index, autocad 2000 user's guiderichardson.eng.ua.edu/former_courses/autocad_help/augix.pdf ·...
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855
Index
Special Characters> (angle bracket, close), “greater than” query
operator, 796>= (angle bracket, close–equal sign), “greater than
or equal” query operator, 796< (angle bracket, open)
“less than” query operator, 796polar coordinate delimiter, 111
<= (angle bracket, open–equal sign), “less than or equal” query operator, 796
< > (angle brackets)“not equal” query operator, 796dimension text indicators, 398
>> (angle brackets, double close), transparent command prompt indicator, 102
' (apostrophe), transparent command character,91, 102
* (asterisk)mathematical operator, 194polyline outline deletion character, 841wild-card character, 160
@ (at sign)relative/polar coordinate specifier, 111wild-card character, 160
\ (backslash)format code, 390word wrap character, 391
^ (caret)mathematical operator, 194stacked text indicator, 361, 362, 390
^C^C, cancel command prefix, 91{ } (curly braces), format change characters, 391° (degree sign), creating, 424∅ (diameter symbol), creating, 424$$ (dollar signs), bound named object name
dividers, 469, 470. . . (ellipsis), 328= (equal sign) conditional query operator, 796 ⁄ (forward slash). See ⁄ (slash, forward)
- (hyphen)dialog box suppression character, 102wild-card character, 160
least material condition symbol, 439, maximum material condition symbol, 439
– (minus sign)mathematical operator, 194
– (minus sign)zoom cursor, 207
( ) (parentheses), mathematical operators, 194% (percent sign), creating, 424. (period), wild-card character, 160+ (plus sign)
acquired points indicator, 182mathematical operator, 194UCS icon symbol, 116zoom cursor, 207
± (tolerance symbol), tolerance symbol, 424# (pound sign)
stacked text indicator, 361, 362, 390wild-card character, 160
’ (prime symbol), feet specifier, 112
projected tolerance symbol, 440? (question mark), wild-card character, 160` (quotation mark, reverse), wild-card character,
160 regardless-of-feature-size symbol, 439
/ (slash, forward)mathematical operator, 194stacked text indicator, 361, 362, 390
[ ] (square brackets)alternate units delimiter, 425wild-card characters, 160
[ ~ ] (square brackets enclosing leading tilde), wild-card characters, 160
~ (tilde)incorrect word flag, 387wild-card character, 160
856 | Index
_ (underscore), foreign language translation character, 91
| (vertical bar), dependent named-object name divider, 463, 470
Numbers2D Cartesian coordinates (X, Y coordinates)
absolute, 110locating points with, 108, 200relative, 110, 111specifying, 108, 110
2D coordinatesspecifying, 110–113
2D images, mapping onto 3D object surfaces,706–713
2D objectspositioning in 3D space, 621See also objects (AutoCAD)
2D Solid option (Surfaces, Draw menu), 1442D solids. See solid-filled areas; solid fills2D surfaces, 3192D coordinates
See also 2D Cartesian coordinates (X, Y coordinates); polar coordinates
3 Point option (New UCS, Tools menu), 114, 5913D (three dimensions). See 3D space3D Array option (3D Operation, Modify menu),
640, 6413D Cartesian coordinates (X, Y, Z coordinates)
extracting from selected points, 583locating points with, 200specifying, 583
3D command, 623, 633–6353D coordinates
cylindrical, 584specifying, 109, 112, 582–586spherical, 586See also 3D Cartesian coordinates (X, Y, Z
coordinates)3D faces
creating, 624editing, 648surfaces defined by, 664
3D graphics, display options, 79, 5983D Graphics System Configuration dialog box,
5983D images, 662–726
lighting, 683–686smoothness, 674types, 662See also hidden-line images; rendered
images; shaded images3D Mesh option (Surfaces, Draw menu), 6243D meshes. See meshes (faceted surfaces)3D Mirror option (3D Operation, Modify
menu), 642
3D modeling, 619–639, 663–665abutting objects and, 664–665drafting techniques, 672intersecting faces and, 672intersecting objects and, 664–665methods, 620, 621, 663overlapping faces and, 673rendering, 669surfaces defined for, 663–664uses, 620
3D modeling. See 3D objects3D models. See 3D images; 3D objects3D objects
abutting (touching) objects, 664arraying, 640–641clipping, in 3D orbit view, 609–610complexity, 672creating, 619–639display options, 598editing, 639–644, 645–659export file format, 834extending, 642–644filleting, 644intersecting objects, 664, 665mapping 2D images onto, 706–713mirroring, 642orbiting, 611rendering, 669, 677rotating, 639simulating, 166top and bottom surfaces, 663trimming, 642–644types, 620
converting between, 621visualizing, 589wireframes, 620, 621, 662, 854See also 3D images; 3D views (in 3D model
space); hiding hidden lines; meshes (faceted surfaces); rendering; shading; solids; surfaces; 3D images
3D Operation (Modify menu), 282options, 640–642
3D orbit view, 601adjusting camera distance, 604adjusting clipping planes, 609continuous orbit (motion), 611cursor-icon shapes, 602panning in, 603parallel projections, 605perspective projections, 606rotating, 602visual aids, 608zooming in, 604
3D Rotate option (3D Operation, Modify menu), 640
Index | 857
3D shapes, 620, 623, 6323D solids. See solids3D space
defining UCSs in, 591positioning 2D objects in, 621viewing drawings in, 612–617
interactive viewing in, 601–611working in, 34, 581–617See also 3D objects; 3D views (in 3D model
space)3D Studio, exporting/importing files to and
from, 7263D Studio files
creating, 834importing, 839
3D surfaces, 3193D tools, new tools in AutoCAD 2000, 353D views (in 3D model space)
changing to a plan view, 615clipping objects from, 616defining, 616export file format, 834graphics display options, 79, 598multiple viewports, 594–596new features, 34parallel projections, 616perspective views, 616removing hidden lines, 617restoring orthographic views, 597–598rotating, 613setting, 662
with the compass and axis tripod, 615standard projections, 587standard views, 586viewing and editing options, 596
3DARRAY command, 640–6413DCLIP command, 6103DCORBIT command, 6113DFACE command, 145, 6243DMESH command, 6243DORBIT command, 34, 601, 603–612
CAMERA command and, 600, 603exiting, 603GRID command and, 609presetting the view, 612resetting the view, 612starting, 602using command options, 601
3DPAN command, 6033DS files. See 3D Studio files3DSIN command, 726, 8393DSOUT command, 7263DZOOM command, 604
Aabsolute coordinates, 110, 843
2D (X, Y), 110cylindrical, 585
acad.fmp file, 380acad.ps (AutoCAD PostScript interpreter), 842acad.psf file, 837acad14.cfg file
extracting linetype and lineweight information from, 576
importing settings from, 546, 576accuracy. See precisionACI (AutoCAD Color Index) numbers, 331ACIS files
creating, 833importing, 839
ACISOUT command, 833acquired points (object snap tracking),
acquisition methods, 182, 184actions
redoing, 105undoing, 104
ActiveX Automation, 39ActiveX, new features, 38adaptive sampling, 843
in anti-aliasing, 676ADCNAVIGATE system variable, 857Add Plot Style Table wizard, 558–559Add-a-Plotter wizard, 547, 823ADE. See dbConnect ManagerAdjust option, Image option (Object, Modify
menu), 748Advanced Modeling Extension application. See
AMEAdvanced Setup wizard, starting drawings, 48Aerial View, 216–219
displaying the entire drawing, 219panning with, 216, 218resizing the image, 219updating of, 219zooming with, 216, 217–218See also Aerial View window
Aerial View (View menu), 216, 218Aerial View window, 216
illustrated, 216opening/closing, 216view box, 216, 217, 218
affine calibration, 843AFLAGS system variable, 455aliases, 843aliasing, 675, 843
filtering (in rendering), 708Aligned (Dimension menu), 396, 399
858 | Index
aligned dimensions, 843creating, 396, 398illustrated, 394, 398stretching, 408See also dimensions; linear dimensions
aligningdimension text, 410, 421the grid, 164objects, 281
in floating viewports, 540at intervals, 186
the snap, 164–165text. See justificationviews, in floating viewports, 540
alignment paths (AutoTrack), 178, 183display options, 184
All option (ZOOM command), 215ALT+DOWN ARROW keys, opening settings list,
262ALT+TAB keys, accessing the Render window,
681ALT+UP ARROW keys, closing settings list, 262alternate units (for dimensions), 425
multiplier, 425placing, 425
Alternate Units tabModify Dimension Style dialog box, 433New Dimension Style dialog box, 417, 425
ambient color, 843ambient color (of materials), 700
setting, 702ambient light, 684, 843
reflection of, 693AME (Advanced Modeling Extension
application), 726AME objects, 726AME solids, 672AMECONVERT command, 726American National Standards Institute. See ANSIAmerican Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII), 844‘and‘ query operator, 799ANGBASE system variable, 69, 111ANGDIR system variable, 69, 111, 140, 651angle bracket, open (<), polar coordinate
delimiter, 111angle brackets (< >)
“not equal” query operator, 796dimension text indicators, 398
angle brackets, double close (>>), transparent command prompt indicator, 102
angle direction, specifying, 69angle method, drawing xlines, 191angle of incidence, 692angle of reflection, 692
anglescalculating, 195chamfering objects by specifying, 301dimensioning, 402of faces to lights, 689falloff angle, 685, 695hotspot angle, 685, 695for polar coordinates, 111reference angles, 279–280relative angles, 279rotation angle, for text, 365, 378, 391smoothing angle, 673snap angle, 164–165, 852snap rotation angles, 277spotlight angles, 685, 695text obliquing angle, 377See also angular dimensions; angular units;
polar anglesAngular (Dimension menu), 396, 402angular dimensions, 402, 843
creating, 396, 402definition points (illustrated), 406formatting, 424illustrated, 394See also baseline dimensions; dimensions
angular units, 843specifying, 68
for angular dimensions, 424types, 109
annotations, 394, 412, 843text options, 413See also dimension text; dimensions
anonymous blocks, 446, 843ANSI (American National Standards Institute),
844anti-aliasing, 675–676, 844
adaptive sampling, 676control levels, 676in image mapping, 708
aperture box (AutoSnap), 170apostrophe (’ ), transparent command character,
91, 102Apparent Intersection object snap, 168, 172apparent intersections, snapping to, 172applications
destination, 750Render-related, 726source, 750using AutoCAD information in other
applications, 752–754using information from other applications
in AutoCAD, 754Apply option (UCS New, Tools menu), 118, 594approximation points, 844
See also fit points (for spline curves)
Index | 859
Arc (Draw menu), 135ARC command, 135, 141Arc option (Ellipse, Draw menu), 141arcball (of interactive viewing in 3D), 601architectural units
specifying, 112, 423zero feet/inch display suppression, 427
archiving drawings, 469arcs
converting donuts into, 142dimension line arcs, 847dimensioning, 401, 402drawing, 135–137
in polylines, 124elliptical, 140filleting, 306joining to polylines, 295as rendered into PostScript, 836smoothness, and AutoCAD performance,
84snapping to tangent points on, 176starting lines at the end of, 137See also objects (AutoCAD)
AREA command, 147, 196, 198, 199Area option (Inquiry, Tools menu), 196, 198areas
calculating, 196–200combined, subtracting areas from, 198–200enclosed, hatching, 149hatching, 148–156See also plot area
ARG files (profile text files), 82Array (Modify menu), 276ARRAY command, 276, 639arraying
2D objects, 275–2773D objects, 640–641
arrays, 844creating, 275–277in 3D, 640–641polar, 275, 641, 851rectangular, 275, 276, 640
arrow keys, moving the cursor, 262arrowheads, 395, 436, 844
creating, 436illustrated, 844placing in relation to extension lines, 421specifying, 419, 437types, 419
arrows. See arrowheadsASCII (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange), 844See also text files
ASE links, converting to AutoCAD 2000 format,808–810
Asian fonts. See Big Fontsaspect ratio, 844
associative dimensions, 844See also definition points (of dimensions)
associative hatches, 82, 148creating, 149–150disassociating, 309removing associativity, 149, 309selecting, 309updating of, 308, 309
associative hatching, 844asterisk (*)
mathematical operator, 194polyline outline deletion character, 841wild-card character, 160
At Least option (Line Spacivtng tab, Multiline Text Editor), 366
at sign (@)relative/polar coordinate specifier, 111wild-card character, 160
attachingattributes to blocks, 455materials, 704–705plot style tables to layouts and viewports,
559raster images, 729–731
with AutoCAD DesignCenter, 505from the Internet, 743
xrefs, 463–464with AutoCAD DesignCenter, 505from the Internet, 816vs. overlaying xrefs, 466
See also linkingATTDEF command, 454, 455ATTDISP command, 455ATTEDIT command, 293, 456attenuation of light, 685, 694, 844
calculation methods, 694rate options, 690See also falloff angle (of spotlights)
ATTEXT command, 459ATTREDEF command, 455Attribute Definition dialog box, 454attribute definitions, 844
creating, 454editing, 455, 485mirroring, 274redefining, 453as rendered into PostScript, 836thickness, 631
Attribute Extraction dialog box, 459attribute extraction files. See attribute
information filesattribute extraction template files. See extraction
template filesattribute information files
creating, 459formats, 458records, 457See also extraction template files
860 | Index
Attribute option (Object, Modify menu), 456attribute tag fields, in extraction template files,
457attribute tags, 844attribute values, 844attributes (block-associated text), 443, 453–459
attaching to blocks, 455block redefinitions and, 453characteristics, 454constant, 453, 454creating, 454–455editing, 456extracting attribute information, 454,
456–459and hatch lines, 155mirroring, 274multiple, 454, 455as rendered into PostScript, 836variable, 186, 453visibility, 454, 455
AUNITS system variable, 69AUPREC system variable, 69Auto Axis, material orientation calculations, 670Auto Viewport (Options menu in Aerial View
window), 219AutoCAD
documentationHelp, 41learning tools (tutorials), 40, 41online documents, 38, 41ordering, 40printed manuals, 39
drawing environment in AutoCAD 2000,512
earlier release drawings, PostScript font display, 380
earlier releases, updating of pre-Release 13 Render blocks, 725
exiting, 66getting started, 45–66learning, 38–42, 95new features, 34–38performance. See performance optimizationproduct resources, 43running from a write-protected directory,
74starting, 46–47using AutoCAD information in other
applications, 752–754using information from other applications
in, 754See also AutoCAD environment; AutoCAD
2000
AutoCAD 2000drawing environment, 512–520new features, 34–38plotting design and process, 550
AutoCAD 2000 Drawing format. See AutoCAD 2000 format
AutoCAD 2000 formatand AutoCAD performance, 85automatic saving in, 77lineweights from pre-AutoCAD 2000 formats
in, 340AutoCAD 2000 Learning Assistance lessons
CD, 40AutoCAD 2000 Web site, 43AutoCAD Color Index (ACI) numbers, 331AutoCAD DesignCenter, 34, 491–510
attaching raster images, 505attaching xrefs, 505content types accessible to, 493copying blocks between drawings, 506displaying, 494Find dialog box, 501–503inserting blocks, 504–505opening drawings, 501overlaying xrefs, 505palette, 493, 496–500preference options, 80resizing, 494toolbar options, 495tree view, 493, 494–495undocking/docking, 494uses, 493See also drawing content management
AutoCAD display. See screen displayAutoCAD documentation suggestions, errors, or
questions, 43AutoCAD environment
modifying, 73–85setting options, 73
redrawing the screen, 852See also AutoCAD window; drawing
environment; help; screen displayAutoCAD format, 270
converting WMF files to, 271–272See also AutoCAD 2000 format
AutoCAD Help topics (Help menu), 42AutoCAD interface. See AutoCAD windowAutoCAD 2000 Learning Assistance tutorials
CD, 40Help menu, 38, 41
AutoCAD library search paths, 844AutoCAD objects. See objects (AutoCAD)AutoCAD Plotter Manager, 549
Index | 861
AutoCAD PostScript interpreter, 842AutoCAD PostScript support file. See PostScript
support fileAutoCAD Render. See Render (renderer)AutoCAD Runtime Extension (ARX)
(programming language), 157AutoCAD Support Assistance, 41AutoCAD window, 55–58
See also command line; command window; dialog boxes; drawing area; menus; screen display; text window; toolbars
Autodesk Favorites folder, 492, 508adding shortcuts to content sources, 508listing content sources, 509organizing content sources, 509
Autodesk product resources, 43Autodesk Website, 43automatic save, file location, 75Automatically Zoom Drawing option, 782AutoPan, 782Autoscaling, 504AutoShade information, opening drawings
containing, 725AutoSnap, 170
changing settings, 170preference options, 80
AutoStack, 360AutoStack Properties dialog box, 361AutoSurf surfaces, converting into meshes, 674AutoTrack, 34, 178–184
changing settings, 183preference options, 80See also polar tracking; object snap tracking
axesof ellipses, 139right-hand rule, 582in the world coordinate system, 108
axis tripod (in 3D model space), 615, 845setting 3D views, 615
Bback faces (of 3D objects), 845back faces (of 3D solids)
leaving in, 672removing, 670–672rendering, 672
Back option (UNDO command), 105background color, for rendering, 678background images, merging renderings with,
681–683background objects, hiding, 666Background option (Render, View menu), 682backgrounds, bitonal raster images, 746backslash (\)
format code, 390word wrap character, 391
backup drawings, creating, 78base grips, 247base point, 845
for copying objects, 266insertion base point, 448, 450snap angle base point, 165
Baseline (Dimension menu), 396, 404baseline dimensions, 403, 845
creating, 396, 403–404dimension line spacing, 418illustrated, 394, 403See also dimensions
batch plotting, 579BATCHPLT utility, 579beam angles of spotlights (hotspots), 685, 695Begin option (UNDO command), 105beveling objects. See chamferingBezier curves, 845BHATCH command, 146, 148, 150, 156, 542Big Fonts, 374
mapping to other fonts, 382specifying, 374, 375
bills of materials (BOMs). See parts listsBind option (XREF command), 469binding
dependent named objects to drawings, 470object properties to drawings, 489xrefs to drawings, 469–470, 845
BINDTYPE system variable, 490bisector method, drawing xlines, 192bitmaps (BMP images), 845
displaying, 682, 717mapping onto 3D object surfaces, 706–713pasting into AutoCAD, 270saving, 724See also aliasing; anti-aliasing; BMP files
bitonal raster images, 744, 748background transparency, 746boundaries, 746coloring, 746
bitplanes, and rendering, 676Blip mode, 232BLIPMODE system variable, 201blips, 201, 232, 845
turning on/off, 232Block (Insert menu), 451BLOCK command, 146, 436, 448, 453Block Definition dialog box, 447block definitions, 444, 447, 845
creating, 447–449creating icons for, 448saving, 449
block descriptionscreating, 448customizing, 510displaying, 499, 500editing, 452
862 | Index
Block Edit (Modify menu), 486block instances. See block referencesblock names, resolving conflicts, 508block objects
assigning properties to, 446layers, 445properties, 445
block references (instances), 444, 445, 845See also blocks
BLOCKICON command, 448, 499blocks, 443, 444–453, 845
anonymous, 446, 843arrowheads as, 436attaching attributes to, 455binding xrefs as, 469–470clipdepth, 483clipping boundaries, 481–483colors, 253copying between drawings, 506defining, 447–449descriptions. See block descriptionsediting, 35, 484–488
discarding changes, 490saving changes, 489–490
exploding, 293, 452, 847grips within, 246, 247
enabling, 247hyperlinks in, 821inserting, 444, 450–451
default scale and rotation method, 504at intervals, 186–189specified coordinates, scale, and
rotation method, 504with AutoCAD DesignCenter, 504–505
insertion base point, 448, 450layers of objects in, 445named, 158nested, 445Object Properties toolbar and, 250object property values, 250and OLE objects, 750organizing related blocks, 510orienting, 451properties of objects in, 445redefining, 452rendering process, 706saving, 449scaling, 286, 444selecting, 186unnamed (anonymous), 446, 843updating, of pre-Release 13 Render blocks,
725uses, 444vs. xrefs, 460See also block definitions; named objects;
title blocksBMAKE command, 448, 453
BMP files, 845creating, 835saving rendered images to, 717, 724See also bitmaps (BMP images)
BMP images. See bitmaps (BMP images)BMPOUT command, 835bold typeface, formatting text in, 354, 358BOMs (bills of materials). See parts listsBoolean (Modify menu), 147bound named objects, names, 469bound xrefs, in partially open drawings, 313boundaries
creating regions from, 146of floating viewports, redefining, 543implied, extending objects to, 288polyline, 146specifying boundary corners for zooming,
209See also clipping boundaries; drawing limits;
hatch boundaries; raster image boundaries
Boundary (Draw menu), 146BOUNDARY command, 146, 147, 150Boundary Hatch dialog box, 149, 153, 156
Pattern option, 309boundary sets (of 3D solid faces), 648boundary sets (of hatches), 153
defining, and defining hatch boundaries with, 153–154
limiting, 153BOX command, 633Box option (Solids, Draw menu), 633boxes
pickbox, 234solid boxes, 633view box (Aerial View), 216, 217, 218
braces (curly) ({ })format change characters, 391format codes, 391
brackets. See angle brackets (< >); square brackets ([ ])
Break (Modify menu), 292BREAK command, 292breaking
links, 758objects, 292
brightnessadjusting in raster images, 748of colors, 690
broken pencil icon, 116Browse the Web dialog box, 814–816
adding to your system, 814opening drawings from the Internet, 813saving drawings to the Internet, 816specifying the default Internet location,
814Browse/Search dialog box, 53
Index | 863
browser. See drawing browserbrowsing, through drawing files, 53B-spline curves, 845
Bezier curves, 845See also spline curves (NURBS curves)
bump maps, 707, 710, 845blend value, 708brightness setting, 703
Button Editor, 93button icons. See toolbar button iconsbutton macros, creating, 91button menus, 845Button Properties dialog box, 91buttons
button menus, 845flyout buttons, 92mouse buttons, 62tablet buttons, 64See also toolbar buttons
BYBLOCK property, 330, 445, 446, 845color values, 251, 253linetype values, 251, 255lineweight values, 251plot style values, 572
BYLAYER property, 330, 445, 446, 845color values, 251, 253linetype values, 251, 255lineweight values, 251plot style values, 572
CCAL command, 193–195CalComp devices, plotting with, 576calculating
angles, 195areas, 196–200circumferences, 196distance, 195evaluating expressions, 194perimeters, 196points, 193, 194values, 193
calibrating a digitizing tablet, 64camera (in 3D model space)
adjusting distance in 3D orbit view, 604positioning, 600
camera blocks (pre-Release 13), updating of, 725CAMERA command, 600
and 3DORBIT command, 600, 603canceling commands, 99caret (^)
mathematical operator, 194stacked text indicator, 361, 362, 390
Cartesian coordinate systems, 108Cartesian coordinates. See 2D Cartesian
coordinates (X, Y coordinates); 3D Cartesian coordinates (X, Y, Z coordinates)
catalogs (in databases), 768, 809CDF (comma-delimited file) format, 458CECOLOR system variable, 332cells (in databases), 766CELTSCALE system variable, 339, 539CELTYPE system variable, 131, 334CELWEIGHT system variable, 343Center Mark (Dimension menu), 397, 401 center marks, 395
creating, 397, 401formatting, 419
Center object snap, 168, 173Center option (ZOOM command), 214center points, snapping to, 173centering views on points, 213centerlines, 395
creating, 397, 401displaying, 419
CFG files, 558chain dimensions. See continued dimensionsChamfer (Modify menu), 301, 302, 303, 645CHAMFER command, 301, 645CHAMFERA system variable, 301CHAMFERB system variable, 301CHAMFERC system variable, 302CHAMFERD system variable, 302chamfered objects, trimming, 302chamfering, 299–303
distance method, 300length and angle method, 301solids, 645without trimming, 302
chamfers, 300CHAMMODE system variable, 301, 302CHANGE command, 353, 455, 631, 632, 663Change Dictionaries dialog box, 386, 387Change Source dialog box, 758character formatting
applying, 349, 357–362removing, 354
character matching, in Object Properties toolbar lists, 250
Character tab (Multiline Text Editor), 357, 357–362
charactersadjusting spaces between, 390formatting. See character formattingISO 8859 Latin/1 character set as rendered
into PostScript, 836See also special characters
Check option (Solids Editing, Modify menu),659
Check option (SQL Query tab), 802Check Spelling dialog box, 385checking solids, 659CHPROP command, 632, 663Circle (Draw menu), 134CIRCLE command, 134, 633
864 | Index
circles, 319calculating areas/circumferences, 197dimensioning, 401, 402drawing, 133–135
tangent to objects, 134, 176drawing polygons from, 130export file format, 834filleting, 306isometric, 141offsetting, 272as rendered into PostScript, 836scaling, 286smoothness, and AutoCAD performance,
84snapping to tangent points on, 176solid-filled, 141surfaces defined by added thickness, 663See also objects (AutoCAD)
circular arrow (3D orbit view cursor-icon shape),602
circular references (between xrefs), 479, 845circumferences, calculating, 196circumscribed polygons, drawing, 131clapper blocks (pre-Release 13), updating of, 725CLAYER system variable, 318Clean option (Solids Editing, Modify menu), 659cleaning solids, 658Clipboard (Windows)
controlling the background for metafiles, 269, 270
copying objects to, 269copying objects with lineweights, 339copying rendered images to, 722copying views into other documents, 752cutting objects to, 269pasting objects from, 270–271pasting text from, 369performance optimization, 731
clipdepth (xrefs/blocks), specifying, 483clipping
3D objects, 616in 3D orbit view, 609–610
floating viewports, 543raster images, 735–737xrefs/blocks, 481–483
clipping boundaries (raster images), 735changing, 736deleting, 737
clipping boundaries (xrefs/blocks), 481–483and clipdepth, 483displaying, 482specifying, 482types, 482
clipping planes, 846in 3D orbit view, 609turning on/off, 610for xrefs/blocks, 483
Close (File menu), 66
Close button, in a drawing, 66CLOSE command, 66closing
the Aerial View window, 216drawings, 66See also hiding
CMLSTYLE system variable, 129CMYK color system, 846codes. See control codes (text)coefficient of reflectivity, 702Color (Format menu), 332COLOR command, 255, 332Color control (Object Properties toolbar),
253–255color control, overriding object color with plot
style, 566, 568color depth (for bitmaps), 676
editing for rendering, 683Color Edges option (Solids Editing, Modify
menu), 655Color Faces option (Solids Editing, Modify
menu), 655color mapping table (AutoCAD Release 14), 565color mapping, for imported PostScript images,
842color maps, 846color names, 331color numbers, 331color systems, 690color-dependent plot style tables
converting pen settings from previous AutoCAD versions into, 577
creating, 557–559color-dependent plot styles, 554coloring
bitonal raster images, 746dimension lines, 418dimension text, 420edges (of 3D solids), 655faces (of 3D solids), 654materials, 702–703multilines, 129raster image boundaries, 745text, 358, 389, 390See also colors
colors, 323, 331–332ambient color, 700, 702, 843assigning to layers, 323assigning to pens, 331, 550, 554assigning to plot styles, 566block values, 250, 445color names, 331color numbers, 331color systems, 690converting to grayscale, 566copying, 263default color, 331depth, 676, 683
Index | 865
colors (continued)diffuse color, 700, 702, 846editing, 249, 253–255, 260–263of highlights, 700HLS color system, 690, 699light colors, 699lightness, 690making current, 332pigment colors, 699reflection color, 700, 702RGB color system, 690, 699saturation, 690screen display, 76screening, 568specifying, 254, 331See also coloring; layer colors; object colors
columns (in database tables)aligning text in, 774displaying hidden columns, 773freezing, 774hiding, 773moving, 773resizing, 773unfreezing, 774
combined areasadding areas to, 198subtracting areas from, 198–200
comma-delimited format (CDF) files, 458command history, 97, 101
displaying, 100command line, 846
copying text to, 100, 101vs. dialog boxes, options differences, 103editing text on, 398illustrated, 56pasting text to, 100, 101, 272plotting from, 78, 552resetting system variables, 104spaces on, 101specifying fonts on, 374starting commands on, 96suppressing dialog box display, 102verbs used on, 96See also command line prompts; command
windowcommand line prompts, 96
transparent command prompt indicator (>>), 102
Command Line shortcut menu, 62command options, choosing, 97Command prompt, starting commands at, 96command prompts. See command line promptsCommand Reference, 39, 41, 105Command shortcut menu, 60
customizing, 61turning off in the drawing area, 60
command window, 57, 97–99docking/undocking, 98editing keys, 98illustrated, 56navigation keys, 98resizing, 97See also command line; scripts
commands, 96–103accessing, recently used commands, 98assigning to toolbar buttons, 91, 92canceling, 99commands that regenerate drawings, 65executing, 97Internet file I/O capability, 813learning, 95options, choosing, 97repeating, 99running in scripts, 103starting, 57, 96in Tablet mode, 64toolbar button icons associated with,
displaying, 91transparent commands, 102, 853See also command line; connectivity
command set; editing commands; scripts; tools; and names of specific commands
committing Data View window editing, 777Compare Dimension Styles dialog box, 433compass (in 3D model space), 615
in 3D orbit view, 608setting 3D views, 615
COMPASS system variable, 668compass, visibility in shaded images, 668complete plotter configuration files. See PCP filescomplex objects, trimming, 291complex solids, creating, 147composite regions, creating, 147composite solids
creating, 638–639separating, 657
composite tolerances, 441–442compound documents, 750
updating linked drawings in, 753CONE command, 633Cone option (Solids, Draw menu), 633cones (solid), creating, 633connectivity command set, terminology changes
in AutoCAD 2000, 767connectivity feature. See database connectivity
featureconstant attributes, 454
block redefinitions and, 453Construction Line (Draw menu), 190construction lines
drawing, 189–193extending, 289
866 | Index
construction planes, 110, 846setting up, 592–593
containers (destination applications), 750content management. See drawing content
managementContinue (Dimension menu), 396, 405continued dimensions, 403, 846
creating, 396, 403, 404illustrated, 394, 404See also dimensions
continuous orbit, starting, 611contrast, adjusting in raster images, 748control codes (text)
for formatting multiline text, 389–391as rendered into PostScript, 836
control keys. See Windows control keys (text editing keys)
control points, 846converting
dimension units, 425donuts into arcs, 142fit (smoothed) polylines into spline curves,
137object colors to gray scale, 566pen settings from pre-Release 14 AutoCAD
versions, 576–578URLs from Release 14 to hyperlinks, 822WMF files to AutoCAD format, 271–272
Coons surface patch meshes, creating, 629coordinate display (status bar), 109
cycling through, 109illustrated, 109types, 109
coordinate filters. See point filters (coordinate filters)
coordinate systems, 107–122Cartesian, 108specifying points with, 108, 110–113types, 108See also coordinates; user coordinate systems
(UCSs); world coordinate system (WCS)
coordinatesdetermining, 109displaying cursor location, 109, 200for image mapping, 707locating points with, 108, 200specifying, 108, 110–113
broken pencil icon warning, 116one value at a time, 185priority options, 80
See also 2D coordinates; 3D coordinates; absolute coordinates; coordinate display; coordinate systems; origin; point filters; points (geometric); relative coordinates
COORDS system variable, 109Copy (Edit menu), 269, 722, 752, 754Copy (Modify menu), 267COPY command, 267, 268, 639Copy Edges option (Solids Editing, Modify
menu), 656Copy Faces option (Solids Editing, Modify
menu), 654Copy Link (Edit menu), 270, 752COPYCLIP command, 269, 752COPYHIST command, 101copying
blocks, between drawings, 506edges (of 3D solids), 655faces (of 3D solids), 654layer lists, 318layers, between drawings, 506layouts, 522multiple copies, 248, 268objects, 266–272
to the Clipboard, 269with grips, 248, 268
OLE objects, 763plot styles, 263, 563properties, 55, 263–266
settings, 266rendered images, 722text, 101, 354
to the command line, 100, 101views
to the Clipboard, 270into other documents, 752
xrefs for demand loading, 471See also arraying; mirroring; offsetting;
pastingCOPYLINK command, 270, 752CPolygons (crossing polygons), 235, 846CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Checking), 78Create 3D Studio Output File dialog box, 834Create Slide File dialog box, 831cropping
in image mapping, 709rendered images, 720the screen, in rendering, 678
cross (+), UCS icon symbol, 116crosshairs, 57, 234, 846
illustrated, 56, 846sizing, 77in tiled viewports, 223
crosshatching. See hatchingcrossing polygons. See CPolygonscrossing selections, 234, 846crossing windows. See crossing selectionscross-sectional cutting plane, hatching, 647CTB (Color-dependent plot style table) files,
554, 557–559
Index | 867
CTRL+1 keys, displaying/closing the Properties window, 262
CTRL+A keysselecting all text, 354toggling group selection, 244
CTRL+B keys, applying/removing bold format,354
CTRL+C keyscanceling commands, 99copying selections to the Clipboard, 101,
262, 269, 354CTRL+click, cycling through object and group
selection, 244CTRL+D keys, cycling through coordinate display
types, 109CTRL+drag procedure, copying and pasting, 755CTRL+F keys, turning running object snaps
on/off, 170CTRL+I keys, applying/removing italic format,
354CTRL+SHIFT+[alpha char] keys, moving between
properties (Properties window), 262CTRL+SHIFT+L keys, converting text to
lowercase, 354CTRL+SHIFT+U keys, converting text to
uppercase, 355CTRL+SPACEBAR keys, removing character
formatting, 354CTRL+U keys, applying/removing underline
format, 355CTRL+V keys
pasting Clipboard contents, 101, 262, 354pasting selections from the Clipboard, 271
CTRL+X keys, cutting selections to the Clipboard, 262, 269, 354
CTRL+Z keys, undoing actions, 262curly braces ({ })
format change characters, 391format codes, 391
Current Plot Style dialog box, 260cursor, 846
3D orbit view cursor-icon shapes, 602current location display, 109drag-and-drop cursor, 755hyperlink cursor, 820in interactive panning, 208in interactive zooming, 207minus sign, 207move cursor, 763plus sign, 207rubber-band line, 852See also crosshairs
cursor menus. See shortcut menuscurved objects. See curvescurved surfaces, 620curve-fit polylines. See fit polylines (smoothed
polylines)
curvescreating meshes between, 626drawing, 133–142open, creating regions from, 146polyline, segment number and AutoCAD
performance, 84See also arcs; circles; donuts; ellipses; fit
polylines (smoothed polylines); objects (AutoCAD); spline curves (NURBS curves); spline-fit polylines (smoothed polylines)
CUS file, editing, 387custom dictionaries (spelling checker), creating
and editing, 387custom menus, specifying, 74custom objects, 157
preference options, 78Custom tab (Drawing Properties dialog box), 86,
204Customization Guide, 39, 41Customize Toolbars dialog box, 88customizing
block descriptions, 510drawing descriptions, 509object selection, 237preview images, 510the screen display, 76shortcut menus, 61
Cut (Edit menu), 269, 752CUTCLIP command, 269, 752cutting
objects to the Clipboard, 269OLE objects, 763text, 354
cutting edges, objects as, 289, 291cutting planes, hatching, 647Cyclic Redundancy Checking (CRC), 78CYLINDER command, 634Cylinder option (Solids, Draw menu), 634cylinders (solid), creating, 634cylindrical coordinates, specifying, 584cylindrical projection (in image mapping), 712
Ddata. See external datadata sources, 768
connecting to, 771setting up the sample, 769
Data View window, 767, 771, 772–774committing editing, 777editing operations, 772–774exporting data from, 777grid elements, 772restoring original values to, 777searching for values in, 775specifying a sort order in, 773
868 | Index
Data View window (continued)specifying font size and style for, 774tracking editing, 776viewing link data, 780–783
database connectivity featurecomponents, 766external databases supported, 769
database information, listing, 201database objects, 770
terminology changes in AutoCAD 2000,767
database records. See records (database records)database tables. See tables (database tables)databases
hierarchical elements, 768structure, 766See also drawing database; external databases
datum (reference point), 399, 440identifying the ordinates, 400setting the datum point, 399
datum axis, 441datum dimensions. See ordinate dimensionsdatum reference frames, 440datum reference letters
adding to feature control frames, 439illustrated, 437
dbConnect Manager, 766, 770exporting data, 777tree view nodes, 770
DBLIST command, 202DCTCUST system variable, 386DCTMAIN system variable, 386DDEDIT command, 352, 357, 392, 455DDPTYPE command, 143, 187, 188DDVIEW command. See VIEW commandDDVPOINT command, 612, 613decal effect, in image mapping, 708decimal dimensions, zero suppression, 427decimal separator (dimension units), specifying,
424decimal units, specifying, 112, 423Default shortcut menu, 60
customizing, 61turning off in the drawing area, 60
defaults, 846font mapping table, 380initial environment, 849layer filters, 329layer properties, 316, 317menu files, 56toolbars, 58
definition points (of dimensions), 406, 846illustrated, 406
DEFPOINTS layer, 330, 407defpoints. See definition points (of dimensions)degree sign (°), creating, 424Del option (UCS command), 120
Delete Faces option (Solids Editing, Modify menu), 653
deletingdimension styles, 434faces (of 3D solids), 653groups, 244hyperlinks, 819layers, 330lights, 696linetypes, 336named views, 222project name paths, 478project names, 477records, 775text styles, 379tiled viewport configurations, 228UCSs, 120See also detaching; erasing; purging
demand loading xrefs, 470–474and AutoCAD performance, 85Enable with Copy option, 471and reloading xrefs, 468
dependent layer properties, setting, 474dependent named objects (in xrefs), 474
binding to drawings, 470listing, 480names, 463, 474referencing as impossible, 474setting properties, 474See also named objects(AutoCAD)
dependent symbols, 846See also dependent named objects (in xrefs)
deselecting OLE objects, 764design information, sharing, 37DesignCenter. See AutoCAD DesignCenterdesigning drawings
layouts, new features, 37phases, 394
destination applications, 750detaching
materials, 705raster images, 733xrefs, 467
deviation tolerances, 426, 427diagonal fractions, formatting, 359–362Dialog Box shortcut menus, 62dialog boxes
vs. command line, options differences, 103suppressing/enabling the display of, 102transparently opened, change execution
delay, 102Diameter (Dimension menu), 396, 401diameter dimensions, 401
creating, 396, 401definition points (illustrated), 406illustrated, 394
Index | 869
diameter symbol (∅), creating, 424dictionaries for spelling checkers
custom, creating and editing, 387main, 385switching, 386
DIESEL (Direct Interpretively Evaluated String Expression Language), 846
diffuse color, 846of materials, 700
setting, 702diffuse reflection, 691, 693Digitize (command line verb), 96Digitizer mode, vs. Tablet mode, 64digitizing drawings, 64digitizing tablet, 64DIMALIGNED command, 396, 399DIMANGULAR command, 396, 402DIMBASELINE command, 396, 404DIMCENTER command, 401DIMCONTINUE command, 396, 405DIMDIAMETER command, 396, 401DIMEDIT command, 410dimension definition points. See definition points
(of dimensions)dimension geometry. See arrowheads; center
marks; centerlines; dimension lines; extension lines
dimension line arcs, 847dimension lines, 394
coloring, 418extending, 418forcing an internal line, 422formatting, 418order of, 418setting lineweight, 418suppressing, 418See also arrowheads; dimension text; leader
linesDimension menu, editing dimension text, 410dimension properties
copying, 263editing, 411saving to a new dimension style, 411See also dimension styles
dimension scale. See linear dimension scale; overall dimension scale
Dimension Style Manager, 432creating dimension styles, 417displaying, 417managing dimension styles, 432–435specifying arrowheads, 437
dimension style overrides, 435creating, 435managing, 435
dimension styles, 416, 847applying, 434comparing, 433creating, 411, 416–431defaults, 416deleting, 434making current, 432modifying, 432named, 158overriding. See dimension style overridesrenaming, 434See also named objects
dimension system variables, 847dimension text, 394, 847
aligning, 410, 421coloring, 420editing, 398, 410, 411formatting, 419–421, 422–425geometric tolerances, 437–442placing, 420
in relation to extension lines, 421–422prefixes and suffixes, 424, 425
special characters, 424returning to home position, 411rotating, 398, 411rounding off values, 424, 428text height, 420text styles, 420zero suppression, 427See also leader line annotations
Dimension toolbar, displaying, 396dimension units
alternate units, 425converting, 425primary units, 422–424specifying, 423
feet and inches in metric drawings,425
precision, 423zero suppression, 427
dimension variables. See dimension system variables
dimensioning, 394–442angles, 402arcs, 401, 402basic concepts, 394–395circles, 401, 402lines, 397–398in model space, 430, 431multiple objects, 405in paper space, 430–431See also dimensions
870 | Index
dimensions, 394–442angular. See angular dimensionsapplying dimension styles to, 434associative. See associative dimensionscopying properties, 263creating, 396–405
in model space vs. paper space, 430definition points, 406diameter. See diameter dimensionsediting (placement), 406–411elements, 394–395exact, tolerance format, 426extending, 408formatting, 419–421, 422–425linear. See linear dimensionsmaking oblique, 409Quick dimension, 397radial. See diameter dimensions; radius
dimensionsrotating, 398scaling, 428–431
to layouts, 424, 429See also linear dimension scale; overall
dimension scaleselecting, 406stretching, 407–408trimming, 408types, 394
illustrated, 394table, 396–397
See also arrowheads; center marks; centerlines; definition points (of dimensions); dimension lines; dimension styles; dimension text; dimensioning; extension lines; leader lines
DIMLFAC system variable, 428, 430DIMLINEAR command, 396, 398DIMORDINATE command, 396, 399DIMRADIUS command, 396, 401DIMSCALE system variable, 428DIMSTYLE command, 417, 432–434DIMTEDIT command, 410direct distance entry, 847
specifying points, 112Direct Interpretively Evaluated String Expression
Language (DIESEL), 846Direction Control dialog box, 69directories, support directory search paths, 844disk space, displaying free space, 202displacement, point of, for copying objects, 266Display (View menu), options, 116, 117display accuracy, in 3D modeling, 674Display Image (Tools menu), 719, 720
options, 718Display Order (Tools menu), 144Display tab (Options dialog box), 76, 230, 232
performance optimization options, 84
display. See screen displayDISPSILH system variable, 667DIST command, 195Distance and angle coordinate display, 109Distance option (Inquiry, Tools menu), 195distances
calculating, 195chamfering objects by specifying, 300of faces from lights, 690See also direct distance entry
distant light, 684positioning, 697, 698simulating sunlight with, 685, 698
dithering, 847enabling, 566with plot styles, 566
DIVIDE command, 186, 188Divide option (Point, Draw menu), 188dividing objects into segments, 188
starting points, 186docking/undocking toolbars, 58documentation (AutoCAD), 38–41
learning tools, 40, 41online documentation, 38ordering, 41printed manuals, 39
documentscompound, 750multiple, 34
doglegs. See hook linesdollar signs ($$), bound named-object name
dividers, 469, 470Donut (Draw menu), 142DONUT command, 142DONUTID system variable, 142DONUTOD system variable, 142donuts
converting into arcs, 142drawing, 141editing, 142exploding, 142, 293
double lines. See multilinesdrafting properties, controlling, 80Drafting Settings (Tools menu), 71, 72, 164,
165, 167, 169, 180, 183, 277Drafting Settings dialog box, 71
Object Snap tab, 169Polar Tracking tab, 180, 183Snap and Grid tab, 164, 165, 167, 277
Drafting tab (Options dialog box), 80, 183drafting techniques, in 3D modeling, 672drag-and-drop cursor, illustrated, 755dragging
drawings, into open drawings, 52layers, into open drawings, 506objects
into drawings, 755Dynamic Dragging mode, 289
Index | 871
Draw toolbar, 57illustrated, 56
drawing3D modeling, 619–639, 663–6653D modeling techniques, 672arcs, 135–137
in polylines, 124circles, 133–135
tangent to objects, 134, 176construction lines, 189–193curved objects, 133–142donuts, 141ellipses, 139–140elliptical arcs, 140equilateral triangles, 130isometric circles, 141line objects, 124lines, 124–133
in tiled viewports, 226, 227using direct distance entry, 113
multilines, 126, 129objects, 123–161
with polar tracking, 179parallel lines, 124polygons, 130polylines, 124–126
freehand, 132with precision, 163–204rays, 192rectangles, 130for rendering, 671spline curves, 137–139squares, 130xlines, 190–192See also drawings
drawing area, 57dragging another drawing into, 52illustrated, 56right-clicking in, 60shortcut menus in, 59turning off shortcut menus in, 60See also drawing limits
drawing boundaries. See drawing limitsdrawing browser, 53
opening existing drawings, 53–54drawing content management, 491–510
adding content, 504–508custom content, 506resolving name conflicts, 507
finding content, 501–503viewing content, 493–500
from the Internet, 497with the palette, 496–500with tree view, 494–495, 496
drawing database, 64listing information, 201
drawing descriptions, customizing, 509
drawing display, controlling, 205–232drawing environment
in AutoCAD 2000 vs. pre-AutoCAD 2000 releases, 512
redrawing the screen, 64saving settings as profiles, 82setting up, 67–94
making profiles current, 82See also AutoCAD environment
drawing extents, 210, 847displaying, 202illustrated, 847zooming, 215zooming to in 3D orbit view, 604
drawing filesbrowsing through, 53compressed DWF files vs., 822drawing file icon, 56opening, from the Internet, 813searching for, 54sharing with others without AutoCAD, 823storing SQL indexes in, and AutoCAD
performance, 85See also drawings
drawing informationlisting, 201storing, 36See also drawing database; drawing content
managementdrawing interchange format (DXF), 458drawing interchange format files. See DXF filesdrawing limits, 847
illustrated, 847scaling views relative to, 212zooming to, 215
in Aerial View, 219See also drawing extents
Drawing Limits (Format menu), 70drawing order (of objects)
changing, 143regenerating, 144restoring, in externally referenced images,
464drawing orientation, specifying, 526–527drawing projects. See projectsdrawing properties
defining, 86–87listing, 204
Drawing Properties (File menu), 86, 204Drawing Properties dialog box, 86–87, 509drawing scale, and the overall dimension scale,
429See also scale factors
drawing status, displaying, 202drawing time
system variables, 87tracking, 203
872 | Index
drawing tools. See toolsdrawing units
formatting, 68insert units, 68length units, 68specifying, 68, 112
feet and inches, 112precision, 68, 69type, 68, 69
system variables, 69types, 109See also angular units; English units; metric
unitsdrawing Web format files. See DWF filesdrawings
adding content to, 504–508Aerial View window updates, 219archiving, 469attaching xrefs to, 463–464backups, 78binding dependent named objects to, 470binding object properties to, 489binding xrefs to, 469–470, 845closing, 66content management. See drawing content
managementcopying blocks between, 506copying layers between, 506creating new, 47customizing descriptions, 509design phases, 394designing layouts, new features, 37detaching xrefs from, 467dimensioning. See dimensioningdisplaying, 205–232
with Aerial View, 216–219with named views, 220–222with tiled viewports, 223–230without visual elements, 230–232with Zoom and Pan, 206–215
dragging into open drawings, 52dragging objects into, 755embedded, editing, 754, 760embedding objects in, 758–760export file formats, 832–837extracting attribute information from, 454,
456–459grouping related drawings for easy
retrieval, 509import file formats, 838–842initial environment, 849inserting, 450–451isometric drawings, 166–167linked, editing, 753linking
files to, 756objects to, 751, 755
drawings (continued)materials lists, 713multiple
copying between, 55displaying, 55switching between, 55
opening, 52–54with AutoCAD DesignCenter, 501with the drawing browser, 53–54drawings with AutoShade
information, 725from the Internet, 813partially, 52, 311–313settings, 77via hyperlinks, 820, 822See also drawings, starting
organizing related drawings, 509orientation, 526–527partially open
bound xrefs in, 313Find and Replace in, 382loading geometry into, 311, 312, 313,
314plotting. See plottingpreviewing, in-place reference editing and,
490printing. See printingregenerating, 64, 144, 226, 230, 852
and shading, 668thawing layers and, 320
saving, 65export file formats, 832–837incrementally, 85to the Internet, 813, 816, 832with layer and spatial indexes, 471,
472settings, 77
scaling, 286starting, 46–50
from scratch, 46, 47with templates, 47, 49with wizards, 47, 48–49See also drawings, opening
tracking drawing time, 203viewing, 205–232
in 3D, 612–617, 623new features, 34
working drawings, 854xrefs and drawing size, 464xrefs as referenced by, 464zooming. See zoomingSee also block references (instances); drawing
files; templates (for drawings); title blocks; views; xrefs (external references)
DRAWORDER command, 143, 144, 464DSETTINGS command, 71, 72, 165, 167, 169,
181, 277
Index | 873
DSVIEWER command, 216duplicating. See copyingDVIEW command, 616, 667DWF (drawing Web format), 822DWF files, 822, 832
compressed, vs. AutoCAD drawing files,822
format, 822lineweight considerations, 823plotting, 823publishing, 579, 822, 832settings, 825
specifying compression, 824specifying resolution, 823
viewing, 826DWG files. See drawing filesDWGCODEPAGE header variable, restoring, 833DWGPROPS command, 86DWT files, 522, 524DXB files (drawing exchange binary format),
importing, 838DXBIN command, 838DXF files (Drawing Interchange Files), 458, 838
creating, 832format, 458, 847opening, 838
Dynamic coordinate display, 109Dynamic Dragging mode, lengthening objects,
289Dynamic option (ZOOM command), 210Dynamic Update (Options menu in the Aerial
View window), 219dynamic updating, of Aerial View, 219dynamic zooming, 210–211
EEdge Surface option (Surfaces, Draw menu), 630edge-defined surface meshes, creating, 629edges (of 3D solids), 673, 847
coloring, 655copying, 655See also cutting edges; surfaces
EDGESURF command, 629Edit Attribute Definition dialog box, 455Edit Attributes dialog box, 456Edit Link Template option (Templates,
dbConnect menu), 780Edit shortcut menu, 60
customizing, 61turning off in the drawing area, 60
Edit Text dialog box, 352editing
attribute definitions, 455, 485attributes, 456block descriptions, 452blocks, 35, 484-488
discarding changes, 490saving back changes, 489-490
editing (continued)color depth, 683colors, 249, 253–255, 260–263columns, 773dimension properties, 411dimensions, 406–411donuts, 142edges (of 3D solids), 655–656embedded objects, 754, 760faces (of 3D solids), 648–655feature control frames, 437in floating viewports, 530, 537–541groups, 244–245hatches, 149, 308–311hyperlinks, 260–263, 819in-place reference editing, 484label templates, 788labels, 791layers, 249, 251–253, 260–263leader line annotations, 415leader lines, 416linetype scale, 260–263linetypes, 249, 255–256, 260–263lineweights, 249, 256–258, 260–263link data, 783–784link templates, 780linked drawings, 753multilines, 296–298nonrectangular viewports, 544object properties, 249–263
new features, 34with the Object Properties toolbar,
249–260with the Properties window, 260–263
objects, 249–314with grips, 246–248
OLE objects, 753, 754, 760–764plot styles, 249, 250–263, 518, 562–571polygons, 131polylines, 126, 293–295records, 775references, 484slides, 830solids, 36, 645–659spline curves, 138, 298–299text. See editing textthickness, 260–263xrefs, 35, 484–488
discarding changes, 490saving back changes, 489–490
editing commandsand OLE objects, 760selecting objects before choosing, 234, 246,
249using during slide viewing, 831
editing texton the command line, 398dimension text, 398, 410, 411
874 | Index
line text, 351–353in the Multiline Text Editor, 398multiline text objects, 392multiline text, in text editors, 392stacked text, 361–362Windows control keys, 354
Element Properties dialog box, 281, 297ELEV command, 590, 631elevation, 630, 847
changing, 631illustrated, 847setting, 631in UCSs, 590
Ellipse (Draw menu), 140, 141ELLIPSE command, 135, 140ellipses
axes, 139calculating areas/circumferences, 197drawing, 139–140as isometric circles, 141polyline representations of, 146as rendered into PostScript, 836snapping to tangent points on, 176See also objects (AutoCAD)
elliptical arcsdrawing, 140as rendered into PostScript, 836
embedded objects, editing, 754, 760embedding, 750, 847
commands for, 752, 755vs. linking, 750objects, 751
in drawings, 758–760in other documents, 754
Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) files. See PostScript files
encircled sphere (3D orbit view cursor-icon shape), 602
enclosed areas, hatching, 149end caps of multilines, 343end caps. See line end styles, assigning, 546END key, moving the cursor, 262End option (UNDO command), 105Endpoint object snap, 168, 171endpoints, snapping to, 171engineering units, specifying, 112, 423English units
converting metric dimension units to and from, 425
specifying feet and inches, 112in metric drawings, 425
starting drawings based on, 47Enter (command line verb), 96ENTER key, starting new paragraphs, 354environment maps. See reflection mapsenvironments (in databases), 768environments. See AutoCAD environment;
drawing environment; environments (in databases)
ePlot plotter drivers, configuring, 579, 823EPS (Encapsulated PostScript) files. See PostScript
filesequal sign (=) conditional query operator, 796equilateral triangles, drawing, 130Erase (Modify menu), 282, 311ERASE command, 282, 311erasing
freehand lines, 132hatch patterns, 310objects, 282raster images, 733undoing erasing, 282See also deleting
error messages, xref, 479ESC key
canceling changes, 262removing objects from selection sets, 247
evaluating expressions, 194exact dimensions, tolerance format, 426Exactly option (Line Spacing tab, Multiline Text
Editor), 366Excel spreadsheets, as OLE objects, 750Exit (File menu), 66exiting
AutoCAD, 66Grip modes, 247
Explode (Modify menu), 293, 452EXPLODE command, 126, 142, 149, 452exploding
blocks, 452, 847donuts, 142groups, 244hatches, 149objects, 293, 847polygons, 131polylines, 126
Export (File menu), 834EXPORT command, 833Export Links dialog box, 785exporting
3D objects, views, lights, and materials, 834ARG files, 82bitmaps, 835drawings, to the Internet, 813, 816, 832file formats for, 832–837link and label templates, 791links (database), 785–786materials, 713–714PostScript images, 835–837raster images, 834regions, 833
exporting (continued)rendered images, 722screen vectors, 834
Index | 875
solids, 833SQL queries, 804surfaces, 833
expressions (mathematical), evaluating, 194EXTEDGE system variable, 642Extend (Modify menu), 287, 643EXTEND command, 287extended apparent intersections, snapping to,
172extending
3D objects, 642–644dimension lines, 418dimensions, 408objects, 287–289
See also chamferingrays, 289See also stretching
extension lines, 395formatting, 418oblique, 409placing dimension text or arrowheads in
relation to, 421–422temporary, snapping to points on, 177
Extension object snap, 168, 177Extents option (ZOOM command), 215extents. See drawing extentsexternal database commands. See connectivity
command setexternal databases, 765–810
configuring for AutoCAD access, 768–770configuring the sample, 770connecting to, control option, 79See also database objects
External Reference (Insert menu), 464, 465External Reference dialog box, 464external references. See xrefs (external references)external text files, importing, 368–369extract files. See attribute information files;
extraction template filesextracting
attribute information, 454, 456–459coordinates from selected points, 583
extraction template files, 456–459creating, 458sample, 459structure, 457–458
EXTRUDE command, 633, 636, 663Extrude option (Solids Editing, Modify menu),
649Extrude option (Solids, Draw menu), 636extruded solids
creating, 636tapering, 636
extruded text, as rendered into PostScript, 836extruding
faces (of 3D solids), 649
objects, 636extrusion, 848
See also thickness
FF2 key, naming raster images, 742F3 key, turning running object snaps on and off,
170F6 key, cycling through coordinate display
types, 109faces (of 3D objects), 848faces (of 3D solids), 632, 664, 673
angles to lights, 689appearance, 673boundary sets, 648coloring, 654copying, 654deleting, 653distances from lights, 690editing, 648–655extruding, 649intersecting faces, 672limiting, 672moving, 650offsetting, 652, 657overlapping faces, 673rotating, 651tapering, 652types, 673See also back faces (of 3D solids); edges (of 3D
solids)faceted surfaces. See meshes (faceted surfaces)FACETRES system variable, 633, 674, 837
and VIEWRES command, 674fade, adjusting in raster images, 748falloff angle (of spotlights), 685, 695Favorites. See Autodesk Favorites folderfavorites. See frequently used drawing content
sourcesfeature control frames, 437, 848
adding datum reference letters to, 439adding geometric tolerances to, 438appending to leader lines, 415editing, 437illustrated, 437
features (of objects)material condition symbols, 437, 439material conditions, 439See also feature control frames
feetspecifying, 112zero value display suppression, 427
fences, 848selecting objects with, 236
876 | Index
fields (in records), 766specifying for queries, 801updating key values, 783–784See also labels (of fields)
file formats3DS format, 834for attribute information files, 458BMP format, 835CDF format, 458DXB format, 838DXF format, 458, 832EPS format, 835for exporting, 832–837for importing, 838–842for raster files, 728–729SAT format, 833SDF format, 458stereolithograph format, 837STL format, 837WMF format, 839See also files
file locations, specifying, 74–76file names, specifying, 74–76FILEDIA system variable, 103files
acad.fmp file, 380acad.psf file, 837ACIS files, 833, 839attribute information files, 457, 458–459CDF files, 458CUS file, 387DXB files, 838extraction template files, 456–459FMP files, 380fontmap.ps file, 842linking files to drawings, 756log files, 480saving rendered images to, 717, 718script files, 852SDF files, 458slide files, 852STL files, 837support files, 844temporary files, 853XLG files, 480See also BMP files; drawing files; DWF files;
DXF files; libraries; menu files; text files; CTB files; STB files; PC3 files; acad14.cfg files; PCP files; PC2 files
Files tab (Options dialog box), 74–76, 380, 388, 474, 476–478, 815
FILL command, 230fill lights, 684, 685fill patterns, scaling, 565fill styles, assigning, 570Fillet (Modify menu), 304, 646FILLET command, 646
fillet radius, setting, 304filleting
3D objects, 644arcs, 306circles, 306lines, 305, 306objects, 304–308
without trimming, 305parallel lines, 308polylines, 306–308solids, 646
FILLETRAD system variable, 304fillets (fillet arcs) placement, 304–308
in 3D, 644FILLMODE system variable, 142, 145, 230fills, 848
assigning plot style fills, 570PostScript fills in 2D polylines, 841See also solid fills
FILTER command, 240filtering
aliasing (in rendering), 708layers, 327–329linetypes, 337selection sets, 238–241
filters. See layer filters; point filters (coordinate filters)
Find (Edit menu), 383, 384Find and Replace dialog box (Multiline Text
Editor), 366–367, 382FIND command, 383, 384Find dialog box (AutoCAD DesignCenter),
501–503loading the palette, 503search criteria, 502search tabs, 503
findingdatabase records, 775drawing content, 501–503See also finding and replacing text; searching
finding and replacing text, 382–384multiline text, 366search criteria, 382selecting found text, 384
first angle projection (3D design), 588Fit options (New Dimension Style dialog box),
421fit points (for spline curves), 298, 848
approximation points, 844interpolation points, 849moving, 298
fit polylines (smoothed polylines), 295converting into spline curves, 137creating, 137, 298editing, 295joining, 295vs. spline curves, 137, 295
Index | 877
Fit tabModify Dimension Style dialog box, 433New Dimension Style dialog box, 417, 421
Fit to Object mapping, 709Fit to Object materials, maintaining
orientations, 708fitting dimension text outside extension lines,
421–422Fixed Scale mapping, 709Fixed Scale materials, 708, 709, 711flat projections. See parallel projections (of 3D
views); perspective projections (of 3D views)
flat shading, 668floating layers and properties in blocks,
guidelines, 446floating toolbars, 58floating viewport properties, modifying, 533floating viewports, 530–544, 848
aligning views and objects, 540attaching plot style tables to, 530, 537benefits of, 530clipping, 543configuration options, 516configurations of, 533controlling layer visibility, 321creating, 531–533dimensioning in, 430editing in, 530, 537–541freezing and thawing layers, 321irregular. See nonrectangular viewportsmodifying properties, 533placing in layouts, 531–533redefining the boundaries of, 543resizing, 537rotating views, 541scale locking, 534scaling, 517, 537
modifying the scale, 538scaling views, 537screening objects in, 535switching between paper space and, 531vs. tiled viewports, 224turning on and off, 536visibility in, 534–536See also nonrectangular viewports
Flood island detection method, 151flyout buttons, 92flyout icons, editing/creating, 93Flyout Properties dialog box, 92, 93flyouts, 56, 90, 92
creating, 92FMP files, 380Font Map file, 842font mapping, 380
in importing PostScript files, 842
font mapping tables, 380creating, 380specifying, 380–381
FONTALT system variable, 381FONTMAP system variable, 380, 381fontmap.ps file, 842fonts, 373, 848
alternative default, specifying, 381assigning to text styles, 373Big Fonts, 374declaring, 842PostScript fonts, 380proxy fonts, 375scaling OLE text objects by, 762SHX fonts, 374, 375, 380specifying, 358, 374, 375, 390substitute font file name, 380substituting, 374, 380–381substitution rules, 382Unicode fonts, 374See also Big Fonts; font mapping; TrueType
fontsform tolerances (geometric), 438Form View tab (Plot Style Table Editor), 562format codes, for multiline text, 389–391formatting
Data View window, 777dimension lines, 418dimension text, 419–421, 422–425extension lines, 418fractions, 359–362, 423labels, 790tolerances, 359–362See also formatting text
formatting textcharacters, 349, 357–362dimension text, 419–421line text, 349multiline text, 356–368
in text editors, 389–392stacked text, 359–362words, 349, 357–362
forward slash. See slash ( / )fractional units
formatting, 423specifying, 112, 423zero feet/inch display suppression, 427
fractions, formatting, 359–362Frame option, Image option (Object, Modify
menu), 745freehand lines
ensuring accuracy on slow computers, 133erasing, 132sketching, 131–133
freezing columns, 774
878 | Index
freezing layers, 319, 320–322, 848in floating viewports, 321vs. turning off layers, 319
frequently used drawing content sourceslisting favorites, 509organizing favorites, 509organizing related drawings and related
blocks, 509–510storing favorites, 508
From option (object snaps), 177with Tangent object snap, 176
frozen layers, applying nonrectangular viewports to, 544
GGDT symbols, inserting, 359General tab
Drawing Properties dialog box, 87Plot Style Table Editor, 562
geometric characteristic symbols, 438illustrated, 437
geometric points. See points (geometric)Geometric Tolerance dialog box, 438, 442geometric tolerances, 437–442
adding, 397, 438composite, 441–442form tolerances, 438positional tolerances, 438projected tolerances, 440
geometry, 311loading into partially open drawings, 311,
312, 313, 314glass box, visualizing 3D objects in, 589Global (Aerial View menu), 219global linetype scale, setting, 338–339Gouraud renderings, 679Gouraud shading, 669graphical objects. See objects (AutoCAD)graphics area. See drawing areagraphics cursor. See crosshairsgraphics window (graphics area), 848graphics window (graphics area) See also
AutoCAD window’greater than or equal’ (>=) query operator, 796’greater than’ (>) query operator, 796grid, 848grid (Data View window), elements, 772grid (drawing area), 69, 71, 164
aligning, 164in 3D orbit view, 608setting limits, 69setting spacing, 71and the snap, 72turning on and off, 71UCS orientation and, 113See also snap (snap grid)
GRID command, 165and 3DORBIT command, 609
grid limits, setting, 69grid lines, in 3D orbit view, 609Grid mode. See grid (drawing area)Grip modes, 247, 848grip points, and dimension definition points,
406GRIPBLOCK system variable, 247grips, 109, 246, 848
and AutoCAD performance, 85base grips, 247within blocks, 246, 247determining coordinates, 109editing dimensions, 406editing hatches, 311editing multiline text objects, 362, 368editing nonrectangular viewports, 544editing objects, 246–248and groups, 246illustrated, 246making multiple copies with, 248, 268marking objects with, 246mirroring objects, 274preference options, 82rotating objects, 281scaling objects, 286stretching objects with, 284for text objects, 351turning on, 246
GROUP command, 243, 245group selection, toggling, 244grouping related drawings for easy retrieval, 509groups, 242–245
creating, 242–243deleting (exploding), 244editing, 244–245and grips, 246highlighting members, 242listing groups of which objects are
members, 242object selection cycling, 244reordering members, 242, 245selectability, 242selecting, 244selecting objects in, 242–245
preference options, 82
Hhandles, 848Hatch (Draw menu), 149, 153, 156hatch areas. See hatch boundaries; islands (in
hatch areas)hatch boundaries, 151
boundary sets, 153–154defining, 150–154
with boundary sets, 153–154with island detection methods,
151–153by specifying points, 150
Index | 879
hatch boundaries (continued)editing, 308, 309, 311selecting, 309
HATCH command, 149, 150, 151Hatch Edit dialog box, 309, 310Hatch option (Object, Modify menu), 309, 310Hatch Pattern Palette dialog box, 156hatch patterns, 155–156
dissociation of, 309editing, 308, 309–311erasing, 310ISO hatch patterns, 155, 156predefined, 155removing associativity, 149, 309user-defined, 155
hatch properties, copying, 263hatch styles. See island detection stylesHATCHEDIT command, 149, 309, 310hatches, 148
associative. See associative hatchescopying properties, 263creating, 148–156editing, 149, 308–311exploding, 149See also hatch boundaries; hatch patterns;
hatching; islandshatching, 146, 148–156
associative, 844the cross-sectional cutting plane, 647enclosed areas, 149nonrectangular viewports, 542objects, 150See also hatch boundaries; hatch patterns;
hatchesheader variables (Release 12 DXF files),
restoring, 833Help, 41
accessing Help topics, 42See also documentation (AutoCAD)
HELP command, 42Help topics, accessing, 42Hewlett-Packard devices, plotting with, 576hidden lines (in 3D objects), removing. See hiding
hidden linesHidden option (Shade, View menu), 667Hidden option (VPMODE command), 667hidden surfaces, removing, 670–672hidden-line images, 662
creating, 666–667smoothness, 633
Hide (View menu), 666HIDE command, 319, 617, 666Hide option (DVIEW command), 667Hideplot option
MVIEW command, 535VPORTS command, 535
HIDEPLOT property, 529
hidingbackground objects, 666columns, 773hyperlink cursor display, 820objects, 319OLE objects, 763, 764raster image boundaries, 744raster images, 734the text window, 100toolbars, 58See also hiding hidden lines
hiding hidden lines, 529, 535, 617, 666abutting objects and, 664in drawings, 666intersecting objects and, 664, 665objects on hidden layers and, 665of selected objects, 667on solids, 667surfaces defined for, 663–664
HIGHLIGHT system variable, 232, 234highlighting
group members, 242raster images, 733selected objects, 232
highlights. See specular reflection (highlights)HLS color system, 690, 849HOME key, moving the cursor, 262home page.See Autodesk Web sitehook lines, 412, 415
See also leader lineshorizontal dimensions, 397
illustrated, 394, 397specifying, 398See also dimensions; linear dimensions
horizontal ellipse (3D orbit view cursor-icon shape), 602
horizontal method, drawing xlines, 191Hot Grips shortcut menu, 60hotspot angle (of spotlights), 685, 695hues, of colors, 690Hyperlink (Insert menu), 819, 821hyperlink cursor, turning on and off, 820Hyperlink shortcut menu, restoring, 820HYPERLINKBASE system variable, 817hyperlinks, 817–822
in blocks, 821converting URLs from Release 14 to, 822creating, 817, 820editing, 260–263, 819, 820jumping to a named view in a file, 818opening files associated with, 820, 822preference settings, 80relative vs. absolute, 820removing, 819
hyphen (-)dialog box suppression character, 102wild-card character, 160
880 | Index
IID command, 201
determining coordinates, 109ID Point option (Inquiry, Tools menu), 194, 200IGES (International Graphics Exchange
Specification), 849Ignore island detection style, 155Image Adjust dialog box, 748IMAGE command, 731, 733, 742Image dialog box, attaching and scaling raster
images, 731Image Manager
changing raster image paths, 742detaching images, 733displaying, 737naming raster images, 742previewing raster images, 740unloading and reloading images, 732viewing image information, 737–740
image mapping (in rendering), 706–713anti-aliasing in, 708coordinates, 707as cropping, 709process steps, 707projection effects, 708, 711projection types, 711–713scaling, 707styles, 709as tiling, 708, 711See also rendering maps
image orientation, and paper orientation, 552IMAGEADJUST command, 748IMAGEATTACH command, 731IMAGECLIP command, 735, 736, 737IMAGEFRAME command, 738IMAGEQUALITY command, 734images. See 3D images; hidden-line images; image
mapping (in rendering); PostScript images; raster images; rendered images; shaded images
imperial units. See English unitsimplied boundaries, extending objects to, 288implied intersections, trimming objects to,
289–292importing
3D Studio files, 839ACIS files, 839ARG files, 82DXB files, 838file formats for, 838–842link and label templates, 791materials, 706, 713–714plotter configuration settings, 524PostScript files, 840–842RTF files, 368
importing (continued)SQL queries, 804text files, 359, 368WMF files, 839–840
Imprint option (Solids Editing, Modify menu),656
imprinting objects on solids, 656improving AutoCAD performance. See
performance optimizationinches
specifying, 112zero value display suppression, 427
incremental saves, and AutoCAD performance,85
INDEXCTL system variable, 473indexes
layer, 472layer and spatial
saving drawings with, 471spatial, 313, 472SQL, 85
indexes, layer and spatialsaving drawings with, 472
indexing objects in xrefs, 471, 472infinite lines. See construction linesinitial environment, 849in-place reference editing, 35, 484–490In-place Xref (Modify menu), 486Inquiry (Tools menu), 194–203inquiry methods, 201–204inscribed polygons, drawing, 130INSERT command, 451, 453Insert dialog box, inserting blocks, 451Insert Object dialog box, 759Insert OLE Object (Insert menu), 755Insert option (XREF command), 469inserting
blocks (block references), 444, 450–451default scale and rotation method, 504at intervals, 186–189specified coordinates, scale, and
rotation method, 504with AutoCAD DesignCenter, 504–505
custom drawing content, 506drawings, 450–451paper space objects, 450points, at intervals, 186–189special characters, 359text files, by dragging from Windows
Explorer, 369xrefs, 469, 470See also attaching; embedding; importing;
loadinginsertion base point, specifying, 448, 450Insertion object snap, 168, 174
Index | 881
insertion pointinsertion base point, 448, 450snapping to, 174
INSERTOBJ command, 755, 756, 759Installation Guide, 39INSUNITS system variable, 69Intellimouse, 63
panning, 63joystick panning, 208in Realtime mode, 208
zooming in Realtime mode, 207interactive viewing in 3D, 601–611INTERFERE command, 639internal dimension lines, forcing, 422internal points (within hatch areas), specifying,
148, 149International Graphics Exchange Specification
(IGES), 849International Standards Organization (ISO), 849Internet, 811–822
accessing drawing content, 497attaching raster images from, 743attaching xrefs from, 816definition used in this guide, 812navigating, 814–816opening drawings from, 813saving drawings to, 813, 816, 832sharing design information, 37specifying the default location, 814See also hyperlinks; ePlot
Internet Explorer, system requirements, 812, 813, 826
interpolation points, 849See also fit points (for spline curves)
INTERSECT command, 147, 638Intersect operation (Link Select), 805Intersect option (Solids Editing, Modify menu),
639Intersection object snap, 168, 172intersections
editing, 296implied, trimming objects to, 289–292nearest, trimming objects to, 292snapping to, 172of solids, 638
intervals, specifying, 186–189inverse linear attenuation of light, 690inverse square attenuation of light, 690inverting layer filters, 329irregular viewports. See nonrectangular viewports’is not null’ query operator, 796’is null’ query operator, 796island detection methods, 151
defining hatch boundaries, 151–153vs. island detection styles, 154
island detection styles, 149–155vs. island detection methods, 154
islands, 849islands (in hatch areas), 148, 151
removing, 153See also island detection methods; island
detection stylesISO (International Standards Organization), 849ISO 8859 Latin/1 character set, as rendered into
PostScript, 836ISO hatch patterns, specifying, 155, 156ISO linetypes in plot styles, 565ISO pen width, specifying, 339ISOLINES system variable, 633isometric circles, drawing, 141isometric drawings, 166–167isometric planes, 166–167isometric snap style, 849Isometric Snap/Grid mode, setting, 166–167isometric views, 166–167, 588ISOPLANE command, 167italics, formatting text in, 354, 358
JJoin option (Viewports, View menu), 226Join Style and plotting, 570joining
polylines, 295tiled viewports, 226
Joins and lineweight, 344joystick panning, 208justification
format codes, 390line text, 349–351
options (illustrated), 350multiline text, 363–364, 391
options (illustrated), 363
KKanji text, handling of, 374keyboard shortcuts, Properties window, 262
LLabel Fields tab, 787Label Offset tab, 790Label Template dialog box, 787label templates
creating, 786editing, 788importing and exporting, 791
labels (of fields), 766, 786–791creating, 786–791creating links with, 788editing, 791formatting, 790updating, 790
landings. See hook lineslandscape orientation, 526–527
882 | Index
languages, checking spelling in other languages,386
LASTPOINT system variable, 201Layer (Format menu), 317–326layer colors
assigning, 323assigning to pens, 331default color, 316, 331See also colors
LAYER command, 318–326, 332, 334, 343Layer control (Object Properties toolbar),
251–253layer filters
defaults, 329inverting, 329saving, 328
layer indexes, 472saving drawings with, 471, 472
layer linetypesassigning, 324default linetype, 316
layer lineweightsassigning, 325default lineweight, 316
layer lists, copying, 318layer names, resolving conflicts, 508layer plot styles, 572
assigning, 326changing, 574default style, 316
layer propertiesassigning, 323–327, 330–331changing, 253copying, 263defaults, 316, 317dependent layer properties, 474filtering layers based on, 327–329inheritance, 318listing, 318See also BYLAYER property; layer colors; layer
linetypes; layer lineweights; layer plot styles
Layer Properties Manager, 36, 319accessing, 253assigning layer colors, 324assigning linetypes, 324assigning lineweights, 325assigning plot styles, 326changing plot styles, 574deleting layers, 330freezing/thawing layers, 320, 322illustrated, 317locking/unlocking layers, 323renaming layers, 329turning layers on and off, 320turning plotting on and off for visible
layers, 323
layers, 315–330, 849block values, 250, 445for chamfers, 300colors. See layer colorscopying, between drawings, 506creating, 316–318DEFPOINTS layer, 330, 407deleting, 330displaying DWF file layers, 826editing, 249, 251–253, 260–263for fillets, 304filtering, 327–329freezing, 319, 320–322
in floating viewports, 321illustrated, 445linetypes. See layer linetypeslineweights. See layer lineweightslisting, 318locked. See locked layerslocking and unlocking, 323making current, 252, 318named, 158new, 318for OLE objects, changing, 764organization of, 316, 317plot styles. See layer plot stylesplotting, 319properties. See layer propertiesfor raster images, changing, 745renaming, 329selecting, 320sorting, 319thawing, 320–322
in floating viewports, 321transferring objects to, 251turning on and off, 319turning plotting on and off for visible
layers, 322visibility, 316
controlling, 319–323xref-dependent layers, 251, 313, 318, 474See also layer colors; layer linetypes; layer
properties; named objectsLAYOUT command, 523layout tabs, 57, 512, 514, 515, 546
illustrated, 56Layout tabs, shortcut menu, 62layout templates, 512, 522
applying PCP/PC2 settings to, 523creating layouts with, 512–524saving, 524specifying, 523
Layout wizard, 515–517layouts, 513
applying page setups to, 512, 548attaching plot style tables to, 559copying, 522
Index | 883
layouts (continued)creating, 514, 517, 519designing, 512, 513
new features, 37layer visibility in a floating viewport, 316lineweight display, 345moving, 522named, 158new features, 37placing floating viewports in, 531–533placing viewport configurations in, 533renaming, 518scaling dimensions to, 424, 429setting options, 76, 525–530working spaces, 531
Leader (Dimension menu), 397, 414, 415leader line annotations
creating, 412–415editing, 415leader lines as associated with, 415rotating, 415See also leader lines
leader lines, 412appending feature control frames to, 415as associated with leader line annotations,
415creating and formatting, 397, 412–415creating spline leaders, 414editing, 416multiline text attachment options, 413multiple, 416properties, 412resizing, 416scaling, 416spline, 414types, 413See also arrowheads; hook lines; leader line
annotationsLeader Settings dialog box, 412Learning Assistance. See AutoCAD 2000 Learning
Assistancelearning AutoCAD, 38–42, 95least material condition symbol , 439left mouse button. See pick button (mouse)lemon-shaped solids, creating, 635length units, setting, 68Lengthen (Modify menu), 289LENGTHEN command, 289lengthening objects, 289lengths (of objects)
chamfering objects by specifying, 301changing, 289
’less than or equal’ (<=) query operator, 796’less than’ (<) query operator, 796letters, selecting, 357libraries
search paths, 844slide libraries, 852
libraries of materials, importing and exporting materials to and from, 713–714
lightambient light, 684, 693, 843attenuation, 685, 690, 844color systems, 690distant light, 684light colors, 699reflection types, 691–693See also lights (for rendering)
light blocks (pre-Release 13), updating of, 725light bulbs, simulating light from, 685light colors, 699LIGHT command, 695–699Light option (Render, View menu), 694lighting principles, 689–694lightness, of colors, 690lights (for rendering)
adding, 694–695ambient light, 684, 693angles of faces to, 689deleting, 696distances of faces from, 690distant light, 684export file format, 834fill lights, 684, 685intensity, 695modifying, 696–699point lights, 685positioning, 695, 696–699removing from the current scene, 695settings, 695and shadows, 683spotlights, 685surface reflection, 691–693surface reflection colors, 700types, 683–686See also light
Lights dialog box, 694Lights option (Render, View menu), 696’like’ operator, conditional query operator, 796limits
grid limits, 69specifying tolerances as, 426See also drawing limits
LIMITS command, 70, 211LIMMAX system variable, 70LIMMIN system variable, 70Line (Draw menu), 113, 124LINE command, 113, 124, 125line end styles, assigning, 570line join styles, assigning, 570line objects, drawing, 124line segments, 124
end caps, 343filleting, 305snapping to points on, 176
Line Spacing tab (Multiline Text Editor), 357, 365–366
884 | Index
line spacing, multiline text objects, 365–366line text, 348
aligning, 349–351options (illustrated), 349
assigning text styles to, 351creating, 348editing, 351–353formatting, 349
line text objects, 351, 352modifying properties, 352
line widths. See lineweightsLinear (Dimension menu), 396, 398linear dimension scale, 424, 428
setting, 424, 428, 430linear dimensions
creating, 396, 397–398definition points (illustrated), 406illustrated, 394, 397rotated. See rotated dimensionsstarting, 397types, 397See also aligned dimensions; baseline
dimensions; continued dimensions; dimensions; horizontal dimensions; ordinate dimensions; vertical dimensions
line-hiding. See hiding hidden lineslines
baselines, 845centerlines, 395, 401, 419chamfering, 301chamfers, 300construction, 189–193creating meshes between, 626dimensioning, 397–398drawing, 124–133
in tiled viewports, 226, 227filleting, 305, 306infinite, 189–193joining to polylines, 295line segments, 124mirror lines, 273–275miter joints, 343offsetting, 124parallel lines, 124rubber-band line, 852starting at the end of arcs, 137tessellation lines, 633, 674, 853types, 124See also construction lines; dimension lines;
extension lines; freehand lines; leader lines; line segments; linetypes; multilines; objects (AutoCAD); polylines; rays; xlines
lines (of text)starting new, 354wordwrapping, 391See also line text; multiline text
Lines and Arrows tabModify Dimension Style dialog box, 433New Dimension Style dialog box, 417
Linetype (Format menu), 333, 337, 338LINETYPE command, 124, 334, 335, 337, 539Linetype control (Object Properties toolbar),
255–256, 334linetype definitions, 333linetype descriptions, changing, 337Linetype Manager, 255, 256, 333
changing linetype descriptions, 337filtering linetypes, 337loading linetypes, 333making a linetype current, 334setting the global linetype scale, 338
linetype patterns, completing, 569linetype scale
copying, 263editing, 260–263global, setting, 338–339non-ISO linetypes, 565
linetypes, 124, 324, 333–339, 849assigning plot style linetypes, 569assigning to layers, 324AutoCAD vs. plotter, 334block values, 250, 445copying, 263default, 124definitions, 333deleting, 336descriptions, 337displaying, 335editing, 249, 255–256, 260–263extracting information from PCP, PC2, or
acad14.cfg files, 576filtering, 337for freehand sketching, 131illustrated, 333loading, 333making current, 124, 256, 334named, 158noncontinuous, selecting objects with, 234overriding object linetypes with plot styles,
569of raster images, changing, 745renaming, 335scale factor, 338scaling, 338–339
non-ISO linetypes, 565in paper space, 339, 539
stopping false linetyping, 566See also linetype scale; named objects
Lineweight (Format menu), 343, 344Lineweight control (Object Properties toolbar),
256–258lineweight scale, setting, 529Lineweight Settings dialog box, 325
Index | 885
lineweights, 325, 339assigning plot style lineweights, 569assigning to layers, 325assigning to objects, 238block values, 250, 445copying, 263default, 340displaying, 343–345editing, 249, 250, 256–258, 260–263in exported drawings, 340extracting information from PCP, PC2, or
acad14.cfg files, 576making current, 258, 342objects not displaying, 342overriding object lineweights with plot
styles, 569plotting, 520from pre-AutoCAD 2000 formats, 340preference settings, 80and raster images, 342scaling, 520setting, 340specifying, 549
for dimension lines, 418turning off in plotted DWF files, 822turning on and off, 345values, 340
table, 340 See also named objects
Link Conversion (dbConnect menu), 808, 810link data
editing, 783–784viewing, 780–783
Link Manager, updating key field values,783–784
Link Select, 767, 805–807set operations, 805
link templatescreating, 778editing, 780importing and exporting, 791
linked drawingsediting, 753updating, 753
linked image paths (raster images), 729linking, 750
commands for (OLE), 752, 755database records to graphical objects,
778–779vs. embedding, 750files to drawings, 756objects to drawings, 751, 755server files, 756views to other application documents, 270,
752See also attaching
links (database), 766, 786converting from previous releases, 808creating, 778–779, 788exporting, 785–786with labels, 788limitations, 786to objects with associated labels, 788saving AutoCAD 2000 links to earlier
formats, 810Links (Insert menu), 755links (OLE), 849
breaking, 758changing, 757reconnecting, 757updating, 750, 756
Links dialog box (OLE links), 757, 758LISP files, loading control option, 79LIST command, 202
determining coordinates, 109List option (Inquiry, Tools menu), 202List View option (Image Manager), 738List View option (Xref Manager), 461–462listing
database information, 201drawing properties, 204drawing time, 203groups of which objects are members, 242layers and layer properties, 318properties, 201raster images, 737–739, 740symbol tables, 481tiled viewport configurations, 229xrefs (xref definitions), 461, 480
LMC, least material condition symbol, 439Load or Reload Linetypes dialog box, 334Load Palette dialog box, 496, 497, 508loading
demand loading xrefs, 470–474geometry, into partially open drawings,
311, 312, 313, 314linetypes, 333raster images, 732See also attaching
locating points, 108, 200Lock Aspect Ratio option (Scale OLE Object dialog
box), 761locked layers, 323
editing objects on, 250working sets and, 487
locking layers, 323log files, maintaining, 78long symbol names, control option, 79Look Up Values option (Query Editor), 797loops, creating regions from, 146lowercase, changing text to, 354, 358LTSCALE system variable, 339, 539
886 | Index
LUNITS system variable, 69LUPREC system variable, 69LWDEFAULT system variable, 340LWDISPLAY system variable, 257, 345LWEIGHT command, 258, 340, 343LWUNITS system variable, 340
Mmagnet (AutoSnap lock), 170magnifying views. See zoomingmain window. See AutoCAD windowMake option (Block, Draw menu), 436, 447, 452managing drawing content. See drawing content
managementmanuals, printed, 39mapping. See color mapping; font mapping;
image mapping (in rendering)maps
color maps, 846shadow maps, 687See also rendering maps
Mark option (UNDO command), 105markers (AutoSnap), 170, 171
See also blips; center marks; point markersMASSPROP command, 198Match Properties (Modify menu), 265matching properties. See copying, propertiesMATCHPROP command, 265material condition symbols, 439
illustrated, 437material conditions (of features), 439material orientations, Auto Axis calculations,
670materials (for rendering), 699
attaching, 704–705attributes, 701color variables (surface color variations),
700coloring, 702–703defining, 699, 701–703detaching, 705display in 3D views, 599duplicating, 704export file format, 834exporting, 713–714Fit to Object materials, 708Fixed Scale materials, 708, 709, 711importing, 706, 713–714maintaining orientations, 708modifying, 704projecting patterns on, 702properties, 699refractive index, 700rendering priorities, 706solid materials, 710transparency, 700
Materials dialog box, attaching materials, 704Materials Library dialog box, 713–714Materials Library option (Render, View menu),
713materials lists (in drawings), 713Materials option (Render, View menu), 701, 704mathematical expressions, evaluating, 194mathematical operators, 194MATLIB command, 714MAXACTVP system variable, 322maximum material condition symbol , 439MBUTTONPAN system variable, 63MEASURE command, 186, 187Measure option (Point, Draw menu), 187MEASUREINIT system variable, 48MEASUREMENT system variable, 48measurement units. See angular units; dimension
units; drawing units; English units; metric units
measuring objects in intervals, 186–188starting points, 186
Mechanical Desktop, 620memory (RAM)
displaying free space, 202freeing up. See performance optimization
menu bar, 56illustrated, 56
MENU command, 831menu files, 56
default, 56menus, 56
button menus, 845custom, 74See also menu files; shortcut menus
merging renderings with background images,681–683
meshes (faceted surfaces), 620, 622closing, 624components, 673converting AutoSurf surfaces into, 674Coons surface patch meshes, 629creating, 628–632
between objects, 626for smooth shading, 673–674
density, 622, 673, 674as displayed as wireframes, 623edge-defined surface meshes, 629open vs. closed, 622polyface meshes, 625–626polygon meshes, 624–625predefined surface meshes, 623rectangular meshes, 624–625ruled surface meshes, 626simulating with elevation/thickness,
630–632surface of revolution meshes, 628
Index | 887
meshes (faceted surfaces) (continued)tabulated surface meshes, 628uses, 622
metafiles. See WMF filesmetric units
converting English dimension units to/from, 425
specifying feet and inches, in imperial unit drawings, 425
starting drawings based on, 47Microsoft Internet Explorer, system
requirements, 812, 813Microsoft ODBC, 768Microsoft OLE DB, 768Microsoft Windows. See Windows 95middle button (three-button mouse), 63Midpoint object snap, 168, 171midpoints, snapping to, 171migrating. See convertingminus sign (-)
mathematical operator, 194zoom cursor, 207
Mirror (Modify menu), 274MIRROR command, 274, 275, 639mirror lines, 273–275MIRROR3D command, 642mirroring
3D objects, 642objects, 273–275, 849text, 274, 351
MIRRTEXT system variable, 274, 351missing reference files, 479mistakes
redoing actions, 105undoing actions, 104See also deleting; erasing; UNDO command
miter joints, 343MLEDIT command, 296MLINE command, 124, 125MLSTYLE command, 129, 298MMC, maximum material condition symbol,
439Model button (status bar), 58, 531model space, 850
dimensioning in, 430, 431grid limits, 70lineweight display, 343setting the linear dimension scale, 430slide appearance in, 830switching from paper space to, 530switching to paper space from, 517viewing drawings in, 612See also Model tab; tiled viewports
Model tab, 57, 512illustrated, 56shortcut menu, 62
models, 849See also 3D Modeling; 3D objects; drawings;
objects (AutoCAD)modes, 849Modify Dimension Style dialog box, 433Modify Light dialog box, 696Modify Standard Material dialog box, 704Modify toolbar, 57
illustrated, 56modifying. See editingmonitor resolution, and slide appearance, 830mouse, 63
Intellimouse, 63mouse buttons, 62, 63
See also pick button (mouse); return button (mouse)
Move (Modify menu), 278MOVE command, 278, 368, 639move cursor, 763Move Faces option (Solids Editing, Modify
menu), 650Move UCS option (UCS, Tools menu), 593moving
columns, 773dimension text in relation to extension
lines, 421–422faces (of 3D solids), 650layouts, 522multiline text objects, 368objects, 278
by stretching, 283OLE objects, 763raster images, 745UCSs, 592–593See also converting
MSLIDE command, 830MTEXT command, 348, 353–366, 389, 392mtext. See multiline textMTEXTED system variable, 388, 392Multiline (Draw menu), 126Multiline Edit Tools dialog box, 297multiline intersections, editing, 296Multiline option (Object, Modify menu), 296,
297Multiline Properties dialog box, 128, 297multiline scale, 129Multiline Style (Format menu), 127, 128, 297multiline styles
creating, 126–129default file, 127editing, 297naming, 129saving, 129using existing, 129
Multiline Styles dialog box, 127, 297
888 | Index
multiline text, 353–762creating, 354–356
in text editors, 389editing, in text editors, 392finding and replacing, 366–367format codes, 389–391formatting, 356–368
in text editors, 389–392and leader lines, attachment options, 413specifying text editors for, 387–388See also multiline text objects; text styles
Multiline Text Editor, 354Character tab, 357, 357–362editing keys, 354editing labels, 791editing text, 398entering text, 354, 355Find/Replace tab, 366–367formatting options, 356–357Line Spacing tab, 357, 365–366Properties tab, 362–365
multiline text objectsboundaries, 368, 391height, 354line spacing, 365–366moving, 368properties, 354, 357, 362–365rotation, 365, 378, 391text style changes and, 372width, 354, 365See also multiline text; Multiline Text Editor
Multiline Text option (Text, Draw menu), 355, 368, 389, 391
multiline text properties, setting, 354, 357, 362–365
multilines, 126–129adding elements to, 127background fills, 126, 129capping, 128coloring, 129drawing, 126, 129editing, 296–298end caps, 126illustrated, 126joints, 126, 128properties, 127scale, 129See also multiline styles
multiple copies, making, 248, 267, 268Multiple Copy mode, 248multiple database tables, searching, 802multiple documents, 34
switching to Single Document mode from,79
multiple drawingscopying between, 55displaying, 55switching between, 55
multiple object snaps. See running object snapsmultiple objects, editing object properties, 263multiple viewports, 117
defining different UCSs for, 117displaying the UCS icon in, 121in 3D, 594–596modifying settings, 121
MVIEW command, command options, 535
Nname conflicts, resolving, when adding drawing
content, 507Named Layer Filters dialog box, 328named objects, 157–161
bound, 469dependent. See dependent named objects (in
xrefs)naming, 159in partially open drawings, 311purging, 161renaming, 159
in groups, 160types, 158
named page setups. See page setupsNAMED plot style, 572named plot style tables
adding/deleting plot styles in, 560converting pen settings from previous
AutoCAD versions into, 578creating, 557–558
named plot styles, 555named queries. See stored queriesNamed UCS option (UCS, Tools menu), 118, 120named UCSs, 158
saving UCS settings in, 595named viewport configurations. See viewport
configurationsNamed Viewports option (Viewports, View
menu), 226, 228named views, 220–222, 850
activating named views in DWF files, 827deleting, 222naming, 220–222and rendering, 715restoring, 220, 222saving, 220, 220–222See also views
Named Views (View menu), 221, 222naming
multiline styles, 129named objects, 159named views, 220–222raster images, 742text styles, 371user coordinate systems, 118See also file names; renaming
Index | 889
navigatingdrawing content, 498the Internet, 814–816
nearest intersection, trimming objects to, 292Nearest object snap, 169, 177nested blocks, 445nested xref paths, changing, 475nested xrefs, 463
clipped, 482nesting, blocks, 445networks, demand loading xrefs on, 471, 473New (File menu), 47NEW command, 48, 49, 50, 51New Dimension Style dialog box
creating dimension styles, 417setting dimension styles, 419–421tabs, 417
New Distant Light dialog box, 698new features in AutoCAD 2000, 34–38New Label Template (Templates, dbConnect
menu), 787New Label Template dialog box, 787New Link Template (Templates, dbConnect
menu), 778New Link Template dialog box, 779New Standard Materials dialog box, 701–703New Text Style dialog box, 371New Toolbar dialog box, 90New UCS (Tools menu), options, 114, 118New View dialog box, 221New Viewports option (Viewports, View menu),
224, 532Node object snap, 168, 174, 186Node snap mode, selecting dimensions, 406nodes, 850non-ASCII characters, handling of, 374nonbreaking spaces, inserting, 359, 390noncontinuous linetypes, selecting objects
with, 234None object snap, 169, 177non-ISO linetypes, scaling, 565nonrectangular viewports, 542–544
applying to frozen layers, 544creating, 542–543editing, 544hatching, 542zooming and panning in, 544
Normal island detection style, 151, 155NORMAL plot style, 562, 572normals (of surfaces), 670, 673, 850“not equal” (< >) query operator, 796noun/verb selection, 850
preference options, 82Noun/Verb Selection option (Object Selection
Settings dialog box), 234, 246NURBS curves. See spline curves (NURBS curves)NURBS surfaces, export file format, 833
Oobject colors, 331–332
assigning to pens, 331, 550, 554color names, 331color numbers, 331converting to gray scale, 566default color, 331editing, 249, 253–255, 260–263making current, 255, 332modifying with plot style screening, 568overriding with plot style color, 566plotting with solid colors, 566and shadows, 687specifying, 331See also colors
Object Grouping dialog box, 242–243object layers
editing, 249, 251–253, 260–263making current, 316
object linetypesediting, 249, 255–256, 260–263making current, 256overriding with plot style linetypes, 569
object lineweightsblock values, 250copying, 263editing, 249, 256–258, 260–263making current, 258overriding with plot style lineweights, 569
object linking and embedding. See OLE; OLE objects
object mappers, maintaining material orientations, 708, 711
Object option (VPORTS command), 543object plot styles, 572object properties, 319
assigning to block objects, 446binding to drawings, 489block values, 250copying, 55, 263–266
settings, 266editing, 249–263
new features, 34with the Object Properties toolbar,
249–260with the Properties window, 250,
260–263single/multiple objects, 263
inheritance during in-place reference editing, 489
listing, 201overriding with plot styles, 553viewing, 262See also BYBLOCK property; elevation; object
colors; object layers; object linetypes; object lineweights
Object Properties Manager. See Properties window
890 | Index
Object Properties toolbar, 35, 57, 249–260character matching, 250editing object colors, 249, 250, 253–255editing object layers, 249, 250, 251–253editing object linetypes, 249, 250, 255–256editing object lineweights, 249, 250,
256–258editing object plot styles, 250–259illustrated, 56 See also object properties; Properties
windowobject selection cycling, 244Object Selection Filters dialog box, 238, 241Object Snap mode. See object snaps; Snap modeObject Snap shortcut menu, 60
displaying, 63Object Snap tab (Drafting Settings dialog box),
169object snap tracking, 178, 181–182
acquiring points, 182clearing acquired points, 182making points available for, 182setting options, 183turning on, 181
object snaps, 167–177aperture box, 170applicability, 171AutoSnap, 170buttons location, 171command line abbreviations, 168–169descriptions, 171–177disabling, 177From option, 176, 177magnet, 170markers, 170, 171new features, 34running object snaps, 852single point (override), 167toolbar buttons, 168–169tooltips, 170, 184turning on, 167See also running object snaps
ObjectARX (AutoCAD Runtime Extension) (programming language), 157
ObjectARX applications, preference options, 78objects (AutoCAD), 850
adding to selection sets, 249aligning, 281
in floating viewports, 540at intervals, 186
arraying, 275–277assigning plot styles to, 326in blocks. See block objectsbreaking, 292calculating areas/
circumferences/perimeters, 196chamfering, 299–303
objects (AutoCAD) (continued)changing the drawing order, 143complex objects, 291copying, 266–272
to the Clipboard, 269with grips, 248, 268
creating, 123–161and embedding, 759
creating meshes between, 626custom objects, 157
preference options, 78cutting to the Clipboard, 269dividing into segments, 188dragging. See dragging, objectsdrawing, 123–161drawing circles tangent to, 134, 176duplicating. See copyingediting, 249–314
with grips, 246–248embedding in other documents, 754erasing, 282exploding, 293extending, 287–289extruding, 636filleting, 304–308hatching, 150hiding, 319hyperlinks to, 817identifying with color numbers, 331imprinting on solids, 656inserting breaks in, 292lengthening, 289linking database records to, 778–786linking to objects with associated labels,
788listing database information about, 201making an object layer current, 252, 317measuring in intervals, 186–188mirroring, 273–275, 849moving, 278
by stretching, 283named. See named objectsoffsetting, 272paper space objects, 450pasting into AutoCAD, 270–271positioning 2D objects in 3D space, 621proxy objects, 157removing parts of, 292removing, from selection sets, 241, 247as rendered into PostScript, 836rendering, 678–680resizing, 283–292revolving, 637rotating, 277, 279–281, 639scaling. See scaling; scaling objectsscreening, in floating viewports, 535
Index | 891
objects (AutoCAD) (continued)See also 3D objects; blocks; database objects;
features (of objects); groups; named objects; object colors ; object linetypes; object properties; OLE objects; selection sets
selecting. See selecting objectsshortening, 289smoothness, 633snapping to points on, 167–177sorting method options, 80specifying intervals on, 186–189stretching, 283–284symbols, 853transferring to layers, 251trimming, 289–292viewing objects linked to database records,
781viewing records linked to, 781, 782visibility, 319in xrefs, indexing, 471, 472
objects (nonAutoCAD), as pasted into drawings,758
objects. See database objects; objects (AutoCAD); objects (nonAutoCAD)
Oblique (Dimension menu), 410obliquing angle (of text), setting, 377, 390Oce devices, plotting with, 576ODBC (Microsoft), 768Offset (Modify menu), 272OFFSET command, 124, 129, 272Offset Faces option (Solids Editing, Modify
menu), 652offset method, drawing xlines, 192offset snaps, 268
making multiple copies, 248offsetting
faces (of 3D solids), 652, 657lines, 124multiple copies, 268objects, 272rendered images, 720–721
OLE (object linking and embedding), 749–764, 850
terminology, 750OLE DB (Microsoft), 768OLE Links (Edit menu), 757, 758OLE objects, 750
3D orbit view and, 602changing the layers for, 764copying, 763cutting, 763deselecting, 764displaying, 763, 764editing, 753, 754, 760, 760–764embedded, editing, 754, 760embedding, 751, 758–760
OLE objects (continued)Excel spreadsheets as, 750hiding, 763, 764limitations in AutoCAD, 750linked, editing, 753linking, 751, 755moving, 763pasting, 763plotting, 78, 750raster objects and ADI drivers, 750resizing, 763restoring to original size, 762scaling OLE text objects, 762selecting, 764
OLE Objects (Insert menu), 759OLE Properties dialog box, preference options,
79OLE shortcut menu, 60OLE text objects
restoring to original size, 762scaling, 762
OLEHIDE system variable, 764OLELINKS command, 755, 756OLESCALE command, 761online documentation, 38online Help. See HelpOOPS command, 282opacity maps, 707, 710, 850Open (File menu), 47, 312, 838Open and Save tab (Options dialog box), 77
performance optimization options, 85OPEN command, 52, 838opening
Aerial View window, 216drawings, 52–54
with AutoCAD DesignCenter, 501with the drawing browser, 53–54drawings with AutoShade
information, 725from the Internet, 813partially, 52, 311–313settings, 77via hyperlinks, 820, 822See also starting drawings
DXB files, 838DXF files, 838Plot Style Table Editor, 562Query Editor, 795tables, 771
operatorsmathematical, 194See also query operators
optimizing AutoCAD performance. See performance optimization
Options (Render window File menu), 683Options (Tools menu), 73, 75, 82, 237, 246OPTIONS command, 73, 76, 83, 230, 232, 237,
247, 381, 388
892 | Index
Options dialog boxDisplay tab, 76, 84, 230Drafting tab, 80, 183Files tab, 74–76, 380, 388, 474, 476–478,
815Open and Save tab, 77, 85performance optimization options, 84–85Plotting tab, 78, 553Profiles tab, 82Selection tab, 81, 246setting options, 73System tab, 79, 85, 598User Preferences tab, 80, 237
options, choosing command options, 97“or” operator, Boolean query operator, 799Orbit mode, entering, 207, 208orbiting 3D objects, 611ordering AutoCAD documentation, 43Ordinate (Dimension menu), 396ordinate dimensions, 399
creating, 396, 399–400definition points (illustrated), 406illustrated, 394, 399See also dimensions
orientationof drawings, 526–527of paper in plotter, 552of text, 371
See also text orientationuser coordinate systems, 113, 116
origin, 850adjusting the plot origin, 527See also UCS origin
Origin option (Display, View menu), 117Origin option (New UCS, Tools menu), 118Ortho button (status bar), 132Ortho mode, 179, 850
Isometric Snap/Grid mode and, 166–167and polar tracking, 179turning on and off, 132, 179UCS orientation and, 113
orthogonal, 850Orthographic option (UCS, Tools menu), 120orthographic projections. See parallel projections
(of 3D views)orthographic UCSs (predefined), selecting, 120,
591–592orthographic views (in 3D space), restoring,
597–598Orthographic Views (View menu), 597Osnap button (status bar), 170OSNAP command, 169Otrack button (status bar), 178Outer island detection style, 155overall dimension scale, 422, 429
and the drawing scale, 429and the plot scale, 429setting, 422, 428
overlaying xrefs, 465vs. attaching xrefs, 466with AutoCAD DesignCenter, 505
overlining text, format codes, 389override object snaps, 167overrides. See dimension style overrides
Ppage settings. See page setupsPage Setup (File menu), 521, 525–530, 560Page Setup dialog box, 517
attaching plot style tables to layouts and viewports, 559
displaying, 514saving page setups, 521
page setups, 548applying to layouts, 512, 548saving, 518, 521
PAGESETUP command, 519, 525–530palette (AutoCAD DesignCenter), 493, 496–500
changing the display, 498choosing views, 499displaying block descriptions, 499, 500displaying preview images, 499inserting custom content, 506loading, 496–498, 503navigating with, 498refreshing, 500uses, 496See also tree view (AutoCAD DesignCenter)
Pan (View menu), 208pan box. See view box (Aerial View window)PAN command, 206panning, 850
with Aerial View, 218AutoPan, 782freezing layers and, 320in 3D orbit view, 603with an Intellimouse, 63, 208interactive (Realtime mode), 63, 206, 208
exiting, 208joystick panning, 208in nonrectangular viewports, 544objects linked to records, 782with raster images, 84
Paper button (status bar), 531paper orientation, and image orientation, 552paper size, setting, 519, 526paper space, 850
dimensioning in, 430–431grid limits, 70lineweight display, 345scale factor, 538scaling linetypes, 339, 539scaling views relative to, 213, 214, 538setting the linear dimension scale, 430slide appearance in, 830
Index | 893
paper space (continued)switching between floating viewports and,
531switching from model space to, 517switching to model space from, 530UCS limitations, 590uses of, 513view commands not available in, 612views, 612See also floating viewports; layouts; layout
tabspaper space objects, inserting, 450PAPERALERT system variable, 519paragraph text. See multiline text; paragraphsparagraphs
format codes, 389–391selecting, 357
parallel dimensions. See baseline dimensionsparallel lines
drawing, 124filleting, 308
Parallel object snap, 168, 176parallel projections (of 3D views)
creating, 616in 3D orbit view, 605
parentheses ( ( ) ), mathematical operators, 194parenthetical grouping, in queries, 800Partial Load (File menu), 314Partial Load dialog box, 314Partial Open dialog box, 313
illustrated, 312Partial Open option (Select File dialog box), 52,
311–313partial plot configuration files. See PCP filespartially open drawings
bound xrefs in, 313Find and Replace in, 382loading geometry into, 311, 312, 313, 314
PARTIALOAD command, 314PARTIALOPEN command, 313parts lists, extracting attribute information for,
454, 456–459Paste (Edit menu), 271, 755, 759Paste Special (Edit menu), 271, 755Paste Special dialog box, 271, 756PASTECLIP command, 755, 759PASTESPEC command, 755pasting
objects, into AutoCAD, 270–271OLE objects, 763text, 101, 354, 369
to the command line, 100, 101, 272views, into other documents, 752
Pattern option (Boundary Hatch dialog box),309
patternsprojecting on materials, 702See also hatch patterns; plot style fill patterns
PC2 filesapplying settings to layout templates, 523extracting linetype and lineweight
information from, 576importing settings from, 546, 576
PC3 files, 549storage locations, 549
PCP filesapplying settings to layout templates, 523extracting linetype and lineweight
information from, 576importing settings from, 546, 576
PDMODE system variable, 143PDSIZE system variable, 143PEDIT command, 131, 137, 139, 294, 336, 624Pen Assignments dialog box, 576pen numbers, assigning
to plot styles, 567pen plotters
assigning colors to pens, 331configuring, 567See also pen widths; pens
pen settingsmigrating from previous AutoCAD
versions, 576–578obtaining, 576
pen widths, specifying the ISO pen width, 339pens
assigning colors to, 331, 550, 554assigning to plot styles, 567assigning to plotters, 568importing settings, 524migrating settings from previous AutoCAD
versions, 576–578virtual, 568See also pen widths
percent sign (%), creating, 424performance optimization
demand loading xrefs, 470, 471, 473display accuracy and, 674display settings, 77freezing layers, 320limiting drawing resolution, 674managing raster images, 731–737new features, 34–38spline curves vs. curve-fit/spline-fit
polylines, 295spline curves vs. fit (smoothed) polylines,
137turning off Aerial View window dynamic
updating, 219turning off visual elements display,
230–232unloading xrefs, 468user preference options, 84–85using SHX fonts, 380
perimeters, calculating, 196period (.), wild-card character, 160
894 | Index
Perpendicular object snap, 168, 175perspective projections (of 3D views) (perspective
views)creating, 616in 3D orbit view, 606
PFACE command, 294, 625PFB files, font mapping order, 382Phong shading, 673, 679Photo Raytrace (renderer)
anti-aliasing in, 676coefficient of reflectivity, 702refractive effects, 700See also photorealistic renderers
Photo Real (renderer), 677See also photorealistic renderers
photorealistic renderers, 677anti-aliasing control levels, 676attenuation calculation methods, 694and complex geometry, 672light reflection control, 691light reflection parameters, 693mapping, 706–713shadow generation, 686shadow map generation, 687smooth shading option, 673
pick button (mouse), 63, 851cycling through objects for selection, 237interactive zooming/panning, 207, 208
Pick Point option (Boundary Hatch dialog box),149, 151, 153
PICKADD system variable, 249pickbox
selecting objects with, 234sizing, 81
PICKDRAG system variable, 235PICKFIRST system variable, 249, 251PICKSTYLE system variable, 242, 244, 309pigment colors, 699PINSBASE header variable, restoring, 833PLAN command, 615plan view, 851
displaying, 615illustrated, 851
Plan View option (3D Views, View menu), 615planar projection (in image mapping), 711, 712,
851planes
clipping, 846construction, 110, 846isometric, 166–167
PLINE command, 124, 125, 135, 139, 141, 633PLINEGEN system variable, 336plines. See polylinesPlot (File menu), 551
plot areaadjusting the origin, 527setting, 520, 528
plot configurations. See plotter configurationsPlot dialog box
filling in one step, 550making changes for a single plot, 552setting options, 551
plot origin, adjusting, 527Plot Preview
lineweight display, 345zooming limits, 207
plot scaleand the overall dimension scale, 429setting, 520, 529
Plot Style control (Object Properties toolbar),258
plot style linetypes, assigning, 569plot style lineweights, assigning, 569Plot Style Manager (File menu), 560–570plot style modes, changing, 553Plot Style Table Editor, 518, 560–571
opening, 562plot style tables, 513, 537, 547
attaching to floating viewports, 530, 537attaching to layouts and viewports, 559changing descriptions, 562creating, 557setting up, 78See also color-dependent plot styles; named
plot stylesplot styles, 78, 316, 513, 537, 548, 550, 553,
559adding/deleting in named plot style tables,
560assigning colors to, 566assigning pen numbers, 567assigning plot style linetypes, 569assigning plot style lineweights, 569assigning to layers, 326changing descriptions, 566changing modes, 553changing object/layer plot styles, 573-574color-dependent, 554, 565copying, 263, 563creating output effects, 554default color, 566displaying the effects of, 519, 537, 549editing, 249, 260–263, 518, 562–575making current, 259modes, 553named, 555, 565object properties controlled by, 537plotting with, 520
Index | 895
plot styles (continued)properties, 546renaming, 575See also layer plot styles
PLOTSTYLE command, 259, 260plotted views, removing hidden lines, 529, 535plotter configurations, 549
ePlot plotters, 579, 823importing settings, 524modifying, 518setting, 78See also PC2 files; PCP files
Plotter Manager (File menu), 823plotters
assigning colors to pens, 331configuring, 515, 519, 579setting up, 549specifying, 518, 519, 550
plotting, 545–580batch plotting, 579from the command line, 78, 552converting to gray scale, 566DWF files, 823electronic, 579enabling dithering, 566in AutoCAD 2000, 550–552layers, 319lineweights, 520making changes for a single plot, 552OLE objects, 78, 750with plot styles, 520preference options, 78process recommendations (AutoCAD), 547with script files, 580setting up the plotting environment,
517–519system warnings, 78turning on and off for visible layers, 322
plotting environment, setting up, 517–519plotting properties, controlling, 78Plotting tab (Options dialog box), 78, 553, 554plus sign (+)
acquired points indicator, 182mathematical operator, 194UCS icon symbol, 116zoom cursor, 207
plus-or-minus tolerances. See tolerancesPoint (Draw menu), 143, 187, 188point acquisition, defining hatch boundaries,
150point filters (coordinate filters), 846
specifying points with, 185point lights, 685
attenuation rate options, 690positioning, 697spotlights, 685
point markerscreating, 143inserting at intervals, 186–189
point objectscreating, 142snapping to, 174, 177styling, 142
point of displacement, for copying objects, 266Point Style (Format menu), 143Point Style dialog box, 143pointing devices, 62–64
Intellimouse, 63mouse, 63preference options, 79sketching freehand, 131tablet, 64See also mouse
points (geometric), 851acquired point acquisition methods, 182,
184approximation points, 844base point, 266calculating, 193, 194centering views on, 213control points, 846extracting coordinates from selected
points, 583fit points, 298, 844, 848, 849inserting at intervals, 186–189internal points, 148, 149interpolation points, 849locating, 108, 200offsetting objects through, 273point of displacement, 266snap angle base point, 165snapping to object points, 167–177specifying, 62
by calculation, 193, 194with coordinate systems, 108,
110–113with direct distance entry, 112with object snaps, 72with point filters, 185from temporary reference points, 177with tracking, 181–182
specifying boundaries with, 150tracking to points on objects, 181–182See also base point; coordinates; definition
points (of dimensions); insertion points; point markers; point objects
polar anglesadding and deleting, 181measurement methods, 180overrides, 181tracking along, 178–179
896 | Index
polar arrays, 851creating, 275
in 3D, 641Polar button (status bar), 178polar coordinate systems, 108polar coordinates, 110
specifying, 108, 111, 112polar tracking, 178–180
drawing objects, 179and Ortho mode, 179setting options, 179–180turning on, 179
Polar Tracking tab (Drafting Settings dialog box), 180, 183
POLARADDANG system variable, 181POLARANG system variable, 180POLARMODE system variable, 180, 184polyface meshes
creating, 625–626displaying invisible edges, 626export file format, 834
Polygon (Draw menu), 130, 131POLYGON command, 130polygon meshes
creating, 624–625export file format, 834surfaces defined by, 664
polygon selection windows, 235, 851CPolygons, 235, 846WPolygons, 235, 854
polygon windows. See polygon selection windowspolygonal clipping boundaries, 482Polygonal option (VPORTS command), 543polygons, 130
calculating areas/perimeters, 197circumscribed, 131clipping boundaries, 482crossing polygons. See CPolygonsdrawing, 130editing, 131exploding, 131inscribed, 130rotating, 281window polygons. See WPolygons
Polyline (Draw menu), 125polyline clipping boundaries, 482polyline curves, segment number and AutoCAD
performance, 84polyline linetypes, displaying, 336Polyline option (Object, Modify menu), 294polyline segments
chamfering, 302tapered, 288tapering, 294
polylines, 851as boundaries, 146calculating areas/perimeters, 197
polylines (continued)chamfering, 302clipping boundaries, 482closed, 664curves, segment number and AutoCAD
performance, 84drawing, 124–126
freehand, 132editing, 126, 293–295as ellipses, 146exploding, 126, 293filleting, 306–308fitting curves/splines to (smoothing), 137,
298in 3D, 621joining, 295, 636, 637linetypes, 336PostScript fills, 837smoothed. See fit polylines; smoothed
polylines; spline-fit polylinesSee also objects; polyline segments;
smoothed polylines; wide polylines
pop-up menus. See shortcut menusportrait orientation, 526–527positional tolerances, 438PostScript files
AutoCAD PostScript interpreter, 842color mapping, 842creating, 835–837customizing, 837display quality, 841font mapping, 842importing, 840–842objects as rendered in, 836PostScript Support file, 837saving rendered images to, 719scaling, 836
PostScript fills, in 2D polylines, 841PostScript fonts, in earlier release drawings,
handling of, 380PostScript images
color mapping for imported images, 842exporting, 835–837saving rendered images as, 719
PostScript support file, 837pound sign (#)
stacked text indicator, 361, 362, 390wild-card character, 160
precedence of mathematical operators, 194precision
display accuracy, in 3D modeling, 674drawing with, 163–204in DXF files, 833specifying unit precision, 68, 69, 423
Preferences option (Render, View menu), 671, 678
Index | 897
prefixes (dimension text)special characters, 424specifying, 424, 425
Preset option (Orthographic UCS, Tools menu),120, 591
press and drag selection, preference options, 82preview images (of drawings)
customizing, 510displaying, 499saving with drawings, 78, 835
previewingdrawings, in-place reference editing and,
490raster images, 740
Previous option (ZOOM command), 210primary units (for dimensions), 422–424Primary Units tab
Modify Dimension Style dialog box, 433New Dimension Style dialog box, 417,
422–424prime symbol (’ ), feet specifier, 112prime symbol (feet specifier), 112Print (Render window File menu), 723Print dialog box, editing rendered images, 723printed manuals, 39printers
setting up, 549See also plotters
printingrendered images, 722–724See also plotting; printers
procedural materials (for rendering), 710, 851product resources, Autodesk, 43productivity. See performance optimizationprofiles (of drawing environment settings)
creating and saving, 82making current, 82
Profiles tab (Options dialog box), 82project name paths, 476
adding/deleting, 477changing, 478
project names, 476adding/deleting, 476changing, 477
projected tolerance symbol , 439, 440projected tolerance zones, 440
adding, 439projection lines. See extension linesprojections
image mapping types, 711–713standard 3D projections, 587See also parallel projections (of 3D views);
perspective projections (of 3D views)
PROJECTNAME system variable, 476, 741projects, setting and clearing, 478
See also project name paths; project namesPROJMODE system variable, 642
prolog sections, PostScript Support file, 837prompts (command line), 851prompts. See command line promptsproperties
drafting properties, 80drawing properties, 86–87, 204materials properties, 699multiline properties, 127plotting properties, 78See also colors; elevation; layer properties;
layers; linetypes; lineweights; object properties; text properties; thickness
Properties (Modify menu), 336, 410changing elevation/thickness, 632changing object/layer plot styles, 573-574editing dimension properties, 411editing object properties, 263modifying line text, 352modifying raster images, 745viewing object properties, 262
PROPERTIES command, 87, 198, 204, 260, 262, 263, 336, 352, 392, 411, 533, 534, 538, 573, 632, 663, 736, 745, 746, 748
Properties tab (Multiline Text Editor), 362–365properties toolbar. See object properties;
Properties windowProperties window, 35, 260–263, 353
displaying clipped raster images, 736displaying polyline linetypes, 336displaying/closing, 262editing dimension properties, 411editing dimension text, 410, 411illustrated, 261keyboard shortcuts, 262modifying floating viewport properties, 533modifying viewport scale, 538turning floating viewports on and off, 536See also object properties
Property Painter, copying properties, 55Property Settings dialog box, 266proxy fonts, 375Proxy Information dialog box, 157proxy objects, 157proxy servers, 812PSFILL command, 837, 841PSIN command, 840PSLTSCALE system variable, 339, 539PSOUT command, 835, 837, 841PSPROLOG system variable, 837PSQUALITY system variable, 841PURGE command, 161, 337Purge option (Drawing Utilities, File menu), 161purging
See also deletingpurging, named objects, 161
898 | Index
QQDIM command, 397QLEADER command, 397, 414QSELECT command, 239, 240QTEXTMODE system variable, 232Quadrant object snap, 168, 174quadrants, snapping to, 174quadrilateral solid-filled areas, creating, 145queries (of databases), 794
Boolean operators, 799case sensitivity, 797conditional operators, 796–797creating, 794learning the basics, 794with multiple parameters, 801parenthetical grouping, 800with a single parameter, 800specifying a sort order for, 801specifying fields for, 801SQL queries, 802–803
importing and exporting, 804stored queries, 803
Query Builder tab, 794, 795Query Editor, 767, 794–804
Look Up Values option, 797opening, 795tabbed progression, 794tabs, 794See also Link Select
query operatorsBoolean, 799conditional, 796–797
question mark (?), wild-card character, 160Quick Dimension (Dimension menu), 397quick queries, 796–798
conditional operators, 796–797constructing, 796, 797
Quick Query tab, 794, 796–798Quick Reference Card, 39Quick Select dialog box, 238, 239Quick Select Filters dialog box, 240Quick Select, creating/filtering selection sets,
238–241Quick Setup wizard, starting drawings, 48Quick Text mode, turning on and off, 231QUIT command, 66quotation mark, reverse (‘), wild-card character,
160
Rradii, dimensioning, 401Radius (Dimension menu), 396, 401radius dimensions, 401
creating, 396, 401definition points (illustrated), 406illustrated, 394See also diameter dimensions; dimensions
rails (of ruled surface meshes), 626RAM (Random Access Memory). See memory
(RAM)range queries, constructing, 798Range Query tab, 794Range Query tab (Query Editor), 794, 798raster file formats, 728–729Raster Image (Insert menu), 730raster image boundaries, 744
coloring, 745property settings, 744showing/hiding, 744See also raster images
raster images, 727–7483D orbit view and, 602adjusting brightness, contrast, and fade,
748attaching, 730–731
with AutoCAD DesignCenter, 505from the Internet, 743
and AutoCAD performance, 84bitonal. See bitonal raster imagesboundaries. See raster image boundarieschanging layers or linetypes, 745clipping, 735–737clipping boundaries, 735coloring, 84detaching, 733displaying, 733, 735
as clipped, 736in draft-quality mode, 734with few colors, 734
erasing, 733export file format, 834file formats, 728–729hiding, 734highlighting/not highlighting, 733and lineweights, 342linked image paths, 729
changing, 731–733, 741–742listing, 737–739, 740loading, tiled vs. nontiled, 732modifying, 744–748moving, 745naming, 742panning with, 84pasting bitmaps into AutoCAD, 270previewing, 740resizing, 746rotating, 746scaling, 729–731, 746selecting, 84, 744, 745unloading and reloading, 732viewing information, 737–740
file details, 740zooming with, 84See also bitmaps (BMP images); preview
images
Index | 899
RASTERPREVIEW system variable, 65, 835Ray (Draw menu), 192Ray Casting island detection method, 152ray casting. See point acquisitionRAY command, 193rays, 189
drawing, 192extending, 289
raytraced renderer. See Photo Raytrace (renderer)raytraced shadows, generating, 688real-time zooming and panning, 206–208
in Aerial View, 216records (database records), 766
adding, 775constructing sets of graphical objects and,
805–807deleting, 775editing, 775linking to graphical objects, 778–779linking with labels, 788selecting records linked to graphical
objects, 780viewing graphical objects linked to, 781viewing records linked to selection sets,
781, 782See also fields (in records)
RECTANG command, 130, 633rectangles, drawing, 130rectangular arrays
creating, 275, 276in 3D, 640
rotating, 277rectangular meshes, creating, 624–625rectangular window clipping boundaries, 482Redo (Edit menu), 105REDO command, 104redoing actions, 105Redraw (View menu), 65REDRAW command, 65, 144redrawing the screen, 64, 852
raster images and, 734turned off layers and, 319
REFCLOSE command, 490REFEDIT command, 487Refedit Toolbar, 488REFEDITNAME system variable, 487reference angles, rotating objects by, 279–280Reference Edit dialog box, 486reference points
specifying points from, 177See also point markers; point objects; points
(geometric)reference, scaling objects by, 285references
in-place editing, 35, 484–490See also blocks; xrefs (external references)
reflection (of light)coloring, 702diffuse reflection, 691, 693effects (illustrated), 691surface color variations, 700types, 691–693See also specular reflection (highlights)
reflection color (of materials), 700, 852reflection maps, 707, 710, 852refractive index (of materials), 700
setting, 703REFSET command, 488regardless-of-feature-size symbol , 439Regen (View menu), 65REGEN command, 65, 144, 226, 230regenerating drawings, 64, 144, 226, 230, 852
and shading, 668thawing layers and, 320
Region (Draw menu), 146REGION command, 146regions, 146
calculating areas/perimeters, 197composite, 147creating, 146–148, 636export file format, 833import file format, 839vs. surfaces, 664
regular polygons. See polygonsrelative angles, rotating objects by, 279relative coordinates, 852
2D (X, Y), 110, 111cylindrical, 585relative hyperlinks, 817
reloading, xrefs, 467Rename (Format menu), 159, 575RENAME command, 119, 159, 329, 335Rename dialog box, 159Rename Text Style dialog box, 379renaming
dimension styles, 434layers, 329layouts, 518linetypes, 335named objects, 159
in groups, 160plot styles, 575text styles, 379toolbars, 89user coordinate systems, 119
Render (renderer), 677configuring, 675–676loading, unloading, and stopping, 677related applications, 726
Render (View menu), 678, 717options, 696, 704, 713
Render blocks, updating of pre-Release 13 blocks, 725
900 | Index
RENDER command, 319, 669, 680, 717Render dialog box, 678Render window
accessing, 681–683features for rendering, 724illustrated, 681printing images from, 722–724redisplaying rendered images to, 722rendering features, 724saving images from, 718
to PostScript files, 719setting the background color, 678
rendered images, 662copying, 722cropping, 720displaying information about, 680editing for printing, 723exporting, 722Gouraud renderings, 679merging with background images, 681–683offsetting, 720–721printing, 722–724redisplaying
to the Render window, 722in viewports, 719
saving, 717–719to PostScript files, 719
smoothness, 674and AutoCAD performance, 84
renderers. See Photo Raytrace (renderer); photorealistic renderers; Render (renderer)
rendering, 662, 669–726anti-aliasing and, 675–676back faces, 672background color, 678against background images, 681–683basic option. See Render (renderer)bitplanes and, 676blocks, 706color depth, 676configuring Render, 675–676cropping the screen in, 678drawing surfaces for, 671editing color depth for, 683materials, priorities, 706and named views, 715objects, 678–680output options, 675process steps, 669Render window features, 724resources, 670to the screen, 680screen resolution for, 675setting conditions, 678speed of, 688
rendering (continued)viewport features, 725to viewports, 678See also image mapping (in rendering); lights
(for rendering); materials (for rendering); rendered images; shadows
rendering mapsblend value, 708combining, 708types, 707, 709
Rendering Preferences dialog box, setting Render window background color, 678
renderings. See rendered imagesrepeating commands, 99replacing, multiline text, 367REPLAY command, 682, 718, 719resizing
columns, 773the command window, 97floating viewports, 537leader lines, 416objects, 283–292
See also extending; scaling objects; stretching; trimming
OLE objects, 763raster images, 746toolbar buttons, 89
resolutionand aliasing, 675in 3D modeling, 674in DWF files, 823for rendering, 77, 675snap resolution, 853See also precision
resolving name conflicts when adding drawing content, 507
resourcesAutodesk product resources, 43See also support files
Restore option (UCS command), 119restoring
Data View window values (original), 777header variables (Release 12 DXF files), 833named views, 220, 222orthographic views (in 3D space), 597–598previous views, 209selection sets, 241tiled viewport configurations, 227a UCS to the WCS, 115user coordinate systems, 118
return button (mouse), 63, 852reverse quote (‘), wild-card character, 160REVOLVE command, 634, 637Revolve option (Solids, Draw menu), 637revolved solids, creating, 637Revolved Surface option (Surfaces, Draw menu),
628
Index | 901
revolving objects, 637REVSURF command, 628RFS, regardless of feature size symbol, 439RGB color system, 690, 852right mouse button. See return button (mouse)right-clicking, 34
customization settings, 61in the drawing area, 60See also shortcut menus
right-hand rule, applying, 582RMAT command, 703, 705, 726Rotate (Modify menu), 279, 280ROTATE command, 279, 280, 639Rotate Faces option (Solids Editing, Modify
menu), 651ROTATE3D command, 639rotated dimensions, 397
creating, 398illustrated, 397
rotated rectangular arrays, creating, 277rotating
3D objects, 6393D orbit view, 6023D views, 613dimension text, 398, 411dimensions, 398faces (of 3D solids), 651leader line annotations, 415objects, 277, 279–281, 639
with grips, 281See also mirroring
polygons, 281raster images, 746rectangular arrays, 277selection sets, 268the snap angle, 164user coordinate systems, 113, 115views, in floating viewports, 541the XY plane, 113
rotation angle, for text, 378, 391roughness (of materials)
setting, 703and specular reflection, 693
rounding off dimension values, 424, 428rounds (fillets), 304–308RPREF command, 671, 680RTF files
importing, 359, 368inserting, by dragging from Windows
Explorer, 369rubber-band line, 113, 852ruled surface meshes, creating, 626Ruled Surface option (Surfaces, Draw menu), 627RULESURF command, 626running object snaps, 852
cycling through, 170setting, 169
Ssaturation, of colors, 690Save (File menu), 65Save As (File menu), 833save back, 484, 489, 852SAVE command, 65Save Drawing As dialog box, 65Save option (Display Image, Tools menu), 718SAVEAS command, 65, 833SAVEIMG command, 717SAVETIME system variable, 65saving
blocks (block definitions), 449Data View window editing, 777drawings, 65
export file formats, 832–837incrementally, 85to the Internet, 813, 816, 832with layer and spatial indexes, 471,
472settings, 77
layer filters, 328layout templates, 524multiline styles, 129named views, 220, 220–222page setups, 518, 521profiles, 82rendered images, 717–719
to PostScript files, 719TIFF images, 717, 724, 732tiled viewport configurations, 227user coordinate systems, 118
saving back, 489, 852Scale (Modify menu), 285, 286SCALE command, 285, 286, 841scale factors
dimensions, 428–431in paper space, 538raster images, 730scaling objects by, 285setting, 212–213, 214See also drawing scale; linear dimension
scale; linetype scale; overall dimension scale; plot scale
scale locking, in floating viewports, 534Scale OLE Object dialog box, 762
Lock Aspect Ratio option, 761Scale option (ZOOM command), 213scaling
block references, 444dimensions, 428–431
to layouts, 424, 429See also linear dimension scale; overall
dimension scaledrawings, 286fill patterns, 565
902 | Index
scaling (continued)floating viewports, 517, 537
modifying the scale, 538image mapping, 707leader lines, 416linetypes, 338–339
in paper space, 339, 539linetypes,
non-ISO linetypes, 565lineweights, 520objects. See scaling objectsOLE objects, 763OLE text objects, 762PostScript files, 836raster images, 729–731, 746views, 212–213, 214
in floating viewports, 537relative to paper space, 213, 214, 538relative to the current view, 212relative to the drawing limits, 212
WMF files, 840scaling objects, 285–287
with grips, 286by reference, 285by scale factor, 285
SCENE command, 695–699, 716Scene option (Render, View menu), 716scenes, 715–716
creating, 716defining, 715deleting, 716modifying, 716removing lights from, 695
schemas (in databases), 768, 809scientific units, specifying, 112, 423screen display
cropping for rendering, 678customizing, 76redrawing, 64
See also regenerating drawingsrendering to, 680resolution. See resolution
screen redrawing, 852screen vectors, export file format, 834screening
colors, 568objects in floating viewports, 535
SCRIPT command, 831script files, 852
plotting with, 580scripts, 103
running commands in, 103SDF (Space-delimited File) format, 458search paths (for support files)
AutoCAD library search paths, 844raster image paths, 729
changing, 731, 741
search paths (for support files (continued)specifying, 74–76See also project name paths; xref paths
searchingfor drawing content, 501–503for drawing files, 54multiple database tables, 802for values in the Data View window, 775
SECTION command, 646Section option (Solids, Draw menu), 646sectioning solids, 646Select (command line verb), 96Select a Database Object dialog box, 778Select Color dialog box, 254, 324, 332, 358SELECT command, 234, 745Select File dialog box, 52
Partial Open option, 52, 311–313Select Image File dialog box, 730Select Objects prompt, responding to, 234Select operation (Link Select), 805Select Plot Style dialog box, 259Select Plot Style Name dialog box, 574Select Reference File dialog box, 464Select Slide File dialog box, 831selecting
associative hatches, 309blocks, 186dimensions, 406graphical objects linked to records, 778groups, 244layers, 320link select, 805objects. See selecting objectsOLE objects, 764raster images, 744, 745records linked to graphical objects, 780text, 352, 357
found text, 384selecting objects, 234–241
before choosing an editing command, 234, 246, 249
close together, 237customizing object selection, 237cycling through objects, 237, 244with fences, 236in groups, 242–245
preference options, 82noun/verb selection, 850with a pickbox, 234with a pointing device, 246preference options, 81with selection windows, 234–236with the tablet, 64with Quick Select, 238within/within or crossing enclosed areas,
235See also selection sets; selections
selection cycling, 244
Index | 903
selection fences, 236selecting objects with, 236See also fences
selection highlighting, turning on and off, 232selection methods, preference options, 81selection sets, 234, 852
adding objects to, 249constructing sets of graphical objects and
database records, 805copying, with grips, 268creating, 234
with Quick Select, 238erasing, 282filtering, 238–241named. See groupsremoving objects from, 241, 247restoring, 241rotating, 268viewing records linked to, 781, 782
Selection tab (Options dialog box), 81, 246selection windows, 234, 852
crossing selections, 234, 846selecting objects with, 234–236window selections, 234See also polygon selection windows
selectionscrossing, 846crossing selections, 234cutting/copying/pasting to and from the
Clipboard, 269–271, 354toggling group selection, 244window selections, 234
Separate option (Solids Editing, Modify menu),657
separating composite solids, 657server files, linking, 756servers
proxy servers, 812source applications, 750
set time variables, displaying, 203settings. See defaults; system variablessetup wizards, starting drawings with, 47, 48–49SETVAR command, 104, 116Shade (View menu), 668Shade options (SHADEMODE command), 668shaded images, 662
creating, 668–669smoothness, 633, 674
SHADEMODE command, 319, 608, 668shading, 146, 662
changing, in 3D orbit view, 606–608Phong shading, 673, 679regenerating drawings and, 668types, 668See also shaded images; smooth shading
shading modes (in 3D orbit view), 606–608shadow maps, generating, 687
shadows, 686–688creating, 683, 687–688, 699lights and, 683object color effects on, 687raytraced shadows, 688and rendering speed, 688shadow mapped, 687volumetric shadows, 687
shapes3D shapes, 620, 623, 632and hatch lines, 155
Shell option (Solids Editing, Modify menu), 658shelling solids, 657SHIFT key
adding objects to selection sets, 249making multiple copies, 248removing objects from selection sets, 241,
247shifting the XY plane, 114shortcut menus, 59–62
customizing, 61displaying, 36, 59in the drawing area, 59editing OLE objects, 760, 763outside the drawing area, 62turning off in the drawing area, 60
SHORTCUTMENU system variable, 61shortcuts (to drawing content sources) storing in
the Autodesk Favorites folder, 508shortening objects, 289shot blocks (pre-Release 14), updating of, 725shrinking views. See zoomingSHX files, font mapping order, 382SHX fonts, 380
handling under Windows, 374proxy fonts, 375and Unicode fonts, 374
Single Document mode, switching to, 79Single Line Text option (Text, Draw menu), 348,
350, 351single point object snaps, 167Single Point option (Point, Draw menu), 143sizing.See resizing; scalingSKETCH command, 132, 631sketching freehand, 131–133
ensuring accuracy on slow computers, 133SKETCHING system variable, 132SKPOLY system variable, 132SLA (Stereolithograph Apparatus), compatible file
format, 837slash (/)
mathematical operator, 194stacked text indicator, 361, 362, 390
SLD files. See slide filesSLICE command, 647Slice option (Solids, Draw menu), 647
904 | Index
slicing solids, 647in 3D orbit view, 610
slide files, 830, 852uses, 830viewing, 830See also slides
slide libraries, 852viewing slides in, 832
Slidelib utility, 832slides, 852
creating, 830displaying, 830editing, 830removing from view, 831viewing, 831
in slide libraries, 832See also slide libraries
smooth shading, 679, 852creating meshes for, 673–674
smoothed polylines. See fit polylines (smooth polylines); spline-fit polylines (smooth polylines)
smoothing angle, 679specifying, 673
smoothness (of 3D images), 633, 674snap (snap grid), 852
aligning, 164–165and the grid, 72setting
spacing, 72turning on and off, 72
UCS orientation and, 113See also grid (drawing area); object snaps
Snap and Grid tab (Drafting Settings dialog box), 164, 165, 167, 277
snap angle, 852rotating, 164
snap angle base point, changing, 165SNAP command, 165, 167snap grid. See snapSnap mode, 72, 853
and freehand sketching, 132toggling, 132See also Object Snap mode; snap
snap resolution, 853snap rotation angles (in rotated arrays), 277SNAPANG system variable, 165, 277SNAPBASE system variable, 165snapping to points on objects, 167–177
See also snapsnaps
isometric snap style, 849offset, 248, 268See also object snaps
Solid Fill mode, turning on and off, 230
solid fillsassigning plot style fills, 570and AutoCAD performance, 85and hatch lines, 155hiding before importing WMF files, 840solid-filled areas, 145surfaces defined by added thickness, 663
solid modeling, 620solid projection (in image mapping), 713SOLIDEDIT command, 650–659solid-filled areas, creating, 145solid-filled circles, creating, 141solids, 620, 632
boxes, 633calculating areas/perimeters, 197chamfering, 645checking (verifying), 659cleaning, 658combining, 638complex, 147composite, 638–639cones, 633creating, 620, 632–639cylinders, 634as displayed as wireframes, 632editing, 36, 645–659export file formats, 833, 837extruded, 636filleting, 646hiding lines on, 667import file format, 839imprinting objects on, 656intersections, 638lemon-shaped, 635mass properties, 632modifying, 632as rendering materials, 710revolved, 637sectioning, 646separating, 657shapes, 620, 623, 632shelling, 657slicing, 647spheres, 634subtracting, 638surfaces defined by, 664torus, 635wedges, 635See also edges (of 3D solids); faces (of 3D
solids); solid-filled areas; solid fillsSolids (Draw menu), options, 633–637, 646, 647SORTENTS system variable, 144sorting
database records, 773layers, 319xrefs, 462
Index | 905
source applications, 750Space-delimited File (SDF) format, 458spaces
adding between toolbar buttons, 88on the command line, 101inserting nonbreaking spaces, 359, 390
spatial indexes, 313, 472saving drawings with, 471, 472
special charactersdimension prefixes and suffixes, 424inserting, 359unavailable for naming named objects, 159Unicode characters, 374wild-card characters, 160See also Special Characters section in this index
Specify (command line verb), 96specular reflection (highlights), 691–693, 853
coloring, 702colors, 700sizing (roughness), 693
SPELL command, 385, 386, 387Spelling (Tools menu), 385spelling, checking, 385–387
in other languages, 386SPHERE command, 634Sphere option (Solids, Draw menu), 635sphere, encircled (3D orbit view cursor-icon
shape), 602spheres (solid), creating, 634spherical coordinates, specifying, 586spherical projection (in image mapping), 712SPLFRAME system variable, 294, 626Spline (Draw menu), 138SPLINE command, 137, 139spline curves, 850
Bezier curves, 845B-spline curves, 845fit points, 844, 848, 849
spline curves (NURBS curves), 137calculating areas/ circumferences/
perimeters, 197converting fit (smoothed) polylines into,
137vs. curve-fit/spline-fit polylines, 295drawing, 137–139editing, 138, 298–299vs. fit (smoothed) polylines, 137fit points, 298in 3D, 621leader lines, 414order of, 298snapping to tangent points on, 176tolerances, 138, 298See also objects; spline-fit polylines
(smoothed polylines)spline leader lines, creating, 414Spline option (Object, Modify menu), 299
splined polylines. See spline-fit polylines (smoothed polylines)
SPLINEDIT command, 139, 298spline-fit polylines (smoothed polylines), 295
converting into spline curves, 137creating, 137, 298editing, 295joining, 295vs. spline curves, 295See also spline curves (NURBS curves)
splines. See spline curves (NURBS curves)SPLINESEGS system variable, 294SPLINETYPE system variable, 294splitter bar (command window), 97spotlights, 685
attenuation rate options, 690positioning, 697
SQL (Structured Query Language)constructing queries, 803importing and exporting queries, 804learning the syntax, 794queries, 802–803storing in drawing files, and AutoCAD
performance, 85SQL 92 statements, issuing (in queries), 802SQL Query tab, 795, 802–803
interface elements, 802square brackets ([ ])
alternate units delimiter, 425wild-card characters, 160
square brackets enclosing leading tilde ([~]), wild-card characters, 160
squares, drawing, 130Stack Properties dialog box, 362stacked text, 359
creating, 359–361, 390editing, 361–362
standard 3D projections, 587standard 3D views, 586STANDARD dimension style, 416standard libraries. See librariesSTANDARD multiline style, 297STANDARD text style, settings, table, 370Standard toolbar, 56
illustrated, 56starting
AutoCAD, 46–47drawings, 46–50
from scratch, 46, 47with templates, 47, 49with wizards, 47, 48–49
Startup dialog box, 46–50displaying/hiding, 47, 79
Static coordinate display, 109Statistics tab (Drawing Properties dialog box),
76, 204STATS command, 680
906 | Index
status bar, 58illustrated, 56
Status Bar shortcut menu, 62STATUS command, 203, 831Status option (Inquiry, Tools menu), 203STB files (named plot style tables), 557–558Stereolithograph Apparatus (SLA), compatible file
format, 837stereolithograph format, 837STL files, creating, 837STLOUT command, 837stored queries, 803Stretch (Modify menu), 283, 408STRETCH command, 408stretching
dimensions, 407–408objects, 283–284OLE objects, 763See also extending
Structured Query Language (SQL), learning the syntax, 794
Style (Dimension menu), 417, 432–434, 437STYLE command, 363, 372–379styles
island detection styles, 151–155isometric snap style, 849See also dimension styles; multiline styles;
plot styles; text stylessubstituting fonts, 374, 380–381Subtract A - B operation (Link Select), 805Subtract B - A operation (Link Select), 805SUBTRACT command, 147, 633, 634, 638Subtract option
Boolean, Modify menu, 147Solids Editing, Modify menu, 638
subtractingareas, 198–200regions, 147solids, 638
suffixes (dimension text)special characters, 424specifying, 424, 425
summary information. See drawing informationSummary tab (Drawing Properties dialog box),
86, 204sunlight, simulating, 685, 698support directories, specifying, 844support files
AutoCAD library search paths, 844PostScript Support file, 837working support file search path, 74
surface modeling, 620surface of revolution meshes, creating, 628surfaces, 620
AutoSurf, 674contour line number, and AutoCAD
performance, 84curved, 620
surfaces (continued)drawing for rendering, 671export file formats, 833, 834faceted. See meshes (faceted surfaces)in 3D modeling, 663–664light reflection, 691–693material color variables, 700normals, 670removing hidden, 670–672roughness, 693with top and bottom, 663
Surfaces (Draw menu), options, 144SURFTAB1 system variable, 627, 628, 629SURFTAB2 system variable, 627, 628, 629Symbol dialog box, 438, 441symbol tables, 158, 853
listing, 481symbols
of termination. See arrowheadsSee also special characters
symmetrical tolerances, 426, 427system options, configuring, 79System tab (Options dialog box), 79, 85, 598
performance optimization options, 85system variables, 103, 853
learning, 103listing, 104resetting, 103, 104See also dimension system variables; names
of specific system variablessystem warnings
about plotting, 78message display control options, 79
TTAB key
cycling focus (Properties window), 262cycling through running object snaps, 170
table dataediting, 775–777
committing, 776restoring, 776tracking, 776
viewing from AutoCAD, 771–774See also link data
Table View tab (Plot Style Table Editor), 562tables (database tables)
linking records to graphical objects,778–779
opening, 771samples, 769viewing graphical objects linked to, 781See also records (database records); table data
tablet (digitizing tablet), 64calibrating, 64selecting objects with, 64
tablet buttons, 64
Index | 907
Tablet modevs. Digitizer mode, 64sketching in, 133
TABSURF command, 628tabulated surface meshes, creating, 628Tabulated Surface option (Surfaces, Draw
menu), 628Tangent object snap, 168, 176tangent points, snapping to, 135, 176Taper Faces option (Solids Editing, Modify
menu), 653tapered polyline segments, extending, 288tapering
extruded solids, 636faces (of 3D solids), 652polyline segments, 294
TDCREATE system variable, 87, 204TDINDWG system variable, 87, 204TDUPDATE system variable, 87, 204template drawings. See templates (for drawings)template files for extracting attribute
information. See extraction template files
template materials (for rendering), 710templates (for drawings)
creating, 50, 316layout templates, 512recovering the default, 51starting drawings with, 47, 49
See also label templates; link templatestemplates (prototype drawings), 853
initial environment, 849temporary files, 853
specifying location, 74, 731temporary reference points, specifying points
from, 177temporary swap file, relocating, 731termination symbols. See arrowheadstessellation lines, 633, 853
illustrated, 853text, 347–392
aligning. See justificationcoloring, 358, 389, 390copying, 101, 354
to the command line, 100cutting, 354editing. See editing textfinding and replacing, 382–384formatting. See formatting textmirroring, 274, 351obliquing angle, 377, 390orienting, 370overlining, 390pasting, 101, 354, 369
to the command line, 100, 272as rendered into PostScript, 836
text (continued)selecting, 352, 357
found text, 384stacked, 359–362text property change effects on, 376thickness, 631
surfaces defined by, 664turning off the display of, 231turning on and off, 664types, 347, 382underlining, 353, 355, 358uses, 347wide, 355See also annotations; attributes; characters;
dimension text; line text; multiline text; special characters; text editors; text files; text objects; text properties; text styles; words
text alignment, in columns (in database tables),774
text alignment. See justificationtext boundary frames, and AutoCAD
performance, 85TEXT command, 348, 351text control codes. See control codes (text)text display, turning on and off, 231, 664text editors
creating multiline text, 389default, 387editing multiline text, 392formatting multiline text, 389–392specifying for multiline text, 387–388See also Multiline Text Editor
text filesexternal, 368–369handling of non-ASCII characters, 374importing, 359, 368inserting, by dragging from Windows
Explorer, 369as pasted into drawings, 758See also DXF files
Text Finder (Find and Replace dialog box),382–384
text fonts. See fontstext height
dimension text, 420format codes, 390multiline text objects, 354, 358, 376, 391OLE text objects, 761plotted, dimension scaling and, 429tolerances, 427
text justification. See justificationText Movement options (New Dimension Style
dialog box), 422text objects, 351
grips, 351and hatch lines, 155
908 | Index
text objects (continued)scaling OLE text objects, 761–762thickness, 631See also annotations; attributes; line text
objects; multiline text objectsText option (Object, Modify menu), 352, 356,
365, 392, 455text orientation, setting, 378text properties
copying, 263inherited, 371line text objects, 352multiline text objects, 354, 357, 362–365See also fonts; justification; text height; text
orientation; text styles; text widthText Style (Format menu), 371–379Text Style dialog box
assigning fonts to text styles, 375making a text style current, 378modifying text styles, 372
text styles, 347, 370–380, 853assigning fonts to, 373assigning to line text, 351attributes, table, 370and character formatting, 363creating, 371default display, 370default settings, table, 370deleting, 379making a text style current, 378modifying, 371, 372named, 158names, 371naming, 371overriding, 356renaming, 379specifying, 391
for dimension text, 420for multiline text, 363
See also text; text propertiesText tab
Modify Dimension Style dialog box, 433New Dimension Style dialog box, 417, 419
text widthmultiline text objects, 354, 365OLE text objects, 761wide text, 355
text window, 100–102displaying/hiding, 100illustrated, 100navigation keys, 100
viewing raster image information, 740TEXTFILL system variable, 373texture maps, 707, 709, 853
blend value, 708
TGA imagesdisplaying, 682, 717saving, 717, 724
thawing layers, 320–322, 853in floating viewports, 321
thickness, 630, 853changing, 631copying, 263editing, 260–263setting, 631surfaces defined by added thickness, 663
THICKNESS system variable, 632third angle projection (3D design), 5883 Point option (New UCS, Tools menu), 114, 591three-button mouse, middle button, 63’3D’, index topics beginning with. See Numbers
section in this indexTIFF images, 732
displaying, 682, 717saving, 717, 724, 732
tilde (~)incorrect word flag, 387wild-card character, 160
tiled images, vs. nontiled images, 732Tiled Material Bitmap placements, 709, 711tiled viewports, 223–230, 853
displaying, 224drawing lines in, 226, 227vs. floating viewports, 224joining, 226making current, 227subdividing, 225, 226uses, 223, 226See also viewport configurations (of tiled
viewports); viewportsTILEMODE system variable, 853, 854tiling, in image mapping, 708, 711TIME command, 203, 831Time option (Inquiry, Tools menu), 203time. See drawing timetitle blocks, specifying, 516Tolerance (Dimension menu), 397, 438, 441TOLERANCE command, 397, 439, 442tolerance symbol (±), creating, 424tolerances, 426–427
formatting, 359–362for spline curves, 138, 298types (display options), 426zero suppression, 427See also geometric tolerances
Tolerances tabModify Dimension Style dialog box, 433New Dimension Style dialog box, 417, 426
toolbar button iconsdisplaying, 91, 93editing/creating, 93
Index | 909
toolbar buttonsadding spaces between, 88adding to toolbars, 89assigning commands to, 91, 92copying between toolbars, 89creating, 91deleting from toolbars, 89flyout buttons, 92moving between toolbars, 89for object snaps, 168–169repositioning, 88resizing, 89See also flyouts; toolbar button icons;
tooltipsTOOLBAR command, 58, 89, 90, 92Toolbar shortcut menu, 62toolbars, 58–59, 853
creating, 89default, 58deleting, 90displaying/closing, 58docked, 58, 59docking/undocking, 58floating, 58
changing the shape of, 59modifying, 90renaming, 89See also Object Properties toolbar
Toolbars (View menu), 88–93Toolbars dialog box, 88tools
new tools in AutoCAD 2000, 34–38See also toolbar buttons
tooltipsdisplaying, 89for object snaps, 170, 184
TOOLTIPS system variable, 89torus (solid)
creating, 635self-intersecting, 635
TORUS command, 635Torus option (Solids, Draw menu), 635traces
hatching and, 155surfaces defined by added thickness, 663
trackingData View window editing, 776drawing time, 203to points on objects, 181–182
tracking (feature), 853See also AutoTrack; object snap tracking;
polar trackingTRACKPATH system variable, 184transparency
of bitonal raster image backgrounds, changing, 746
of materials, 700setting, 703
TRANSPARENCY command, 747Transparency option, Image option (Object,
Modify menu), 747transparent command character (’), 91, 102transparent command prompt indicator (>>),
102transparent commands, 102, 853tree view (AutoCAD DesignCenter), 493,
494–495, 496changing content displayed in, 495displaying/hiding, 494loading the palette, 496refreshing, 500
tree view (dbConnect Manager), 770Tree View option
Image Manager, 739Xref Manager, 463
TREEDEPTH header variable, restoring, 833triangular solid-filled areas, creating, 145Trim (Modify menu), 290, 409, 643TRIM command, 290, 409trimmed NURBS surfaces, export file format, 833trimming
3D objects, 642–644dimensions, 408objects, 289–292
chamfered, 302See also chamfering objects
TRIMMODE system variable, 302, 305tripod. See axis tripodTrueType fonts
appearance in AutoCAD, 373substitution for PostScript fonts, 380text height values, 376and vertical orientation, 378
TTF files, 380font mapping order, 382
tutorialsLearning Assistance (CD), 40Learning Assistance (Help menu), 41
“2D”, index topics beginning with. See Numbers section in this index
two-point method, drawing xlines, 190TXT files. See text filestypefaces. See fontstypographical conventions used in this manual,
42
UU command, 104UCS (Tools menu), options, 118, 120, 121UCS command, 114, 115, 118, 591
command line options, 115, 119, 593, 594UCS Details dialog box, 119UCS dialog box, 118, 120, 121UCS icon, 57, 854
displaying, 116–117, 590in multiple viewports, 121
910 | Index
UCS icon (continued)illustrated, 56, 116, 590, 854in 3D orbit view, 609
UCS Icon option (Display, View menu), 116, 117UCS icon symbol, 116UCS origin
displaying the UCS icon at, 117indicating, 590moving, 593relocating, 114resetting an orthographic UCS origin, 593rotating, 115
UCSAXISANG system variable, 115UCSBASE system variable, 591, 592, 598UCSFOLLOW system variable, 592UCSICON command, 116, 117, 590UCSICON system variable, 116UCSMAN command, 119, 121, 592, 593, 596UCSNAME system variable, 118UCSORG system variable, 117UCSORTHO system variable, 598UCSs. See user coordinate systemsUCSVIEW system variable, 222UCSVP system variable, 117, 594, 596UCSXDIR system variable, 114UCSYDIR system variable, 114underlining text, 353, 355, 358underscore (_), foreign language translation
character, 91Undo (Edit menu), 104UNDO command, 105
command line options, 105undoing
actions, 104erasing, 282
unfreezing columns, 774Unicode character map
accessing, 359illustrated, 359
Unicode characters, inserting, 359Unicode fonts, 374UNION command, 147, 638Union operation (Link Select), 805Union option (Solids Editing, Modify menu),
638Units (Format menu), 68UNITS command, 69, 279units. See dimension units; drawing units; English
units; metric unitsunloading
raster images, 732xrefs, 468
unnamed (anonymous) blocks, 446, 843UNNAMED PROFILE, 82unreferenced nested xrefs, 462
updatingof Aerial View, 219of associative hatches, 308, 309labels, 790linked drawings, 753links, 750, 756of pre-Release 13 Render blocks, 725redrawing the screen, 64, 852regenerating drawings, 144, 852xrefs, 460
uppercase, changing text to, 355, 358URLs (Uniform Resource Locators)
converting URLs from Release 14 to hyperlinks, 822
entering, 813user coordinate systems (UCSs), 108, 854
applying to viewports, 594assigning to viewports, 117, 594defining, 589–594
in 3D space, 591deleting, 120elevation in, 590moving, 592–593and multiple viewports, 589named, 158, 595naming, 118orientation, 113, 116, 592orthographic (predefined), 120, 591–592paper space limitations, 590relocating, 113–115renaming, 119restoring, 118
to the WCS, 115rotating, 113, 115saving, 118viewing the origin and axis settings, 119Z-depth, 591, 593See also named objects; UCS icon
user input errors, control option, 79User Preferences tab (Options dialog box), 80,
237user preferences, setting, 80Using Help (online documentation), 38
Vvariable attributes, 453
block redefinitions and, 453specifying values, 455
variablesSee also dimension system variables; system
variablesvariables, set time, 203variances. See tolerancesVBA, new features, 38
Index | 911
vectors, 854vertical bar ( | ), dependent named-object name
divider, 463, 470vertical dimensions, 397
illustrated, 394, 397specifying, 398stretching, 408See also dimensions; horizontal dimensions;
linear dimensionsvertical ellipse (3D orbit view cursor-icon
shape), 603vertical fractions, formatting, 359–362vertical method, drawing xlines, 191vertices, 673, 854
multiline, 296view box (Aerial View window), 216, 217, 218VIEW command, 222, 598View option (Display Image, Tools menu), 719,
720viewing
drawing content, 493–500from the Internet, 497with the palette (AutoCAD
DesignCenter), 496–500with tree view (AutoCAD
DesignCenter), 494–495, 496
drawings, 205–232in 3D, 601–611, 612–617in model space, 612
DWF files, 826graphical objects linked to database
records, 781link data, 780–783object properties, 262raster image information, 737–740records linked to selection sets, 781, 782slide files, 830slides, 831
in slide libraries, 832table data, 771–774See also views
viewing direction (in 3D model space), setting,612–614
viewing drawings, in 3D, 623Viewpoint Presets dialog box, 613Viewpoint Presets option (3D Views, View
menu), 613viewpoints (in 3D model space), 854
construction lines and, 189setting a viewing direction, 612–614
viewport configurations (of floating viewports),533
viewport configurations (of tiled viewports),225, 533, 534
configuration options, 225, 534deleting, 228listing, 229named, 158placing in layouts, 533restoring, 227saving, 227tiled viewports, 854
viewport scale (floating viewports), modifying,538
viewports, 854Aerial View updates from, 219applying UCSs to, 594assigning UCSs to, 117, 596attaching plot style tables to, 559, 560borders as cutting edges, 291changing while sketching, 132cropping rendered images in, 720floating, 530in 3D, multiple, 594–596irregular. See nonrectangular viewportsmultiple, 117
defining different UCSs for, 117displaying the UCS icon in, 121in 3D, 594–596modifying settings, 121new feature, 34
offsetting rendered images in, 720–721positioning lights in, 697printing rendered images from, 724redisplaying rendered images in, 719rendering features, 724rendering to, 678saving rendered images from, 718tiled, 223See also floating viewports; named objects;
tiled viewports; viewport configurations
Viewports (View menu), options, 224, 226, 228VIEWRES command, 674
and FACETRES system variable, 674views, 206, 854
aligning, in floating viewports, 540centering on points, 213changing
options, 206with the palette, 499
copying and linking, 270copying, to the Clipboard, 270displaying multiple, 223isometric views, 166–167, 588
912 | Index
views (continued)linked, editing, 753linking to other documents, 752named, 158naming, 220–222in paper space, 612removing hidden lines, 529, 535restoring previous, 209rotating, in floating viewports, 541saving, 220–222scaling, 212–213, 214
in floating viewports, 537relative to paper space, 213, 214, 538relative to the current view, 212relative to the drawing limits, 212
See also 3D views (in 3D model space); Aerial View; named views; panning; plan view; viewing; viewpoints (in 3D model space); viewports; zooming
virtual pennumbers, 568specifying, 568
virtual screen display, 854visibility
of attributes, 454, 455of copied properties, 266in floating viewports, 534–536of layers, 316
controlling, 319–323of objects, 319of hyperlink cursor, 820turning visual elements on and off,
230–232VISRETAIN system variable, 464, 474, 475visual elements, turning on and off, 230–232visualizing 3D objects, in the glass box, 589volumetric shadows, 854
generating, 687VPCLIP command, 543VPLAYER command, 321, 322VPOINT command, 612, 614, 616VPORTS command, 225, 226, 532, 533, 536
command line options, 228, 542, 543VSLIDE command, 831, 832
Wwarnings. See system warningsWBLOCK command, 449WCS icon, illustrated, 116, 854WCS. See world coordinate systemWeb. See InternetWEDGE command, 635Wedge option (Solids, Draw menu), 635wedges (solid), creating, 635WHIP! plug-in
interface, 823viewing DWF files, 826, 832
wide lines, hiding before importing WMF files,840
wide polylinesexploding, 126extending, 288surfaces defined by added thickness, 663
wide text, creating, 355wild-card characters, 160wild-card searches, filtering layers, 329Window menu, displaying multiple drawings,
55Window option (ZOOM command), 209window polygons. See WPolygons (window
polygons)window selections, 234Window shortcut menus, 62windows
CPolygon, 235, 846graphics screen, 848WPolygon, 235, 854zoom windows, 209See also Aerial View window; AutoCAD
window; command window; drawing area; Render window; selection windows; text window; viewports
Windows Clipboard. See Clipboard (Windows)Windows control keys (text editing keys), 354Windows Desktop units, specifying, 423Windows Explorer
dragging text files from, 369loading the palette (AutoCAD
DesignCenter), 496–498opening drawings from, 52
Windows File Manager, inserting text files from,369
Windows Metafile (Insert menu), 839Windows metafiles. See WMF filesWindows Render Options dialog box, 683wireframe modeling, 620wireframes, 620, 662
creating, 621meshes as displayed as, 623silhouettes, and AutoCAD performance, 85solids as displayed as, 632
witness lines. See extension lineswizards
Add Plot Style Table wizard, 558–559Add-a-Plotter wizard, 547, 823Advanced Setup wizard, 48Layout wizard, 515–517Quick Setup wizard, 48
WMF filesconverting to AutoCAD format, 271–272creating, 834format, 270, 834hiding solid fills/wide lines before
importing, 840
Index | 913
WMF files (continued)importing, 839–840pasting into AutoCAD, 270scaling, 840
WMFOPTS command, 840WMFOUT command, 834word wrap, 391words
adding to custom dictionaries, 385, 387correcting, 385formatting, 349, 357–362removing from custom dictionaries, 387selecting, 357word wrap, 391
working drawings, 854working sets (of reference objects), 485
adding and removing objects from,487–488
displaying objects not in, 486Working Support File Search Path, 74world coordinate system (WCS), 108, 854
restoring the UCS to, 115See also world coordinates
World optionNew UCS, Tools menu, 115UCS command, 115
World Wide Web. See InternetWPolygons (window polygons), 235, 854write-protected directory, running AutoCAD
from, 74
XX, Y coordinates. See 2D Cartesian coordinatesX, Y, Z coordinates. See 3D Cartesian coordinatesXATTACH command, 464, 465XBIND command, 469, 470XBind dialog box, 470XCLIP command, 481XCLIPFRAME system variable, 482X-datum ordinate dimensions, 399XEDIT system variable, 487XFADECTL system variable, 486XLG files, 480XLINE command, 190xlines
drawing, 190–192extending, 289
XLOADCTL system variable, 468, 472XLOADPATH system variable, 473XREF command, 467, 468, 470, 475
command line options, 469xref copies (for demand loading)
creating, 471, 472setting a path for, 473
xref definitionselements, 461listing, 461, 480
xref log files, 480Xref Manager, 461–463
binding xrefs, 469changing xref paths, 475detaching xrefs, 467opening, 461, 467reloading xrefs, 468unloading xrefs, 468
xref pathschanging, 475defining, 476–478nested, 475
xref-dependent layers, 251, 313, 318, 474xrefs (external references), 443, 460–490, 848
attaching, 463–464with AutoCAD DesignCenter, 505from the Internet, 816vs. overlaying, 466
binding, 469–470, 845vs. blocks, 460circular references, 479, 845clipdepth, 483clipping, 481–483clipping boundaries, 481–483copying for demand loading, 471definition elements, 461demand loading, 85, 468, 470–474detaching, 467and drawing size, 464editing, 35, 484–488
discarding changes, 490saving back changes, 489–490
editing names, 462error messages, 479exploding, 293hierarchical representation, 463inserting, 469, 470inserting drawings as, 52listing, 461, 480loading, 470–474log files, 480managing, 461–463missing reference files, 479nested, 463, 482
unreferenced, 462Object Properties toolbar and, 250and OLE objects, 750overlaying, 465
vs. attaching, 466with AutoCAD DesignCenter, 505
preference options, 78reference trees, 480as referenced by drawings, 464reloading, 467restoring the drawing order of objects in,
464
914 | Index
xrefs (external references) (continued)sorting, 462status indications, 462unloading, 468updating, 460uses, 460See also xref paths
XY planerotating, 113shifting, 114See also construction planes
XYZ point filters, 583
YY-datum ordinate dimensions, 399
Zzeros (in dimension text)
suppressing leading and trailing zeros, 427suppressing zero feet and inch displays, 427
Zoom (View menu), options, 206–215zoom box. See view box (Aerial View window)ZOOM command, command line options,
206–215Zoom In/Out (Aerial View menu), 217, 219zoom windows
defining, 209illustrated, 209
ZOOMFACTOR system variable, 63zooming, 854
with Aerial View, 216, 217–218, 219AutoZoom, 783construction lines and, 189cursors, 207to the drawing extents, 215to the drawing limits, 215, 219dynamic, 210–211freezing layers and, 320in 3D orbit view, 604with the Intellimouse, 63interactive (Realtime mode), 206–208
exiting, 207in nonrectangular viewports, 544objects linked to records, 783Plot Preview limits, 207with raster images, 84restoring previous views, 209scaling methods, 212–213by specifying boundaries, 209to text, 382to the drawing extents in 3D orbit view, 604windowing method, 209
in 3D orbit view, 604zooming in, 206zooming out, 206