596 INDEX596 INDEX

Index

Aabsorbance, 226accuracy, 2223, 4589acetate (ethyl ethanoate),

174, 177acetic acid (ethanoic acid),

1313, 1401, 1712acidbase conjugates,

14950acidbase reactions, 112

13, 342acidbase titrations, 1589,

1645acid rain, 1234, 1267,

1678, 283acid salts, 1512acidic oxides, 11516,

1213acidic solutions, 137acids, 1078, 11314,

1314, 14679denitions and history

of, 107, 1467, 1501in everyday life, 10445salts as, 1524weak and strong, 1402

active metals, 406activity series, 434addition polymers, 13,

1520addition reactions, 89,

see also hydration reactions

adsorption, 1967, 290, 490

aerated drinks, 119aerobic bacteria, 271agriculture, 269, 284air pollutants, 2368

atmospheric oxides, 1216

monitoring, 249

smog, 123, 23941sulfur extraction, 332

alanine, 482Alcaligenes, 289alcohol groups, 170alcohols, 12, 170, 1736,

see also ethanolalgal blooms, 263, 2869alkaline (basic) solutions,

1367alkaline cells, 54, 60alkalis (soluble bases), 108,

see also bases; sodium carbonate; sodium hydroxide

alkanes, 67alkanoic acids, 1706alkanols, 12, 1706, 4623,

see also ethanolalkenes, 710alkoxide ions, 4623alkyl alkanoates, 175alkyl groups, 9allotropes of oxygen, 244,

see also ozone isomerism, 475alpha-emitting

radioisotopes, 767-fructose, 475-glucose, 468, 4712, 475alpha linkages, 468, 472alpha rays (particles), 76,

889aluminium, 418, 420,

4223amides, 23, 484amines, 23, 132, 481amino acid sequencing,

488amino acids, 23, 4813

coded by DNA, 500tests for, 4889, 4915

ammonia, 132, 2004ammonium ion, 243amphiprotic substances,

1545amphoteric oxides, 11516amylopectin, 472amylose, 472anaerobic bacteria, 271,

430analytical chemistry, 196

7, 51131, see also forensic chemistry; identication

anionic surfactants, 3679anions, 11314, 1523, 349

monitoring and identication, 21315, 21920, 27981

annealing steel, 402anodes, 49, 273, 349anodic sites, 416anodising, 418ANSTO (Lucas Heights),

86Antarctic, ozone depletion

in, 2546, 2589applied voltage, 424aquifers, 283Arrhenius, Svante, 1467,

1501, 400artefacts, 43340ascorbic acid, 1323aspartic acid, 494atmosphere, 23461, see

also air pollutants; ozone

layered structure of, 2357

atmospheres (units of pressure), 128

atomic absorption spectroscopy, 225

30, 283, 530atomic bomb, 801atomic emission

spectrographs, 524, 526

atomic emission spectrometers, 527

atomic emission spectroscopy, 2245, 283, 5269, 531

atomic mass, 518, inside right back cover

atomic number, 75average molecular weight

of polymers, 15, 18Avogadros hypothesis, 128

Bbacteria, 271, see also

microorganismscorrosion of shipwrecks,

4301, 436cyanobacteria in algal

blooms, 286Escherichia coli, 2756nitrous oxide release by,

123polymers made by, 289

baking soda, 379band (zone) of stability,

756barium, 21417, 2213base conjugates, 1489bases, 10445

dened, 108, 147naturally occurring, 132salts as, 1524synthetic, 1323

basic oxides, 11516basic solutions, 1367Batavia (ship), 439batteries, 41, 478, 56, 58

60, see also galvanic (voltaic) cells

Benedicts solution, 476benzene, 16beta-emitting

radioisotopes, 778-fructose, 468, 475-glucose, 4701, 475beta linkages, 4723beta rays (particles), 76,

856biochemical oxygen

demand (BOD), 2704

biodegradability, 28, 36970

biomass, 26biopolymers, 278biuret test, 4889boiling points, 1723, 359branched chains, 1314, 18brine purication, 3734bromide oxidation, 33940BrnstedLowry concept,

14751bubbles (foam), 3678buffer solutions, 1668builders, in detergents, 369,

370burettes, 1589, 1634button cells, see silver

oxide cells

Ccalcium chloride, 3735calcium hydroxide, 133calcium oxide, 133cancer treatment, 867Cape Grim Station, 249capillary columns, 512capillary membrane lters,

2923car batteries, 589car exhausts, 23941carbohydrates, 46573,

4767carbon compounds, see

organic compoundscarbon dioxide, 124

in oceans, 4268in the atmosphere, 121,

126carbon dioxidewater

equilibrium, 11619carbon monoxide, 241, 243carbonates, 132, 21315,

279carbonyl carbons, 4678,

4745carbonyl groups, 474carboxylic acid groups, 23,

172, 481carboxylic acids, 1736, see

also fatty acidscatalysts, 6, 2023, 3345catalytic cracking (cat

crackers), 6catalytic exhausts on cars,

2401catchments, 28991cathodes, 49, 273, 349cathodic protection, 4234cathodic sites, 416cationic surfactants, 368,

370cations, 349

monitoring and identication, 20611, 21617, 21920, 2813, 464

cells, see batteries; electrolytic cells; galvanic (voltaic) cells; photovoltaic cells

cellulase enzymes, 267cellulose, 223, 257,

4701cementite, 4012centre of reactivity, see

functional groupscentrifugation, 21011centrifuges, 210CFCs, 2504, 2578chain branching, 1314, 18chain carriers, 254chain of custody, 458, 506chain reactions, 2534chain stiffening, 1819charge coupled devices

(CCDs), 5278chemical equilibrium, see

equilibriumchemical reactions, vs

nuclear reactions, 789

chemistry, 1959, see also analytical chemistry

chloralkali industry, 3527

chlorides, 21415, 280, 4345

chlorine, 2545, 2901, 3527

chloroethene (vinyl chloride), 13, 15

chlorouorocarbons (CFCs), 2504, 2578

chromatograms, 51215chromatographs, 51415chromatography, 48991,

51214, 531before mass

spectrometry, 5201compared with

electrophoresis, 495chromosomes, 497, 500,

see also DNAcitric acid, 1323clarifying water, 28990classifying substances, see

identicationcleaning agents, 3645, see

also soapscloud chambers, 85cloudiness, see turbiditycoagulation (occulation),

28991coins, silver, restoration of,

4389collaboration in chemistry,

1989colony forming units, 275colorimeters, 280combustion, 1223, 2378completeness, 459complex ions, 209, 243concentrated solutions, 142condensation reactions,

224, 469, 485condition for equilibrium,

319, 3212, 3289conductivity, 2678, 411conjugate acids and bases,

1489contact processes, 3335contamination of

specimens, 4578conversion factors, inside

left back covercoordinate covalent bonds,

2423copper, 219, 340

restoration of artefacts, 4378

copper chloride, 3478, 408

copper sulfate, 408coral, removal of, 435corrosion, 3923, 4046,

see also oxidation; rusting of iron

metals in contact, 41819

restoration after, 4358in shipwrecks, 4256,

42931coulometer, 399covalent bonds, see

coordinate covalent bonds; peptide bonds (links)

cracking crude oil fractions, 57

cracking patterns, 51820crime, see forensic

chemistrycross-linking, 19

crude oil, 57, 22, 122, 332crystalline linear chains, 14cultural eutrophication,

287custody, chain of, 458, 506cyclotrons, 812, 845cysteine, 482

Ddata banks, 5067, 520data, useful, inside left back

coverDavy, Humphry, 1467,

150, 3989degree of ionisation, 141dehydration reactions,

301, 341deoxyribonucleic acid, see

DNAdeoxyribose, 466, 4979depth lters, 293destructive testing, 51112Desulfovibrio family, 430,

436detergents (synthetic

surfactants), 278, 3645, 36770

diaphragm cells, 3524dichlorodiuoromethane,

251digestion, 4723, 486dilute solutions, 142dipeptides, 484diprotic acids, 1512disaccharides, 4679, 476displacement reactions,

414dissolved oxygen, 2703DNA (deoxyribonucleic

acid), 497508deoxyribose in, 466electrophoresis, 493forensic analysis of, 497,

5016, 531privacy issues, 507

DNA polymerase, 502Dobson Units, 259domestic water, see water

qualitydouble bonds, see addition

reactionsdouble helix structure of

DNA, 497, 499, 502drinking water, 263,

28991, see also water quality

dry cells (Leclanch cells), 534, 60

dryinglong-submerged objects,

4334to constant mass, 222

INDEX 597

598 INDEX598 INDEX

EE.coli, 2756efuents, see sewage; waste

managementelectrical conductivity,

2678, 411electricity, history of,

398400electrochemical cells, see

electrolytic cells; galvanic (voltaic) cells

electrochemistry, 4173electrode processes

(reactions), 47electrode (redox)

potentials, 647, 70electrodes, 47, 4952, 409electrolysis, 34751, 398

401, 40711dissolved oxygen, 2723restoration using, 4347

electrolytes, 47, 3956, 408, 411

electrolytic cells, 348electromagnetic radiation,

2478, 5223electromagnetism, 400electromotive force (EMF),

64, 66, 6870electron transfer reactions,

see redox reactionselectrons, excitation of, see

emission spectraelectrophoresis, 4925, 503electroplating, 409elements, see also Periodic

Tableemission spectra, 226,

526, 529symbols for, inside right

front coverelution, 491EMF, 64, 66, 6870emission limits, 2401emission spectra, 2247,

5259emulsiers, 366emulsions, 3656end points (equivalence

points), 1589, 1645

Endeavour, 435, 438energy efciency, in

synthesis, 3356energy levels, see emission

spectraenvironmental issues, see

also acid rain; air pollutants; water quality

chemical monitoring and management and, 191308

detergents, 36970sodium carbonate

manufacture, 3745sulfur extraction, 332

enzymes, 4723, 480, 486, 488

equilibrium, 31345equilibrium constants (K),

31826, 32930equilibrium expressions,

319, 3212, 3289equilibrium positions, 117equilibrium reactions, 116

19, 141, 2012equivalence points (end

points), 1589, 1645Escherichia coli, 2756esters, 1737, 3589, 363ethanoic acid (acetic acid),

1313, 1401, 1712ethanol, 31, 1701

as a fuel, 347source of ethylene, 22,

301synthesis of, 1112,

334ethene, see ethyleneethical issues in forensic

chemistry, 459ethoxide, 463ethoxylates

(polyoxyethylene ethers), 3678

ethyl acetate (ethyl ethanoate), 174, 177

ethylene (ethene), 1115sources of, 57, 267,

301ethylene glycol, 12eutrophication, 2869excited states, 224, 226exons, 501, 505exothermic processes, 157expression for the

equilibrium constant, see equilibrium expressions

FFaraday, Michael, 399400farming, 269, 284fats and oils, 3604fatty acids, 3613Fehlings solution, 476fermentation, 33fertilisers, 2213, 287

production of, 203, 331bres, synthetic, 314brous proteins, 480lters, see membrane lters;

sand ltrationngerprinting, 507ssionable (ssile)

elements, 81ame colours, emission

spectra and, 5278ame ionisation detectors,

51213ame tests, 21617at batteries, 56avours, from esters,

1767occulation (coagulation),

28991uoride, added to water,

2901foam (bubbles), 3678food

additives, 133carbohydrates, 470,

4723irradiation, 88

forensic chemistry, 454541

DNA analysis in, 497, 5016

ethical issues, 459instrumental analysis,

51131sample collection, 454

5, 4578, 501formic acid (methanoic

acid), 1712Frasch process, 3312free radicals, 2467freons, 2501frequencies, of radiation,

2478, 523fructose, 4656, 4745fruit avours, 176fuel cells, 601fuels, see also crude oil

ethanol as source of, 345

functional (globular) proteins, 480, 488

functional groups, 177, 4634

fundamental constants, inside left back cover

GGalvani, Luigi, 398galvanic (voltaic) cells,

4661calculating EMF for, 66,

6870compared with

electrolytic cells, 349corrosion and, 41617,

419, 4224, 4301pH meters as, 138rechargeable, 5860

galvanised steel, 4213gamma rays, 76, 78, 868gas chromatography,

INDEX 599 INDEX 599

1967gas-liquid chromatography,

51214gas-solid chromatography,

491gases

composition of atmosphere, 2356

concentration of, and pressure, 3289

solubility in oceans, 4269

volumes in reactions, 12831

genes, 5001genetic information. see

DNAGieger-Mller counters,

856glass electrodes, 138glassware, 1634globular (functional)

proteins, 480, 488glucose, 4656

cellulose made from, 257

isomers, 468, 4702, 4745

glycerol, 3604glycine, 4812glycogen, 4712, 477Gratzel cells, 63gravimetric analysis, 2204greenhouse emissions,

345ground states, 224, 226,

5256

HHaber process, 200, 2034half-life, 83halides, 113haloalkanes, 24952halons, 252, 256hard water, 263, 2779,

3689, 379HCFCs, 257health effects, see medical

issuesheat of combusion, ethanol,

367heat of reaction, 157heavy metals, 2823hertz, 523hexoses, 4656HFCs, 257high density polyethylene

(HDPE), 14, 20high performance liquid

chromatography, 51416

hollow bre membrane lters, 2923

homologous series, 170, 172

HPLC, 51416human body, 168, see also

medical issuesDNA of, 5001, 505

hydration reactions, 11, 301, 154

hydrochloric acid, 131, 134, 140

hydrochlorouorocarbons, 257

hydrouorocarbons, 257hydrogen bonds, 487, 499hydrogenoxygen fuel

cells, 61hydrolysis, 154

carbohydrates, 467, 469, 473

peptides and proteins, 4856

saponication, 359hydronium ions, 107, 133,

1356hydrophilic heads, 365hydrophobic tails, 365hydrothermal vents, 3967hydroxide ions, 136hydroxyl free radical, 246

Iidentication, see also

analytical chemistry; forensic chemistry

atomic emission spectroscopy, 5278

gas-liquid chromatography, 513

high performance liquid chromatography, 51416

mass spectrometry, 51820

metal ions, 464organic compounds,

45960, 4624proteins and amino

acids, 488, 492, 4945

indicators, 10811, 139pH ranges of, 109,

1389titration using, 1589,

1645industrial chemistry, 195

7, 31090industrial plants, 311, 377industrial synthesis

ammonia, 2004sodium hydroxide,

3524sulfuric acid, 3336

industry

efuents from, 284membrane lters, 2945uses of radioisotopes,

8790infrared spectroscopy,

4634inorganic chemistry, 197inorganic compounds,

45961instrumental analysis,

51131international agreements,

phasing out CFCs, 2578

introns (junk DNA), 501, 503, 507

iodide oxidation, 33940ion migration, see salt

bridgesionic attractions in

proteins, 487ionic product constant of

water, 135ionisation reactions, 1336,

1401ions, 4089, see also anions;

cations; zwitterionsconcentration in water

bodies, 2834i.r. spectroscopy, 4634iron, 219, see also rusting

of iron; steels (iron alloys)

distinguishing cations, 209

for shipbuilding, 4014restoration of artefacts,

4345, 4378irradiation of medical

supplies and food, 88irrigation salinity, 269isoelectric points, 482, 494isomers, 170

glucose, 468, 4702, 4745

isotopes, 75, 518, see also radioactive isotopes

Jjobs in chemistry, 1957

KK. see equilibrium

constants

Llactose, 467land clearing, 269, 283Lavoisier, Antoine, 1467,

150Le Chateliers principle,

11719, 1667, 314ammonia synthesis,

2012equilibrium expressions

and, 3289leaching, 284, 396, 4334leadacid cells (lead

accumulators), 589lead artefacts, 438lead iodide, 219leak detectors, 88Leclanch cells, see dry

cellslight emission from atoms,

5245limestone, 3713, 375linear accelerators

(cyclotrons), 812, 845

linear chains, 14linking, see cross-linkingliquid junction photovoltaic

devices, 63liquid-solid

chromatography, 4901

lithium cells, 556litmus, 108living things, see also

human body; microorganisms; organic compounds

oxygen concentration and, 2702, 4278

role of DNA in, 5001low density polyethylene

(LDPE), 1314, 20

Mmaltose, 4678, 4756manufactured products,

see production of materials

Mary Rose (ship), 43940mass lters, 5201mass number, 75mass spectrometers, 517,

5201mass spectrometry, 517

20, 531massvolume calculations,

131materials, production of,

see production of materials

medical issuesdiagnosis using DNA,

|505effects of atmospheric

oxides, 123, 125uses of radioisotopes,

8490membrane cells, 3567membrane lters, 2925mercury cells, 3546

600 INDEX600 INDEX

mercury pollution, 3556, 530

mesosphere, 236metal artefacts, restoration

of, 4359metallic oxides, 132metals

displacement reactions, 413

heavy metals, 2823identication of ions,

464predicting corrosion

tendency, 4056used in shipbuilding,

4024methanoic acid (formic

acid), 1712methanol, 30, 1701microorganisms, see also

bacteriaalgal blooms, 2869water quality, 2756,

28991, 294wood in sea water,

43940yeast, fermentation

using, 33migration of ions, see salt

bridgesmixtures, 21011, 215, 520mobile phase in

chromatography, 490molar volume, 1289molecular weight, 519monitoring, 191308

cations and anions, 21920

chemical industry, 195232

manufactured products, 204, 206

pollution, 2278, 531stratospheric ozone,

2589water quality, 26295

monochromators, 2267, 280, 524, 5267

monomers, 13monoprotic acids, 151monosaccharides, 4657,

4745Montreal Protocol, 2578motor car exhausts,

23941

Nnatural gas, sulfur from,

332natural products, replacing

with synthetic, 31314

negative terminal

(electrode), 49, 349nephelometric turbidity

units (NTUs), 267neutral solutions, 108,

1367neutral species, free

radicals as, 2467neutralisation, 11213,

1559, 1689neutron bombardment, 84nickelcadmium cells,

5960ninhydrin test, 488, 492nitric acid, 132, 200nitric oxide, 1223, 23941nitrogen dioxide, 1213,

126, 23941nitrogen, in oceans, 4268nitrogen oxides, 1226nitrous oxide, 123, 126non-destructive testing,

51112non-ionic surfactants,

3678non-reducing sugars,

4756nuclear chemistry, 7492nuclear equations, 77nuclear ssion, 78, 80nuclear reactions, 789,

see also radioactive isotopes

nuclear reactors, 801, 84nucleotides (bases), 4979nutrients in waterways,

287, see also sewage

Ooceans (sea water)

aluminium in, 418cathodic protection in,

4234corrosion in, 41617,

4256, 4301as electrolyte solutions,

3956ions in, 284objects submerged in,

433, 43940redox reactions and,

3967salts in, 264, 3956, 428solubility of gases and

salts, 4268oil, crude, 57, 22, 122,

332oils and fats, 3604open-chain

monosaccharides, 4745

organic chemistry, 197organic compounds,

identication of, 459

60, 4624, 529organic wastes, 271, 287oxidation, 423, 49, see also

corrosionoxidation states, 445oxides, 11516, see also

nitrogen oxidesoxidising agents (oxidants,

oxidisers), 33941oxyacids, 113oxyanions, 113oxygen, 2447, see also

ozonebiochemical oxygen

demand, 2704in oceans, 4269reactions with ethylene,

1213oxygen sensors, 2723ozone, 123, 236, 238,

2429depletion, 2479, 2539photochemical smog

and, 23941

Ppainting, rust prevention

using, 4201paper chromatography,

4902paper electrophoresis,

4923particulates, 237, 240parts per million (ppm)

(gaseous), 121passivating metals, 406,

418, 4202PCR amplication, 502pentoses, 4656peptide bonds (links), 23,

484, 487peptides, 4846Periodic Table, 116, inside

left front coverPET (poly(ethylene

terephthalate)), 24pH, 13440

of water, 2656pH meters, 138, 265PHB (poly(3-

hydroxybutanoate)), 289

phenyl groups, 16phenylethene, 1516phosphates, 21415, 2801

in detergents, 36970in DNA, 4979monitoring in

waterways, 219photochemical smog, 123,

23941photographic lm,

detection of radiation

using, 85photovoltaic cells, 63physical chemistry, 197pipettes, 163plasma, in atomic emission

spectrometers, 5289pollution, see also air

pollutants; water quality

chemistry and, 2345heavy metals, 2823,

530monitoring, 2278, 531

poly(1-chloroethene), see PVC

polyester (PET), 24polyethene, see

polyethylenepolyethylene glycol, 440polyethylene (polyethene),

1315, 1718, 20polymerase chain reaction

(PCR), 502polymerisation, 1315polymers, 5, 13, 1516,

1820, 28, see also cellulose

in membrane lters, 292polypeptides as, 485polysaccharides as, 470

polypeptides, 485polypropylene, 17, 289polysaccharides, 467, 470

3, 475, 477polystyrene, 15, 17, 21polythene, 13poly(vinylchloride), see

PVCposition of equilibrium,

117, 3246positive terminal

(electrode), 49, 349positron emission

tomography (PET), 86

potassium iodide, 40910powder coating, 420precipitates, 21011, 220precipitation reactions,

20711precision, see

reproducibility of analysis

prexes, inside left back cover

pressureequilibrium reactions,

201gas concentration

proportional to, 3289

primary standards, 159primary structure of

INDEX 601 INDEX 601

proteins, 4878primers, 5023privacy, of DNA data, 507production of materials,

2102, 31011monitoring, 199200,

206raw materials, 22use of radioisotopes in,

878propanoic acid, 1712propanol, 1701proteins, 48096

condensation polymers, 234

hydrolysis, 4856identication of, 4889,

4945proton donors and

acceptors, see amphiprotic substances

proton transfer reactions, 156

PVC (poly(vinylchloride)), 15, 17, 1921

pyroaurite, 421

Qquadrupole mass lters,

5201qualitative analysis, 220quantised energy, 525quantitative analysis, 220quantum of energy, 525quenching steel, 402

Rradiation, 74, 76, see also

electromagnetic radiation

detection of, 856hazard signs, 90ozone as shield from,

238radicals, 2467radioactive isotopes

(radioisotopes), 74, 8290

radioactive disintegration, 769

radioactivity, 74rain water, 1678, 283, 396rates of reactions, 2012,

3345raw materials, scarcity of,

22rayon (viscose rayon), 27,

471reaction quotients, 3201,

323reactivity of metals, 43rechargeable batteries,

5860recovered artefacts, 43340redox reactions (electron

transfer reactions), 43, see also corrosion; galvanic (voltaic) cells; vanadium redox cells

calculating EMF for, 66, 6870

electricity from, 467, 56

history, 4001oceans and, 3967oxidation of sugars,

4756sulfuric acid, 33942two site, 397

reducing agents (reductants, reducers), 339

reducing sugars, 4756reduction, 423, 49reduction half reactions,

66, 6870reductive heating, 437reuxing, 1756refrigeration, 251relative atomic mass

(weight), inside right back cover

relative humidity, 235reliability, use of term in

syllabus, 2223renewable resources,

ethanol, 345reproducibility of analysis,

2223restoration, see recovered

artefactsrestriction enzymes, 505retention time, 51314,

520reversible reactions,

31415ribonucleic acid, 466ribose, 466rigidity (chain stiffening),

1819ring structures in

monosaccharides, 4745

rubber, 19, 31314rubbish dumps, leaching

from, 284rust, 405rusticles, 4301rusting of iron, 4046,

41518, see also corrosion

prevention of, 4201

S

sacricial electrodes, 4234safety precautions

radioisotopes, 90soap making, 363sulfuric acid, 3423

salinity, 26870salt bridges, 46, 489, 512salt water, see sea watersalting out the soap, 363salts, 11214, 146, see

also salinity; sodium chloride

as acids and bases, 1524

in sea water, 3956, 428in total dissolved solids

(TDS), 2678leaching from recovered

artefacts, 4334sample collection, 4545,

4578DNA (deoxyribonucleic

acid), 501water quality, 2645

sand ltration, 291sanitising water, 28990saponication, 3589, 363saturated fatty acids, 3623scintillation counters, 86sea water, see oceans (sea

water)secchi discs, 266secondary structure of

proteins, 4878self-ionisation of water,

1356sensitivity, 224, 2267,

230separation, 4912, 515,

see also instrumental analysis

sewage, 2712, 284, 287, 294

shipbuilding, 4015, 421shipwrecks, 3923, 4256,

42930, 43340short tandem repeats

(STRs), 5034, 506signicant gures, 134, 162silver artefacts, restoration,

4369silver oxide cells, 545silver plating, 409smog, 123, 23941smoke alarms, 889soaps, 277, 279, 314, 358

9, 3636soda ash, 378, see also

sodium carbonatesodium carbonate, 3715,

3789sodium chloride, see also

salinity

drying long-submerged objects, 4335

electrolysis, 34951in oceans, 3956

sodium uoride, 2901sodium hydroxide, 1323,

3467, 3524saponication and, 363

sodium stearate, 277, see also soaps

sodium sulfate, electrolysis, 408

soft water, 263, 2778, see also hard water

soil acidity indicators, 11011

soil analysis, 461solar radiation, 2478solubility

addition polymers, 19alcohols and acids, 359in chromatography,

1967gases and salts, 4268identication of one

cation, 20910in chromatography, 490,

515solutions

alkaline and acidic, 1367, 13840

concentrated and dilute, 142

identication of anions in, 21315

identication of cations in, 20611

Solvay process, 3715solvents, 31specimens, see sample

collectionspectra, see emission

spectraspectrometry, see mass

spectrometryspectrophotometers, 258

9, 280spectroscopes, 524, 527spectroscopy, see

atomic emission spectroscopy

splitting the atom, see nuclear ssion

stability of polymers, 1920

stable isotopes, 756stable nuclei, 74stainless steel, in ships, 404,

421standard electrode (redox)

potentials, 647, 70standard hydrogen

electrode, 645

602 INDEX

standard solutions, 159, 1623

standard state, 65starch, 26, 4712, 477stationary phase in

chromatography, 490steam (thermal) cracking,

67steels (iron alloys), see also

ironcorrosion, 3923, see

also rusting of ironfor shipbuilding, 4014

sterilizing, see sanitising water

stratopause, 2367stratosphere, 236, 2479,

2539Streamwatch, 2645strong acids, 140, 142structural function of

proteins, 4878styrene (phenylethene),

1516substitution reactions, 7sucrose, 465, 4679,

|4756synthesis of ethanol

from, 334sugars, 4657, 4756sulfates, 21415, 2213,

280sulfur, 3312, 487sulfur dioxide, 1216,

3336sulfur trioxide, 3336sulfuric acid, 33145

safety precautions, 3423

synthesis of, 132, 3336surfactants (surface active

agents), 3646, see also detergents

hard water and, 3689swimming pool test kits,

168symbols for elements, inside

right front coversynthetic materials, 2102,

see also detergentsacids, 132biodegradable polymers,

289replacing natural

products, 31314

Ttadpole structure, 365temperature

atmosphere, 2356equilibrium and, 201,

326, 32930ozone depletion and,

255water, 265

tempering steel, 402tertiary structure of

proteins, 4878thermal cracking, 67thoroughness, in forensic

chemistry, 459Titanic, 403, 4256, 431,

433titrants, 158titrations, 1579, 1645

dissolved oxygen, 272titre, 158Tollens reagent, 476total dissolved solids

(TDS), 2679total ozone mapping

spectrophotometers (TOMS), 259

trace elements, 230transuranic elements, 802trichlorouoromethane,

251trichlorotriuoroethane,

251triglycerides, 362tripeptides, 485triprotic acids, 1512tropopause, 2367troposphere, 236turbidity, 2667, 28991

Uultraviolet light, 2479,

253, 2589universal indicators, 139unsaturated fatty acids,

3623unstable isotopes, 756unstable nuclei, 74uranium, 767, 801u.v. light, 2479, 253,

2589

Vvalence (valency), 445vanadium redox cells, 612Vasa (ship), 43940vinyl chloride

(chloroethene), 13, 15

viscose rayon, 27, 471vitamin C (ascorbic acid),

1323Volta, Alessandro, 398voltage, 64, 424voltaic cells, see galvanic

(voltaic) cellsVoltas pile, 3989volumes of gases in

reactions, 12831volumetric analysis,

15763volumetric glassware, 159,

1634

Wwashing soda, 3789waste heat, 375waste management, 1923,

284organic wastes, 271, 287sodium carbonate

manufacture, 3745water, see also hard water;

sea water; water quality

carbon dioxidewater equilibrium, 11617

self-ionisation of, 1356water quality, 26295

algal blooms, 2869aquatic life forms, 2701catchments, 2834,

28991dened, 2624domestic water, 263,

28991environmental water,

2634, 3556ion concentrations,

2834mercury pollution,

3556sampling, 2645tests used, 26483

wavelength, 2478, 5234weak acids, 1402, 172welding, 401wooden ships and artefacts,

43940wool, 314working steel, 402wrecks, see shipwrecks

Yyield, monitoring of,

199200

Zzeolites, 6ZieglerNatta process, 14zinc, 219, 4214zincalume, 4223zone (band) of stability,

756zwitterions (dipolar ions),

4823, 494