, 116, 120, 184,277,486-87,613-14; archipelagic passage, xiii-xiv; Arctic

Ocean, 507; coastal states, 293-94, 543; Communist China, 616-29; continental margin, 190, 195-96; customary law, 211; deep seabed, 458, 461-66; definition, 177-78, 551-54; environmental protection, 189, 194; freedom of navigation, 189, 191-93; freedom of scientific research, 189, 193-94, 196; freedom of the sea, 293-94; innocent passage, 365, 381; inter-American approach, 232-38; international navigation, xiii, xvi; international organizations, 238; maritime operations and furure conventions, 199-207; national security, xii; negotiations, viii; new issues, 245-50; order at sea, 203-204; peace, 175-87; pollution control, 189-93, 195-96; reciprocity, 176; resources, 176, 182, 190,194-95; Saudi Arabia, 633-45; states' offshore claims and competencies, 208-32; straits, xi, xiii-xvi; transit rights, xiii­xiv, xvi; treaties, 629; U.K, 120-21; U.N., 283, 293-94,520; U.S., 194,197,520; U.S. Navy, 252; U.S.S.R., x, 94-95; war, 4, 120; weapons technology, 595.

Law of the Sea Instirute, 1967, 488. Law of space, 489. Law of war, xii, 4, 19, 80-81, 87-88. The Law of War and Peace, 13, 57. Lawyers, xi, 4, 14, 22, 33, 52-53, 96, 98, 112, 213, 247, 257. See also International lawyers. Lead,521. League of Arab States, 641. League of Nations, 1,8, 13,24-25,58-59,70,80, 118-19, 138, 367. Legality, of international law, ix. Legal systems: 5,8,38-39,41,45-47,49-50, 115-17,232,237,252,505; definition, 35-38. Lenin, Vladimir I1ich, 63, 69, 77, 102, 107, 109-111, 140,610. Leningrad, 290n, 291n. Leninist theory, 101-103,629. Leone, 478. Le Que, 525. Lesotho, 196. Letts, 216. Levie, Howard, viii. Lewis, Colonel John, xiv. LHA's, 289.

678 Liberia, 200, 270, 275, 478, 544, 641. Library of Congress, 626. Libya, 498n, 544-45, 642. Liebesny, Herbert, 636-37. Liechtenstein, 187n. Light, 406, 434. Ligurian Sea, 200, 221, 365. Lillich, Richard B., viii, xvii. Lima: 398; declarations, 398, 403n. Limestone, 459. Limited International Authority, 265. Lincoln, Abraham, 71. Ling Ching, 619-20. Lipson, Leon, viii. Lisbon, 169. Lissitzyn, Oliver, viii, xiii, 107-108,317,323. Litter, 452. Litton, 277n. Littoral states, 64, 85, 335, 367-68, 376, 378-79, 381, 383, 597-99, 640. Litvinov, 68, 76, 79. Lloyd,617. Local law, 19. Lockheed, 277. Lockheed and Global Marine, 521. Lodge, Henry Cabot, 73, 566. Lofoten, 312, 322. London, 507, 582, 616-17, 633. Long Range Naval Aviation, 289. Lollts, 304, 306. Louis XIV, 154. Louisiana, 391, 394. Lowell, Abbott Lawrence, 114. Low Grade and Non-Conventional Sources of Manganese, 523. Lo Yu-ju, 621. LSD (landing ship, dock), 273. Ludwig, Daniel K., 270. Lusaka, 613. Luxembourg, 17. Luzon, 348.

MacGibbon, 356. Machiavelli, 48, 86, 133. Madagascar, 25. Maddox, 173. Madeira Islands, 478. Magnesium, 245, 411, 534. Magnetic field, 532. Magnetite, 411.

M

Magnuson Fishery Conservation Act of 1976, xiv. Mahan, Admiral Alfred Thayer, 11,278, 290n, 586-87, 645. Malacca, 192-93, 406. Malacca Strait, 269, 597. Malawi, 196. Malaya, 66. Malaysia, 392, 587, 619, 643. Mali, 107,478. Malik, Yakov A., 576. Malnutrition, 427, 441, 443. Malta, 184,246,256,409,457,474,480-81,484-85,487,489,492, 498n, 529, 544-45, 572, 574. Manganese: 194,458-59,513,521,536,541,543-44,546; nodules, 459,468,475-76, 521-27, 535-

38,621.

Manila, 351. Man-in-the-Sea program, 246, 274, 412, 414, 513. Man-of-war, 168. Mare Uberllm, 366. Marianas, 342. Marianas Trench, 413.

679

Marine Resources and Engineering Development Act, 1966,246,428-29,432,467,513,522. Marine science, 425, 428, 437. Marine Technology Society, 459. Maritime Administration, 271. "Maritime Axes," 594. Maritime Control Areas, 162. Maritime law, 268. Maritime operations, 199-207. See aim Law of the sea. Marshall Islands, 325, 342. Marshall,John, 5, 314, 317. Marshall Plan, 81,106,440. Martha's Vineyard, 342. Marxism, 62, 629. Marxist theoty, 6, 101-103, 108, 156. Massachusetts, 342. Matson, 271. Maui,343. Mauritania, 478, 544. "Mayaguez" incident, viii. Maximization, principle of, 131, 145. McChesney, Brunson, viii. McConnell, j., 608n. McDevitt, Rear Admiral Joseph, viii, xiv-xv. McDonald, David L, 545. McDougal, Myres, viii, xiii, 13,29,96,317,334,337,357,475,488,543. McGwire, Michael K., 291n. Mclean trucking complex, 271. McMurdo, Antarctic station, 510. McWhinney, Professor, 111. MCM (mine counter measures), 635. See also Mines. Median Line Regime, 264-65. Medicare, 27. Medicine, 126. Mediterranean Basin, 48, 150,200,294. Mediterranean Sea, 258, 272, 288-89, 291 n, 298, 300, 304, 323, 327,390,392,546,602-603, 608n,

633. Menhaden, 431, 435. Mercantilism, 587. Mercury, 223. Mero,John L, 459, 476. Metallgesellschaft, 521. Mexico, 225n, 234,238n, 274,298,306-307,309,311,319,392,4 07,411,433,478,530,536,581,

637,641. Mexico City, 226n, 324. Miami,452. Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 458, 530, 610. Middle Ages, 151,221,365. Middle East, 27, 32, 37,41, 64, 149, 270, 288, 373, 388, 394,401, 537, 584, 599, 633-45. Middle East Force, 634. The Military Balance, 1974-1975,616. Military intervention, and naval operations, 586-607. Military police, 143. Military Sea Transportation Service, 165. Military strategist, 143. See also Strategy. Mill, Hugh R., 405. Miller, Rear Admiral William 0., viii. Mindanao, 348.

680

Minerals, 123, 183, 194-95,245-46,250,255,260-66,268,287,290,395, 397,408-413,416,420, 426,458,460, 468-69,475, 482,490-91,498n, 507, 509, 512-16, 520-27, 529-48, 557, 611, 613-14, 618, 624, 641.

Mines, 284, 288-89, 291n, 337, 414, 419, 440, 470, 576, 591-594, 597, 604. Minesweeping, 219, 263, 337, 372,442. Mining, xiv-xvii, 173, 185, 197,257,269,372,397,409,411-13,420,459-60,468,476. 479, 489-

91, 512, 516, 518, 523, 526-27, 535-36, 542-43. Miquelon Island, 478. Mirnyy, Antarctic station, 510. Missiles, 27,173,279-80,284,289,301,316, 320,414-15, 419,428,437,470, 506, 509, 513, 515,

517,575-76,583,589,591-94,596,602,604,606, 607n, 617. "Mission civilatrice, la," 587. Mitsubishi,521. Mitsui, 521. Molokai, 343. Mombasa, 586. Monazite, 411. Monroe Doctrine, 562. Monte Bello Islands, 317. Montevideo Conference, 403n, 613. Montreux Convention of 1936, 85. Moon, 257, 267. Moore, 637. Moore, Judge, 12. Morality, ix, 2, 5, 15,20,44,48-99, 106, 111. Morgenthau, Hans, 12-13,49. Morocco, 163, 478, 536, 544, 601, 637. Morskoy Sbornik, 609-10. Moscow, 62, 67, 83,94, 104, 106-107, 139, 290n, 381, 508, 551, 579, 582,602. Moskva, 595. Moslem, 88. See also Islam. Mott, Admiral, 94, 113. Moynihan, Patrick, 128. Muhammad, Prophet, 635. Municipal law, 8, 13, 17,23,27,62,251-52,268,331. Murder, 159. Murmansk, 284, 291n. Mussolini, 140. Mutuality: 241; in legal systems, 38-39,41.

Nagasaki, 125. Naim Molvan, 558. Najd,636. Nantucket Island, 274. Naphtha, 454. Napoleon, 154. Narcotics, 3. Narrow waters, 589-90, 597-600,606. Nasser, 32, 377. Natalia Kochova, 273-74.

N

National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere (NACOA), xv. National Bulk Carriers, 270. National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development, 246,432,436,467,474. National Defense University, viii. Nationalism: 13, 119, 152-55; 486-87, 489-90, 537, 594; city-states, 150. Nationality jurisdiction, 31-32, 305-307. National law: xi, 8, 23, 26-27, 29, 379, 554; and international law, xiii, 28. National Multi-agency Oil and Hazardous Materials Contingency Plan, 454. National Petroleum Council, 213, 391, 396,400, 403n. National Science Foundation, 459, 467. National Sea Grant and Program Act, U.S., 432.

681

National security: 520-22, 618; continental shelf, 249; Egypt, 32; factors of, 140; international law, ix, xii; nationality jurisdiction, 32-33; nation-states, 152; navies, 204-205; oceans, xvii, 250,260-66; seabed, 255-56; seas, 285; states, 29-30, 238; U.S., xv, 31,133,141-42,148,173, 247,295,470,513,522,557,561; U.S. Navy, 257; U.S.S.R, 32, 80-81. See also Security.

National Security Industrial Association, 43l. National security zones, 587. Nation-states: 138, 177,552-53,556; archipelagos, 352-55; demise, 154; international law, 14-18,

117; nationalism, 152-55; national security, 152-54; population, 149; power, 151-52; ships, 558; sovereignty, 154; system, 149-56; territorial sea, 333; territory, 149. See also States.

NATO: 14, 17,55,81, 119, 147,156,159-60,165,167-68,l71,251,277,294,579,584,611;Starus of Forces Agreement, 159-60, 167.

Natural gas, 389, 392, 410. Nalltillls, 507. Naval Digest, 609-610. Naval War College Review, vii-viii, xiii. Navies: 239-40,243,278-79, 290n, 418; and continental shelves, 414-15; military intervention,

586-607; power, 278-80. "Navies in War and in Peace,'· 609-610. Navigation, 268, 296, 299, 301, 341, 344, 348, 372, 382,449,506-508,516-17,531,539-40,563,

578, 612, 619-20, 623, 638, 641-42. Navigation, international rules of, 38. Nazis, 73, 133, 140-4l. Near East, 64. Negroes, 107. Neoimperialism, 53. Nepal,57. Nerve gas, 58l. Netherlands, 91,151,223, 225n, 228n, 309, 333, 344, 345, 347-48, 366, 373, 396-97,486,510,515,

518. Neutralism, 119. Neutralist Bloc, 75. See also Western Bloc. Neutrality, 120, 327. New Caledonia, 224n, 522. Newcastle, 224n. New China News Agency, 619. New England, 343. New England fleet, 430. Newfoundland, 267, 272,411, 476. New Guinea, 344. New Hebrides, 190. Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, 459. Newport News Shipyard, 277n. New South Wales, 224n. New York City, 72, 196, 198-99,270,305,398-99. New York City Bar Association, 560. New York State, x, 67. New York Times, 65, 197,317,333,576. New Zealand, 333, 345,405,510. Nicaragua, 225n, 226n, 238n, 378-79. Nickel, 194,429,459, 521-22, 525-26, 528n, 534-36, 543, 546. Nigeria, 30, 498, 545, 578. Nikoloyey, 274. Nippon Steel, 52l. Nitrites, 406. Nitrogen, 412. Nixon, Richard, 128, 185,279,400,428, 570n, 612-13. Nomad,413. Nome, 411. Nonaggression, U.S.S.R., 80-82, 93, 95, 110. Noninterference. and international law, 117. Nonintervention, 30, 79, 81, 93, 95, 106, 110. Non-Proliferation Treaty, 577.

682

North Africa, 270, 373, 40l. North America, 287, 295, 391-92, 426, 443,507,537. North Atlantic, 221, 277, 279, 282, 355, 477-78, 599, 603. North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Arbitration, 299. North Atlantic Fisheries, 24. North Borneo, 349. North Cape (Stadland), 221, 284. Northeastern Atlantic fisheries convention, 206. Northeast Pacific, 193, 235. Northern Flank, 28l. Northern Hemisphere, 410, 453, 509. North Pole, 65, 85, 507-509. North Sea, 187n, 192,200,206,221, 228n, 256, 268, 277-78, 286, 389,392-93,406,410,513,515. North Sea case, 186. North Sea Continental Shelf cases, 213, 219, 396-97, 570n, 639. North Sea Fisheries, 24. North Slope, 400. Northwest Atlantic, 287. Northwest Pacific, 287, 479. Northwest Pacific Fisheries, 24. Northwest Pacific Zone, 627. North-West Passage, 373. Northwind,38l. Norway, 8,65, 181, 187n, 221, 225n,228n,270,272,275,284,297-98,310-12,319,32 1-22,325-

27, 339-41, 352-55, 376-77, 392,425,433,435,439,478, 508-510, 618. Norwegian Fisheries case, 180, 331, 341, 352-55. See also Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case. Norwegian Sea, 312, 322, 602. Nottebohm case, 183, 187n. Noumea, 224n. Nova Scotia, 392. Nuclear era, 24-26, 31-32, 104, 125-26, 152-53, 184,271. See also Atomic energy; Weapons,

nuclear; Oceans. Nuclear plants, 413, 469, 510. See also Wastes, radioactive. Nuclear power, 545, 556, 572, 580. See also Atomic energy; Weapons, nuclear. Nuclear ships, 167. See also submarines. Nuremberg Trial, 66, 72, 74, 140. See also Germany, war crimes trial. Nutrients, 406, 469, 533.

o

Oahu, 343. Ocean and Engineering, Inc., 41l. Ocean law: viii, ix, xiii-xvii; and U.S., xiii. See also Law of the sea. Oceanographer, 482, 487. Oceanographic Commission (I0C), 245. Oceanography, 173,412-13,437,444,466-67,513,529,546. Ocean Resources, 52l. Oceans: accommodation to development, 263-64; archipelagos, 328-58; arms control, 265-66;

boundaries, 179; common and exclusive interest, 179-82; competence, 185-8; crowding of, 264; deep floor, 246-49, 255-57, 262, 265, 275, 408-409; deep seabed, 389-91,412-20,457-94, 520-27,529-48,644; deep seabed mining, xiv, xvi-xvii, 173, 185, 197,257; deep seas and polar regions, 504-519; defense, 470-71, 474, 476; demilitarization, 184; developing states, 186; drilling, 459; electronic reconnaissance, 563-69; enjoyment of, 175-79; exploration and exploitation, 179,246-50,276,426,428-29,457-94, 498n, 505, 507, 509,514-17,523,529-48, 572,574-76,610-11,613,618,621,624-25,628,640-41, 645; fisheries, 425-44; freedom of, 124-26; freedom of access, 179,182-83,189,198,233,242,294,467,475,529,624; gas and oil, 388-401, 458-59; high seas and force, 551-62; international law, 252, 461; jurisdiction, 470-71,551,554,556-57,574-75; military security, 251-66; military use, 551, 553-55, 572, 574-76, 586-607; minerals, 123,183,194-95,246,250,255-57,260-66,290, 467-69; nonmilitary use, 588; nucleartests, 184; "ocean space," 172-73; order, 179-80; ownership, 267-75, 605; policy, xiii-xvii, 198; pollution, xiv, xvi, 124, 126; power, 184; quality of, 127; research, xiv, 408, 420, 437,511,543,546-47,572,578,620-22,624-25;resources,178-79,182,184,186,189-92,198, 233,235,241,243,255-57,260-66,268,285-86,295-96,398,469,474,480,529-48,573-74,

683 638-40; seabed arms comrol, 572-84; seabed regimes, 471-90,505-506,540-48,613-14,620-22,625-26,644; security, 366; sovereignty, 366, 470; survey, 263; territorial sovereignty, 123, 185,257,261,264; treaty, 265, 457, 461, 464,484, 582, 613; U.S., 246-47, 272, 274-92,425-44; U.S.S.R., xiv-xv, 113, 272, 329, 556, 566; waste, 469-70; wealth, 434. See also Continemal shelf; Fisheries; Innocem passage; Law of the sea; Minerals; Mining; Territorial sea.

Ocean Space Treaty, 460. O'Connell, 382-83. Oda, Shigoru, 395. Odessa, 274. Ohno, Katsumi, 346. Oil: 172-73,195,205-206,212-13,245-48,257,263,268,270, 272, 275,277,282,284-88, 291n,

313,320,407,410-11,413,458,460,468,489,491-92,512-13,520-21,534-35,537,541,544, 546,573,598-99,611,617,625-27,629,633-35,637, 639,641; formation, 389; high potemial areas, 391-92; location, 389-90; oceans, 388-401; offshore developmem, 392-94; ownership of seabed resources, 394-400; pipelines, 182,204,214; pollution, 125,212-14,219-21,223, 228n, 287, 451-56,547; reserves and resources, 390-91; spills, 125,212.

Oil Pollution Convemion, 517. Okinawa, 275. Okinawa Trough, 628. Ole ron, 200, 365. Oligarchy, 145. Oman, 601, 638. OPEC, 291n, 634. "Open skies," 509. Operation Market-Time, 43, 560-61. Oppenheim, 9, 382, 643. Orange River, 411. Oregon, 272. Organization of African Unity, 30, 189, 398, 641. Organization of American States, 55, 119, 123, 226n, 251, 325. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 156. Organized crime, 46. Oriem, 270. Orwell, George, 216. Ottoman, 380, 636. Otto the Great, 150. Overfishing, 417. Overflight: xiv, xvi, 161, 168,172,182,204,234,266,294,300,317,330,344,463, 612,624; U.S.,

191-92,254,311,330; U.S.S.R., 65, 80, 84, 318. Oxygen, 124, 412, 450.

P

Pacific, 64, 222, 256, 273, 279, 287-89, 291n, 294, 316, 324, 343, 345, 410, 433, 477,530,535-36, 546,556,576,591,597.

Pacific Trust Territory Islands, 342. La Pacifiqfle, 224n. Paddock, Paul, 434. Paddock, William, 434. Pakistan, 196, 275, 596, 638. Palawan, 348. Palestine, 7, 558. Palestine Armistice Agreemems, 642. Palm as, 309. Palmas Island case, 506. Palmerstron, 605. Palomares, 269, 274, 413. Panama: 226n, 238n, 319,478,597; and shipping, 3, 298. Panama Canal: 274; treaties, xi. Pan American Union, 61. Panch Sheela, 109-110. Panmunjon, 72.

684

Papal Bulls of 1493, 329. Paracel Islands, 617. Paratyphoid, 452. Pardo, Ambassador Arvid, 184,256,397,409,574-75. Partisans, 66. Passage, 590-92, 597-600, 605-606, 636. Passamaquoddy Dam project, 513. Passenger pigeon, 475. Passive personality, 29. "Patrimonial sea,'· 234-38, 398. Pax Britannica, 201, 587. Peace, 18,52,110, 117, 151-52,155, 168, 175-87,205,207,210,246,252,299,370,376,382,384,

414,480,508,551,553-54,558,567,569,588,597,612,642,644. Peaceful coexistence: and international law , 108-112; and revolution, 108-109; and U.S.S.R., 108-

112. Peace of Westphalia, 126. Pearcy, G. Etzel, 342, 486-87. Pearl fishing, 47l. Pearl Harbor, 142. Peary, Admiral, 507. Peking, 540, 551, 616-17, 620, 623, 626, 628-29. Peking Review, 620. Pelagic zone: 405; fishing, 410, 434. Pell, Claiborne, 213-14, 256, 460, 480,542. Perjury, 305. Permanent Court of Arbitration, 59. Permanent Court of International Justice, 8, 59, 304. Persia, 65, 67, 150. Persian Gulf: 192,269,282,285-88,315,392,397,407,410,534-35,573, 586, 596, 633,636,638-

40, 643-45, 646n; states, 388, 573. Persuasion, and world power process, 16, 18, 20. Peru: 209,233,237,272,309,324-25,392,398,407,410-11,425, 432-33,435-37,462,541,544,

573; claims, 214-17, 224n, 225n, 226n, 227n, 297-98; navy, 227n; and territorial sea, 3, 252, 310-11,315,319, 582,610,623.

Peru Current, 226n, 435. Pesticides, 45l. Petroleum, 183,260,262,269-70,388,409-411,416,420,454,460, 463, 475,492, 534-35, 537-38,

544. See also Oil. Peter the Great Bay, 30l. Petropavlovsk,291n. Philadelphia, 197. Philip, 150. Philip II, 154. Philippines, 66, 209, 216, 224n, 286-88, 309, 324, 327-28, 330, 338-41, 343-44, 348-52, 355-58,

433,540. Philippine Trough, 535. Phleger, 320. Phosphates: 406, 451, 544; nodules, 489. Phosphorite, 411, 459, 468, 535-38, 54l. Photosynthesis, 124, 533. Piccard, 531. Pipelines. See Oil. Piracy, 4, 183,201-202,263,306,316,321,558,587. Plankton, 215, 227n, 409. Plastic, 572. Platinum, 411, 534. Pleistocene era, 406, 41l. Pnom Penh, 197. Pohai Bay, 618, 623. Poland, 64, 81, 102, 200, 238n, 437, 510, 540, 565, 570n. POLARIS (submarine system), 173,261,279-82, 290n, 470, 513, 517, 583, 594-95, 597, 602. Polar regions, 504-519, 552. See also Arctic; Antarctic.

Polar route, 507. Policy: national, 145-46; and pressure groups, 139; and private associations, 139. Political asylum, 6. Politicians, 52. Politics, 3, 27, 51,151-52,415-20,642. Pollard's Rock, 219.

685

Pollution: 235, 399, 516-18, 520; chemical, 547; coastal states, 203, 206, 211-12, 217-18, 229n; control, 452, 620-21, 641; Great Lakes, 124; oceans, xiv, xvi, 124, 126, 189-93, 195-96,223, 233, 236, 238, 248, 591,611, 613; oil, 125, 212-14, 219-21, 223, 228n, 287, 451-56, 547; recreational, 449-52; treaties, 219; U.S. navigable waters, 449-56.

Pollution conventions, 24. Ponce de LeOII, 271. Pope, 5, 200. Pope Alexander VI, 221, 366. Pope Leo III, 150. Pope Nicholas V, 365. Population: 36,55, 177,243,261,269,451-52; Antarctic, 510; carrying capacity,124, 126; coastal

states, 216, 227n; explosion,404,409,469;growth,123-24,126; increases, 126; nation-states, 149; overpopulation, 513; policy, 128; urban, 126; world, 123-24, 126, 129,425-27,434.

Port Guinea, 478. Portland cement, 411. Port Lyautey, 163. Ports, 210, 224n, 225n, 315, 333,451. Portugal, 151, 169,200-201,221,223, 225n, 275, 301, 365-66, 478, 603. POSEIDON, 261, 470, 595. Postal affairs, 481. Potash, 411, 534. Potassium, 411. Potsdam, 82. Power: 208,217,551-53,603,606; atomic energy, 69; bases of, 15-17; and decision makers, 133;

fisheries, 436-38, 444; and force, 149-50; formal and effective, 15; great and small states, 28-29; instruments of, 130; and international law, 12-13, 138, 176-77; inversion of, 25, 28-29; and jurisdiction, 303-305; and law, xi, 47; lawful, 138; national, x, 426, 438-43; nationalism, 153-54; and nation-states, 151-52; and navies, 278-80, 285; oceans, 184; policy formation, 139; politics, 151-52; sea, 130; and strategy, 132-33, 144-45; U.S.-Soviet maritime environment, 238.

POWs. See Prisoners of war. Powers: giant, 138; grear, 138; middle, 138; small, 138; super, 138, 156. See also Superpowers. Poverty, 205. Pratt, Wallace, E., 401n, 410. Prat'da, 108-109,582. Precision-guided Munitions, 593. Food Supply, 427. Princess Margaret, 272. Principalities, 17. Principle of effectiveness, 559. Prisoners of war: 4, 20, 80, 88, 376; and U.S.S.R., 65-66. "The Problems of a Modern Navy," 610. Prohibition, 211, 304, 307, 314. Project Mohole, 532. Proletariat, 76-77, 93, 96, 101, 109. Propaganda, 80-81, 95, 98, 110, 134, 140. Prospecting, 416. Prospector, 617. Prospectors, 267, 274-75. Protective Principle, 29, 568. Protein, 409, 425, 434-35, 469. Protest, 356. Protestantism, 151. Provocation, 599. Public order, 224n. The Pllblic Order of the Oceans: A Contemporary International Law of the Sea, 176, 357.

686 Pueblo, xiii, 252,441, 563-64, 567-68. Puerto Rico, 171, 271, 274, 326.

Qaru,640. Qatar, 635-38, 642. Qdaffi, 596. Quality of life, 123. Quarantine, 210, 299. Queensland, 354. Qur·an, 635.

Radar, 442, 575. Radiation, 413.

Q

R

Radioactivity, 317. See also Wastes, radioactive. Radio Moscow, 581. Rape, 159. Ras Nasrani, 32. Real property, 124. Recife, 169. Reciprocity, 18,20,28,38-39,41,82,87,94,113, 176,210,241,252,369,578. Recognition, viii. Reconstruction, 147. Rectitude: 29; as a value, 132-33, 144. Red Army, 141, 280. Red Army Manual on International Law, 65. Red Sea, 28, 300, 532-33, 633, 636, 638, 640, 643, 647n, 648n. Reed, Admiral, 338. Reefs, 465. Reformation, the, 151. Regionalism, 119,216. Regulations for the Coast Guard Directorate and its Divisions, 636. Religion, 5, 76, 129, 208. Renaissance, 221. Reports of International Arbitral Awards, 9. Res communis, and seabed, 471, 474-77, 483, 491,506,512,516. Res nullius, and seabed, 471-74, 483, 491,506,516-17. Resolution on

Establishment of an International Compensation Fund for Oil Pollution Damage, 220. Resolution on International Co-operation Concerning Pollutants other than Oil, 219-20. Resources: 123-24, 149-50, 553-54; biological, 641; coastal states, 206, 234, 237, 296, 396, 398,

411; conservation, 226n; economic, 233; exploration and exploitation, 202-203,408-409, 416-18,420,443-44,457-94, 498n, 505, 507, 509, 514-17, 610-11, 618, 621, 628, 640, 645; fishing, 193,417,425-44,624; flow or renewable, 182-83, 186-87; food, 513, 542; freedom of seas, 182; hydrocarbon, 192, 200, 388-90, 640; jurisdiction, 398; land, 426,538,544; law of the sea, 176, 190, 194-95, 245-50; living, 232, 235-36, 245-46, 253, 264, 268,294,399,408,443, 469,474,507,540,611,624; maritime, 208-209, 222, 232, 234, 241, 270, 366, 428-29; mineral, 260-66,290,397-98,408,468-69,475,507,509,514, 520-27, 557, 613-14, 618, 624; national, 157,623; natural, 408-409, 463, 480, 491, 635, 640,644; nonfishery, 461; nonliving, 411, 624; ocean and deep seabed, 178-79, 182, 184,186,189-92,198,233,241,243,249,255-57,276-77, 285-86,295-96,314,398,409-12,416-18,420,425-44,449, 512, 529-49, 573; oil, 390-91, 399; seabed ownership, 394-400; seabed and subsoil, 457-94, 518, 638-40; space-extension, 182-83; state, 214; srock, 182-83, 187; and strategy, 144; U.S.S.R., 611. See also Continental Shelf; Fishing; Minerals; Oceans.

Respect: 208, 552; as a value, 15, 132-33, 144. Retaliation, 2. Revolution, 139-40. Rhode Island, 2, 48, 256, 303, 343, 460. Rhodesia, 596. Rice, 270, 275, 426-27.

Riga, 291n. Rights, and international law, 28-29. Rio de Janeiro, 237, 324. Rio de Janeiro Pact, 55. Rivers, 312, 320, 331, 333,451,453,461. Roadsteads, 210. Robertson, Rear Admiral Horace, viii, xiv. Roman Church, 151. Roman Empire, 48, 150-51,200,365,368. Romania, 370, 373, 581. Rome, 150-51. Roosevelt, Franklin D., 68. Root, Elihu, 295, 299, 316. Roschin, 578-79. Rosenne, Shabtai, viii. Rotterdam, 271. Rule of proportionality, 218. Rules of the Road, 24, 258. Rumania, 85, 570. Russia. See U.S.S.R. Russian Revolution, 62, 64, 76, 79, 84-85, 93, 101-102, 106,280, 291n. Rutile, 411. Rwanda, 196.

Sable Island, 392. Sabotage, 140, 159. Sadat, 602. SADOF, 246, 249-50. Safety of Life at Sea, 24. Saint Augustine, 26. St. Helena Island, 477. Sakhalin, 324. Salmon, 193, 435. Salt, 245, 389, 411, 451,534. SALT, x, 292n, 583-84, 603-604. Salvage, 261-63, 412. San Clemente, 342.

S

687

Sanctions: international law, ix-xi, 4-5,19-21,26-28,47,49,93,252; legal systems, x; reciprocity, 18, 28; securing use of sea, 589; UN, 605; world government, 21.

"Sanctuaty theoty," 596. San Diego, 312, 320, 515. San Diego Naval Training Center, 635. San Francisco, 59, 294, 312, 320. Sanitation, 638, 640. Santa Barbara, 125, 459. Santa Barbara Channel, 212, 391, 394. Santa Maria, 169. Santa Monica, 209. Santa Rosa, 342. Santayana, 3. Santo Domingo, 398. Santo Domingo Declaration, 233-34, 236-37, 238n. Sarajeo, 12. Satellites, 27,55,113, 290n, 317, 512, 589, 606. Saudi Arabia, 3, 300, 354, 373, 375, 378, 380, 387n, 407, 544, 570n, 633-45. Sallmarez, 371. Scandinavia: 310; territorial waters, 84, 323. Schaefer, Milner B., 434. Schelling, Professor, 32. Schlei, Norbert, 555-56.

688 Schwarzenberger, Professor, 12-13. Science, 51, 134, 138,208-209,237,245,247-48. Science ficrion, 245. Scorpion, 274. Scripps Institute of Oceanography, 467, 535. Seabed: 209, 212-14, 225n, 232-36, 241,245-48,250, 255-57,263-65,26 8,294-96,314,389,394-

400,408-409,420, 514, 520-27, 529-48, 573,582,638-41; legal regimes for resources, 457-94. Seabed Authority, 188, 197. Seabed, deep. See Oceans. "Seabeds Committee," xiii, 198, 398, 576, 578. Seabed Subcommittee, 233. Sea farming, 182. SeaJreeze Atlantic, 432. Sea lanes, 203. Sea of Japan, 85, 216, 301, 324, 327, 566, 571n. Sealab: 412,415,572; I, 513; II, 513; III, 274, 418, 513. Sea/Land, 271. Seamen, 267-72. Sea of Okhotsk, 85, 196, 216, 324. Seapower. See Navies. Seas: community policies, 176, 179-80; future problems, 176, 184-87; past decisions on prob-

lems, 176, 180-84; problems of, 176-79. See also Law of the sea; Oceans; Territorial waters. SEATO, 24, 40, 251. Seaward creep, 491. Seaweed farming, 409, 411. Security: 384, 563, 566, 570n, 573, 638-40; coastal states, 202, 240, 298-99, 336, 369-70, 374, 384,

386n, 508, 568-69, 591, 624; collective, 24-25, 74, 302; continental shelf, 421; developed countries, 545; freedom of the seas, 239, 520; Indonesia, 345; innocent passage, 642; military, 540; national, 260-66, 436; national goal, 19, 149-50; nation-states, 153-54; oceans, 366; Philippines, 349; states, 41, 200, 202, 241, 334,560-61; system, 117-18, 121,470; territorial sea, 181, 198,297,327,330,637; threats, 183-84; U.s., 330,370,480,545-47; U.S.S.R., 382, 545-46, 577,604. See also National securiry.

Sedimentation, of sewage, 450-51. Seelle, Georges, 225n. Selden, John, 201, 229n, 366. , Self-defense, 23, 162, 173, 179, 218, 314, 321, 551, 556, 558-61, 567. Self-determination, 30, 81, 93, 95, 110, 156. Self-help, 218, 372, 551, 558-60. Self-interest, states, 222, 622. Self-preservation, coastal states, 218. Self-respect, 437. Senegal, 478, 582. Senkaku Islands, 212, 628. SES, 289, 291n. Severnaya Zemlya, 381, 383, 508. Severyanka, 274. Sewage, 223, 450-52, 454-55. Sewers, 450. Shakespeare, William, 45. Shanghai, 617. Sharm of Sheikh, 32, 378, 633, Shelf and Deep Ocean Floor Working Group, 247-48. "Shelf-locked," 238n, 399. Shellfish, 432, 452. Shells, 593, 596. Shepard, 406. Shigellosis, 452. Shipping: 38,83-84,94,210,261,374,418,598, 612;Japanese, 269-70; U.S., 269-72, 274, 338. Ships: 235,267-72,277,308,311,365,437,449,463,507,514,5 46,555,559-60,568,587-88,592-

93,595-96,598,604,606, 607n, 612, 619,623,641,643-44; building, 290, 430, 440; innocent passage, 369-75; jurisdicrion, 303, 315-16; nationality, 183-84, 202, 474, 533, 557-58; pollution, 452, 455.

Shoals, 636. Shrimp, 235, 269, 298, 319, 431-32, 442. Shuqayri, al-, Ahmad, 637, 641-43. Shurshalov, 92-93. Siberia, 275, 383, 406, 508. Sierra Leone, 498n, 545, 603. Sieyes, Abbe, 51-52. Silica, 411, 521. Silver, 532. Sinai Peninsula, 32, 387n. Singapore, 619. Sino-Indian pact of 1954, 109. Sino-Marxism, 629. Skill, as value, 132-33, 144. Siavetrading, 183, 202, 558. SLCM,292n. SLOC's (sea lines of communication), 279, 282-83, 286, 288, 290. "Small World" concept, 27. Smith;Rear Admiral Allen, Jr., 169. Smuggling, 311, 314, 367, 636. "Social engineering," 52. Socialism: 62, 101, 103-104, 107-108,611; and international law, 93. Societe de Nickel, 521. Sodium chloride, 411. SOFAR, 415. Sohn, Louis, viii, 6, 107. Soil. See Oceans, deep seabed; Continental shelf; Subsoil. Solecki, 435. Solomon Islands, 339. Somalia, 498n, 545, 602, 633, 645, 648n. Some New/;- Established Asian States, 333. "Some Problems of Mastering the World Ocean," 610. Sonar, 441,531,575. Sorenson, Max, 351. Sotomayor, Ulloa, 227n. South Africa, 196-98, 238n, 284-85, 411, 439, 510, 522. South America, 212, 217, 225n, 252, 269, 310-11, 314, 395, 433, 442, 537, 591, 593. South Atlantic, 376. South China Sea, 286, 345, 397, 604, 617. South East Asia, 286, 442. Southern Africa, 605. Southern Confederacy, U.S., 54. Southern Hemisphere, 113,410,434,453, 509. Southern Methodist University, 560. Southern Seas, 288, 291n. South Georgia, 477. South Pole, 510.

689

Sovereignty: 6, 159, 227n, 403n, 623, 626; aircraft, 568; Albania, 372; Antarctic, 497n; archipe­lagos, 330; Canada, 217; coastal states, 202-204, 206, 209-210, 212, 226n, 234-35, 237, 254, 294, 296, 299, 334, 338, 368, 375-76, 407-408, 460-62, 620, 622-25, 641, 643; Communist China, 617; continental shelf, 296, 315,407,410,539,542; developing nations, 614; Egypt, 378-80; freedom of the sea, 408; high seas, 167-68,236-37,252; historic waters, 344, 347; Indonesia, 345, 347; international, 497n; lack of, 306; maritime, 221-22, 613; Middle East, 642; national, 36,47-48, 127,264,482, 499n, 599, 619; nation-state, 154; oceans, 185,257, 261,264,266,277,366,470,610; Philippine, 348-49; res communis, 474-77; res nullius 472-74; Saudi Arabia, 636, 639-40, 643; seabed, 396,479,542,624; state, 47-48, 74, 159,212,283, 294-97,301,334,336,342,356-57,368, 497n; territorial, 80, 87,113,123,126, 337, 497n, 511-12; territorial sea, 330, 333,462,644; territorial state, 151; territorial waters, 162,321; U.S., 251; U.S.S.R., 69-71, 74, 79,81,84,95,106,110,113,441; warships, 375.

Sovietakaya Ukraine, 274. Soviet Association of International Law, 91. Soviet Bloc, 74, 85, 89-90, 93-94, 96, 375, 567, 637. See also Communist Bloc. The Soviet State and International LAw, 91-92

690

Soviet Union. See U.S.S.R. Space: 113, 167,405, 498n, 545; inner, 172-73,404,484,490; maritime, 233; outer, 172, 177-78,

184,267,274,320,404,428,484-86,489,504,512,552,554,556. Spain,57, 151,198,200-201,223,225n,229n,269,274-75,301,329,344,348,351,366,433,478,

512,568. Spanier, 437. Spanish Civil War, 79. Spanish Sahara, 478. Sparta, 150. "Specialized Conference of Caribbean Countries Concerning the Problems of the Sea," 233. SPID (Submersible Portable Inflatable Dwelling), 412. Spilhaus, Athelstan, 468. Spitzbergen Treaty, 1920, 355, 508. Spradey Islands, 617. Spruance, Admiral, 57. SSBN (Fleet Ballistic Missile Submarine), 279-84, 290n, 291n, 418. See also POLARIS; Subma-

rines. SSM, 285, 595, 603, 606. SSN·s, 280. See also Submarines. Stability, and international law, 2. Stalin, 81-82, 88, 91-92, 103-104, 109, 113, 154, 280-81. Standard of living, 144, 153,436,441. Starvation, 205. State Department Geographic Bulletin, 330. State law, 27. States: 2, 316; Antarctic, 510; archipelagos, 340, 353-55; breach of internationallaw, 116; claims,

356-57; compulsory jurisdiction, 59-60; conception of, 138; continental shelf, 202-204; enforcement of international law, 49-51; equality, 81, 110-111, 138, 222; exclusive jurisdictions, 218,474-76,483; fisheries, 202, 234; flag states, 203-204, 210, 264-65, 307,375-76,408,463,474,476,482, 542,553,566,617,620-21; freedom of the seas, 239, 242, 294, 463, 474, 506, 513-14; free high seas, 221-24; historic waters, 344,347; independent, 25; innocent passage, 335-38, 365, 371-74; internal waters, 368; international community, 57-58; international law, 2-7, 39,251-52; international law and legal change, 53-54; international law and offshore claims and competencies, 208-232, 301; international legal order, 50-51; international legislation, 59; international obligations, 50; law, 505; law of the sea, 488; maritime zones of exclusive state competence, 209-214; national claims, 477,518; national security, 29-30, 203; NATO, 119; navies, 278; nineteenth century, 118; objectives and values, 29; oceanic zones, 233; resources, 214; rights, 53, 356-57; seabed claims, 473-74, 480, 486, 488-89, 497n; security, 200, 202, 241, 334, 560-61; sovereign immunity, 92; sovereignty, 74, 159,214, 283,294-97,301,334,336,342,356-57,368, 497n; territorial integrity, 558, 560; territorial jurisdiction, 29-30, 60-61; territorial waters, 365, 368, 371-75, 461, 508, 623; treaties, 54, 60; world community, 22, 57-58; world politics, 138. See also Coastal states; Nation-states; Sovereignty.

Status of armed forces: viii, 93, 167, 171-72; agreements, 28, 43,304,326. Steamships, 54. Steel,572. Stevenson, Adlai, 25, 174, 191,622-23. Stevenson, John, 620, 622-23. Stockton Chair of International Law, vii. "Stop the world, I want to get off,'· 156. Stormalong, 168-69. "Straight line system," 321. Strait of Macassa, 345. Strairs: 591, 597-600, 612, 614, 619,622-23,627; archipelagos, 352-55; innocent passage, 337,

371-73,378,380,382,559,641-44; international navigation, 234; law ofrhe sea, xi, 190, 196, 283; territorial jurisdiction, 30,90, 192-93; territorial sea, 237, 242, 299-300, 316, 333-34, 346-47,508; transit, xi, xiii-xvi, 192-93,202,286,399; U.S. Navy, 254; wastes, 451.

Straits of Bab el Mandeb, 254, 300, 633. Straits of Corfu, 337, 372. Straits of Dover, 254. Strairs of Gibraltar, 254, 300, 576, 612. Straits of Hormuz, 289, 634, 642.

Straits of Malacca. 254. 283. 345. 576. 619. Straits of Skagerrak. 33. Straits of Tiran. 3. 32. 300. 373. 377-81. 383. 387n. 592. 633. 642. Strategic Rocket Forces. 592.

691

Strategy and armament. 142-43; definition. 130; and the enemy. 136-37; and loss. 142-43; mili­tary. 138-43. 145. 147-48; objectives. 131; and opponents. 143; planning and recommendation. 141-42; and policy. 139; political factors in formulation of. 130-37; and power. 132-33. 144-45; and warfare. 136.

Strategy. national. political factors in formulation. 138-48. Stratton. Julius A .• 546-47. "Studies in World Public Order." 555. Sturmey. S. G .• 275. Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife. 429. SlIbmarex.413. Submarine areas. See Continental shelf. Submarine cables. 204.407-408.463. 540. 555. 624. Submarine-launched cruise missile (SLCM). 289. Submarine photography. 413. Submarines: 191-93.247.258.261.274.277, 279-80. 282. 284. 288-89. 291n. 292n. 297. 299.325.

336.371.414-15.418.441-42.507.512-13.515. 517.531.545. 575-79.582-83.589.591-96. 599-600. 603-604. 607n. 608n. 612. 616. 619. 621. 623. 627. See a/so POLARIS.

Submerged Lands Act of 1953.209-210. Submersibles. 274. 418. 531-32. Subroc launchers. 414. Subsoil. oceanic: 214.232-35.248-49.255.264-65.294-96.395.397-98.408. 411. 416.516.529-

48.573-74.582.638; legal regime for resources. 457-94. See a/so Oceans. Succession. 19. Suez Canal. 4. 269. 380. 592. 597-98. 603. Suez Crisis of 1956. 25. 27. 294. Sukarno. President. 216. Sulphur. 245. 262. 411.513.534. Sulu Sea. 324. 345. 348-49. Sumatra. 344. 392, 406. Sumimoto. 521. Sunda Strait, 345. Sun Shipbuilding and Drydock Co., 271. Superpowers, 573, 580-81, 597, 604-606, 616-17. 619-21, 626, 628-29. Supportive intervention, 606. Surface Effect Ships (SES), 289, 291n. Surinam, 478. Surrender, 4. Survival. national, xi. Suslov, 108-109. Svalbard (Spitzbergen) Archipelago, 284, 339. 355. Sweden. 33, 139,200, 221,2250.228n, 271,298.319,322, 339,353,493. 579-81. Swiss government. 10. Switzerland, 5, 149, 531. Syatauw, 333-34, 357. Syngman, Rhee Line. 310, 315, 324. Syria, 561, 601, 603, 636, 642. Szibar, 224n.

Taboos. 5. Tahiti, 530.

T

Taiwan, 275, 617-18, 628. See a/so China. nationalist; Formosa. Tankers, 269. Tanzania, 189, 196, 582. Tao-tai Hsia. Dr., 626. Taracouzio. 101. TASS, 582.

692 Taxation: 135, 164-65, 183, 643; and international law, 28, 39, 123; and treaties, 40. Technological revolution, 55. Technology, 124, 134, 144, 151,208-209,224,241-42,245-47,278, 287, 397,412-14,417-20,426,

430,436-39,441,444,460,467,474,481-82,485,490,504,512,517,520,523, 527n,531,541, 544,547,572-75,577,583,593,612,627,638.

Teheran Declaration of Human Rights of 1968, 123. Telechirics, 572. Telecommunications, 481, 511, 617. Television, 55,413,441,531. Terminal waterways, 590-91, 596-97. Terra nullius. See Res nul/ius. Territorial acquisition, 506. Territorial bay, 313. See also Bays. Territorial integrity, 29-30, 33, 50, 102, 108-110, 127,346,551,558,560,562. Territorial jurisdiction: 564; frontiers, 29-30; and the sea, 30; and states, 29-30, 60-61; and

straits, 30; and U.S., 30-31; and U.S.S.R., 30-31, 64-65. See also National Security. Territorial sea: 175, 179, 187n, 224n, 232, 555; aircraft, 566-68; archipelagos, 216, 328-58;

Canada, 216; claims, 486, 506, 573; claims of individual scates, 230-31; coastal states, 202-203, 210-11,265-66,294,296,333-34,368,462,553,563-64, 567, 611-12, 618, 622; Communist China, 540, 618-19, 623; continental shelf, 395; deep seabed and subsoil resources, 461-64; developing countries, 180; fish, 181; fisheries, xiii-xiv, xvi, 31, 370, 408; freedom of the sea, 520; Indonesia, 344-48, 351; innocent passage, 365-84, 386n, 641-43; jurisdiction, 538-43; limits, xiii, xv-xvi, 3, 8,17,30-31,95,116,121,189-92,197,211,218-21,233-37, 238n, 240, 242, 2?2-55, 296-302, 309, 330-32, 398, 464, 557, 591,610-11; national security, 618; security, 181,297,327,637; sovereignty, 330, 333,462,644; territorial jurisdiction, 303-318, 320-27; U.S., 297-98, 310, 322-23, 351, 367, 538, 637; unilater extension, 331-33; U.K., 31, 71, 216, 234,252-54,295,297,303-327,342,351,367,462,514, 538,610-11,622,637; U.S. Naval officers, 168; U.S.S.R., 113,216,298,310,323; width, 161-62, 181-82,210-11,242,295-302, 329,340,342,345-47,357,365,367-68,397,462,477,565,574,582,611-14,622-23,636-40, 644.

Territorial sovereignty, 80, 87,113,123,126,337, 497n, 511-12. Territorial state, 151-53. Territorial waters: 266, 344, 411, 506, 540, 580, 591, 614, 636-37,640,643; archipelagos, 328-58;

claims, 179; coastal states, 209-210, 254, 376-77; Communist China, 618; continental shelf, 408; Indonesia, 348; innocent passage, 192,365,371,379; jurisdiction, 303, 305-314, 321; Scandinavia, 84; self defense, 162; sovereignty, 162; states, 371-75,461,508; straits, 193; territorial sea, 339, 540; U.K., 84; U.S., 84, 92, 158, 161-63, 330, 350, 354, 357-58, 508; U.S.S.R., 80, 83-86, 382,409; width, 161-62, 179, 189-90, 285. See also Freedom of the sea; Innocent passage; Law of the sea; Oceans.

Territory: 17,506; acquisition of, 54-55; nation-states, 149; occupation of, 54. Terrorists, 205-206. Test Ban Treaty, 40,517. Texas, 391,411,492. Texas Towers, 248, 516. Thach, John S., 530. Thailand, 392,411,582. Thebes, 150. Third Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, 613-14. Third Law of the Sea Conference, 188-98, 644. Third World, 53, 189,436,444,612-16,621-23,625-28,638. See also Developing countries. Thomas, A. J., 560. Thomas, Mrs. A. J., 560. Thresher, 274. Tin, 411, 535, 546. Tinoco case, 19. Titanium, 572. Tito, 88. Tobago, 238n, 478, 498n, 545. Tokyo, 301, 507. Tolentino, Arturo M., 351. "Tomahawk," 289, 292n. Torpedos, 288, 474,561,591,593, 607n, 617.

Torres Strait, 345. Torrey Callyall oil spill, 125, 194,218,453,513,517. Toynbee, 68,88. Trade, 241, 269, 286, 290n, 358, 366, 546-47, 590, 598-99, 617, 619, 627-28. Trans-America Trailer Transport, 271. Transit passage, 592. Transportation, 27, 268, 330,405, 555. Trans-Siberian Railway, 602. Travallx preparataires, 8, 559. Trawlers, 432, 436, 439, 441, 444,516,603. Treason, 159.

693

Treaties: 89, 106, 228n; airspace, 338; arbitration, 70; archipelagos, 349, 352; bilateral, 7, 54, 94; bipartite, 60; collision, 307; conservation, 223; continental shelf, 249; customary international law, 3, 7-8, 24, 55; diplomatic immunity, 67; disarmament, 256, 579, 582-84; fishing, 193, 320, 355; in force worldwide, 60; freedom of the sea, 239, 366, 546; and international law, 39-42, 63, 92-93,108,110,241-42,268; jurisdiction, 304, 311, 316; law of the sea, 629; multilateral, 7, 24, 54,80,94,484; North Atlantic, 163; ocean, 256, 457, 461, 464, 484, 527n, 613; oil, 395,407,463; PanamaCanal,xi; peace, 52; pollution, 219; reciprocity,82; regional, 54; rules of the road, 258; seabed regimes, 472-73,484,493,573; states, 54, 60; state sovereignty, 48; taxation, 40; territorial sea, 619, 622; treaty law, 7,9; U.S., xii, 9, 37,40,60, 157-58,311,316,344,489-90; U.S.S.R., 63-66, 79-80, 82, 86-88, 92-95, 99, 103, 105-106.

Treaty of Cooperation and Friendship with Iraq, 1972, 634. Treaty of Paris of 1898, 341, 348-50. Treaty of Tordesillas, 201, 221. Treaty of Vienna of 1815, 66. Treaty of Washington of 1871, 54. Treaty of Westminster, 221. Treaty of Westphalia of 1648, 152. Trejos, President, 225n. Tribe, 149, 153. Trident, 282, 419, 595. "Trieste," 413, 572. Trinidad, 238, 392, 478, 498n, 545. Tristan de Cunha, 477. Tropic of Cancer, 478. Trotsky, 62. Truman, Harry, 108,247,407,539,573. Truman Proclamation of 1945, 295, 412, 463, 479, 484, 486-87, 492,514,539,573,611,638-39. Trusteeship, viii. Tulop, 224n. Tuna, 193,252,272,431,435,611. Tunis, Bey of, 471. Tunisia, 536, 642. Tunkin, Gregory, 91-92. Turkey, 65, 85, 171,304,306,323. Turkish Straits, 6, 85, 603. T,mler Jay, 173. Twellty Thaflsalld Leagfles Under the Sea, 245. Typhoid, 452. Tyumen region, 410.

U.A.R. See Egypt. U-boats, 277, 297. Uganda, 196. Ukraine, 66. Ulam Bator, 197. Umm al-Maradim Islands, 640.

U

UNCLOS III: xiii; Informal Composite Negotiating Text, xiv, xvi-xvii. See also Geneva Confer­encee on the Law of the Sea.

UNESCO. 73, 442.

694 UNICEF, 427. Uniform Code of Military Justice, 2, 165. Unilateral inspection, 170. Unilateral proclamation, and seabed, 484, 486-89. Union Oil Company, 212. United Arab Emirates, 635, 638, 642. United Kingdom: 5,9,68,79, 151, 156, 187n, 218-19, 225n, 228n, 229n, 270-71, 288, 478,515,

602, 609; and American Civil War, 54; antarctic, 510; Arctic, 64-65; arms control, 578; Beira patrol, 596; British Admiralty Regulations, 221-22; coastal states, 205; and Communist China, 617; continental shelf, 462, 573; Corfu Channel case, 59,219, 316, 336-38, 371-74, 384, 559; customary international law, 74; Directorate of Fisheries Research, 437; fishing, 205, 233,286,310-13,355,433; foreign policy, 142; freedom of (high) seas, 223-24, 329, 365,471; Guinea patrol, 596, 603; Health Insurance Fund, 164; High Court of Justice, 637; innocent passage, 325, 370, 374, 378-79, 642-43; internal waters, 333; and international law, 57, 336, 345; jurisdiction, 305, 307-309, 311, 314; and Korea, 71; law of the sea, 120-21; lawyers, 98; local laws, 164; Middle East, 634; military capabilities, 591; minerals, 411,534,536; naval history, 200-201, 221-222, 366; naval power, 200-201, 587; nineteenth century, 118; Norwegian Fisheries Case, 352,354; nuclear deterrent forces, 279; and nuclear stalemate, 25; and oceans, 418, 644; oil, 392, 407; order at sea, 203; overgrazing of commons, 125; Parliament, 59, 141,322; popular rule, 141; prisoners of war, 376-77; recognition of states, 16; resources, 474; Royal Navy, 205, 224,278; seapower, 506; ships, 271-73, 275, 292n, 371-72, 558; sovereignty, 70; SSBN's, 284, 290n; Status of Armed Forces Agreements, 326; submersibles, 531; subversion, 73; and Suez crisis of 1956, 27, 378-79, 598; territorial sea, 297-98, 310, 322-23, 351, 367, 538, 637; territorial waters, 84, 254, 321; Tinoco case, 19; Torrey Canyon, 453; U.S., 277, 295; World War II, 72, 278; Victorian, 133.

United Nations: 1, 14,24-25,74,77,138,203,491,562; Ad HocCommitteeon theSeabeds,245-46,260,265,457; aggression, 73-74,80; arms race, 577; atomic energy, 69; Charter, 13, 19,23-24,36,55,58-59,70-71,105,110-11,177-78,184,265,511, 558-59, 641; Charter Article 2,49-50,558-59; Charter Article 17,41; Charter Article 51,23,40-41, 558-59; claims, 15, 18; coastal competency, 185-86; Committee on the Oceans, 461; Committee on the Peaceful Uses of the Seabed and Ocean Floor beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction, 225n, 248-49, 256; Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, 172,486; communication, 119; Communists, 629; Congo, 36,41; continental shelf, 407; Decade of Development, 427; deep seabed and oceans, 246,408, 417,426,450, 460, 471,480-82,484-86,489,491 -94,516-18,529,542-43, 547, 574, 582; developing states, 186; Economic and Social Council, 482,537; Expeditionary Force (UNEF), 378; fishing, 436, 443, 643; Forces, 23; General Assembly, 18-19,22,33,36-37,41,49,96,119,149, 155, 184,215, 229n, 232,245,322,379,396-98,457,460-61,474,480, 482,484-88,491,493-94, 498n, 517-18,541-42,545, 570n, 573-75, 580-82, 621; International Court of Justice, 7; international law, 55-56; international legislature, 36-37; jurisdiction, 307, 310,479; Korea, 71-72, 168; law of the sea, 210-11, 283, 293-94,520; Little Assembly, 70; Marine Resources Agency, 460; Middle East, 32, 37,41; military intervention, 587; native revolts, 72; oil, 391-92; Outer Space Treaty, 1966,485-86,490,492, 499n, 512, 518, 567; Reports of International Arbitral Awards, 9; sanctions, 60S; San Francisco Conference, 25, 59; Saudi Arabia, 637; Secretariat, 155; Secretary General, 75, 350, 397-98, 527, 580·81; Security Council, 18,23,32-33,36-37,40-41,49,79,96,174,378-81, 386n, 509, 566·67, 581, 626; self-determination, 30; territorial integrity, 30-31; Treaty Banning the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Seabed and Ocean Floor and the Subsoil Thereof, 582; tripartite reorganization, 96; Uniting for Peace Resolution, 18, 49; U.S., 23, 73, 119, 134, 155; U.S.S.R., 18,23,36,41,70-72,91,104-105,107,112,119,155.

United Nations Conference on the law of the Sea (UNClOS): First (1958), xiii, 458; Second (1960), xiii, 457; Third, xiii, xiv, xvi-xvii, 276.

United States: 27,73,98,156,185,189,609; aircraft, 94,96, 507, 594; agriculture, 431, 449; allies, alliances, and pacts: 135-36,157-58,171,251,277,284,287-88,298,401,556, 578; Antarctica, 509-11; archipelagos, 328, 342-44, 354-55, 357-58; armed forces, 22, 133, 305; arms limitation, reduction, and control, 134, 460, 486, 572-84, 646n; Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 170; arms race, 146-47,256,284-85; Articles of Gonfederation and Perpetual Union, 17; atomic (nuclear) energy, 69,280; bacteriological warfare, 81; balance of payment, 441; balance of power, 154; bases abroad, 81; Canada, 217-18; Circuit Court, 343-44; Civil War, 54, 71; coastal state interest, 200, 214; cold war, 90, 92; Communism, 79; Communist China, 16-17, 94, 304, 618; compulsory jurisdiction, 60; Congo, 41; Congress, xii, xiv, xvii, 9, 26-27, 36-37, 59, 131, 141-42, 173,213-14,252,287,295,303-305,338,396,427, 429,431,440,460,467,480-81,486,489,513,522-23, 610; Constitution, 9,17,26,42,45,149,

695

303, 305; contiguous zones, 158, 161-63,211,248,253,295,325; continental shelf, 246-49, 255-56,274,314,391,405-407,412,462-63,514-16, 539-40; Cuba, 170; Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, 33, 39-40, 55, 596, 599-600; customary international law, 38; decision-makers, 133; Declaration ofIndependence, 20; Declaration of Santiago, 215-16; deep ocean (seabed), 413, 418,458-61,265-71,474,480-82,484,487,491-94,518, 527n, 529-48, 573-74, 625-26, 638-40; deep seabed mining, xiv-xv; Defense Department, viii, 172,246-48,253-54,277,287,293-94, 454, 470, 481; defense program, 135, 173, 287, 298, 442, 466, 470-71; Department of Commerce, 277, 287, 467; Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 454, 467; Department of Interior, 248, 256, 277, 287, 396, 401, 431, 449-50, 454,459,467,480-81,489, 491-92; Department of Labor, 277, 287; Department of the Navy, 470; Department of Transportation, 277, 287, 454, 467; diplomatic history, 8; diplomatic immuniry, 67, 94-95; dollar, 245; domestic law, 48,53; domestic waters, 440-41; Draft Articles on the Economic Zone, 191-92; ecology, 128; electronic reconnaissance, 563-68; federal government, 17,46, 58, 128,170,262,277,287,293,303,318-19,330,394,426,428,430-32,442-43,454-55,467, 481, 487, 489,491,493-94,498n, 513, 516, 539; fisheries, 31, 193,235,253-54,261-64, 272-73, 287, 298, 311, 314, 324, 335, 370, 399, 417, 425-34, 451, 514, 613, 619, 627; fishery territoriality, xiii-xiv, 31, 95, 193, 235, 238n, 253-54, 261, 272-73, 286-87; food, 427-28; foreign aid, 427, 440-41; foreign policy, viii, 141-42,435,440-42; freedom of expression, 99; freedom of navigation, 32-33; freedom of the seas, 95, 254, 294, 329-30; GNP, 431; ideal values, 132-34, 144-45; ideology, 156; innocent passage, 335, 338, 374-75, 378-81, 383; International Court of Justice, 9-10, 37, 75,195-96; international law, xii, 5, 345; international law claims, 4; international organizations, 55; Israel, 22; jurisdiction, 483, 514; Korea, 81, 141; labor force, 429-31; Latin America, 3,95; law enforcement, 136; law of the sea, 194, 197, 520; maritime policy, 276-92; merchant marine, 200, 270, 277, 286, 358,428-29,455; Middle East, 41,634-35; military capabilities, 591; military strategy, 139-42; minerals,411,491, 515, 521-23, 544, 546; missiles, 428; moraliry, 98-99; muruality and reciprocity, 39; national claims, 477-79; nationality jurisdiction, 31, 306; national policy, 251-52, 440-42; national security, xv, 31, 133, 141-42, 148, 173,247, 266, 295, 302, 470, 480, 513, 522, 557, 561; National Security Council, viii, xi; national unity, 147; native revolts, 72; NATO, 159-60,251; naval exercises, 259; navigable waters, 449-55; neutrality, 90, 135, 157,311,314; nuclear weapons, 284; oceanographic program, 246-47,428,437,466-67; oceanography, 513; oceans, 246-47, 272, 274-75, 425-44; oceans policy, xiv, 272, 274-92,428-29; oil, 388, 390-92, 394, 400-401,410,491; Organization of American States, 123,251; overflight, 191-92,254,266, 311; passage, 599, 643; patrimonial sea, 235-36; peaceful coexistence, 112; policy objectives, 131-35, 141; political asylum, 170-71; pollution, 449-56; population, 128; and POWs, 20; President, 305, 314,436,467,482,486,522,613; President's Science Advisory Committee, 513; racial discrimination, 107; res communis 476; rights, 53; satellites, 113; seabed regimes, 472-90; SEATO, 251; Secretary of State, 467; security, 330,370,480,545-47; self-defense, 556; Senate Interior Committee, xv; shipbuilding, 274, 287,290,428,440; sovereignty, 48, 70, 251; Soviet naval balance, 276-92, 594-95,600-605,623,625; space, 172,428, 486,489, 498n; standard of living, 135; State Department, viii, xi, 40,42, 60,168,277,287,311,320,335,342, 351,381,480,489; Starus of Armed Forces Agreements, 304, 326; straits, 619; submersibles, 531; Supreme Court, x, 5, 26, 74, 209, 295, 304-305, 307; terra nullius, 505; territorial integrity, 562; territorial jurisdiction, 30-31; territorial sea, 31, 171,216,234, 252,295,297,303,318,323,342,351,367,462,514, 538, 610-11,622,637; territorial waters, 84,92,158,161-63,190-92,330,350,354,508-509; trade, 241,269-72,441; treaties, xii, 9, 37, 40-41,60,157-58,170,193,311,316,344,348,489-90; troop placement, 120; UN, 22, 73,119, 134, 155; U.S.S.R, 68, 79, 82, 94, 106-107, 134-35,381-83,439,516; Vice President, 467; Vietnam, 35,40,42,599; war, 157, 160; weapons, 555-56, 597; world government, 21; World War I, 154; World War II, 154, 269-71, 277-78.

United States Naval Institute Proceedings, 627. United States Treaties and Other International Acts Series, 60. Universal Postal Union, 55, 58. University of British Columbia, 433. University of California, 124. University of Lancaster, 275. University of Maryland, 411. University of Minnesota, 402n, 468. University of Rhode Island, 488. University to the South, viii. University of Southern California, 557. Uqair Convention of 1922. 640.

696

Uranium, 268, 533. Uruguay, 226n. U.s. Air Force, 254, 277, 566-67, 600. U.s. Army, 277. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 268, 449. U.s. Army War College, viii. U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, 440. U.S. Bureau of Docks, 414. U.S. Bureau of Mines, 523-24. U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 534. U.S. Coast Guard, xii, 162, 171,205,262-63,273,304-305,365,377,381,449,454-55, 470,507-

508, 636, 643. u.s. Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources, 429. U.S. Defense Science Board, 575. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 413. U.S. Marine Corps, 277, 600. U.S. Naval Academy, 232. U.s. Naval War College: vii-viii, 2,19,42,59, 158,244,251,320,327; Blue Book, 57, 557. U.S. Navy: viii, xii, 45, 55,65,204,245,428,454,470,512,617; aircraft, 567; Assistant Secretary

of, 481; Atlantic Fleet, 604; bases in foreign countries, 158, 163-65; blockade, 158, 160-61; continental shelf, 249; covent ion on astronauts and space vehicles, 167, 172-73; Chief of Naval Operations, 169-70, 199,279,293; Corfu Channel case, 59; Deep Submergence Project, 468; democratic world government, 21; evolution of, 279-80; fishing, 431; foreign claims, 158, 160; foreign flag vessels, 158, 160-61; freedom ofthe seas, 257, 294; Hydrographer, 467; Instructions for the Navy of the United States Governing Maritime andA erialW arfare, 161; intelligence, 441; Judge Advocate General, xii, 169,230,246,293-94,488; jurisdiction at sea, 319; Law Instructions for Naval Warfare, 314; Law of Naval Warfare, 377; law of the sea, 252, 262; military and ocean, 251-66, 595, 600, 604; national security, 257; and NATO Multilateral Force, 167; Naval Ship Systems Command, 262; Navy Hydrographic Office, 467; nuclear ships, 167, 172; Oceanographer, 467; Oceanographic Program, 467; oceanography, 467; oceans, 246-47, 254-57, 260-66, 274, 277; Office of Naval Research, 467; officers and criminal jurisdiction, 158-60; officers and international law, xii, 10-12,33-34,42-43,59,115, 157-74,244; problems in international law, 251-59; Regulations, xii-xiii, 42, 157-58, 170; rescue, 261-62; salvage, 261-63; Secretary of the Navy, 158, 160, 262,467; Seventh Fleet, 294, 618; ships, 442; Sixth Fleet, 272, 294, 602; Status of Forces Agreements, 167, 171-72; submersibles, 262-63; Supervisor of Salvage, 262; and t!!rritorial waters, 162,330,358; visit and search of ships, 167-69; and VSTOL technology, 289; weapons, 576; weapons testing, 247,459.

U.S. Office of Emergency Preparedness, 454. Ussery, Secretary of Labor, 290n. U.s.s.R.: 135,137,139,156,322,325,505,515,517-18, 570n, 572, 622; adjudication, 96; aggres­

sion, 73-74, 80, 107; aircraft, 507, 566-68; air force, 600; ambassadors, 67; Antarctic, 85-86, 170, 510-11; anti-Bolshevists, 102; archipelagos, 329; Arctic, 64-65, 85-86, 507-509; arms control, 572-84, 646n; arms race, 146-47,256,284-85; asylum, 105-106; atomic energy, 21, 69, 80,283-84; balance of power, 154-55; Bolshevik revolution, 102,140-41; capitalism, 66, 68, 76-77,79-83,88-89,93-94,96-98,101,103,105; censorship, 69; civil law, 98; closed seas, 85-86,216; codification of international law, 74, 94-95; coercion, 82; cold war, 90, 92; Commissar of Justice, 62-63; communications, 68, 94; Communist China, 31,50,64-65, llO, 112,618, 626-28; Communist ideology, 68, 76-77, 83, 86-88, 97, 99,101-103,109,111; compulsory jurisdiction, 70, 79; continental shelf, 212, 405, 410,539-41,546; Council of Ministers, 301; Criminal Code, 68; Cuba, 55, 600; customary international law, 74, 79; decision-makers, 133; diplomats, 63, 66-67, 83-84, 94-95, 99, 103; disarmament, 83-84, 104, 106-107, 577-78; domestic law, 106; economy, 69; electronic reconnaissance, 563; espionage, 67, 84; expansion, 71; extraterritoriality, 103; fisheries, 84, 233, 235, 272-74, 286, 399, 410; fleets, 291n; food, 409; foreign policy, 6, 62-63,103-105,108-109,113,438-40,603; foreign trade, 83-84, 102, 104, 112-13; freedom of communication, 83; freedom of expression, 99; freedom of flight, 339; freedom ofthe sea, 83, 87,94-95,108; frontiers, 64-65, 381, 508; Geneva Conventions of 1949, 66; geographical position, 84; guerilla warfare, 66, 80-82; imperialism, 102; innocent passage, 210, 337,365,377,381-83,597; internal waters, 301; international agencies, 73; international community, 102; International Court of Justice, 10, 37, 63, 78, 91, 96, 104; international law, 6, 50,62-114, 177; international organizations, 83, 103-104; Israel, 22; jurisdiction, 483; Korea, 71, 72; law of the sea, x, 94-95,196; lawyers, 62; League of Nations,

697

80; Middle East, 633-34, 648n; military, 107; military aid, 71; military capabilities, 591; military intervention, 600-604; military strategy, 141; minerals, 521-22, 534, 536; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 62, 381-83; Ministry of Foreign Trade, 69; Ministry of the Maritime Fleet, 381; minoriry status, 111-13; moraliry, 98-99, 106, 111; nationality jurisdiction, 31; national revolution, 80-82; national security, 33, 80-81, 284, 417,577,604; native revolts, 72; NATO, 17; naval power, 84, 288; Navy, 30, 113, 258-59,272,280-81,411,577,591-96,600-604,609-15,617-19,645; New Economic Policy, 1921-1928, 102; nonaggression, 80-82, 93, 95,110; nonintervention, 79, 81, 93, 95, 106, 110; non-Soviet world, 76-79, 86-88,90,92,96-99; Nuremberg, 73-74; oceanographer, 535, 537, 546; oceanography, 437; oceans, xiv-xv, 113, 272,329,346,418,461,556; Official Secrets Act, 68-69, 73; oil, 399; overflight, 65, 80, 94, 311, 318; peaceful coexistence, 108-112; POWs, 64-65; propaganda, 80-81, 86, 95; racial discrimination, 107; revolutionary subversion, 72-73; seabed resources, 474, 479, 481, 492; seas, 84-86; security, 382, 545-46, 577,604; self-determination, 81, 93, 95; self-protection, 71; shipping, 38, 83-84, 94; ships, 254, 282; sovereignty, 69-71, 74, 79, 81, 84, 95,106,110,113, 441; Soviet Foreign Office, 72, 91-92; Soviet satellites, 79; space, 113,486; submarines, 277-78, 284; submersibles, 531; subversion, 82; territorial integrity, 108-109; territorial jurisdiction, 30-31, 64-65; territorial sea, 113, 216, 298, 310, 323; territorial sovereignty, 80, 86, 113; territorial waters, 80, 83-86, 382,409; treaties, 63-66, 79-80, 82, 86-88, 92-95, 99, 103, 105-106; Tsarist regime, 31, 64-65,102,216; UN, 18,23,36,41,70-72,91,104-105,107,112, 119,155; UnitedFront,109; U.S., 68, 79,82,94,106-107,134-35,381-83,439,516; U.S. naval balance, 276-92, 594-95, 600-605, 623, 627; Vietnam, 561, 599; warships, 375; weapons, 282, 562; Western Europe, 63; World Court, 73; world public opinion, 88; world revolution, 71; World War II, 68, 79-80, 82-83, 91, 103-104; writers, 78, 80-85, 91-92, 98, 102, 104-107.

Ussuri River, 602. U-Thant, 32-33, 543. Utilitarians, 44.

Valona,608n.

v

van Bynkershock, Cornelius, 366. Van Gand case, 23. Venezuela, 39, 169, 196,232, 238n, 286, 392,400-401,407,463,478,534, 570n, 618, 637. Venice, 200, 223, 329, 365. Venice, Lousiana, 213. Verne, Jules, 245. Vertical water column, 235, 262-63, 52l. Viet Cong, 38, 42. Vietnam, 24-25, 27, 35, 40, 42, 71, 80,174, 271, 274, 277, 279, 286-87, 392, 397, 426-28, 561-62, 84, 594, 596, 599, 6Ol. "Vigilant" incident, xii. Vilkitski Straits, 30, 365, 377, 381-83, 508. Vilkusky Strait, 619. Violence, 117, 123, 179, 554, 558-59, 606. Vladivostok, 291n. Va/age, 371. Vostok, Antarctic station, 510. VSTOL's, 283, 289, 291n. Vyshinsky, 77-78, 82, 566.

Wakefield, Stephen A., 40l. Waldock, C. H. M., 341, 472. Wang, F., 52l.

W

War: 1,4,87,126,142, 145, 160,252,297,314,327,415,436,558,567,588,595,597,599,601-602,604-605,644; atomic, 120; cold, 18, 81, 90, 92,173-74,418,420,511,573; definition, 18, 554; hot, 18,418,420; innocent passage, 376-77; just and unjust, 13, 81-82; law ,of the sea, 554; lawful and unlawful, 13; laws of,120, 642; legality, 152; nation-states,152; nudear,110,280, 282, 603; peaceful coexistence, 108; U.S., 157; warships, 204, waterways, 590.

War of 1812, 275. aI-Warba Islands, 635.

698 Warfare: 17, 120; active, 136; bacteriological, 81; chronic, 152; economic, 439; electronics, 292n;

germ, 80-81; German type, 66; guerilla, 66, 80-82; maritime, 420-21, 592; mine, 261, 288-89, 419,440; modern, 4, 126, 587; psychological, 42, 131; submarine, 261, 263, 288,414-15.

Warsaw Pact, 584. Warships, 169-70,172,194,204,207,210,220,247,253-54,269-70,298-300,316,330,334,336-

38,357,368-69,371-72,375-77,382-83, 386n, 558-59, 561, 563 -64,566-67,587,592-94,599, 601, 604, 606, 612, 618-19, 623, 642-43.

Washington D. C, viii, 94, 164, 168,351,551,577,582. Wash water, 452. Wastes: disposal, 469-70, 474, 476,483; municipal and industrial, 450-51; radioactive, 469-71,

474,510,513,516,546-47; from waterborne vessels, 451-53. Water. See Continental shelf; Oceans; Pollution. Water Quality Act of 1965, 449. Waterways, 589. Wealth: 208-209, 434-36, 438, 552; as value, 15, 29, 132-33, 144. Weapons: 80, 142, 545, 601, 604; biological, 578; disposability, 146; force, 288-89, 588-89;

human, 136; inhuman, 136; intercontinental, 241; land-based, 590; manageability, 146; mass destruction, 582; Navy, 247, 285, 459,576; nuclear, 104, 125-26, 152-53,209,219,223,256, 265,269,279,281,283-84,289, 291n, 316, 320, 325-26, 418-19, 437,506,512-13,518,545, 573,575-80,582-83,588,602,621; oceans and seabed, 409, 414, 513, 527n, 572-84; paralysis, 136; space, 106-108,574; strategic, 281;systems,414,418-20, 518, 577, 583, 587, 591-95,603, 605-606; testing, 209, 247, 265, 316, 320, 325-26, 474, 555,557,579; U.S., 555-56; U.S.S.R., 283-84,288, 562. See also Mines; Missiles.

Weather, 182, 370, 513. Webster, Daniel, 218-19. Weeks, Lewis, 391, 401n. Well-being, as value, 132-33, 144. Welwood, William, 229n, 366. Wenk, Edward, 474. West Africa, 282, 286, 394, 411, 439, 602. Western Bloc, 96, 415, 418-19. See also Neutralist Bloc. Western Hemisphere, 226n, 392, 401, 635. West Indies, 200. Westinghouse, 412. Westminster, 59. Whales, 223, 274, 298, 319, 513. Wheat, 286, 427. Wheaton, 6l. White House Conference on International Cooperation, 460. Whiteman, Marjorie M., 348, 351, 353. "White man's burden," 587. White Sea, 31, 85, 216. Wilhelm, Kaiser, 154. Wills, 46, 52. Wilson, George Grafton, 104. Wilson, Woodrow, 154. Withdrawal, and strategy, 146-47. Wohlstetter,27. Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 467. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, 467, 492,542. World arena, 22, 26-27, 138. See also World community. World community: 242-43, 347, 461, 471, 479, 481, 484, 547; definition, 22; international law,

22-34,.44-56; and role of law, 11-21; states, 22, 57-58. World community processes, participants, 14-16. World Court, 57, 59-60, 70, 73, 75, 321-22, 472,515,619. World federal system, 50. World government, 21, 116. World Health Organization, 73. World law, 116. World Ocean, 611-12. See also Oceans. World Oil, 535. World power process: arenas-admission, 16-17; bases of power, 16-17; effects, 16, 19; and law,

15-16; practices, 16-19.

699

World War I: 125-26,227,420,587; airspace, 317; archipelagos, 339; contraband and blockade, 4; fishing, 410; France, 107, 568; neutrality, 120; U.S., 154; weapons, 414.

World War II: 19,57-58,64,118,120,125-26,253,279,420,426,491, 561, 600, 572-73; Antarc­tica, 509-510; continental shelf, 531; contraband and blockade, 4; fishing, 410, 432, 441-42; foreign vessel requisition, 4; innocent passage, 376-77; Interhandel case, 10; territorial sea; 297-98; U.K., 278,336; U.S., 154,269-71, 277-78; U.S.S.R., 68, 79-80, 82-83, 91,103-104,280; weapons, 414.

Wrangel Island, 508. Wright, Quincy, 113, 155-56,480.

Yakubovskiy, 582. Yale Law JOllrnal, 316, 555. Yale University, 13. Yalta, 82. Yankee traders, 135. Yaounde (Cameroon), 236, 398, 611. Yaounde Declaration, 61l. Yellow Sea, 300, 324, 617, 627-28. Yemen, 23, 635, 643. Young, Hilton, 76. Young, Richard, 473, 638.

Y

Yugoslavia, 88, 112,317,322,339,354,357, 570n, 580.

Zambia, 196, 522, 536, 544. Zinc, 532-33.

Z

I

I